Analysis of Hip Joint Implants Made from Magnesium

alloy Using Experimental and Simulation Methods

Andoko*1, Agus Dwi Putra1, Retno Wulandari1, Galih Adhi Kurniawan1

Abstract This research aimed to analyze the results of a hip joint implant made from Mg
alloy using experiment and simulation methods with Finite Element Analysis (FEA). The
experiment method’s target was to observe the microstructure, crystallite size, and
magnesium alloy chemical composition. The simulation method was designed to analyze
the total deformation, maximum principal stress, and maximum shear stress with time and
load variations. This research used SEM, XRD, and XRF analysis to obtain the above data
whereas FEA simulation used the ANSYS software. The simulation was conducted
through walking, jumping, and walking down the stairs activities for 0–4.5 seconds. The
SEM results showed that Mg alloy powder had an irregular shape or non-uniform particles
with cracks or porous. The XRD results indicated that the crystallite size was 0.516 x 10-4
nm. Then, the XRF results presented that Mg alloy powder had 11% Mg, 61.17% Ca, and
5.73% Zn. FEA analysis results showed that the hip joint implant had a total deformation
of 0.38 nm in walking activity, 0.82 nm in jumping activity, and 0.90 nm in walking down
the stairs activity. The maximum shear strains were125.98 MPa in walking, 264 MPa in
jumping, and 291 MPa in walking down the stairs. The maximum principal stress in
walking activity was 192.76 MPa, in jumping was 397.48 MPa, and in walking down the
stairs was 438.85 MPa.

Keywords Experiment · Simulation · Hip Joint Implant · Mg Alloy

1 Introduction

A way to resolve the broken bone problem in medical science is to replace the bone with
an artificial implant. The artificial implant must fulfill the requirements, among others, a
material that is strong, corrosive-resistant, able to handle heavy loads, and with good
biodegradability rate (Lestari et al. 2013). Magnesium alloy is an appropriate material to
replace the bone (Meischel et al. 2017). The high biodegradability rate in Mg alloy makes
it suitable for the human body (Lestari et al. 2013). The human body already has natural
magnesium in the human bone and blood cells in extracellular fluid levels of 0.7–1.06
mmol/l (Hagihara et al. 2014). This evidence shows magnesium as the second most
abundant element in the fourth intracellular ion and cation in the human body (Meischel
et al. 2017). The stable and biodegradable alloy and polymers in Mg make it suitable to
be used as human bone implants (Ba et al. 2016). Magnesium alloy is a compatible
biomaterial (Vida et al. 2017). Elasticity modulus in Mg alloy is similar to the human
bone; therefore, suitable as the bone implant material.

Cytotoxicity of corrosion level tests showed that Mg alloy had no significant side effects
towards the cell viability in 24 hours (Anvari-yazdi et al. 2016). (Zander and Zumdick
2015) The tests were conducted on two electrolyte liquids similar to the human body with
three variations of Mg alloys: (Mg-0.6Ca-0.8Zn), (Mg-0.6Ca-1.8Zn) and (Mg-1.6Ca-
1.8Zn). From all three alloys, (Mg-0.6Ca-1.8Zn) showed the lowest corrosion rate.
Therefore, suitable for human bone implant material.

Zn addition in the alloy plays a good role because Zn is an important mineral in the human
body such as enzymes, immunity support, DNA and protein synthesis, and wound healing
(Hagihara et al. 2014). Zn also increases the alloy castability and strength (Lu et al. 2015).
Ca component is also good and safe for the human body because Ca is a main component
in the human bone and an important element in cell connection. Ion released from Ca also
useful for cracked or wounded bone healing (Lu et al. 2015).

1.1 Finite Element Analysis (FEA)

(Thompson and Thompson 2017b) The finite element method (FEM) is a mathematical
technique for setting up and solving systems of partial differential (or integral) equations.
The finite element method is used to predict a system using closed-form equations into
small pieces, or elements, whose solution is known or can be approximated. The finite
element method requires the system geometry to be defined by some points in space
called nodes (Hassan and Taha 2016). Each node has a set of degrees of freedom
(temperature, displacements, etc.) that can vary based on the inputs to the system. These
nodes are connected by elements that define the mathematical interactions of the degrees
of freedom (DOF) (Rybdylova et al. 2018). All elements in the geometry model are
combined into one set of the equation to represent the analyzed system mathematically.
This equation is solved to reveal important information about system behavior.

