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A catalogue of arthropod pests and their natural enemies in the tea ecosystem
of India

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Two and a Bud 61(1&2):11-39, 2014

ARTICLE

A catalogue of arthropod pests and their natural enemies in the tea

ecosystem of India
Somnath Roy, N. Muraleedharan and Dwiban Pujari
Department of Entomology, Tocklai Tea Research Institute, Tea Research Association, Jorhat-785008, Assam

ABSTRACT

Tea is grown as a perennial monoculture crop over large contiguous areas. Arthropods, the most diverse component of tea
ecosystem, occupy a wide variety of functional niches and microhabitats and play a major role in the sustainable and healthy
functioning of tea ecosystem. Conventional tea cultivation has often accomplished high yields and stable crop production, but
has been heavily dependent on continuous and often, excessive inputs of chemical pesticides, which lead to pest resistance,
resurgence of pests and destruction of natural enemies. This communication collates the information on arthropod pests
infesting tea shade trees and their natural enemies (predators and parasitoids) reported from India. Species diversity of
arthropods in the tea ecosystem of India comprised of 721 species belonging to 13 Orders and 141 Families. Out of the
721 species, 380 are phytophagous (pests) while 341 species are natural enemies. Among the tea pests, the Order
Lepidoptera contained the highest number of species while the shade tea pests were dominated by the members of the
Order Coleoptera. Among the natural enemies of pests of tea and shade trees, Hymenoptera exhibited the highest species
richness. This article is expected to provide useful baseline data for establishing integrated pest management strategies.

Tea is an agro-ecosystem comprising tea plants, shade
trees and other auxiliary crops along with various biotic
and abiotic components. The life processes of biotic
community are critically balanced with the tea
biosphere which includes both climate and soil. The
tea crop has unique characters, which influence the
arthopod ecology in a very special way (Calnaido,
1973). Tea plantations are evergreen and perennial
(over 100 years) (Banerjee, 1983), comprising
genetically diverse cultivars and interplanted of shade
trees, particularly in Southeast Asia (Deka et al.,
2006). Tea plantations roughly resemble a ‘single
species forest’ (Cranham, 1966 a,b) and arthropod
species are thought to coexist by way of intratree
distribution or well-defined stratification/ecological
niche formation (Banerjee, 1979 and 1983). Each
geographic region has its own distinctive pest fauna
on tea, though several species have been found from
more than one region. The number of insects
associated with the tea plants depends on the time for
which it is cultivated in that region. The area under
tea become important only after allowing for the “age
effect” and latitude has no influence on species
richness. In large tea areas, saturation in species
richness reached over a period of 100-150 years. The
North Asian countries with the longest period of tea
growing history have the largest number of insect and
mite species while the South American countries
where tea was rather recently introduced have very
few insect pests. The accumulation of arthropod
species on tea is influenced by the age of plants; the
older tea plantations harbour maximum number of
insect species (Benarjee, 1983). In the present
communication, we review the arthropod assemblage
on tea plants and shade trees from different parts of
India.
The goal of this paper is to provide a general list of
the arthropod pests and natural enemies and their
utilization in sustainable tea cultivation. Arthropod fauna
frequenting the tea ecosystem in India is listed herein
(Tables 1-6). Among the 721 species of arthropods,
380 species were phytophagous (pests) and 341
species were natural enemies.

11
Table 1. Arthropod pests infesting tea in India
Species Order Family Distribution Reference
Acaphyla theae Watt* Acari Eriophyidae NEI, SI, Das (1965), Sharma and Bisht (2012),
UTK http://www.
upasitearesearch.org/pests-and-
diseases/
Acaphylla indiae Acari Eriophyidae NEI Das (1965)
Keifer
Acaphyllisa parindiae Acari Eriophyidae SI http://www.upasitearesearch.org/pests-
Keifer and-diseases/
Brevipalpus australis Acari Tenuipalpidae SI http://www.upasitearesearch.org/pests-
Baker and-diseases/
Brevipalpus obovatus Acari Tenuipalpidae NEI, HP Das (1965), Shanker et al. (2002)
Donnadieu
Brevipalpus phoenicis Acari Tenuipalpidae NEI, HP Das (1965), Shanker et al. (2002)
(Geijskers)
Brevipalpus sp. Acari Tenuipalpidae UTK Sharma and Bisht (2012)
Calacarus carinatus Acari Eriophyidae NEI, SI, HP Das (1965), Shanker et al. (2002),
(Green)* http://www.upasitearesearch.org/pests-
and-diseases/
Oligonychus coffeae Acari Tetranychidae NEI, SI, HP Das (1965), Shanker et al. (2002),
Nietner** http://www.upasiteupasitear.org/pests-
and-diseases/
Polyphagotarsonemus Acari Tarsonemidae NEI, SI Das (1965),
latus (Bank) E wing http://www.upasitearesearch.org/pests-
and-diseases/
Adoretus versutus Her. Coleoptera Scarabaeidae NEI Das (1965)
Anomala bilobata Coleoptera Scarabaeidae NEI Das (1965)
Arrow
Anomala dimidiata Coleoptera Scarabaeidae UTK Sharma and Bisht (2012)
(Hope)
Anomala dorsalis Coleoptera Scarabaeidae UTK Sharma and Bisht (2012)
Fabricius
Anomala dussumieri Coleoptera Scarabaeidae UTK Sharma and Bisht (2012)
Blanchard
Astycus chrysochlorus Coleoptera Curculionidae NEI Das (1965)
Wield
Astycus lateralis Fabr. Coleoptera Curculionidae NEI Das (1965)
Batocera rubus L. Coleoptera Cerambycidae NEI Das (1965)
Catharisus molossus Coleoptera Scarabaeidae UTK Sharma and Bisht (2012)
Linn.
Chrysolampr indica Coleoptera Chrysomelidae NEI Das (1965)
Jacoby
Chrysolampra flavipes Coleoptera Chrysomelidae NEI Das (1965)
Jacoby
Cyrtognathus indicus Coleoptera Cerambycidae NEI Das (1965)
Hope
Diapromorpha Coleoptera Chrysomelidae NEI Das (1965)
melanopus Lecord
Euwallacea fornicatus Coleoptera Scolytidae SI Muraleedharan (1999)
Eichhoff*
Haplothrix griseatus Coleoptera Cerambycidae NEI Das (1965)
Gah.
Holotrichia impressa Coleoptera Scarabaeidae NEI Das (1965)
Burm.
Holotrichia Coleoptera Scarabaeidae UTK Sharma and Bisht (2012)
longipennis
Blanchard
Holotrichia sp. Coleoptera Scarabaeidae SI, UTK Sharma and Bisht (2012)

