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MECHANICS OF SOLIDS-2130003
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
PRACTICE BOOK
DARSHAN INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS-2130003
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
Index
Sr.
Content Remarks
No.
1 Introduction
2 Fundamentals of Statics
4 Friction
7 Stresses in beams
8 Torsion
9 Principle Stresses
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
SUBJECT CODE: 2130003
B.E. 3RD SEMESTER
Teaching Module
Sr. No. Topics
Hrs. Weightage
Module 1
1 Introduction 02 20
Definition of space, time, particle, rigid body, deformable
body. Force, types of forces, Characteristics of a force,
System of forces, Composition and resolution of forces.
Fundamental Principles of mechanics: Principle of
transmissibility, Principle of superposition, Law of
gravitation, Law of parallelogram of forces.
2 Fundamentals of Statics 08
Coplanar concurrent and non-concurrent force
system:
Resultant, Equilibrant, Free body diagrams.
Coplanar concurrent forces: Resultant of coplanar
concurrent force system by analytical and graphical
method, Law of triangle of forces, Law of polygon of
forces, Equilibrium conditions for coplanar concurrent
forces, Lami’s theorem. Application of statically
determinate pin – jointed structures.
Coplanar non-concurrent forces: Moments & couples,
Characteristics of moment and couple, Equivalent couples,
Force couple system, Varignon’s theorem, Resultant of
non-concurrent forces by analytical method, Equilibrium
conditions of coplanar non-concurrent force system,
Application of these principles.
Module 2
3 Applications of fundamentals of statics 08 15
Statically determinate beams:
Types of loads, Types of supports, Types of beams;
Determination of support reactions, Relationship between
loading, shear force & bending moment, Bending moment
and shear force diagrams for beams subjected to only three
types of loads :i) concentrated loads ii) uniformly
distributed loads iii) couples and their combinations; Point
of contraflexure, point & magnitude of maximum bending
moment, maximum shear force.
Module 3
4 Friction 06 20
Theory of friction, Types of friction, Static and kinetic
friction, Cone of friction, Angle of repose, Coefficient of
friction, Laws of friction, Application of theory of friction:
Friction on inclined plane, ladder friction, wedge friction,
belt and rope friction.
5 Centroid and moment of inertia 08
Centroid: Centroid of lines, plane areas and volumes,
Examples related to centroid of composite geometry,
Pappus – Guldinus first and second theorems.
Moment of inertia of planar cross-sections: Derivation
of equation of moment of inertia of standard lamina using
first principle, Parallel & perpendicular axes theorems,
polar moment of inertia, radius of gyration of areas.
Examples related to moment of inertia of composite
geometry,
Module 4
6 Simple stresses & strains 10 20
Basics of stress and strain: 3-D state of stress (Concept
only)
Normal/axial stresses: Tensile & compressive
Stresses :Shear and complementary shear
Strains: Linear, shear, lateral, thermal and volumetric.
Hooke’s law, Elastic Constants: Modulus of elasticity,
Poisson’s ratio, Modulus of rigidity and bulk modulus and
relations between them with derivation.
Application of normal stress & strains: Homogeneous and
composite bars having uniform & stepped sections
subjected to axial loads and thermal loads, analysis of
homogeneous prismatic bars under multidirectional
stresses.
Module 5
7 Stresses in Beams: 06 25
Flexural stresses – Theory of simple bending,
Assumptions, derivation of equation of bending, neutral
axis, determination of bending stresses, section modulus
of rectangular & circular (solid & hollow), I,T,Angle,
channel sections
Shear stresses – Derivation of formula, shear stress
distribution across various beam sections like rectangular,
circular, triangular, I, T, angle sections.
8 Torsion: Derivation of equation of torsion, Assumptions, 04
application of theory of torsion equation to solid & hollow
circular shaft, torsional rigidity.
9 Principle stresses: Two dimensional system, stress at a 04
point on a plane, principal stresses and principal planes,
Mohr’s circle of stress, ellipse of stress and their
applications
Module –VI
10 Physical & Mechanical properties of materials: 05 50%
(laboratory hours) (Practical)
Elastic, homogeneous, isotropic materials; Stress –Strain &
relationships for ductile and brittle materials, limits of 0%
elasticity and proportionality, yield limit, ultimate (Theory)
strength, strain hardening, proof stress, factor of safety,
working stress, load factor, Properties related to axial,
bending, and torsional & shear loading, Toughness,
hardness, Ductility ,Brittleness
11 Simple Machines: (laboratory hours) 05
Basics of Machines, Definitions: Velocity ratio,
mechanical advantage, efficiency, reversibility of
machines.
Law of Machines, Application of law of machine to
simple machines such as levers, pulley and pulley blocks,
wheel and differential axle, Single purchase, double
purchase crab, screw jacks. Relevant problems.
Course Outcome:
List of Experiments:
The students will have to solve atleast five examples and related theory from each topic as an
assignment/tutorial. Students will have to perform following experiments in laboratory and prepare
the laboratory manual.
Major Equipments:
1. Force table
2. Beam set up
3. Truss set up
4. Bell crank lever
5. Friction set up
6. Lifting machine
7. Hardness testing machine
8. Impact testing machine
9. Universal testing machine with shear attachment
Active learning Assignments (AL) : Preparation of power-point slides, which include videos,
animations, pictures, graphics for better understanding theory and practical work – The faculty will
allocate chapters/ parts of chapters to groups of students so that the entire syllabus to be covered. The
power-point slides should be put up on the web-site of the College/ Institute, along with the names of
the students of the group, the name of the faculty, Department and College on the first slide. The best
three works should submit to GTU.
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
fundamentals of statics
Stresses in Beams
Principle stresses
Applications of
Introduction
Friction
Torsion
inertia
Paper
Year
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
14-Dec 10 15 10 10 14 25 14 7 7
15-Jun 3 14 14 21 7 25 14 7 7
15-Dec 11 14 21 18 12 17 12 7 7
16-Jun 4 4 22 15 5 22 27 4 6
16-Dec 2 17 10 21 14 15 15 11 13
17-May 3 10 18 7 16 18 21 8 14
17-Nov 3 32 18 3 21 28 0 0 7
18-May 2 12 17 14 21 28 18 7 7
Average 4.75 14.75 16.25 13.625 13.75 22.25 15.125 6.375 8.5
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
S.I. SYSTEM
S.I. Prefixes
Multiplication factor Prefix Symble
1012 Tera T
109 Giga G
106 Mega M
103 kilo k
102 hecto h
101 deca da
10-1 deci d
10-2 centi c
10-3 milli m
10-6 micro µ
10-9 nano n
10-12 pico p
DARSHAN INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS-2130003
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
UNIT CONVERSION
1 m = 100 cm = 1000 mm 1 Mpa = 1 N/mm2
1 km = 1000 m 1 Gpa =103 N/mm2
1 cm2 =100 mm2 1 Pascal = 1 N/m2
1 m2 =106 mm2
1 kgf = 9.81 N = 10 N 1 degree = radian
1 kN = 103 N 180
QUANTITY
“A Scalar Quantity is one which can be completely “A vector Quantity is one which requires magnitude and
specified by its magnitude only” direction both to completely specified it”
Examples: Examples:
Length Mass Distance Displacement Force Weight
Density Area Temperature Velocity Angular Acceleration
Volume Speed Time displacement
Energy Work Moment of Angular Momentum Angular
inertia velocity acceleration
Moment impulse
DARSHAN INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS-2130003
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
Force:
“ An agent which produces or tends to produce, destroys or tends to destroy motion of body is called force”
Characteristics of Force:
Magnitude : Magnitude of force indicates the amount of force (expressed as N or kN) that will be exerted on
another body
Direction: The direction in which it acts
Nature: The nature of force may be tensile or compressive
Point of Application : The point at which the force acts on the body is called point of application
1. Principle of transmissibility:
“If a force acts at a point on a rigid body, it may also be considered to act at any other point on its line of action,
provided the point is rigidly connected with the body.”
Resultant Force:
If number of Forces acting simultaneously on a particle, it is possible to find out a single force which could replace
them or produce the same effect as of all the given forces is called Resultant Force.
