Magnetic Particles Examination

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Stato delle revisioni/Revisions

Rev. Data Redatto Controllato Approvato Descrizione
Date Issued by Checked by Approved by Description
00 6.12.2001 CCA ZAN CN For application
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1. SCOPE
2. APPLICABILITY
3. REFERENCE DOCUMENTS
4. PRE-REQUIREMENTS
5. PROCEDURE
6. ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA
7. NON CONFORMITY
8. REPORTS
ATTACHMENTS
N° 1 TO 6 TABLES FOR MAGNETIC PARTICLES EXAMINATION

N° 7 FORM FOR MAGNETIC PARTICLES EXAMINATION REPORT
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1. SCOPE
This specification, in compliance with Quality control manual PROQUA019, is

integrating part of the order; it has the scope of defining magnetic particles
examination procedures, qualifications required to personnel carrying out the
examination, as well as relevant acceptability criteria defined in compliance with
and according to the applicable reference standards.
2. APPLICABILITY
This specification applies to the magnetic particles examination of welded and non-
welded components including sheets, forged and melted sections of ferromagnetic
materials.
3. REFERENCE DOCUMENTS
- Data received from TECHINT Design Department and included in drawings

and technical specifications.
- Standards UNI 7704 and UNI 7062
- Std. ASTM E 109-63 and 138-63
- Code ASME Sect. V “Examination Procedure”
- Code ASME Sez. VIII
- Collection S. – ISPESL (former ANCC)
- CIC PnD S.T. 1-1986 and Recc. Pract. SNT-TC-!A
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4. PRE-REQUIREMENTS
4.1 Before carrying out the examination, the TECHINT inspector must check that the
personnel that carries out the examination by magnetic particles procedure (MS) as
well as the personnel that issues and signs the relevant acceptance report, is
qualified in compliance with the internal procedure of the supplier and/or of the
same executor of the examination.
4.2 In absence of this document, the personnel's qualification must be at least in

compliance with the requirements indicated in the Technical Specification. 1-1986
of CICPn or of Recommended Practice ASTN SNT-TC-1A.
In particular, the following requirements must be met:
- The personnel that carries out the test (operator) must be in possession of level
1 qualification;
- The personnel that carries out the reading of radiograms and the issuing of
acceptability decisions must be in possession of level 2 qualification.
4.3 The whole documentation proving the carried out qualification and/or validation or
renewal of certification of personnel shall be available for the TECHINT inspector
that can take note of it.
4.4 The calibration of equipment utilized for MS examination must be certified in order
to prove the correlation between values indicated by instruments and the one really
utilized in examinations.
N.B. The calibration certification is generally valid for one year unless any
event that can affect its reliability has occurred: it is filed by the
supplier and must be shown to TECHINT inspector on his request.
4.5 All materials utilized during the examination must be certified by the relevant
manufacturers.
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5. PROCEDURE
5.1 Examination time
5.1.1 The magnetic particles examination (MS) shall be carried out in phases and at the
moment indicated in relevant technical control documents such as PFC/PCQ
(Quality Control Plan) (Construction and control activity timetables), drawings
and/or applicable technical specifications.
5.1.2 TECHINT inspector and/or Quality Control of manufacturer can require LP

examination activities at any moment and in any phase of construction,
independently from provisions indicated in above-said documents.
Note: If the component went through X-ray tests before heat treatment,
above-said MS examination must be extended to 100% in compliance
with Specification TPX ITQUA001 “Radiogammagraphic test”.
5.1.3 If the manufacturing cycle includes the execution of a heat treatment (stress
relieving, reheating, etc.) on components to be tested, the MS examination must be
carried out after this phase.
5.1.4 MS examination must be always preceded by a visual examination on parts to be

tested, in compliance with Technical Specification TPXITQUA042 “Visual
examination” and item 2.5.1 of this document.
5.1.5 The execution of magnetic particles examinations on possible repairs shall be

carried out in compliance with what indicated in item 5.2.5 below.
5.2 Extension of examination and parts to be examined
5.2.1 Parts to be examined and per cent extension are defined in relevant PFC/PCQ
and/or technical specification of order. Derogation and integration are allowed as
indicated at item 5.1.2 above.
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5.2.2 In absence of relevant provisions, extension and parts to be examined must be