The real benefit of FEA (Finite Element Analysis) is its ability to solve a complex
problem in the computer system in a non-time-consuming and expensive way (Thompson
and Thompson 2017a). ANSYS is a software to simulate the material using FEA.
(Thompson and Thompson 2017b) ANSYS software supports the static analysis, where
the effect of inertia is not calculated, and dynamic analysis, where the effect of inertia is
calculated (Lindgaard et al. 2017). ANSYS can analyze the system using multistep
analysis to resolve many equation combinations in one process. ANSYS software
applications can be applied gradually in the non-linear analysis (Andoko and Puspitasari
2016b). ANSYS can be used in the nonlinear transient dynamic analysis, frequency mode
analysis, spectrum analysis, harmony analysis, and random vibration analysis (Waluyo,
2007).

(Thompson and Thompson 2017a) ANSYS Mechanical APDL offers several features
such as APDL, probabilistic design, optimization, sub-modeling, substructure, user
material, and user-programed material. ANSYS Parametric Design Language (APDL) is
a strong feature in the ANSYS to determine several or all parts of the model that the user
requires (geometry, material behavior, load, etc.) as the parameter. This feature makes
ANSYS an effective device for technical analysis, optimization, the root of the problem
analyzation, and to design a new system and technology. APDL also benefits the user to
develop and run the macro, run the macro according to the ANSYS order, operate in
various parameters, and do a simple logic (Zameer and Haneef 2015).

1.2 Magnesium Alloy

Magnesium is one of many materials with high biodegradability and compatibility rate
(Liu et al. 2017). Mg is also corrosive-resistant from its ability in producing an oxide
layer on the surface when exposed to the air. However, this layer does not hold the surface
when exposed particularly in air containing salt (Sitompul et al. 2016).

Magnesium generally used for strong aircraft material (Mutlu, 2018). Mg alloy is also
used in a medical field for a human bone implant not only because its physical similarity
with human bone, but also its good biocompatibility and biodegradation rate (Čanađija et
al. 2014), (Ba et al. 2016), (Lestari et al. 2013), (Liu et al. 2017). Mg alloy, particularly
Mg-Ca, has received attention in the last few years due to its good mechanical behavior
and biocompatibility (Hagihara et al. 2014). Mg-Ca is a good orthopedic biodegradable
material where Ca speeds up the healing of damaged bone by producing hydroxyapatite
when degraded inside the body (Liu et al. 2017), (Hagihara et al. 2014).

However, there are several obstacles to apply magnesium as a bone implant. (Meischel et
al. 2017) The rapid mechanical integrity degeneration in a bodily fluid is the main
weakness that limiting magnesium application in the biomedical field.

Cytotoxicity of corrosion level tests showed that Mg alloy has no significant side effects
towards the cell viability in 24 hours (Anvari-yazdi et al. 2016). (Zander and Zumdick
2015) The tests were conducted on two electrolyte liquids similar to the human body with
three variations of Mg alloys, (Mg-0.6Ca-0.8Zn), (Mg-0.6Ca-1.8Zn) and (Mg-1.6Ca-
1.8Zn). From all three alloys, (Mg-0.6Ca-1.8Zn) showed the lowest corrosion rate.
Therefore, suitable for human bone implant material.

Zn addition in the alloy plays a good role because Zn is an important mineral in the human
body such as enzymes, immunity support, DNA and protein synthesis, and wound healing
(Hagihara et al. 2014). Zn also increases the alloy castability and strength (Lu et al. 2015).
Ca component is also good and safe for the human body because Ca is a main component
in the human bone and an important element in connecting cell. Ion released from Ca also
useful in healing cracked or wounded bone (Lu et al. 2015), (Constantinou et al. 2017),
(Christophe et al. 2018).

1.3 Hip Joint Implant

The hip joint can be dislodged in any direction due to a car crash or falling out of height
(Constantinou et al. 2017). In general, the position, extension, and complications of the
dislocation are affected by the position of the blow. For example, when sitting in a car or
train with knees bent, a blow to the knee from the front of the vehicle or seat in front of
it can cause dislocation of the back hip (Kiani Khouzani, Bahrami, and Eslami 2018).

