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THE STORY OF THE NATIONS
I2MO, ILLUSTRATED, PER VOL., $1.50 ; ]/
2 LEATHER, GILT TOP, $1-75
PRINCE OF MONTENEGRO.
^11 Tic -org of lhe JVaiions
J)
THE BALKANS
ROUMANIA, BULGARIA, SERVIA
AND MONTENEGRO
NEW YORK
PUTNAM'S SONS
G. P.
LONDON T. FISHER UNWIN
:
1896
Copyright, i8g6
BY
G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS
Entered at Stationers' Hall, London
By T. FISHER UNWIN
M)
TEbe IRnicfeetboefeer ftveee, IRew JJ?orft
PREFACE.
PAGE
Preface vii
PART I.
ROUMANIA.
I.
of the Dacians.
II.
CONTENTS.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
CONTENTS. XI
PART II.
BULGARIA.
I. PAGE
II.
III.
IV.
Xll CONTENTS.
I
— — —
Greeks" Boril John Asen II. Greatness of Bulgaria
—
Rapid decline under his successors The Terterij dynasty
— —
The Sismans of Vidin Battle of Velbuzd the supre- :
—
macy of Servia John Alexander his divided realm
:
V.
VI.
VII.
CONTENTS. XI il
PART III.
SERVIA.
I- PAGE
—
conversion to Christianity Conflicts with the Bulgarians
Nadir of Servia in 924—Voislav the Liberator— Stephen
Nemanja and his descendants — Saint Sava— Overthrow of
Bulgaria by Stephen Uros.
II.
III.
IV.
XIV CONTENTS.
» PAGE
VI.
VII.
PART IV.
MONTENEGRO.
1.
CONTENTS. XV
II. PAGE
III.
IV.
V.
Peter I.
tain (1782-1830)
Defeat and death of Mahmoud
Kara
....
the Bonaparte of the Black Moun-
—
408-423
Formal incorporation
of the Berda —
Effects cf the Treaty of Campo Formio War —
— —
with France Siege of Ragusa Napoleon's overtures
—
The "red" mountain England and Montenegro Capture —
of Cattaro its surrender to Austria
; —
The long peace
Internal reforms —
Death and canonisation of the Vladika.
—
XVI CONTENTS
VI. PAGE
INDEX 469
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
ROMAN SCULPTURE AT
"
Donau-Bulgarien"
BULGARIAN ATTACK ON CONSTANTINOPLE IN 813.
.....
NICOPOLIS. FlVlll Kanitz,
121
THE
garien
,}
AT jalar.
dikilttas"
.......
From Kanitz,
From
"
Kanitz,
Donau-Bul-
" Donau-
. 140
Bulgarien^ . . . . . . -153
old relief at varna.
Bulgarien "....... From Kanitz, " Donau-
165
coins of
garien^
THE BULGARIAN ARMS
........
asen. From Kanitz, " Donau-Bul-
171
1 76
statue of pan at varna. From Kanitz, "Donau-
Bulgarien" . . . . . . .191
old Bulgarian bridge.
Bulgarien
ROMAN RELIEF AT MADARA.
"....... From
From
Kanitz, "Donau-
Miller 357
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. XIX
.......
Sir Gardner Wilkinson,
tenegro "
u
Dalmatia and
".......
From Sir Gardner Wilkinson, " Dalmatia and
Montenegro
MAP OF MONTENEGRO
435
46 3
MAP OF THE BALKAN PENINSULA, PRESENT DAY
Opposite page 1
16
43
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26 23 33
2 DACIA BEFORE THE ROMAN CONQUEST.
DECEBALUS.
(a.d. 106-274.)
(1290 — 1 601.)
(j.6rt.*X]< "(TV A
all was lost, he bade his officers bring him the flag, a
raven with a red cross beak upon a field of
in its
LOSS OF BUCOVINA. 8
(1822— 1866.)
PART II.
BULGARIA.
" The glory of the Bulgarians was confined to a narrow scope
I.
(864 A.D.)