agreed upon, by the manufacturer, with TECHINT inspector before beginning the
manufacturing activity.
5.2.3 In order to define the extension of examination, the Techint inspector can make use
of the cooperation of GEM responsible personnel, of 3 rd level staff of firm and/or
Techint Design Department.
The definition of parts to be examined and the same extension of the examination
is reported and countersigned for acceptance by parties and/or indicated in
relevant PFC/PCQ.
5.2.4 If reference documents foresee the "spot" magnetic particles examination, involved
zones can be individuated and indicated in test documents.
In absence of a defined and complete indication, the Techint inspector shall choose
sections to be tested making use of the preventive visual examination (item 5.1.5).
5.2.5 Independently from the extent of MS examinations indicated at item 5.2.3 above, the
examination shall be extended beyond foreseen when:
5.2.5.1 The visual examination of welds points out some zones with noticeable irregularities
of bead, with arc pickup and disconnection carried out incorrectly that show the
poor training of welder, the utilization of unfit welding parameters and electrodes or
fuses conserved in a wrong way.
5.2.5.2 The MS examination points out "non acceptable" zones, according to what indicated
under item 6.0. In this case the examination must be extended on both sides of
checked area for an extension at least equal to three times the length of the zone
that was considered "non-acceptable". This zone must meet conformity
requirements. The same concept applies to “spot” examinations of parts having
reduced dimensions, taking into account that, instead of “parts”, examination is
carried out on 3 samples of the same lot chosen by chance by the Techint
inspector.
.
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Note In case the magnetic particles examination shows indications that

can be interpreted hardly and that can raise doubts about the
classification and extension and/or depth of indication, involved
personnel must complete the detection by additional tests, such as
the ultrasound test and/or radiogammagraphic test, if applicable.
5.2.6 In case all above-said conditions are met, all non-acceptable zones shall be treated
in compliance with what indicated at item 7 below.
5.3 Place of examination
5.3.1 Generally, MS examinations are carried out directly at the part and/or component
supplier's.
Examinations in different places and times can be necessary when the part and/or
component assembly is not carried out at the Supplier's. In this case the supply
scope shall include operations, modalities of execution and relevant reports of
required tests.
5.4 Examination procedures

The choice of equipment, type of current, powder and operative parameters is left
to the responsibilities of the Body that carries out the examination. This Body can
be different from the Supplier.
In any case, the responsibility toward TECHINT rests entirely on the Supplier.
This paragraph includes some provisions that must be met by the Supplier when
carrying out magnetic particles examinations.
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5.4.1 Requirements concerning surfaces

Involved surfaces must be prepared in accordance with provisions set in applicable
specifications ad meet the following requirements:
- In case of magnetic particles examination of welding joints, the operator
must make sure that surfaces to be examined are clean for at least 5 mm
on each side of the bead.
- Surfaces must be dry and free from calamine, oxides, splashes, grease and
oil.
- In general, cleaning can be carried out by sandblasting, grinding, chiseling
off or other procedure fir for this purpose and considered appropriated by
the TECHINT inspector.
Irregularities and incisions that can create doubts or conceal possible
discontinuities existing in the involved area.
5.4.2 Procedure description

Magnetic particles examination procedure is required by TECHINT in order to
detect cracks and other surface or sub-surface discontinuities on ferromagnetic
materials. The procedure sensitivity is higher for surface discontinuities; in case of
sub-surface discontinuities it decreases rapidly in proportion to the distance from
the surface.
The maximum depth that can be examined depends on the metal and the type of
current. In optimal conditions, discontinuities positioned at 3 to 4 mm approx. from
the surface can be detected. For this purpose the inspector can ask for
examination on samples.
Typical examples of discontinuities, for the scope of this document, are: cracks
splitting, porosity, worm-holes, absence of penetration, folds, tears, etc.
This procedure is based upon the magnetization of the area to be examined and
on the subsequent application of ferromagnetic powder (examination means).
Powder places itself on the surface in correspondence with the magnetic flow
distortions caused by cracks and other discontinuities.
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The disposition of powder characterizes the kind of detected discontinuity.