(Christophe et al. 2018) The damage on the hip joint can be observed from the
optomechanical gait of patients with hip osteoarthritis (OA) and its effect on the
enlargement of the hip joint. (Constantinou et al. 2017) A person with mild to moderate
pelvic OA experiences a less clean loading of the hip joint during a range of hip
movements that implicates the development of the disease through a mechano-biological
process that changes the joints. The repeated and fluctuates burden on the hip joint
depends on the activities carried out every day which damage the hip joint (Zameer and
Haneef 2015). In another case, a broken hip bone is caused by an injury or a car accident.
Fracture of the hip, known as an FEA fracture, is generally seen after a severe impact
associated with falls, sports injuries, or car accidents (Kiani Khouzani, Bahrami, and
Eslami 2018). Hip fractures are roughly classified into intracapsular, trochanteric, and
subtrochanteric fractures. Non-severe damage can be treated by replacing the part of the
damaged bone with hip implants or fixate the dynamically isolated hip screw. However,
especially in the case of elderly patients who experience articular hip damage,
replacement of a damaged articular joint with a prosthesis is recommended (Kiani
Khouzani, Bahrami, and Eslami 2018).

2. Method and materials

2.1 Hip Implant Design

This research used Inventor 2014 software to design the implant. The design in this
research referred to the design commonly used in the hip joint implant (Christophe et al.
2018). The next step was the simulation process using ANSYS 17.0 software and several
parameters such as time and load variations with three activities such as walking,
jumping, and walking down the stairs.

Figure 1 shows the hip joint implant dimensions made using Autodesk Inventor 2014.

Figure 1 Dimensions of the Mg Alloy Implant

2.2 Experiment Analysis dan ANSYS Simulation

This research used the SEM, XRD, and XRF tests to obtain the microstructure, crystallite
size, and chemical composition of Mg alloy. The SEM test identification enlarged the
material for 100x, 500x, 1000x, 2000x, and 5000x magnification. During the
enlargement, the researchers obtained a good image and able to observe the shape of
magnesium alloy powder. The XRD test was conducted to obtain the differentiation and
phases comparison in a solid or powdered material to analyze the structural behaviors
(particle size, phase orientation crystal composition, and crystal defects) from each phase.
The XRF test aimed to obtain the chemical component in the Mg alloy, observing the
elements and their percentages.

This research used Finite Element Analysis with the help of ANSYS 17.0 software during
the simulation process. This simulation’s target was to analyze the total deformation,
maximum principal stress, and maximum shear stress. Other than analyzing the
mechanical behavior, this simulation also analyzed the hip joint implant activity in
walking, jumping, and walking down the stairs, particularly about its total deformation,
maximum principal stress, and maximum shear stress. The results then compared and
observed based on each activity. This simulation was conducted based on loads of the
implant in all activities for 0–4.5 seconds.

3. Results and Discussion

This part discusses the results of Mg alloy powder tested using Experiment and Simulation
methods. The discussion is parted into several parts: examining the results from the SEM,
XRD, and XRF tests, then describing the results of FEA simulations.

3.1 Experiment Results

3.1.1 SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) Test Results

 Figure 2 SEM Test Results

Figure 2 shows the microstructures of Mg alloy mixtures. The displayed SEM tests have
an enlargement of 1000x to see the magnesium alloy particle size, with Mg powder size
is larger than Ca and Zn. The surface of the magnesium powder looks large with cracks
or porousness. This image shows that the magnesium that produced (Mg(OH)2) formed
the hydroxide layer. This layer occurs naturally due to the contamination with the
surrounding environment, and it can stop further corrosion of Mg particles (Sitompul et
al. 2016).

The SEM results showed that Mg alloy powder had an irregular shape (non-uniform
particles) or varied (Lestari et al. 2013). This occurrence was due to the uneven grinding
of the powder which makes a difference in grinding pressure that produces a difference
in particle size (Amalia 2015).

Visually, it can be seen from the SEM test that the Mg, Ca, and Zn powder spread evenly.
The same result was obtained from qualitative SEM mapping.

According to the SEM test results, the particles of Mg Alloy material are micro-sized and
vary from the small, medium, and large categories (Desiati, Sugiarti, and Ramandhany
2018). The size can be seen at the image with 1000x magnification which is (small size
± 3.42 µm, ± 7.018 µm, ± 9.446 µm, ± 11.32 µm, ± 11.34 µm, ± 12.33 µm), (medium
size ± 15.92 µm, ± 16.31 µm, ± 35.58 µm, ± 40.08 µm, ± 49.38 µm), and (large size ±
57.70 µm).

3.1.2 XRD (X-Ray Diffraction) Test Results

The phase identification used X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) device to obtain the
differentiation and phases comparison in a solid or powdered material to analyze the
structural behaviors (particle size, phase orientation crystal composition, and crystal
defects) from each phase (Sasongko et al., 2017).