(893—IOI8.)
left forany one else. Not even the " big Bulgaria,"
projected by the treaty of San Stefano in 1878,
would have been so large as the Bulgaria of the first
three decades of the tenth century.
It was hardly to be expected that the lord of such
a vast expanse of territory would remain content with
the simple title of knez, or prince. Simeon sought
the name as well as the dominions of an Emperor,
and obtained from Rome the title which he desired.
He styled himself " Czar of the Bulgarians and
Autocrat of the Greeks," and his successors called
themselves " Czars " after him. Thus, five centuries
before there were Czars of Russia, Bulgaria had
adopted that proud designation for her rulers. But
without a Patriarch the Empire of a Czar was incom-
plete. Boris had never succeeded in obtaining for
his chief ecclesiastic any higher title than that of
Archbishop. But his son was more fortunate, and a
Patriarch was installed at his capital at Preslav.
We may judge of Simeon's power, not merely from
the extent of his Empire, but from the splendour of his
palace. The Bulgarians had rivalled the pomp of the
Greeks at the siege of Constantinople, and they now
erected a capital worthy of their huge realm. Preslav,
better known under its Turkish name of Eski-Stambul,
is now a wretched village, but a thousand years ago its
RUINS OF PRESLAV.
(1018— 1 1 86.)
(1 186-I398.)
COIN OF ASEN.
and his doughty line. Within its walls the first Asen
had received the crown from the hands of the people ;
and in its modest inn first saw the light the ablest of
modern Bulgarian statesmen, the ill-starred Stambu-
loff. Here were the Palace of the Czars and the resi-
dence of the head of the Bulgarian Church here, too, ;
and the Czar fell from his horse and was slain on the
spot. When next morning the nobles were shown
by the victor the corpse of their sovereign, they burst
into tears. And well they might ; for the might of
the Bulgarian Empire had fallen for ever. The
Serb monarch abstained, indeed, from annexing the
country but Dusan, his successor, who had shared
;
AM
14
V.
(1398-1878.)
—
"Bulgarian History" in 1762 a work with no pre-
tensions to scientific accuracy, but which aroused the
dormant patriotism of the people where a coldly critical
and impartial narrative would have failed. Paysij's
pupil, Sofranij, who has given us a graphic picture of his
own times, laboured hard to interest the masses, who
264 BULGARIA UNDER THE TURKS.
(1878— 1886.)
known would
that the aggrandisement of Bulgaria
excite the wildest jealousies of both Greeks and
Serbs. But the Sultan, from fear of assassination,
dared not strip his capital of the necessary troops ;
Russian officers ;
was under the ban of
their Prince
the Powers ; was open to invasion.
their frontier
There could, he thought and most onlookers —
thought too be —
only one result of a war under-
taken under such conditions. So, on November 13,
1885, his Premier, M. Garashinine, telegraphed to
Sofia that hostilities would begin next morning.
The people of Belgrade toasted their sovereign as
"King of Servia and Macedonia," and the troops
invoked the name of Stephen Dusan as they marched
through the streets. But the statesmen of Servia
had not reckoned with the enthusiasm of their adver-
saries. Prince Alexander again reaped the reward of
his toleration towards his Mussulman subjects, for six
thousand of them at once voluntered for the war.
The Bulgarians of Macedonia formed a " brigand
brigade " of three thousand more, and in a few days
the Prince found himself at the head of ninety thou-
sand men. At the first intelligence of the war he
had hurried back from Philippopolis to Sofia, and the
evening of the 16th found his headquarters estab-
lished in a wretched little khan at Slivnitza, a town
on the direct route from Servia to Sofia.
The three days' battle of Slivnitza revealed the
Bulgarians to Europe in a new light. The courage
of the Prince, who exposed himself to the enemy's
fire with the most reckless disregard of danger, in-
spired his soldiers to the utmost efforts. Early on
the morning of the third day a rumour reached head-
quarters that the enemy was marching by the south
on and a panic broke out in the capital. The
Sofia,
Russophil party, under Zankoff, was preparing for a
16
226 THE UNION UNDER PRINCE ALEXANDER.
" To
resist would have been fatal the ;
PRINCE FERDINAND.