Independently from the magnetization technique, the procedure sensitivity is the
highest one in case of discontinuity perpendicular to the magnetic flow line.
In order to get the highest efficiency when detection any kind of discontinuity,
according to their various directions, each area must be examined at least twice,
making use of flow lines approximately perpendicular the one to the other.
According to conditions and/or in compliance with the technical specification, use
can be made of both dry and suspended magnetic powders.
Powders can be fluorescent or color-contrast type. In case no indication is given,
the Supplier shall propose his choice to the TECHINT inspector.
The TECHINT inspector, with the help of the GEM responsible staff and of firm's 3 rd
level personnel, shall make his final opinion known that will be binding for the
whole supply in progress.
5.4.3 Materials to be examined

Requirements of this specification apply to the most of geometrical configurations
and carbon ferritic, carbon-manganese and low-alloy steel materials of common
utilization. Particular shapes of parts, as well as combines magnetization systems,
can be object of particular procedures prepared by the Manufacturer and submitted
to the TECHINT inspector for acceptance.
5.4.4 Magnetization procedures

This specification applies to the following magnetization procedures:
- Electric point procedure (see item 5.4.4.1)
- Magnetic yoke procedure (see item 5.4.4.2)
- Solenoid procedure (see item 5.4.4.3)
- Other not indicated procedure for which the Manufacturer or the Body that
carries out the examination shall produce to GEM, via the TECHINT inspector, a
suitable operative procedure supported by practical tests.
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Whichever magnetization procedure is carried out, in order to point out defects

having any direction, the area of the part to be tested must be examined with fields
having flow lines as perpendicular as possible one to the other. Moreover,
examinations must be carried out so as to get an overlap of examined length in
order to ensure the total covering of the area that is being examined with the
required sensitivity (field intensity of 20 to 30 Oerstend).
Sensitivity shall be checked by Supplier's Quality Control before and during the MS
examination MS by means of fit instrumentation, such as an “Oesterimeter” or,
more simply, a Bertholt or ASTM probe. Detected data can be recorded, if
foreseen, on the examination report that must be available for the TECHINT
inspector.
The TECHINT inspector can always check the correctness of recorded data by
means of appropriate repetitions.
5.4.4.1 Electric point procedure

This procedure exploits circular - distorted magnetic fields generated by the
passage of current from points (wire) to the element to be examined. In this way,
the product becomes integrating part of the same electric circuit existing between
the two current points.
Points, that are generally made of copper, must be pressed onto the surface of the
area to be examined. The handle of one of the two points must be equipped with
AN appropriate switch.
It allows the passage of magnetization current only after pressing points onto the
area. This operation is required in order to avoid sparkling and formation of arcs.
The same procedure applies when detaching points from area.
In any case the MS operator should make use of equipment with voltage lower
than 25 Volt and with copper points covered by "lead coatings", especially in case
of high-resistance and/or low-alloy steels or when operating on surfaces on which
mechanical finishing has been already carried out.
Direct current (rectified) is commonly used for the magnetization. The utilization of
alternating current is taken into consideration for the detection of surface defects or
in order to check the depth of defects already detected by means of a DC
examination.
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Current must be applied for at least ½ second with subsequent pulses. Current
density, expressed in Ampere x mm, is indicated in the table on Att. 2 together with
normally allowed distances of points and thickness of the element to be examined.
During the examination points must be positioned at a distance of 200 mm approx.
Reduced distances are allowed in particular cases, but they cannot be lower than
76 mm; in this case magnetization current shall be reduced in compliance with
pointed out in table of Att. 2. Point distances higher than 200 mm are allowed but,
in this case, the magnetization current must be increased accordingly, while the
tangential magnetic field intensity must be checked by means of instruments
described under item 5.4.4 and an appropriate rechecking (re-coating) of zones
that, adjacent to points, could be “saturated”.
If, in case of a wrong operation and/or incorrect utilization of load point covers,
electric arcs should form between points and element to be examined, involved
surfaces must be ground and MS or LP examinations must be carried out again. As
stated above, the area to be examined must be checked in two phases, so that, as
much as possible, all points positioned on the element are perpendicular one to the
other (Fig. 1, Att. 3).
The indications that can be pointed out more easily are the ones positioned along
the generatrix that joins the current electrodes (Fig. 2 – Att. 3).
5.4.4.2 Magnetic yoke procedure

This procedure is utilized only to detect surface discontinuities.
In this case the area to be examined becomes part of the same magnetic circuit
created by the two pole expansions. Utilized yoke-type equipment can be supplied
with both AC and DC.
The operator should consider that AC yokes are preferred to DC ones or to
permanent magnets when operating on elements having thickness higher than 6
mm. As stated above, they permit a better detection of surface discontinuities.
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The “Lifting Power” check must be carried out by the Supplier's Quality Control
according to what indicated in Att. 4.
The examination sensitivity check and the magnetic field direction in the zone are
to be checked.
As concerns the magnetization direction and the covering of examined areas,
what stated at item 5.4.4 and pointed out in Fig. 2 of Att. 5 applies.
Unlike the point procedure, the indications that can be pointed out more easily are
the ones positioned transversally to the generatrix that joins pole expansions of the
yoke (Fig. 1 Att. 5).
5.4.4.3 Longitudinal (solenoid) magnetization procedure
5.4.4.3.1Magnetization procedure
By this procedure, magnetization is obtained making current pass through fixed
coils (made of cables) wound around the element or the length to be examined. In
this way magnetic field parallel to the coil axis is generated.
This is particularly important if the useful length of the coil is more than 10 times
longer than the transverse length of the element.
5.4.4.3.2 Magnetic field intensity