Based on the XRD analysis, the crystallite size can be predicted using the Scherrer
equation (Sumadiyasa1 and I B. S. Manuaba2 2011). With this analysis, the value of K is
0.89 if β is FWHM with a value of 0.1572˚2th (Amalia 2015). Figure 3 explains that the
width of the peak varies with angle 2 in the form cos ().

The width of the diffraction peaks is influenced by micro-strain, which is the effect a cell
unit movement around its normal position. This occurrence is often generated by several
factors, namely (Marbun 2012): (1) Uneven lattice distortion, which can be caused by
nanocrystal surface tension, crystalline morphology, and interstitial impurities. (2)
Dislocations, (3) Border domains between phases, which are formed at the time of
material structure preparation that undergoes a transformational disturbance.

Figure 3 XRD Test Graphic Diagram

Figure 3 displays the graphic of XRD test analysis from the magnesium alloy. The picture
also depicts the X-ray diffraction pattern from the sample.
Table 1 XRD Test Results Data
 Pos.[°2Th.] Height[cts] FWHM[°2Th.] d-spacing[Å] Rel.Int.[%]

29.4388 844.95 0.1574 3.03417 100.00

The results of XRD analysis shows that the peak of crystallinity is at 29.4388˚2θ position
as indicated in the crystal orientation index (M. Ilman Nur Sasongko et al., n.d.) reaches
844.95 counts (CTS) and FWHM at 0.1574˚2θ angle and has an atomic distance of
3.03417 barrels (Å) with a relative intensity of 100%. From the results of calculations
carried out using Scherrer's theory, the size of the crystals in Mg Alloy powder was 0.516
x 10-4 nm.

3.1.3 XRF (X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry) Test Results

Figure 4 XRF Test Results Graphic Diagram

Table 2 Mg alloy Chemical Compounds

Compound Mg S Ca Ti V Fe Cu Zn Ba Yb
Conc Unit 11% 0.32% 61.17% 0.81% 0.02% 0.12% 0.064% 5.73% 0.2% 0.56%

Table 2 shows that the highest chemical contents of Mg alloy are Mg, Ca, and Zn. In
addition to the elements above, there are several other chemical elements found namely
(0.32% S), (0.81% Ti), (0.02% V), (0.12% Fe), (0.064% Cu), (0.2% Ba) and (0.56% Yb).
The content of Mg, Ca, and Zn in this XRF test reached (11% Mg), (61.17% Ca), and
(5.73% Zn).

3.2 Simulation
 (a) (d)

(b) (e)

(c) (f)

Figure 5 Total deformation in (a) walking; (b) jumping; (c) walking down the stairs, and maximum principal
stress in (d) walking; (e) jumping; (f) walking down the stairs

The hip joint implant that was given different load and time show that the total
deformation in Figure 5(a) is 0.39 mm, Figure 5(b) is 0.82 mm, and Figure 5(c) is 0.90
mm. The maximum principal stress in Figure 5(d) is 192.76 MPa, Figure 5(e) 397.48
MPa, and Figure 5(f) is 438.85 MPa.
 (a) (b)

(c)

Figure 6 Graph of maximum shear stress

Figure 6 shows the maximum shear stress analysis in 0–4.5 seconds. Figure 6(a)
shows the maximum shear stress at 125.98 MPa, Figure 6(b) 264 MPa, and Figure 6(c)
291.49 MPa.

4. Conclusions

The SEM results showed that Mg alloy powder had an irregular shape or non-uniform
particles with cracks or porous. The XRD results displayed that the crystal size on Mg
alloy powder was 0.516 x 10-4 nm. The XRF test result presented that the highest chemical
content of Mg alloy is Mg, Ca, and Zn with the percentage of (11% Mg), (61.17% Ca),
and (5.73% Zn).

The simulation results showed that the largest deformation occurred in the walking down
the stairs activity with 0.90 mm. The smallest deformation occurred in the walking
activities, that was 0.39 mm. The maximum principal stress analysis showed that the
largest main principle voltage occurred in the walking down the stairs activity that was
438.85 MPa. The smallest principle voltage occurred in the walking activity of 185.46
MPa. The maximum shear stress analysis indicated that the largest maximum shear stress
occurred in the walking down the stairs activity of 291 MPa. The smallest maximum shear
stress occurred in the waking activity that was 125.98 MPa. In conclusion, magnesium
 alloy is suitable for human bone implant material due to a fairly small deformation and a
fairly low corrosion rate.

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