(1887— 1896.)
eye had been half gouged out, and his forehead bore
the marks of fifteen wounds. Three days later the
ablest of Bulgaria's sons breathed his last. But his
enemies did not spare him even when dead. The
scene at his funeral was scandalous, and showed that
seventeen years of modern civilisation had not
stambuloff^s murder. 247
PART III
SER VIA.
" On Kossovo lay the headless body ;
"Of all the Balkan peoples, the most important and the most
powerful were the Serbs they seemed to have a great destiny
:
before them but this brave, poetic, careless, frivolous race never
;
I.
(1336— 1356.)
fc^b*
SERVIA UNDER DUSAN.
C 1350.
FORTRESS OF USICA.
(1356—1459.)
SERVIAN ADMINISTRATION. 29
the Imperial city in 1453 paved the way for the final
annexation of the Servian territory to the Turkish
dominions. Semendria, the residence of George
Brankovic, was the first object of Mohammed's attack.
The Ottoman artillery soon left nothing but a heap
of ruins to mark the spot, and the Servian prince was
once more a fugitive. Again the heroic Hunyad
came forward as the champion of Christendom.
Again he saved Belgrade, the " City of the Holy
War," as the Turks called it. Serbs and Magyars
fought side by side in its defence with the courage of
despair, and a brave Franciscan monk, crucifix in
hand, urged them to protect the outpost of Chris-
tianity. A battle on the Danube gained Hunyad
access to the citadel a successful sally from the walls
;
(1459— 1804.)
(1804— 1860.)
MILOSH OBRENOVIC-
also Archbishop of
secured the execution of the
Belgrade and a prominent noble, who had menaced
his supremacy. In November, 1817, the head-men
of all the districts, together with the ecclesiastical
dignitaries of the country, named him Prince of
Servia, and declared the title hereditary in his family.
The dignity lasted until it was exchanged in 1882
DESPOTISM OF MILOSH. 32
was well for him that his reign was not extended,
DEATH OF MILOSH. 33
(i860— 1878.)
(1882— 1896.)
PART IV.
MONTENEGRO.
"They rose to where their sovran eagle sails,
They kept their faith, their freedom, on the height,
Chaste, frugal, savage, armed by day and night
Against the Turk whose inroad nowhere scales
;
I.
(13890
RUINS OF DTOCLEA.
(From a photo by Mr. C. A. Miller?)
RISE OF BALSHA. 36
(1389—1516.)
with relief that the Christians had " lost their buckler
and the arm which protected them." Stephen
Crnoievic and his two sons, Ivan and George, fought
gallantly by his side, and Mohammed II., the future
conqueror of Constantinople, was routed by the
Montenegrins in a narrow defile and forced to beat
an ignominious retreat into Macedonia. Soliman
Pasha, who was sent to ravage the lower Zeta in
revenge for this defeat, succeeded in enticing the
mountaineers into the open, where their army was
almost annihilated. But the siege of Constantinople
provided the Turkish forces with other occupation,
and Montenegro was spared.
Stephen Crnoievic died about 1466, and was buried
in the little monastery on the island of Kom in the
Lake of Skodra, which he had founded. His eldest
son Ivan, surnamed the Black, succeeded him, and
with the new ruler commences a new era in the
25
37© BATTLE OF KOSSOVO TO LAST OF BLACK PRINCES.
was not till 1832 that the art of printing was reintro-
duced into the country, and to-day a few pieces of
stone in the churchyard are all that remains of the
press at Obod.
Ivan the Black died in 1490, while his son George
was returning from Venice with the noble Venetian
lady whom he had chosen as his bride. The memory
of the second Crnoievic Prince lingers even now
among the people, whom he prepared so boldly for
the dangers which lay before them in the centuries
to come. With him the unceasing struggle with the
Turks may be have begun under him the
said to ;
which had fallen upon his son, smitten with the small-
pox, and added :
'
Brothers, let us put one of you in
place of Stanicha on the journey, and give him on
our return half the presents, offered to him as the
real bridegroom.' All the comrades applauded this
device, and the young lord of Dulcigno, Obrenovo
Djuro, who was recognised as the fairest of them all,
BISHOP BABYLAS. 38
(i 5 16—1696.)