This procedure requires the utilization of direct or rectified current and the intensity
of the magnetic field must be calculated in function of length (L) and diameter (D)
of the element, in compliance with items a), b) and c) below. Long elements must
be examined in length not exceeding 460 mm; in this way, set L = 460 when
calculating the magnetic field intensity.
In case of non-cylindrical parts, the value of D corresponds to the maximum
diagonal that can be inscribed in the transverse length.
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35,000
a) RATIO L/D  4, Ampere turns = (L/D)  2
L 45,000
b) RATIO 2  < 4, Ampere turns =
D L/D
c) In case dimensions and/or geometric shape do not permit the apply above-
said formulas, the adequacy of the magnetic field must be defined
experimentally by means of indicators indicated at item 5.4.4 and in
Attachment 2.
5.4.5 Magnetization equipment

Use can be made of commonly produced equipment provided that they were
correctly tested and certified.
Normally, equipment should be able to work with both AC and DC power supply.
Direct current must be "half-wave rectified" (H.W.R.D.C.) type or "full wave"
(F.W.D.C.) type.
The measurement of current value must be carried out on effective value (I eff.).
Commonly utilized sample movable-coil ammeters measure the average intensity
in the whole period (Im/r); the consequence is:
I eff/T = 1.11 Im/T when working with full wave
I eff/T = 2.22 Im/T when working with half-wave
The indication of the utilized type of current (H.W.R.D.C. - F.W.D.C.) is indicated on

the relevant label positioned on the device. Other equivalent equipment can be
used if approved by the TECHINT inspector. In addition to the whole equipment,
also every single element that is considered to be determining (Ammeters,
Voltmeters, etc.) must undergo periodical calibrations carried out by the Supplier or
authorized Bodies in compliance with applicable procedures.
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No use can be made of equipment the calibration of which has already expired or
that the TECHINT inspector considers not to be appropriate.
5.4.6 Examination means (magnetic powders)

The following materials are object of this specification:
- Dry magnetic powders
- Magnetic powders in liquid suspension.
5.4.6.1 Requirements concerning magnetic powders

Magnetic powders utilized for the examination must comply with provisions of
Standard ASTM-E 709 “Standards Recommended practice for magnetic particle
examination” and meet the following requirements:
a) Dry powders: when making use of dry powders, their color must ensure a
suitable contrast with the surface to be examined. No examination with dry
powder can be carried out if the temperature of the surface to be examined
exceeds 316°C.
b) Wet powders: when making use of wet powders, their color must ensure a
suitable contrast with the surface to be examined and the concentration of
magnetic particles in the suspension must be checked with frequency. The
optimal concentration is:
- 1.2 to 2.4 cm³ of magnetic particles every 100 cm³ of solution for
colored powders.
- 0.1 to 0.5 cm³ every 100 cm³ of solution, for fluorescent pastes.
The check of concentration can be carried out making 100 cm³ of solution
settle in special calibrated test tubes and reading the quantity of settled
powder. The time necessary for the settling depends on the kind of utilized
powder.
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No examination with dry powder can be carried out if the temperatures of

suspension and surface to be examined exceed 57°C.
c) Fluorescent powder: when making use of dry powders, the examination

must be carried out in half-light, making use of a filtered ultraviolet light. The
intensity of the ultraviolet light on the surface to be examined must be
measured (at least every 8 hours and every time the working zone is
changed) by means of an instrument sensitive to the ultraviolet light around
a wave length of 365 nm (= 3650 A). Two readings must be carried out; the
first one with no filter and the second one with filter absorbing ultraviolet
light (365 nm), positioned above the sensitive element of the instrument.
The difference between the two readings must be at least equal to 800
uW/cm².
Note the ultraviolet light lamp must be switched on and kept on for
at least 5 minutes before its utilization.
5.4.6.2 Physical characteristics