R P 2 Q 2 2PQ cos
Q sin
tan
P Q cos
R P 2 Q 2 2PQ cos
Where, 180
R =Resultant force
= angle between P and Q
= angle between P and R
Q
sin 1 sin
R
3 Lami’s theorem
P Q R
sin sin sin
Where, P, Q, R are given forces
= angle between Q and R
= angle between P and R
= angle between P and Q
DARSHAN INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS-2130003
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
R H V
2 2
tan
V
H
Where, P1 , P2 , P3 , P4 are given forces
1 ,2 ,3 ,4 are angle of accordingly
P1 , P2 , P3 , P4 forces from X-axes
R = Resultant of all forces
= angle of resultant with horizontal
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MECHANICS OF SOLIDS-2130003
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
COPLANAR NON-CONCURRENT FORCES
1 Moment :- M=PxX
The moment of a force is equal to product of the force and Where, M= Moment
the perpendicular distance of line of force from point about P = Force
which the moment is required. X = Perpendicular distance between
line of action of force and point about which
Unit : KN.m, N.m moment is required
2 Couple
Two equal and Opposite parallel forces whose lines of
action are not one form a couple
Characteristic :-
Algebraic Sum of Forces forming a couple is zero
Couple will not give linear motion to the body, but
it will rotate the bod Moment of Couple
Algebraic sum of moment of forces, forming a M Pd
couple at any point is same and equal to the couple Where P = Force
itself. d = arm of couple
A couple cannot be balanced b a single force, but
can be balanced by couple of opposite nature.
3 Varignon’s Theorem
Where, P = force
P1= Component force 1
P2= Component force 2
DARSHAN INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS-2130003
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
Example - Law of Parallelogram
Determine magnitude and direction A boat is pulled along the river by two ropes
of the resultant of the two forces with pulls P & Q inclined at 30° & 40°to the
shown in fig. x-axis as shown in Fig. Find a) P and Q if their
resultant R is 1000 N , parallelto x-axis b ) If P
is inclined at 30° to x-axis find the minimum
value of Q if R is same.
Two tensile forces of 20 kN and 30 kN are acting at a point with an angle of 60° between
them. Find the magnitude & direction of the resultant force
Two tensile forces acting at an angle 1200 between them. The bigger force is 50 kN. The
resultant is perpendicular to the smaller force. Find the smaller force and the resultant force
Find magnitude and inclination with +X Find magnitude and direction of resultant Determine the resultant of the forces 100
axis of resultant of force system shown in of force system shown in fig N, 200 N, 300 N, 400 N and 500 N are act-
fig. Identify type of force system ing on one of the vertex of a regular hex-
agon, towards the other vertices, taken in
order as shown in fig
DARSHAN INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS-2130003
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
Example - Lami’s Theorem
Find the Tensions T1, T2 and T3 in respec- A cylindrical roller weighing 1000 N is A chord supported at A and B carries a
tive strings as shown in Fig resting between two smooth surfaces load of 20KN at point C and an unknown
inclined at 60º and 30º with horizontal as weight of W KN at D as shown in Fig. Find
shown in fig. Draw free body diagram & the value of unknown weight W so that
determine reactions at contact points A CD remains horizontal.
and B.
Two traffic signals are temporarily suspended State Lami’s Theorem. De- An electric lamp in street as shown in fig is having
from a cable as shown in Fig- .Knowing that termine the force P required 50N weight is suspended by two wires of 4m & 3m
signal B weighs 300N, determine the weight of to keep the system as shown length. The horizontal distance between two fixed
the signal at C in Fig in equilibrium. points are 5m from which two wires were sus-
pended. Find out tension in both wires
Determine the resultant and locate the Some forces are acting on a rigid body as Determine the magnitude direction &
same with respect to point ’A’ of a non- shown in fig. Find the resultant magnitude position of resultant force of the force
concurrent force system shown in fig. & direction with location WRT O. system given in fig w.r.t A
DARSHAN INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS-2130003
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
Example - Miscellaneous
Resultant force of a system of two forces Two smooth sphere of weight 100 N each A uniform wheel of 80 cm diameter &
is directed vertically downwards. The and radius 20 cm are in equilibrium in 1500 N weight rests against a rigid rectan-
magnitude of resultant force R is 50 N horizontal channel of width 72 cm as gular block of thickness 30 cm as shown in
One of the force of the system has magni- shown in fig. Find reactions at the contact fig. Considering all surfaces smooth, de-
tude of 30 N and is inclined at an angle of surfaces A, B, and C. Assume sides of termine
600 with horizontal as shown in channel smooth a) Least pull to be applied through the
Fig.Determine the magnitude P & direc- center of wheel to just turn it over the
tion θ of the secondforce. corner of the block,
b) Reaction of the block
The line of action of the 2.6 kN force F Replace the couple and force by a single Find the Resultant force of a force system
runs through the points A & B shown in force-couple applied at A for the lever shown in FIG. Also sketch the Resultant
fig. Determine the x & y components of F shown in Fig. Also find the distance of a force. (Jan-16)
point C from A where only a single force
can replace the force-couple system(July
11)
DARSHAN INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS-2130003
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
Types of Load:
Type of beam:
Type of support
Basic Relationship between the Rate of Loading, Shear Force and Bending Moment
-
Equation 𝑦 = 𝑘𝑥 1 No effect 𝑦 = 𝑘𝑥 2
Bending
Moment Inclined line Square parabola Vertical line
Shape No effect
DARSHAN INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS-2130003
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Example – Find out support reaction & draw S.F.D & B.M.D as shown in figure
Figure 5 Figure 6
Figure 7 Figure 8
Figure 9 Figure 10
Figure 11
Figure 12
DARSHAN INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS-2130003
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
CHAPTER 4: FRICTION
Friction Force:
“ When a body slide or tends to slide on a surface, a resisting force is developed against motion at the contact
surface is called Friction force”
Types of Friction:
Static Friction : Friction experienced when body is at rest is called static friction
Dynamic Friction : Friction experienced when body is in motion is called dynamic friction
Coefficient of Friction
“ The directional angle of Resultant R measured from Normal reaction is called Angle of Friction”
angle of friction =
Angle of repose
tan
tan
Angle of repose = angle of friction =
Laws of Friction
Static Friction Dynamic Friction
Friction Force acts always in direction opposite to that
body tends to move Friction Force acts always in direction
The magnitude of friction force is equal to the external opposite to that in which the body is
force moving
The ratio of limiting friction and Normal reaction is The ratio of limiting friction and Normal
constant and is called Static coefficient of friction reaction is constant and is called dynamic
The friction force does not depends on area of contact coefficient of friction
between two surface For moderate speed, the friction force
Friction force depends on roughness of surface remains constant, But it decreases slightly
with the increase in speed.
Problem Types:
Block and Inclined Plane
Ladder Friction
Wedge Friction
DARSHAN INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS-2130003
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
Find the magnitude of the Horizontal force ‘P’ applied to the Refer figure The coefficient of frictions between the block and
lower block to cause impending motion as shown in figure. Take the inclined plane is 0.2. Determine the least value of the force P
μ = 0.3 at all contact surfaces. Weight of block ‘A’ is 300 N & required just to move the block up along the inclined plane
weight of block ‘B’ is 1200 N
A block weighing 150 kN is placed on a rough inclined plane A weight 750 N just starts moving down a rough inclined plane
making angle 30° with horizontal. If coefficient of friction is supported by a force of 250 N acting parallel to the plane and it is
0.25, find out the force applied on the block parallel to the at the point of moving up the plane when pulled by a force of 350N
plane. So that the block is just on the point of moving up the parallel to the plane. Find the inclination of the plane and the co-
plane. Also find angle of friction efficient of friction between the inclined plane and the weight
Example – Ladder Friction
A ladder 7 m long rests against a vertical wall with which it A ladder 6 m long, rests on horizontal ground and leans against a
makes an angle of 45º and resting on a floor. If a man whose smooth vertical wall making an angle of 200 with the wall. Its
weight is one half of that the ladder, climbs it. At what distance weight is 1000 N and it is on the point of sliding when a man
along the ladder will he be when ladder is about to slip? μ= 1/3 weighing 500 N stands on it at a distance of 2.2 m from the foot
at wall and 1/2 at floor of the ladder. Calculate the coefficient of friction
A 4 m long ladder has to carry a person of 75 kg weight at 3.5 m A uniform ladder AB weighing 230 N & 4m long, is supported by
distance from floor, along the length of ladder. The self weight vertical wall at top end B & by horizontal floor at bottom end A.