Montenegro,
their lot with their fellow-Christians in
the combination would have .been irresistible. But
the unfortunate division between the Eastern and the
Western Church prevented their union. The Koutchi
and Klementi had adopted the Roman Catholic faith
at the instigation of Italian missionaries, while the
Montenegrins have always been devoted to the
Greek Church. The effects of this schism have been
lasting. Montenegro looked calmly on while the
Turks attacked its Catholic neighbours, while the
Catholic Albanians usually allowed the Mussulman
armies to enter Montenegro with impunity. It was
only on rare occasions -that the instinct of self-pre-
servation prompted the Albanian chiefs to combine
with the warriors of the Greek Church for mutual
protection.
For over sixty years no serious attempt was made
to conquer the country. But in 1687, the- Venetians
urged their old allies to assist in a campaign against
the Turks, whose power had just received a severe
shock at the hands of Sobieski under the walls of
Vienna. Forgetful of the selfishness of Venice, and
eager to come to blows with their hereditary foes, the
Montenegrins consented and, aided by the firearms,
;
(1696 — 1782.)
THE modern history of Montenegro may be said to
have begun on the 29th of July, 1696, with the accession
of the present dynasty to the throne. For a period
of one hundred and eighty years the destinies of
the Black Mountain had been entrusted to the hands
of an elective Prince-Bishop, or Vladika, who was
assisted in temporal matters by a civil governor, But
in their constant struggles against the Turks, the
mountaineers had learnt by experience the disad-
vantages which inevitably attend an election to the
Crown. They felt that, if they were to hold their
own, they must strengthen the position of their ruler
by making his office hereditary in one powerful family.
As the Prince-Bishop, by virtue of his episcopal
station, was forbidden to marry, the Montenegrin
ruler had no sons to succeed him. But, in order to
secure continuity of government, the Vladika was
empowered to nominate his successor from his rela-
tives, and the people have never hesitated to ratify
392
DAN1L0 I.
393
'
Our church is built, but it will be no place of God
until it has been consecrated : let us therefore give
money Pasha for a safe-conduct for the Bishop
to the
of the Black Mountain, that he may come and bless
it' The Pasha granted the pass for the Black Monk
[the Turkish name for the Vladika, derived from his
monkish garb], and the chosen men of the Zeta went
in haste to give it to the Vladika at Cetinje. Danilo
Petrovic read the writing and shook his head, and
said There is no promise held sacred by the Turks
:
'
but for the love of our holy faith I will go, even if I
'
Mountain is free !
—
Cattaro to sell them arms the beleaguered warriors
were forced to trust to their own exertions and to
the weapons which they captured from their enemies'
camp. Their triumph was, however, disgraced by a
horrible act of revenge. Seventy Turkish officers
were shut up in a stable and then burnt alive. Their
repulse of the next invasion was a more legitimate
source of satisfaction to the mountaineers. " The
vizier of Bosnia," language of the ballad,
in the
"wrote a letter to the Black Monk, Vassili Petrovic,
saying, Black Monk, send me the tribute of the
'
(1782— 18 3 0.)
VI.
(183O— 1860.)
IN CIVIL DRESS.
had filled since the year 15 16, and the head of the
Petrovic family had performed since 1696. He was
moved to adopt this course by various considerations.
The compulsory celibacy of the Vladikas had always
been a disadvantage to their country. Experience
had proved that the succession from uncle to nephew
was not always smooth. In Danilo's case these
reasons of public policy were greatly emphasised by
his affection for a young Serb lady, Darinka Kuecic,
the daughter of a wealthy merchant at Trieste. It is
ment of that " civil and religious liberty " which the
Montenegrin motto declares to be " the reward of
valour."
