MUSCULAR TISSUE

 Specialized tissue for contraction

 The cell is known as “muscle fiber”, enclosed in a membrane known as “sarcolemma”.
 The sarcoplasm (cytoplasm) contains contractile fibers known as the myofibrils (sarcostyles), and nucleus.

Classifications of muscle tissue:

1. Smooth Involuntary/ Visceral muscle – organized into sheets of muscle
2. Striated Involuntary/ Cardiac muscle – closely opposed but separate fibers
3. Striated Voluntary/ Skeletal muscle – organized into sturdy, compact bundles

Basis of comparison Visceral Cardiac Skeletal

Histological appearance non-striated striated striated

Nervous control involuntary involuntary voluntary
Location muscular layer heart attached to skeleton
Of visceral organs
Shape of cell fusiform/ spindle net-like filamentous
# Of nuclei one one many
Location of nuclei central central peripheral
Movement parts of organs heart contraction general body movements

Skeletal muscle:

Smooth muscle:

Cardiac muscle:

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NERVOUS TISSUE
 Specialized for the reception of stimuli and transmission of impulses
 Most of the neural tissue is concentrated in the brain and spinal cord

2 basic cells of nervous tissue:

1. Neurons – transmit signals
2. Neuroglia – supporting cells

A. Neurons
- received stimuli and transmit messages to other neurons, effector organs
- Structural and functional unit of nervous system

Parts of neurons:
1. Cell body/ Soma/ Perikaryon
a. axolemma – cell membrane
b. axoplasm – cytoplasm
c. nucleus
2. Processes – collectively known as the “nerve fiber”
a. axons – transmits impulses
away from the cell body
b. dendrites – transmits impulses
towards the cell body
Synapse – the point of contact/ junction between
axons and dendrites.

Classifications of neuron:
I. according to structure
1. Multipolar neuron – consists of 1 axon
with several dendrites
2. Bipolar neuron – consist of 1 axon, 1
dendrite
3. Unipolar – consist of only 1 process
extending from cell body; always a sensory
neuron

II. according to functions

1. Sensory/ afferent neurons – transmits impulses received by the receptors to CNS
2. Motor/ efferent neurons – transmits impulses from CNS to effector organs
3. Interneurons/ adjustor/ associative neurons – connect sensory and motor neurons; found in spinal cord,
brain and eyes.

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B. NEUROGLIA
- Smaller than neurons
- supporting cells of the nervous system
- 5 – 50x more than neurons

Types of neuroglia:

A. in CNS
1. Astrocytes – star shaped
2. Oligodendrocytes – most common type
3. Microglia – mobile cells, phagocytic, protects the
CNS
4. Ependymal cells – line the ventricles of the brain,
secretes cerebrospinal fluid

B. in PNS
1. Schwann cell – most common type, produce
myelin sheath around PNS
2. Satellite cell – support neurons in ganglia (clusters
of neurons in PNS)

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