of ladder is of 150 N. Find the maximum distance of lower end of A man weighing 550 N stood at the top of the ladder. Determine
ladder from vertical wall so that it does not slide. The coefficient minimum angle θ of ladder AB with floor for the stability of lad-
of friction between floor and ladder is 0.3 and that between ver- der. Take co efficient of friction between ladder & wall as 1/3 &
tical wall and ladder is 0.2 between ladder & floor as 1/4
A ladder of length 4 m, weighing 200 N is placed against a vertic- A uniform ladder of weight 250 N, and length 5 m is placed
al wall making an angle of 60o with the floor. The coefficient of against a vertical wall in position where its inclination with ver-
friction between the wall and the ladder is 0.2 and that between tical is 30°. A man weighing 800N climbs the ladder. At what po-
floor and the ladder is 0.3. The ladder, in addition to its own sition will he induced slipping. Take μ = 0.2 at all contact surface
weight, has to support a man weighing 600 N at a distance of 3
m from foot of ladder. Calculate the minimum horizontal force
to be applied at foot of ladder to prevent slipping
DARSHAN INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS-2130003
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
CENTRE OF GRAVITY
“It is defined as an imaginary point on which entire weight of body is assumed to be concentrated”
For basic Element For Composite Element
CENTROID
“ It is defined as an imaginary point on which entire length, area or volume of body is assumed to be
concentrated”
𝐿 𝐿
Straight line L cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃
2 2
𝐴 𝐵
Straight line 𝐴2 + 𝐵2
2 2
2𝑟
Semicircular 𝜋𝑟 r
𝜋
𝜋𝑟 2𝑟 2𝑟
Quarter circular
2 𝜋 𝜋
𝑏 𝑑
Rectangle bd
2 2
DARSHAN INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS-2130003
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
1 𝑏 ℎ
Triangle 𝑏ℎ
2 3 3
Circle 𝜋𝑟 2 r r
𝜋𝑟 2 4𝑟
Semicircle r
2 3𝜋
𝜋𝑟 2 4𝑟 4𝑟
Quarter circle
4 3𝜋 3𝜋
𝑙 ℎ 𝑏
Cube lbh
2 2 2
ℎ
Cylinder 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ 𝑟 r
2
DARSHAN INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS-2130003
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ ℎ
Cone r r
3 4
4𝜋𝑟 3
Sphere r 𝑟 r
3
2𝜋𝑟 3 3𝑟
Hemi-sphere 𝑟 𝑟
3 8
Moment of Inertia
Defination: ” It is defined as sum integral of product of the
elemental areas and square of their distance from the
reference axis”
𝐼𝑥𝑥 = 𝑦 2 𝑑𝐴
𝐼𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥 2 𝑑𝐴
𝑏𝑑3 𝑑𝑏 3
Rectangle bd
12 12
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MECHANICS OF SOLIDS-2130003
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
1 𝑏ℎ3 ℎ𝑏 3
Triangle 𝑏ℎ
2 36 36
𝜋𝑑4 𝜋𝑑4
Circle 𝜋𝑟 2
64 64
𝜋𝑟 2 𝜋𝑑4
Semicircle 0.11 𝑟 4
2 128
𝜋𝑟 2
Quarter circle 0.055 𝑟 4 0.055 𝑟 4
4
d= diameter
DARSHAN INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS-2130003
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
` Figure 3
Figure 2
Figure 1
Figure 4
Figure 5
Figure 6
Example – Centroid For Area Element (Lamina)
Figure 9
Figure 7 Figure 8
Figure 10 Figure 11
DARSHAN INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS-2130003
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
Figure 12
Figure 13
Determine volume of revolution generated by
revolving plane lamina ABCDEA shown in fig.
,about y – y axis, to 2π rad. Write statement
of theorem used for calculating volume
Figure 14
Figure 15
DARSHAN INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS-2130003
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
Determine moment of inertia about hori- Find the moment of inertia of the area Find the moment of inertia about the y-
zontal centroidal axis for the section about x-x axis as shown in fig axis & x-axis for the area shown in Fig
shown in fig
Determine the location of centroid of Determine the location of centroid, Find moment of inertia about horizontal
plane lamina shown in fig with respect to IXX & IYY of lamina shown in Fig centroidal axis of a shaded area shown in
point O fig
DARSHAN INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS-2130003
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
Stress
“It is defined as Internal resisting force per unit area”
A = Area
Force P R
Stress
Area A A P P
P
A
Unit:- N/mm2or kN/m2
(1MPa = 1 N/mm2, 1GPa = 103 N/mm2)
Strain
“ deformation or change in length per unit original
length is called strain” P
P
𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 =
𝑂𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ l l
l
l
Where, l = change in length
l = Original length
Hook’s law
It states that “ Within Elastic limit , the stress is proportional to strain”
E
Where, = Stress
= Strain
E = Modulus of elasticity of material or Young’s modulus
Equation of deformations Area of uniformly Tapering circular section
𝜋
𝐴 = 𝑑1 𝑑2
Pl 𝜎𝑙 4
l 𝛿𝑙 = Where, d1 = Dia. of the bigger end of the bar
AE or 𝐸
d 2 = Dia. of the smaller end of the bar
Where, A= Cross-sectional Area
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MECHANICS OF SOLIDS-2130003
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
L1 L2
Equilibrium condition,
P=P1+P2
Compatibility Condition,
𝛿𝑙11 = 𝛿𝑙 2
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MECHANICS OF SOLIDS-2130003
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
ELASTIC CONSTANTS
Linear strain
𝐶𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 =
“ Deformation or Change in length per unit original 𝑂𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡
dimension is called Strain”
l
Where l = change in length
l
l = Original length
l l
Lateral strain
𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 =
“Strain measured Lateral to the linear strain is called 𝑂𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
lateral Strain” d
OR ' where d = Dia. of bar ---- For Round bar
d
b
“ it is defined as ratio of Change in lateral dimension to
'
where b = width or thickness of bar---For
the original lateral dimension” b
rectangular section
𝜎𝑥 𝜎𝑥 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑥 𝜎𝑧
𝜀𝑦 = − −
𝐸 𝑚𝐸 𝑚𝐸
𝜎𝑦 Tension : +ve 𝜎𝑧 𝜎𝑥 𝜎𝑦
𝜀𝑧 = − −
𝜎𝑧 Compression : -ve 𝐸 𝑚𝐸 𝑚𝐸
Bulk modulus
𝐷𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
𝐾=
“ The ratio of Direct stress to volumetric strain is 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛
called bulk modulus”
K
v
Relationship betn 1-young’s modulus( E )
mE 2
2-Bulk modulus( K ) K 𝑂𝑅 𝐸 = 3𝐾 1 −
1
3-poisson’s ratio((𝜇 𝑜𝑟 𝑚 ) 3(m 2) 𝑚
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𝛿𝑙(𝑛𝑎𝑡) = 𝑙𝛼∆𝑡
Where, l = length of member
= coefficient of thermal expansion
t = change in temperature l l
Force generated due to prevention of Free Expansion (Single bar or Parallel bar)
Case 3: Partially Restrained
Case 1: Free to Expand Case 2: Full restrained
(Support on both end but, gap between support and
(No support on one end or both) (Support on both)
member)
R R
l l
l l l l
- Equilibrium Condition
1 A1 2 A2 Material 1
Where, Material 1
𝜎 C
𝜀=
𝐸
Material 2
T
[ 𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝛼1 𝐻𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑟]
Free Expansion
Material 1
Material 2
Composite Expansion
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Parameter AB BC CD
Length 1.2m 1.35m 1.1m
Area 30 mm x 30 mm 50mm dia 10mm x 50mm
Find the total deformation of a steel rod subjected to a force of A stepped circular bar ABCD is axially loaded as shown in fig.
250kN, as shown in Fig. Length of rod is 1000mm and Modulus of is in equilibrium. Find unknown force P, and calculate
Elasticity of steel is 200GPa tresses in each part and total change in length of the bar.