Both dry and suspended magnetic particles, consisting of non-toxic ferromagnetic
materials, must have the following characteristics:
- high magnetic permeability, in order to be sensitive to weak dispersed flows

- low retentiveness (property of keeping magnetization)
- fine subdivision , with dimensions:
- from 50 to 300 micron for dry powders

- from 10 to 20 micron for powders in liquid suspension
- from 1 to 5 micron for fluorescent powders.
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- color contrasting with the surface to be examined so as to give easily

identifiable indications during MS examination.
When applying, take care to:
- apply powder evenly and in small quantities on the surface to be examined by

means of appropriate rubber syringes or guns;
- remove exceeding powder by blowing air slightly during magnetization phase
(current passage) in case of dry powders. In case of liquid solutions, the
application must be carried out before connecting current;
- do not apply powder when the temperature of element that is being tested
exceeds 316°C (for dry powders) and 57°C (for powders in liquid suspension);
- protect the element that is being tested appropriately from air currents that
could alter examination indications (dry powders);
- carry out examination with appropriate lighting in order to allow to check of the
correct application of detector on the element to be examined as well as the
detection of relevant indications (in particular for fluorescent powders for which
the Wood light lamp is required).
The formation of indications must be already observed during the application and
the removal of the exceeding powder.
Slight interruptions in magnetization current passage (operating on switch
positioned on point) can increase particle mobility in particular when making use of
direct current, for powder can be better oriented on the indication.
All what stated above for the electric point examination, applies also to other
procedures, the only difference consisting in the utilization of magnetomotive power
instead of magnetized current.
Similar considerations can be made for the utilization of powder in liquid
suspension, with relevant limitations.
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5.4.6.3 Some of the pros and cons of both dry and wet magnetic detection procedures are
listed in the following table:
DRY POWDER PROCEDURE
PROS CONS
- It permits to detect sub-surface - Less sensitive than wet powder
defects easily procedure when detecting small
- Its application is easier on defects
elements having wide surface - More difficult application on
making use of movable elements with irregular
equipment geometry
- It allows a good mobility of - It is slower than wet powder
magnetic particles procedure
- It can be utilized on elements - Its automatic execution is more
with temperatures up to 316°C. difficult.
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WET POWDER PROCEDURE
PROS CONS
- It is the most sensitive procedure - It does not detect sub-surface
for the detection of surface discontinuities
defects - It is flammable if the vector
- It can be applied easily on large liquid is kerosene
elements with irregular shape - In case of solutions created
- The mobility of particles is good automatically a suspension
(yet lower than dry powder one) circulating and stirring circuit
- Its automatic execution is easy. must be installed
- The suspension concentration
must be checked frequently
- It can be utilized only if
temperature does not exceed
57°C
5.4.7 Magnetization current (type and amperage)

All what stated above and recapitulated in Table of Att. 2 applies.
5.4.8 Demagnetization
Usually demagnetization is not carried out, unless otherwise required in contract
documents and/or applicable Standards.
In particular, when the element must undergo a heat treatment above AC2
temperature (760°C approx.) after MS examination, demagnetization is
superfluous.
Anyway, every time residual magnetism can affect subsequent mechanical working
and welding, demagnetization shall be carried out by the Supplier even if it is not
foreseen in the relevant Standards and/or explicitly required by the TECHINT
inspector.
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Demagnetization consists in carrying out the decreasing-amplitude alternating

current procedure; the equipment is already provided with relevant devices. Other
kinds of demagnetization, in function of configurations and dimensions of
elements, are allowed provided that they are accepted by the TECHINT inspector.
The procedure shall be recorded on the examination report.
5.4.9 Evaluation of indications.

Any “unimportant” indication must be considered as non-acceptable until the same
indication is removed either preparing the surface again or carrying out another
examination with the same or other non-destructive procedures and demonstration
of its unimportance is given.
Unimportant indications that could conceal non-acceptable discontinuities must be
considered as unacceptable discontinuities.
Examples of false or anomalous indications are indicated below, taking into
consideration that, when applying MS procedure, surface and sub-surface
discontinuities are pointed out by ferromagnetic powder retention on examined
surface owing to dispersed flows:
- Irregular surfaces, signs of machine-working and other surface conditions can