Danilo did not long survive the triumph of his
arms over the Turks. In the summer of i860 he
went with the Princess to take a course of baths at
the picturesque hamlet of Persano, on the shore of
the Bocche di Cattaro. On the 13th of August they
had gone for a walk in the cool of the day along the
promenade outside the walls of the latter town. As
the clock struck ten, the princely couple summoned
their boatman for the return journey to their villa at
act.
30
VII.
(i860— 1896.)
r J^ S
'
8ANDJAK or
9
^ X NOVIBAZAR.
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^*^ Montervegro
SEA. « . X. L Present boundary.
_^J
MAP OF MONTENEGRO.
THE END.
IN DEX.
A. Antoninus Pius, 22
Antony, Mark, 5
Aaron of Moldavia, 52 Apollodorus, architect of Trajan's
Actium, battle of, 5 bridge, 11 of Trajan's column,
;
31 ;
annexed by Russia, 85 ;
John Alexander, 187 revival ;
INDEX. 471
Crnoievic, Stephen II., 380, 381 empire, 274, 278 his code, ;
438 ; his victories over the is offered the throne, 235 his ;
Serbs, 306
Hadji Mustapha, "Mother of the
Julia, Princess of Servia, 336
Serbs," 309
Julianus, 7
Hadrian, 22»
Justinian, " Restorer of Dacia,"
Helis, 3
Heraclius, defeats Avars, 29, 124 29
encourages Serbs, 250, 358
;
Justinian II. wars with Bulgaria,
126
Herodotus, on Geta;, 1, 15 on ;
Illyrians, 119
K.
Herzegovina, The, united to Kalafat, Russians at, 100 ; bom-
Servia, 278 conquered by
;
barded, 1
13
Turks, 370 insurrection of,
; Kaliman I., Bulgarian Czar, 180
205, 461 occupied by Austria,
;
Kaliman II., Bulgarian Czar,
345, 4^7 180
Hungarians, invade Roumania, Kalbjan, Bulgarian Czar, his
30 invade Bulgaria, 136, 144
; ;
correspondence with the Pope,
wars with Servia, 269, 277 ;
170; captures Baldwin, 173;
claim Bulgaria, 298 his death, 174
INDEX. 473
Servia, his first reign, 324 his ; with Barbarossa, 260 ab- ;
Nicopolis, battle of, 38, 189, 290 Cattaro, 418; his code, 421 ;
Index. 47 5
ture, 68 ;
press, 94
Slavs, first mentioned in Bul-
Roumelia, Eastern, under Berlin garia, 122 their origin and
;
247
70, 72 (of 1736), 78 (of 1768I,
; ;
Stambuloff Bulgarian statesman,
,
79; (of 1787), 82; (of 1807), his efforts against Turks, 206 ;
85 ;
(of 1828), 91 ;
(of 1854), 99 ;
Speaker of Sobranjc, 223 ;
(of 1877), 113, 210, 343 appeals to Bulgarians, 229 ;
Samuel, Bulgarian Czar, his ac- 237 his Turkish policy, 239
; ;
San S efano, treaty of, and Rou- Stanicha, story of, 374
mania, 116; and Bulgaria, 211; Stephen the Great of Moldavia,
and Servia, 345 ; and Monte- 40
negro, 464 Stephen VI. of Servia, 263
Sarmizegethusa, Dacian capital, Stephen VII. (Uros III.), 269;
7, ", 17 overthrows Bulgarian Empire,
Sava, Saint, 260 184, 270
Sava, Vladika of Montenegro, Stephen the Little, or Mali, im-
400 visits Russia, 402 ousted
; ; posture of, in Montenegro, 403
by Stephen the Little, 403 Stirheiu Barbe, 99, 103
resto ed, 406 dies, 407 ;
Stoiloff, M., present Bulgarian
Selim III., his treatment of the Premier, 245
Janissaries, 309, 310 Suceava, old Moldavian capital,
Simeon, Bulgarian Czar, 134 ; 48, 81
extent of his empire, 138 ;
Svetslav, Bulgarian Czar, 183
476 INDEX.
U.
Ubicini, historian of Roumania,
98 2abljak, old Montenegrin capital,
Uros, Stephen, of Servia, 260 368 abandoned, 371
; seized ;
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