Take Ecopper= 100 GPa, Ebrass= 80 GPa and E= 200GPa
For a bar shown in figure 8 find the diameter of the middle portion, A steel member ABCD with three different circular cross-
if the stress at that location is to be limited to 140 N/mm2. Also find section and lengths as follows, is subjected to an axial pull of
5 2
the total change in the length of the bar. E = 2 X 10 N/mm 150kN. Compute the net change in the length of the member
if the modulus of elasticity (E)=200GPa.
`
Example – Stresses In Composite Structure
A short concrete column 300mm x 300mm in A short concrete column 450mm x A reinforced concrete column 500 mm x
section is carrying axial load of 360 kN. The 450mm in section is axially loaded to 500 mm in section is reinforced with four
column is strengthened by four, 12mm diame- 500 kN.The column is trengthened steel bars of 25 mm diameter, one in each
ter steel bars each one at corner. Calculate by four, 16mm diameter steel bars corner. The column is carrying an axial
stresses in concrete and steel. Take Ec = 14 each one at corner.Calculate stresses load of 1000kN. Find the stresses in con-
GPa and Es = 210 Gpa in concrete and steel. Take Ec = 14 crete and steel bars. Take E for steel =
GPa and Es = 210 Gpa 210GPa and E for concrete = 14 GPa
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A steel rail is 10m long and is laid at a temperature of 20°C. The maximum temperature expected is 50°C, estimate the minimum gap
-6
between two rails to be left so that temperature stresses do not developed. The coefficient of linear expansion a steel=12x10 per
°C per unit length.
A composite bar made up of steel and copper rods, connected in series. The ends of composite bars are fixed. Find the stress devel-
oped in steel and copper due to increase in temperature by 500C. Other relevant data are given below
Copper Steel
Length 1.2m 1.0m
Diameter 30mm 30mm
-6 0 -6 0
Coefficient of thermal 17 x 10 / C 12 x 10 / C
expansion
5 5
Modulus of Elasticity 0.8 x 10 MPa 2 x 10 MPa
Example – ELASTIC CONSTANTS
A rectangular block of material is 250 mm long, 100mm wide A cement concrete block having a shape of square cross section
and 80mm thick. If it is subjected to a tensile load of 200kN, Of 250mm side and a uniform height of 350mm is tested in a
compressive load of 300kN and tensile load of 250kN along its compression testing machine by applying an axial compressive
length, width and thickness respectively. Find the change in vo- load of ‘P’. It was observed that the height decreased by 0.28mm
lume of the block. Take E= 210GPa and Poisson’s ratio μ=0.25. and the side increased by 0.035mm. If the Modulus of Elasticity
of concrete is 0.13x105 N/mm2, determine
• Poison’s Ratio
• The value of ‘P’
The volumetric strain of the block
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A Steel bar is subjected to tensions as shown in fig. Determine A rectangular block of size 350mm (l) x 50mm (b) x 150mm
5
change in volume of the bar, if Es = 200GPa and μs = 0.25 In order (h) is subjected to forces shown in figure. E = 2 x 10 and
that there is no change in volume, what should be the revised value Poisson’s ratio is 0.28, calculate the Change in volume of
of load along X axis? block.
A rectangular block of 50mm X 50mm X 300mm is sub- A cube of 150mm x 150mm x 150mm is subjected to axial Tensile
jected to tensile stress of 200N/mm2 along the length in x forces of 1000kN, 800kN and 600kN along X dir Y-dir and Z-dir respec-
direction and compressive stresses of 120 N/mm2 on the tively. Taking Poisson's ratio v = 0.25 and Modulus of Elasticity, E = 2 x
5
Remaining all faces in y and z directions. Find the strains 10 , Determine:
produced along x, y and z Directions and calculate change 1) Change in each dimension
in the volume. If 1/m = 0.25 & E = 200 KN/mm2 2) Change in Volume
3) Stress in each direction
Example – Miscellaneous
Determine deformation in each part of the bar ABCD shown in A reinforced concrete column of size 250 mm x 250 mm sup-
5 2
Figure . Take E = 2 x 10 N/mm ports a load of 250 kN axially. The reinforcement consists of 4
steel roads each of 25 mm in diameter in each corner. Find how
much load is carried by the rods and the concrete if Young’s
modulus of steel is 15 times that of concrete
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BENDING STRESSES
PURE BENDING :
“When Beam length is subjected to only bending moment and zero shear force, such beam is said to be in Pure bending”
Assumptions:
The material of beam is homogeneous and Isotropic
Bending stress are within elastic limit
A plane section before bending remains plane after bending
The section under consideration is under pure bending
The beam is in equilibrium i.e. bending tensile and compression force have same magnitude
The Modulus of Elasticity in tension and compression is same.
𝑰
SECTIONAL MODULUS (Z) =
𝒀𝒎𝒂𝒙
𝑏d2 𝑏ℎ2
ZRectangular = ZCircle = (π/32)*d3 ZTriangular =
6 24
𝐵𝐷3 − 𝑏𝑑 3 (𝐷4 − 𝑑 4 )
ZHollow Rectangular = ZHollow Circular = ZSemicircular = 0.1911 r3
6𝐷 6𝐷
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SHEAR STRESSES
Ay
F A B
Ib
Where, = shear stress at section AB Y d
F = Shear Force
A =area of section above AB
I = moment of inertia
b = width of beam at level AB
y =distance between the centre of area A & neutral axes b
Triangular section
4 I - section
At Neutral axis na avg
3
3 h
max avg ....at
2 2 τmax = 1.5 τavg
4
τNA = 3 τavg
H - section T- section
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A cast iron beam of T section (as per fig. 5), is loaded as shownin fig.If the tensile Determine the maximum bending stress &
and compressive permissible stresses are 40MPa and 70MPa respectively, find the draw bending stress distribution in a section as
safe point load W. Neglect self weightof the beam. shown in Fig, if it is subjected to a bending
moment of 20kN-m
Find out uniformly distributed load A beam having an I section with top flange 80 X A mild steel simply supported beam of 3
which can be safely applied to a canti- 40 mm, web 120 X 20 mm and bottom flange m span has cross section 20 mm(width)
lever beam having span 2m. The beam 160 X 40 mm, simply supported over a span of x 50 mm (depth). Find the maximum
has rectangular cross section 6m, is subjected to uniformly distributed load uniformly distributed load that beam
200x300mm. The allowable bending over entire span. If bending stress is limited to can carry in addition to its self weight, if
stress and allowable shear stress in 40 N/mm2 tensile and 120 N/mm2 compres- maximum bending and shear stresses
beam material is 15MPa and 10MPa sive, find max. value of U.D.L. the beam can are limited to 150 N/mm2 and 10
respectively carry if the larger flange is in tension N/mm2.Self weight of beam is 75N/m.