cause false indications (or spurious indications).
These indications are to be considered as “unimportant”, nevertheless, when
they may conceal non-acceptable discontinuities, important indications must be
removed and the element must be rechecked.
- No substantial area with accumulation of powder that can conceal possible
discontinuities is allowed.
These zones must be always rechecked after careful re-cleaning.
- Wide out-of-focus indications generally show variation of thickness of examined
material caused by variations of magnetic flow concentration at the length
variation.
- Light and out-of-focus indications can be caused by a “magnetic writing”
generated by the contact of examined element with other steels or permanent
magnets.
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As concerns the examination of edges prepared for welding and of welding joints, if
not otherwise required, the TECHINT inspector can follow what indicated in
relevant Standard UNI 7704 “General procedures for the magnetic particles
examination of welding joints”.
In this case the sensitivity class to be applied must be chosen according to moment
at which the examination is carried out; and precisely Class L, in case of joint
examination before welding; Class S after welding. For both classes the lower or
higher sensitivity (class L1 or L2 and class S1 or S2, SS) is to be defined according
to the type of possible discontinuity to be detected. The effective help of Supplier's
3rd level personnel can support TECHINT inspector's decisions.
5.4.10 Execution of examinations out of standard temperature range

When the temperature of the surface to be examined does not fall within the range
defined in specification, the examination can be carried out only after issuing a
procedure certification supported by practical tests carried out on chosen
examination materials, ensuring appropriate comparison checks between
examination and reference temperatures. This procedure, to be signed by firm's 3 rd
level personnel, must be recorded on examination reports described at item 8. It
may be applied only after official acceptance by the TECHINT inspector.
5.4.11 Derogation
No derogation to this specification is allowed if not agreed upon in advance with
the TECHINT inspector.
6) ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA
Acceptance criteria are defined every time and included in the technical
specification of order and/or in examination documents.
In absence of precise indications, they must comply with what required in code
ASME Sect. VIII and indicated below.
Cracks are never allowed.
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As concerns examination sensitivity classes that can be applied, all what stated at
item 5.4.9 applies.
ASME VIII ACCEPTABILITY (NON-ACCEPTABILITY IN CASE OF EXCESS:)*
WELDS MELTED AND FORGED SECTIONS
Thickness
LINEAR ROUNDED Thickness LINEAR ROUNDED
(all values)
NO CRACK
LINEAR IND. ROUNDED  16 mm > 1.6. mm > 3.2 mm
> 1.6. mm > 4.8 mm 16 ÷ 51 mm > 3.2 mm

> 4.8 mm
> 51 mm > 4.8 mm
INDICATIONS LINEAR 1  3a
“ ROUNDED 1  3a
MOREOVER:
- 4 OR MORE ROUNDED INDICATIONS THAT ARE ACCEPTABLE BUT ALIGNED AND SEPARATED BY LESS THAN 1.6
MM FROM EDGE TO EDGE
- 10 OR MORE ACCEPTABLE ROUNDED INDICATIONS EVERY 39 CM² (OR 3900 MM²) OF SURFACE HAVING MAXIMUM
DIMENSION = 150 MM.
* INDICATIONS THAT DO NOT EXCEED ABOVE-SAID LIMITS ARE CONSIDERED “NOT IMPORTANT” AND, THEREFORE
ACCEPTABLE (WITH THE EXCEPTION OF CRACKS).
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7) NON CONFORMITY
The term "Non conformity" (N.C.) means the failed meeting of specified
requirements (UNI-ISO 8402).
N.C. types are subdivided into:

- Temporary N.C. (T.N.C.)
- Permanent N.C. (P.N.C.)
Note
N.C. must be reported making use of the specific form.
7.1 Temporary non conformity
A T.N.C. is a deviations from technical requirements applicable to the supply; it can

be removed by common practice.
7.2 Permanent non conformity
A P.N.C. is a deviation from technical requirements applicable to the supply; it

cannot be removed.
These non conformities can cause the rejection of the supply or, in a subordinated
way, its acceptance on condition of a specific consent by competent TECHINT
Technical Department, supported, if necessary, by GEM.
8. REPORTS
8.1 At the completion of MS examination the manufacturer will get the attached
examination report (or similar form to be agreed with TECHINT) drawn up by the 2 nd
level operator. In addition to examination interpretations, the report must include at
least the following data:
- Stamp and official name of the Supplier
- Name and individuation of the operator that carried out the examination, if
different from the Supplier
- Number and revision of scale sketch drawn up for the examination, complete
with data necessary for permitting the localization and correlation with the tested
length (to be attached to the MS examination report).
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- Date on which the test was carried out