A beam of T shaped cross section shown A cast iron water pipe of 500 mm inside di- A section of beam as shown in fig is sub-
in Fig. is subjected to bending about x-x ameter and 20 mm thick, is supported over a jected to a B.M of 10 kN.m about the
axis due to a moment of 20 kNm. Find span of 10 meters. Find the maximum bend- major axis. Draw bending stress distri-
the bending stress at the top of the beam ing stress in the pipe metal, when the pipe is bution across the section
running full. Take density of cast iron = 70.6
kN/m and water =9.8 kN/m
A beam of rectangular section A T – shaped cross section of a beam has Determine maximum bending stress and maxi-
100mm × 300mm is subjected to flange = 200 x 50 mm and web = 50 x 200 mum shear stress in a cantilever beam of length
a shearforce of 10kN. Find shear mm in size, is subjected to a vertical shear 2m. The beam carries a udl of 8kN/m overthe
stress at the top layer, at neutral force of 100 kN. Calculate the shear entire length of 2m and a concentrated vertical
layer and theaverage value of stresses at important points and draw downward load of25kN at the free end of canti-
shear stress. Show the stress dis- shear stress distribution diagram. Take- lever. The cross-section of the beam is arectangle
tribution diagram moment of inertia about horizontal neutral of size 350mm deep and 250mm wide
6
axis = 113.4 x 10 mm
6
The Rectangular block of size 300mm (b) x A section of a beam shown in Fig. has moment of inertia about neutral axisis 11.6 x 10
450mm (d) is subjected to a shear force 80 mm4. The section is subjected to shear force of 14.5 kN. Determine value of maximum
kN. Calculate the Shear stresses at neutral shear stress on the section
axis and Junction of the blocks. Draw
Shear stress distribution diagram also
CHAPTER 8 : TORSION
Theory of Torsion:
“The moment of couple acting on shaft is called torque or torsional moment or twisting moment”
Assumptions:
The material of Shaft is uniform throughout the length
The twist along the shaft is uniform
The shaft is of Uniform cross section throughout the length
Cross section of shaft, which are plane before twist remains plane after twist
All radii which are straight before twist remains straight after twist
𝑇 𝜏 𝐶. 𝜃
= =
𝐽 𝑅 𝑙
Where, T = torque or twisting Moment T
A’
J = Polar Moment of Inertia
θ O
𝜏 = Shear stress A
R= Radius of Shaft
l
C = modulus of rigidity or Shear modulus
𝜃 = angular twist in radian
l = Length of Shaft
C 𝜃 = Torsional Rigidity
𝜋(𝐷4 − 𝑑 4 )
𝜋𝐷4 For Hollow Circular Shaft =
For Solid Circular Shaft = 32
32
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Example – Torsion
A solid shaft is 100 mm in diameter, A solid circular steel shaft of diameter 75 Calculate the diameter of the shaft re-
transmits 120kW at 200 rpm. Find the mm can resist maximum shear stress of quired to transmit 45 kW at 120 rpm. The
maximum intensity of shear stress in- 75 N/mm2. If shaft is rotating at 150 rpm, maximum torque is likely to exceed the
duced and angle of twist for a length of 6 calculate the power transmitted by shaft. mean by 30% for a maximum permissible
4
meters. Take C = 8 X 10 N/mm2 Also calculate the angle of twist for 1.4m shear stress of 55 N/mm2. Calculate also
long shaft if G=100 GPa. the angle of twist for a length of 2 m. G =
3
80 X 10 N/mm2
A solid steel shaft is subjected to a torque A solid steel shaft has to transmit 350 kW A solid steel circular shaft is required to
of 45 kN m. If the angle of twist is 0.50 per at 900 r.p.m. Find the diameter of the transmit a torque of 6.5 kNm. Determine
meter length of shaft and shear stress is shaft if the shear stress is to be limited to minimum diameter of the shaft, if shear
not to exceed 90 N/mm2. Find: (i) Suitable 125 N/mm. Calculate the diameter of the stress is limited to 40 N/mm and angle of
diameter of shaft (ii) Final maximum shear shaft if hollow shaft is provided of internal twist should not exceed 0.5º per meter.
stress and angle of twist for diameter of diameter equals 0.75 times external di- Take Modulus of rigidity C = 85 GPa
shaft selected. Take G= 80 GPa ameter
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Principal Plane
The plane on which only direct stress is acting is called Principal plane.
On the principle plane shear stress is zero
Principal Stresses
Maximum and Minimum values of stresses are acting normal to the principal plane is known as Principal Stresses.
σx + σx +
τ A σy
C
O
τ τ
σx σx
θ + +
τ
D B
τ θ
+
σy
Where,
σx + σy σx− σy
σn = ( )+( ) cos2θ – τsin2θ σn = Normal stress on inclined plane
2 2
σt= Tengential stress on inclined plane
σx − σy σr = Resultant stress on inclined plane
σt =( ) sin2θ + τcos2θ σx = Major direct stress
2
σy = Minor direct stress
θ = Angle of incined plane BC with the major
σr = σn2 + σt 2 plane
τ = Shear stress
Principal Stresses
Principal Stresses
σx + σy σx− σy 2
σmax/min = ( )+ ( ) + τ2
2 2
−2𝑞
Angle of Principle Stress : tan 2𝜃 =
𝜎𝑥 −𝜎𝑦
σmax − σmin
Max Shear stress : τmax =
2
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Example – Normal And Tangential Stresses
A machine component is subjected to the The direct stresses at a point in the strained A point in a strained material is sub-
stresses as shown in fig. Find the normal material are 150 N/mm2 compressive & jected to a tensile stress of 120N/mm2
and shearing stresses on the section AB 100 N/mm2 tensile as shown in fig. There is and a compressive stress of 60N/mm2
inclined at an angle of 60º with horizontal no shear stress. Find the normal & tangen- acting at right angles to each other. De-
(x-x axis). Also find the resultant stress on tial stresses on the plane AC. Also find the termine the Normal ,tangential and re-
the section. resultant stress on AC sultant stress on a plane inclined at 300
in anticlockwise direction with the direc-
tion of compressive stress
The normal stress on plane AA is
20N/mm2 (tensile). If the principal
stress in the material is limited to
60N/mm2 (compressive), determine the
Allow able shear stress on plane AA. The
normal stress on the planes perpendicu-
lar to plane AA is zero
A point in a strained material is subjected to a tensile stress of Determine normal and tangential stress on plane AB, in a
100 MPa and a compressive of 90 MPa acting on two mutually strained material shown in fig. Determine the stress by Mohr’s
perpendicular planes and a shear stress of 25 MPa acts along circle also.
these planes. Determine following stresses on a plane inclined at
35° with plane of compressive stress.
(i) Normal Stress, (ii) Tangential Stress, (iii) Resultant Stress.
1
Q.5 (a) Prove that for rectangular section maximum shear stress is 1.5 time average 3
stress
(b) Find the reaction of beam shown in fig 6. 4
(c) Determine normal and tangential stress on plane AB, in a strained material 7
shown in fig 7. Determine the stress by Mohr’s circle also.
A C
B
O
*************
2
Seat No.: ________ Enrolment No.___________
1
OR
Q.5 (a) Define: Coefficient of Static Friction and state the Laws of Friction. 03
(b) Derive with usual notation the relation between shear force and Bending 04
moment.
(c) At a point in a strained material the state of stress is as shown in Fig.9 07
Determine (i) location of principal planes (ii) principal stresses and (iii)
maximum shear stress and location of plane on which it acts
2
Seat No.: ________ Enrolment No.___________
1
with respect to center or the circle.
Q.3 (a) Write assumption made in the theory of pure bending. 03
(b) An electric lamp in street as shown in figure 3 is having 50 N weight is 04
suspended by two wires of 4 m and 3 m length. The horizontal distance
between two fixed points are 5 m from which two wires were suspended.
Find out tension in both wires.
(c) Find out centroid of thin homogeneous wire as shown in figure 4. 07
OR
Q.3 (a) Draw representative shear stress distribution diagrams for 03
Hollow rectangle, b) I section, c) Hollow circle
(b) Find support reactions for beam shown in figure 5. 04
(c) For the beam shown in figure 6 calculate shear force and bending moments 07
at salient points and draw shear force and bending moment diagrams.
Q.4 (a) Explain various types beams and their support system. 03
(b) Calculate center of gravity of T-section having flange 20 X 2 cm and web 30 04
X 2 cm. also show position of C. G. on figure.
(c) A beam having an I section with top flange 80 X 40 mm, web 120 X 20 mm 07
and bottom flange 160 X 40 mm, simply supported over a span of 6m, is
subjected to uniformly distributed load over entire span. If bending stress is
limited to 40 N/mm2 tensile and 120 N/mm2 compressive, find max. value of
U.D.L. the beam can carry if the larger flange is in tension.
OR
Q.4 (a) Define: (i) coefficient of friction (ii) Angle of friction 03
(b) A block weighing 150 kN is placed on a rough inclined plane making angle 04
30° with horizontal. If coefficient of friction is 0.25, find out the force
applied on the block parallel to the plane. So that the block is just on the
point of moving up the plane. Also find angle of friction.
(c) Calculate the diameter of the shaft required to transmit 45 kW at 120 rpm. 07
The maximum torque is likely to exceed the mean by 30% for a maximum
permissible shear stress of 55 N/mm2. Calculate also the angle of twist for a
length of 2 m. G = 80 X 103 N/mm2.