- Data concerning utilized source and parameters
- Order, job, system, etc.
- Reference standards and/or specification.
- Name and signature of 2nd level operator.
8.2 This report must be handed over to the TECHINT inspector together with the
mapping of examined zones. The report issued by the Supplier shall be
countersigned by the TECHINT inspector if he could check all what stated and
agrees upon it.
In case of repair of particular importance, a special report must be drawn up, in
compliance with specification TPXITQUA013 about utilized procedure and
achieved results.
Both procedure agreed upon for execution of repairs and qualification of
procedures, as well as operators' qualification must be certified.
8.3 Care of documents

If not otherwise agreed upon, at least one original copy of examination
documentation must be kept by the manufacturer and available for TECHINT, in
compliance with the commonly accepted procedures.
8.4 In case the testing operator (or the supplier) has his own form, TECHINT reserves
the right to examine it for the relevant approval and possible utilization in place of
its own form.
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1. APPLICATION PROCEDURE
1.1 Electric point system (AC/DC)

Applied on welds, melted and forged sections, sheets, etc.
Pros
Adjustable magnetic field by positioning points on element.
Sensitivity in case of surface and sub-surface discontinuities.
Cons
Inspection is possible only for subsequent small areas limited by point pitch length
Danger of burns and heating in contact zones.
Examination means
Both dry powder and powder in liquid suspension.
1.2 Magnetic yoke system (AC/DC or with permanent magnets)

Applied on welds, melted and forged sections, sheets, etc.
Pros
Adjustable but weak magnetic field. No electric contact exists and, therefore no danger of
burns and element heating exists. Equipment can be handled easily and discontinuities
can be detected in every direction.
Cons
Possibility of detection of surface discontinuities only. Examination area rather limited.
Careful cleaning of contact zones of pole expansions. Difficulty of adjustment of field in
more commonly utilized equipment.
Examination means
Both dry powder and powder in liquid suspension.
1.3 Magnetic system with solenoid (AC/DC)

Application normally limited to cylindrical bodies in which length prevails (rods, shafts,
etc.).
Pros
Unidirectional magnetic field (longitudinal). As per item 1.2 no electric contact exists.
Possibility of defining field intensity varying coils e/o ampere. It can point out both surface
and sub-surface discontinuities.
Cons
Possibility of detection of discontinuities transversal to coil axis only. L/D ratio is important
to determine ampere turns. If elements are very long, various positions are required.
Element centering at coil center.
Examination means
Preferably, make use of powder in liquid suspension to be sprinkled before current
passage.
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Note: Combinations of various procedures are not only allowed but suggested,
especially as concerns item 3.Other procedures, such as passing rod, direct
electric contact by current heads, can be taken into consideration.
ATTACHMENT 1
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MAGNETIZATION CURRENT– DISTANCE OF POINTS
Fig. 1
DISTANCE BETWEEN POINTS
DISTANCE BETWEEN POINTS MUST NOT EXCEED 203 mm (8’’). LOWER DISTANCES CAN BE UTILIZED
ACCORDING TO THE ELEMENT GEOMETRY OR THE DIMENSIONS OF THE AREA TO BE EXAMINED OR
IN ORDER TO INCREASE SENSITIVITY; DISTANCES LOWER THAN 76mm (3’’) CANNOT BE ALLOWED
OWING TO PARTICLES THAT CUMULATE AROUND POINTS.
ALL CONTACT SURFACES OF POINTS MUST BE KEPT CLEAN AND POINTS MUST BE KEPT PRESSED
AGAINST THE SURFACE, THAT MUST BE CLEAN TOO, AS REQUIRED, IN ORDER TO AVOID THE
CREATION OF ELECTRIC ARCS. IN CASE OF ELECTRIC CIRCUITS WITH VOLTAGE HIGHER THAN 25 V
WE RECOMMEND TO MAKE USE OF POINT COVERINGS MADE OF LEAD OR ALUMINUM, IN ORDER TO
AVOID ANY POLLUTION OF THE MATERIAL TO BE EXAMINED IN CASE OF ARCS.
MAGNETIZATION CURRENT
DIRECT RECTIFIED CURRENT WITH A MINIMUM VALUE OF 100 AND A MAXIMUM VALUE OF 125 A FOR
EVERY 25 mm (1’’) OF DISTANCE BETWEEN POINTS MUST BE UTILIZED FOR LENGTHS HAVING
THICKNESS OF 19 mm (3/4’’) OR MORE.
FOR THICKNESS VALUES LOWER THAN 19 mm (3/4’’) CURRENT TO BE USED VARIES FROM 90 TO 110 A
FOR EVERY 25 mm (1’’) OF DISTANCE BETWEEN POINTS.
ATTACHMENT 2
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POSITIONING OF POINTS – LOCATION OF INDICATIONS
ATTACHMENT 3
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TREND OF MAGNETIC FIELD – LIFTING POWER
Fig. 1
YOKES
a) THE YOKE MAGNETIZATION FORCE MUST BE CHECKED MEASURING THEIR