Q.5 (a) Define: (i) Lateral strain, (ii) Poisson’s ratio, (iii) Modulus of rigidity. 03
(b) An M. S. bar of 20 mm diameter is acted upon by a tensile force of 60 kN. If 04
the length of bar is 1.2 m and modulus of elasticity is 2.0 X 105 N/mm2. Find
stress, strain and elongation of the bar.
(c) Determine moment of inertia of a plane area as shown in figure 7 about its 07
base line a-a.
OR
Q.5 (a) Explain following terms: 03
(i) rigid body, (ii) deformable body, (iii) Elastic body.
(b) A 50 mm X 100 mm in depth rectangular section of a beam is simply 04
supported at the ends with 2m span. The beam is loaded with 20 kN point
load at 0.5 m form R.H.S. Calculate the maximum shearing stress in the
beam.
(c) For a bar shown in figure 8 find the diameter of the middle portion, if the 07
stress at that location is to be limited to 140 N/mm2. Also find the total
change in the length of the bar. E = 2 X 105 N/mm2.
2
Figure 1 Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 6
Figure 5
Figure 8
Figure 7
*************
3
Seat No.: ________ Enrolment No.___________
GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
BE - SEMESTER–III(New) • EXAMINATION – WINTER 2016
Subject Code:2130003 Date:31/12/2016
Subject Name:Mechanics of Solids
Time:10:30 AM to 01:00 PM Total Marks: 70
Instructions:
1. Attempt all questions.
2. Make suitable assumptions wherever necessary.
3. Figures to the right indicate full marks.
MARKS
Q.1 Short Questions: 14
1 Two unlike parallel forces, will form a_______. (Couple, Bending
Moment, Shear force).
2 A particle is said to be in _____ when the resultant force acting on
it is zero. (Equilibrium, Stable, Unstable)
3 The process of finding components of a force is called ______of
forces. (Resolution, Splitting, Composition)
4 Define Law Of Transmissibility.
5 The Relation between Shear force and Bending moment is
_________________.
6 A cylinder is a surface of revolution generated by revolving a
________line about a fixed axis. (Straight, circular)
7 Co-efficient of static friction will always be _____than the
coefficient of kinetic friction. (greater, equal, lesser)
8 The maximum value of Poisson’s ratio for most of the engineering
material is____. (0.5, 1,1.5)
9 Young’s modulus of elasticity for a perfectly rigid body
is_____.(zero, infinity)
10 The point where the Shear force is maximum, slope of the bending
moment is_________. (maximum, minimum, zero)
11 In a beam of I-section, the maximum shear stress is carried by
the_________.(web, flange)
12 A t the point of contraflexure _____changes it’s sign. (shear force,
bending moment, axial force)
13 Shear stresses on principal planes are_________.(zero, maximum,
minimum)
14 For an element in pure shear, principal planes are oriented at_____
to the axis. (450, 900)
Q.2 (a) State and explain Varignon’s theorem. 03
(b) Two tensile forces acting at an angle 1200 between them. The 04
bigger force is 50 kN. The resultant is perpendicular to the smaller
force. Find the smaller force and the resultant force.
(c) Two smooth sphere of weight 100 N each and radius 20 cm are in 07
equilibrium in horizontal channel of width 72 cm as shown in
figure 1. Find reactions at the contact surfaces A, B, and C.
Assume sides of channel smooth.
OR
(c) At a point in a strained material the state of stress is as shown in 07
figure 2. Determine (i) Location of Principal planes (ii) Principal
1
stresses. (iii) Maximum shear stress and location of plane on which
it acts.
Q.3 (a) For pure bending, prove that the neutral axis coincides with the 03
centroid of the cross section.
(b) A circular pipe of 100 mm external diameter and 80 mm internal 04
diameter is used as a Simply Supported beam of span 4 m. Find the
safe concentrated load that the beam can carry at the mid point, if
the permissible stress in the beam is 120 N/mm2.
(c) A solid steel shaft is subjected to a torque of 45 kN m. If the angle 07
of twist is 0.50 per meter length of shaft and shear stress is not to
exceed 90 N/mm2. Find: (i) Suitable diameter of shaft (ii) Final
maximum shear stress and angle of twist for diameter of shaft
selected. Take G= 80 GPa.
OR
Q.3 (a) State assumptions made in theory of pure bending. 03
(b) For a hollow circular section whose external diameter is twice the 04
internal diameter, find the ratio of maximum shear stress to
average shear stress.
(c) What should be the value of ϴ in figure 3 which will make the 07
motion of 1000N block down the plane to impend? The coefficient
of friction for all contact surfaces is 1/3.
Q.4 (a) Define: (i) Lateral strain (ii) Poisson’s ratio (iii) Modulus of 03
rigidity.
(b) In a tension test, a bar of 20 mm diameter undergoes elongation of 04
14 mm in a gauge length of 150 mm and a decrease in diameter of
0.85 mm at a tensile load of 6 kN. Determine the two physical
constants Poisson’s ratio and modulus of elasticity of the material.
(c) Determine the centroid of the plane area in which a circular part of 07
40 mm radius, has been removed as shown in Figure 4.
OR
Q.4 (a) Determine the surfaces area and volume of a right circular cone 03
with radius of base R and height h using Pappus-Guldinus
theorem.
(b) Derive expression of moment of inertia of triangle by first 04
principal.
(c) A 6 m long steel rod having 20 mm diameter is connected to two 07
grips and each end at a temperature of 1200 C. Find (i) pull exerted
when temperature falls to 400 C and ends do not yield, (ii) pull
exerted when temperature falls to 400 C and ends yield by 1.1 mm,
(iii) the shortening allowed for no stress at 400 C and (iv) the
minimum final temperature for shortening of 1.1 mm.
Take Esteel= 205 GPa, αsteel =11 X 10-6/0C.
Q.5 (a) Define: (i) Coefficient of friction (ii) Angle of friction 03
**************
3
Seat No.: ________ Enrolment No.___________
MARKS
Q.1 Short Questions 14
1 How will you differentiate scalar and vector quantities?
2 Explain the term free body diagram
3 What is the moment of inertia of a triangle about its base
and horizontal centroidal axis?
4 Define Modulus of rigidity and Modulus of elasticity.
5 What is the relation between Load , Shear Force and
Bending Moment.
6 Define section modulus.
7 What is the use of Mohr’s circle?
8 _________ is equal and opposite to the resultant of several
forces acting on a body. (Equilibrant, Resultant, Stress,
Strain)
9 The process of finding components of a force is called
_____________ of forces. (Desolution, Resolution,
Lami’s theorem, Composition)
10 Angle of repose is equal to angle of static friction when
_________. (motion is absent, system is in equilibrium,
motion is impending, body is on a flat surface)
11 Ratio of maximum to average shear stress in a rectangular
section is ____________. (3/2, 1/2, 3/4, 5/2)
12 The difference of angle between two principal plane is
___________ (180°, 90°,120°,45°)
13 One of the assumption in theory of pure bending is the
value of _______________ is same in tension as well as
compression. (Moment of Inertia, Modulus of Elasticity,
Shear Stress, Bending Stress)
14 Twisting of an object due to applied torque is known as
____________ (Bending, Shearing, Torsion, Rotation)
Q.2 (a) What is Polygon law of forces? Explain graphical 03
procedure to find resultant of the forces using polygon law
of forces.
(b) The line of action of the 2.6 kN force F runs through the 04
points A and B shown in fig. 1. Determine the x and y
components of F.
(c) A uniform wheel of 80 cm diameter and 1500 N weight 07
rests against a rigid rectangular block of thickness 30 cm
1
as shown in fig. 2. Considering all surfaces smooth,
determine
a) Least pull to be applied through the center of wheel to
just turn it over the corner of the block,
b) Reaction of the block.
OR
(c) A reinforced concrete column of size 250 mm x 250 mm 07
supports a load of 250 kN axially. The reinforcement
consists of 4 steel roads each of 25 mm in diameter in each
corner. Find how much load is carried by the rods and the
concrete if Young’s modulus of steel is 15 times that of
concrete.