LIFTING CAPACITY.
b) YOKE IN ALTERNATING CURRENT MUST BE ABLE TO LIFT AT LEAST 4.5 kg. IN THE
CONDITION OF MAXIMUM POLE EXPANSION OPENING.
c) YOKES IN DIRECT CURRENT OR WITH PERMANENT MAGNET MUST BE ABLE TO
LIFT AT LEAST 18.1 kg. IN THE CONDITION OF MAXIMUM POLE EXPANSION
OPENING.
ATTACHMENT 4
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POSITIONING OF POLE EXPANSIONS
ATTACHMENT 5

Magnetic Particles Examination

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TPX ITQUA 028

MAGNETIC PARTICLES EXAMINATION

Stato delle revisioni/Revisions

N° 1 TO 6 TABLES FOR MAGNETIC PARTICLES EXAMINATION

This specification, in compliance with Quality control manual PROQUA019, is

- Data received from TECHINT Design Department and included in drawings

- Standards UNI 7704 and UNI 7062

- Std. ASTM E 109-63 and 138-63

- Code ASME Sect. V “Examination Procedure”

- Code ASME Sez. VIII

- Collection S. – ISPESL (former ANCC)

- CIC PnD S.T. 1-1986 and Recc. Pract. SNT-TC-!A

4.2 In absence of this document, the personnel's qualification must be at least in

5.1 Examination time

5.1.2 TECHINT inspector and/or Quality Control of manufacturer can require LP

5.1.4 MS examination must be always preceded by a visual examination on parts to be

5.1.5 The execution of magnetic particles examinations on possible repairs shall be

5.2 Extension of examination and parts to be examined

5.2.2 In absence of relevant provisions, extension and parts to be examined must be

Note In case the magnetic particles examination shows indications that

5.3 Place of examination

5.4 Examination procedures

5.4.1 Requirements concerning surfaces

5.4.2 Procedure description

The disposition of powder characterizes the kind of detected discontinuity.

5.4.3 Materials to be examined

5.4.4 Magnetization procedures

Whichever magnetization procedure is carried out, in order to point out defects

5.4.4.1 Electric point procedure

5.4.4.2 Magnetic yoke procedure

5.4.4.3 Longitudinal (solenoid) magnetization procedure

5.4.4.3.2 Magnetic field intensity

5.4.5 Magnetization equipment

I eff/T = 1.11 Im/T when working with full wave

I eff/T = 2.22 Im/T when working with half-wave

The indication of the utilized type of current (H.W.R.D.C. - F.W.D.C.) is indicated on

5.4.6 Examination means (magnetic powders)

5.4.6.1 Requirements concerning magnetic powders

No examination with dry powder can be carried out if the temperatures of

c) Fluorescent powder: when making use of dry powders, the examination

5.4.6.2 Physical characteristics

- high magnetic permeability, in order to be sensitive to weak dispersed flows

- from 50 to 300 micron for dry powders

- color contrasting with the surface to be examined so as to give easily

- apply powder evenly and in small quantities on the surface to be examined by

DRY POWDER PROCEDURE

WET POWDER PROCEDURE

5.4.7 Magnetization current (type and amperage)

Demagnetization consists in carrying out the decreasing-amplitude alternating

5.4.9 Evaluation of indications.

- Irregular surfaces, signs of machine-working and other surface conditions can

5.4.10 Execution of examinations out of standard temperature range

ASME VIII ACCEPTABILITY (NON-ACCEPTABILITY IN CASE OF EXCESS:)*

WELDS MELTED AND FORGED SECTIONS

LINEAR IND. ROUNDED  16 mm > 1.6. mm > 3.2 mm

> 1.6. mm > 4.8 mm 16 ÷ 51 mm > 3.2 mm

> 51 mm > 4.8 mm

N.C. types are subdivided into:

7.1 Temporary non conformity

A T.N.C. is a deviations from technical requirements applicable to the supply; it can

7.2 Permanent non conformity

A P.N.C. is a deviation from technical requirements applicable to the supply; it