Q.3 (a) Explain various types of statically determinant beams and 03
their support system
(b) A bar 3m long and 20mm diameter is rigidly fixed in two 04
supports at certain temperature. If temperature is raised by
60°C, find thermal stress and strain of the bar. Also find
thermal stress and strain if support yields by 2mm. Take
= 12 x 10-6 /°C and E = 2 x 105 N/mm2
(c) Find centroid of the shaded area shown in fig.3 with 07
reference to point ‘O’
OR
Q.3 (a) A solid steel shaft is to transmit a torque of 1 kN.m. If the 03
shearing stress is not to exceed 45 N/mm2. Find the
minimum diameter of the shaft.
(b) Under what axial tensile load the diameter of a steel bar 04
will be reduced from 50 mm to 49.899 cm?
Take E = 2.0 x 105 N/mm2 and Poisson’s ratio = 0.33.
(c) Find moment of inertia about horizontal centroidal axis of 07
a shaded area shown in fig. 4
Q.4 (a) Derive the formula for the elongation of a rectangular bar 03
under the action of axial load.
(b) The shaded area shown in fig. 5 is revolved about Y axis. 04
By means of a theorem of Pappus Gauldinus, determine
the volume generated. Dimensions are in cm.
(c) Draw Shear Force and Bending Moment diagram for the 07
beam shown in fig. 6
OR
Q.4 (a) Draw representative shear stress distribution diagrams for 03
a) hollow rectangle, b) I section, c) hollow circle
(b) Determine reaction at supports for the Beam as shown in 04
Fig. 7
(c) Determine the horizontal force required to cause the 07
motion of the block weighing 550N as shown in fig.8.
Take µ= 0.55.
a. To impend the motion downward
b. To impend up the plane
Q.5 (a) What is ellipse of stress? What is the use of it? 03
(b) A material is subjected to tensile stresses 80 N/mm2 and 04
40 N/mm2 perpendiculars to each other. It is also subjected
to shear stress of 60 N/mm2. Find normal, tangential and
resultant stress on a plane inclined at 45° with smaller
tensile stress.
(c) A cast iron beam is of T section as shown in fig.9 The 07
beam is simply supported on a span of 8m. The beam
2
carries a UDL of 25 kN/m on the entire span. Determine
the maximum tensile and maximum compressive stresses.
Also draw bending stress distribution diagram. Take I =
3.14 x 106 mm4.
OR
Q.5 (a) Explain theory of pure bending. 03
(b) Prove that for a rectangular cross section of a beam the 04
value of maximum shear stress is 1.5 times average shear
stress.
(c) A simply supported beam of length 5m and Its cross 07
section as shown in fig.9. is uniformly loaded with
20kN/m. Find values of shear stress at critical points and
draw shear stress distribution diagram across the c/s. Take
I = 3.14 x 106 mm4.
*************
3
Fig. 2
Fig. 1
Fig. 3
Fig. 5
Fig. 4
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
100mm
20mm
80mm
Fig. 8
20mm
Fig. 9
4
Seat No.: ________ Enrolment No.___________
Marks
Q.1 Short Questions (each question carry one Mark) 14
a Define Pappu’s Guldinus theorem- I
b Define Principle of Superposition
c Define law of Transmissibility
d Define Couple
e Enlist types of supports.
f Sketch qualitative shear stress distribution diagrams of ‘I’ section of
the beams.
g Give mathematical expression of Lami’s theorem,
Fill in the blanks
h Lateral strains are ___________ longitudinal strains.
(sometimes less than, always less than, never less than)
i The shape of shear force diagram for cantilever beam subjected to
couple at free end is __________ [horizontal straight line, zero,
parabola, incline straight line].
j Moment is a ________ vector, whereas Couple is a ________ vector.
(free, null, fixed)
k At the point of contraflexure ___________ changes its sign.
(shear force, bending moment, axial force)
l The Relation between Shear force and Bending moment is
_________________.
m The relation between, dynamic coefficient of friction (μd)
is___________________ static coefficient of friction (μs). (less then/
greater then/Equal to)
n Relation between Modulus of Elasticity and Bulk Modulus is
________________________.
Q.2 (a) Write assumption made in the theory of pure bending. 03
(b) State and Prove with usual notation ‘The law of Parallelogram’. 04
(c) The forces are acting on a rigid body as shown in Figure 1. Find the 07
resultant of the given force system, in terms of magnitude and
direction. Find the location of Resultant with respect to point A.
OR
(c) Determine centroid of the section shown in Figure 2. 07
Q.3 (a) At a point in a strained material, the state of stress is as shown in 03
figure 3. Determine (i) principal stresses
(b) For problem above in Q.3 (a), figure 3 calculate (i) location of 04
principal planes and (ii) maximum shear stress and its location.
1
(c) Draw shear force diagram and bending moment diagram for beam 07
shown in figure 4.
OR
Q.3 (a) A solid steel shaft has to transmit 350 kW at 900 r.p.m. Find the 03
diameter of the shaft if the shear stress is to be limited to 125 N/mm 2.
Calculate the diameter of the shaft.
(b) A solid steel shaft has to transmit 350 kW at 900 r.p.m. Find the 04
diameter of the shaft if the shear stress is to be limited to 125 N/mm2.
Calculate the diameter of the shaft if hollow shaft is provided of
internal diameter equals 0.75 times external diameter
(c) A simply supported beam 10 m long carries three point loads at 50 07
kN, 60 kN and 80 kN at 3m, 5m and 8m from left support. Draw S.F.
and B.M. diagram for the beam.
Q.4 (a) Define friction and State laws of Dry friction. 03
(b) The T-section is manufactured by connecting two equal rectangular 04
blocks having size 200 mm x 30 mm. Determine moment of inertia of
the section about its horizontal axis.
(c) Find the magnitude of the Horizontal force ‘P’ applied to the lower 07
block to cause impending motion as shown in figure 5. Take µ = 0.3
at all contact surfaces. Weight of block ‘A’ is 300 N and weight of
block ‘B’ is 1200 N.
OR
Q.4 (a) Determine reaction at supports for the Beam as shown in Figure 6. 03
(b) Determine deformation in each part of the bar ABCD shown in 04
Figure 7. Take E = 2 x 105 N/mm2.
(c) A uniform ladder AB weighing 230 N and 4m long, is supported by 07
vertical wall at top end B and by horizontal floor at bottom end A. A
man weighing 550 N stood at the top of the ladder. Determine
minimum angle θ of ladder AB with floor for the stability of ladder.
Take co efficient of friction between ladder and wall as 1/3 and
between ladder and floor as 1/4.
Q.5 (a) Derive formula for determine volumetric strain of circular bar of 03
diameter ‘d’, length ‘L’, modulus of elasticity ‘E’ subjected to axial
tensile force ‘P’ and Poisson’s ratio ‘µ’.
(b) The Rectangular block of size 300mm (b) x 450mm (d) is subjected 04
to a uniform bending moment 120 kNm. Calculate the bending
stresses at extreme fiber of the blocks. Also, find out total tensile and
compressive forces due to bending stresses. Draw bending stress
distribution diagram also.
(c) A rectangular block of size 350mm (l) x 50mm (b) x 150mm (h) is 07
subjected to forces shown in figure 8. E = 2 x 105 N/mm2 and
Poisson’s ratio is 0.28, calculate the Change in volume of block.
OR
Q.5 (a) State the condition of equilibrium for Co-planner force system. 03
(b) The Rectangular block of size 300mm (b) x 450mm (d) is subjected 04
to a shear force 80 kN. Calculate the Shear stresses at neutral axis and
Junction of the blocks. Draw Shear stress distribution diagram also.
(c) A system of connected flexible cables shown in figure 9 is supporting 07
two vertical forces 300 N and 400 N at points B and D. determine the
forces in various segments of the cable.
*************
2
75 N
350
150 mm 175 mm
50 mm
A 450
50 N Figure 1 20 N
60 N/mm2
30 N/mm2
90 N/mm2
90 N/mm2
30 N/mm2
60 N/mm2
Figure 3
Figure 5
E
300
A
2m
B P
15 mm Ø B 20 mm Ø C 10 mm Ø D
A
30 KN 50 KN 80 KN
125 kN
75 kN C
figure 9
300
150 mm E
A B
0
150 kN 150 kN 45
600
300 N
50 mm D
350 mm 3
75 kN
400 N
Figure 8
125 kN
Seat No.: ________ Enrolment No.___________
Q.1 (a) Explain following terms (i) Rigid body, (ii) Deformable body (iii) Elastic body 03
(b) State ‘Hooks Law’. Derive formula to determine change in length (δL) for the uniform, 04
homogeneous axially loaded member of length (L), c/s area (A) and modulus of elasticity
(E), subjected to axial tensile force (P).
(c) A stepped circular bar ABC is axially loaded as shown in fig. (i), is in equilibrium. The 07
diameter of part AB is 50 mm throughout its length, whereas diameter part BC is
uniform decreasing from 40 mm at B to 30 mm at C. Determine (i) magnitude of
unknown force ‘P’ (ii) stress in part AB and (iii) change in length of part BC. Take
modulus of elasticity = 2 x 105 N/mm2.
Q.2 (a) Derive relation between Rate of loading, Shear force and Bending moment at a section in 07
a beam subjected to general loading. Also derive condition for maximum BM in terms of
SF.
(b) Find magnitude and inclination with +X-axis of resultant of force system shown in fig 07
(ii). Identify type of force system.
OR
(b) A cylindrical roller weighing 1000 N is resting between two smooth surfaces inclined at 07
60º and 30º with horizontal as shown in fig. (iii). Draw free body diagram and determine
reactions at contact points A and B.
Q.3 (a) Calculate shear force and bending moment at salient points for the beam shown in fig. (iv). Also 07
plot neat shear force and bending moment diagrams indicating values at above points. Locate
point of contraflexure from support B.
(b) A reinforced concrete column 500 mm x 500 mm in section is reinforced with four steel 07
bars of 25 mm diameter, one in each corner. The column is carrying an axial load of 1000
kN. Find the stresses in concrete and steel bars. Take E for steel = 210 GPa and E for
concrete = 14 GPa.
OR
Q.3 (a) Explain (i) Angle of limiting friction (ϕlim), (ii) Angle of repose (λ), and (iii) Coefficient 07
of friction (μ) . Also prove that ϕlim and λ are numerically same.
(b) Determine the location of centroid of plane lamina shown in fig. (v) with respect to point 07
O.
Q.4 (a) Two blocks are connected by a horizontal link AB are supported on two rough planes as 07
shown in fig. (vi). The coefficient of friction for block A is 0.4 and angle of friction for
block B is ϕ = 15º What is the smallest weight WA of the block A for which the
equilibrium of the system can exist?
(b) State Parallel axis theorem and perpendicular axis theorem. Derive formula for moment 07
of Inertia of a rectangular section about horizontal centroidal axis from first fundamental.
Using parallel axis theorem derive formula for moment of inertia about base of the
section.
OR
1
Q.4 (a) A steel circular bar of 16 mm diameter is placed inside a copper tube, having internal 07
diameter of 20 mm and thickness of 2.5 mm as shown in fig. (vii). Both the ends are
rigidly fixed and initially stress free. If the temperature of assembly is increased by 50ºC,
compute magnitude and nature of stresses produced in each material. Take modulus of
elasticity of steel and copper as 200 GPa and 100 GPa respectively. Take coefficient of
thermal expansion (per ºC) for steel and copper as 12 x 10-6 and 18 x 10-6 respectively.
(b) A rectangular block is 205 mm long, 100 mm wide and 80 mm thick. It is subjected to a 07
tensile load of 200 kN, compressive load of 300 kN and tensile load of 250 kN along its
length, width and thickness respectively. Find the change in volume of the block. Also
calculate shear modulus for the block material. Take E = 210 GPa and poison’s ratio μ =
0.25
Q.5 (a) Draw bending stress distribution diagram across the cross section of a ‘T’ beam, having 07
flange 150 x 20 mm and web 20 x 250 mm, carrying pure hogging bending moment of 30
kNm at the section.
(b) Write the assumptions for finding out shear stress in a circular shaft, subjected to torsion. 07
Prove that τ/R = Cθ/L with usual notations for circular shaft.
OR
Q.5 (a) Draw shear stress distribution diagram across the cross section of a ‘T’ beam, having 07
flange 150 x 20 mm and web 20 x 250 mm, carrying pure shear force of 50 kN at the
section.
(b) A machine component is subjected to the stresses as shown in fig. (viii). Find the normal 07
and shearing stresses on the section AB inclined at an angle of 60º with horizontal (x-x
axis). Also find the resultant stress on the section.
+Y
75 kN
A B 50 kN
C 20º
40kN P kN 60kN A
O 40° B
-X +X 60° 30°
400 mm 600 mm 60º 30º
Fig.(iii) Q.2(b) OR
Fig. (i) Q.1(c)
25 kN 100 kN
-Y
16 kN Fig.(ii) Q.2(b) WA = ? WB = 400 N
16 kN/m
Y
A B A B
D C
4m 2m
1m
300mm
Fig.(iv) Q.3(a) 30º
O X
400mm 150mm
Fig.(vi) Q.4(a)
Fig.(v) Q.3(b) OR
Steel bar Copper tube
2.5 mm 50 MPa
16mm
20mm
A τ= 25 MPa
2.5 mm
Longitudinal Section Cross Section 100 MPa 100 MPa
Fig. (vii) Q.4(a) OR 60º
τ= 25 MPa B
50 MPa
Fig. (viii) Q.5(b) OR
2
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
2130003- MOS (SHORT QUESTIONS)
Short Questions
Sr No Question Answer
1 Three coplanar non-parallel forces in equilibrium will _________ [always, never, Sometimes
sometimes] be concurrent
2 106 kg = _________ [103, 10-6,109, 10-3] Mg. 103
3 Coefficient of static fiction is ___________ [less than, more than, Equal to] coefficient More than
of dynamics fiction.
4 A mild steel bar under tension test shows property of ___________ [Malleability, Ductility
ductility, tension ability].
5 The shape of shear force diagram for cantilever beam subjected to couple at free end zero
is ___________ [horizontal straight line, zero, Parabola, incline straight line].
6 The ratio of the maximum shear stress to average shear stress is for 4/3, the cross Circular
section would be __________ [triangular, rectangular, Circular, hexagonal].
7 Which one of expressions is NOT true __________ [E = 2G (1+µ), E = 3K (1-2µ), E = E = 9KG/ (3G+K)
9KG/ (3G+K), M = s. I/y].
8 Point of contra flexure is where ___________ [shear force is zero, shear force changes Bending moment
sign, bending moment changing sign, bending Moment is zero]. changes its sign
9 Lateral strains are ___________ longitudinal strains. (always less than, sometimes Less than
less than, never less than)
10 Two forces under equilibrium must be _______( non rectilinear, rectilinear, parallel) rectilinear
11 True relation between dynamic coefficient of friction ( µ d) and static coefficient of µd < µs
friction (µs) is __________ (µd < µs , µd = µs, µd > µs)
12 _____________ is a scalar quantity.( momentum , force , work) Work
13 100 mm ________________ 5 6 -7
µm ( 10 , 10 , 10 ) 10-7
14 Beam extends beyond the support then that beam is known As________ beam. Overhanging beam
15 Moment of inertia of any plane area is maximum about an axis Passing Centre of gravity
though_________.
16 At free end of a cantilever bending moment is always________ unless a concentrated Zero
moment is applied at the free end.
17 __________ of a force is the procedure of splitting a force into number of Resolution
components
18 _________ is equal and opposite to the resultant of several Reaction
Forces, acting on a body.
19 Force of friction is ________ to the applied force, which tends to move the body. Opposite
20 Splitting of force in given directions is known as __________ of force. (resolution, resolution
composition, division)
21 Poisson’s ratio is ratio of ___________ (longitudinal to lateral strain, lateral to Lateral to
longitudinal strain, shear stress to shear strain) longitudinal
22 Bending moment is ________ at a hinged support. (always maximum, always zero) Always zero
23 Force can be defined in term of its_____, _______
, and point of ________
[. magnitude, direction,
point of application
24 Inertia is the resistance of body to any change in its _______[ Velocity
25 Solid of mechanics comprises study of mechanics of ______ bodies and mechanics of rigid
deformable bodies
26 The process of replacing a set of forces by a single force is called_____ of force Composition
27 A sketch showing a body in equilibrium along with all the forces acting on it, is called Free body diagram
a __________ []