12
Lepidiota indica Coleoptera Scarabaeidae UTK Sharma and Bisht (2012)
Melanauster verteegi Coleoptera Cerambycidae NEI Das (1965)
Rits.
Melolontha furcicauda Coleoptera Scarabaeidae UTK Sharma and Bisht (2012)
Ancey
Mimela xanthorrhina Coleoptera Scarabaeidae SI http://www.upasitearesearch.org/pests-
Hope and-diseases/
Myllocerus sp. Coleoptera Curculionidae SI http://www.upasitearesearch.org/pests-
and-diseases/
Popillia complanata Coleoptera Scarabaeidae UTK Sharma and Bisht (2012)
Newman
Serica assamensis Coleoptera Scarabaeidae NEI Das (1965)
Brenske
Sophrop iridipennis Coleoptera Scarabaeidae NEI Das (1965)
(Brenske)
Sophrop sp. nr. cotesi Coleoptera Scarabaeidae NEI Das (1965)
(Brenske)
Sophrops plagiatula Coleoptera Scarabaeidae NEI Das (1965)
(Brenske)
Xyleborous fornicatus Coleoptera Scolytidae NEI Das (1965)
Eichh.
Xyleborus approximate Coleoptera Curculionidae NEI Das (1981)
Schedl
Xyleborus elegans Coleoptera Curculionidae NEI Das (1981)
Sampson
Xyleborus piceus Coleoptera Curculionidae NEI Das (1981)
Xyleborus Coleoptera Curculionidae NEI Das (1981)
torquatus Eichh.
Xylotrupes gideon Coleoptera Scarabaeidae UTK Sharma and Bisht (2012)
Linn.
Agromyza theae Diptera Agromyzidae NEI, UTK Das (1965), Sharma and Bisht (2012)
(Bigot) Meij
Tropicomyia Diptera Agromyzidae SI http://www.upasitearesearch.org/pests-
theae (Cotes) and-diseases/
Abgrallaspis Hemiptera Diaspididae NEI Das (1965)
cyanophylli (Signoret)
Abgrallaspis sp. Hemiptera Diaspididae NEI Das (1965)
pictor (Williams)
Andaspis dasi Williams Hemiptera Diaspididae NEI Das (1965)
Aonidiella Hemiptera Diaspididae NEI Das (1965)
aurantii (Maskell)
Aspidiotus Hemiptera Diaspididae NEI Das (1965)
destructor Signoret
Aspidiotus Hemiptera Diaspididae NEI Das (1965)
spinosus (Signoret)
Audinetia Hemiptera Pentatomidae UTK Sharma and Bisht (2012)
Spinidens (Fabr.)
Bemisia tabaci Hemiptera Aleyrodidae UTK Sharma and Bisht (2012)
(Gennadius)
Bothrogonia Hemiptera Cicadidae UTK Sharma and Bisht (2012)
ferruginea (Fabricius)
Ceroplastes Hemiptera Coccidae NEI Das (1965)
cerifera (Anderson)
Ceroplastes Hemiptera Coccidae NEI Das (1965)
floridensis (Comstock)

13
Ceroplastes Hemiptera Coccidae NEI Das (1965)
rubens (Maskell)
Ceroplastodes Hemiptera Coccidae NEI Das (1965)
cajani (Maskell)
Ceroplastodes Hemiptera Coccidae NEI Das (1965)
chiton (Green)
Chloropulvinaria Hemiptera Coccidae NEI Das (1965)
floccifera (Westwood)
Chrysomphalu Hemiptera Diaspididae NEI Das (1965)
pinnulifer (Maskell)
Chrysomphalus Hemiptera Diaspididae NEI Das (1965)
aonidium (-ficus)
Ashmead
Chrysomphalus Hemiptera Diaspididae NEI Das (1965)
dictyospermi Morgan
Clavaspis sp. Hemiptera Diaspididae NEI Das (1965)
Cletus sp. Hemiptera Coreidae UTK Sharma and Bisht (2012)
Coccus Hemiptera Coccidae NEI Das (1965)
discrepens (Green)
Coccus Hemiptera Coccidae NEI Das (1965)
hesperidum Linnaeus
Coccus viridis Hemiptera Coccidae NEI, SI Das (1965),
(Green) http://www.upasitearesearch.org/pests-
and-diseases/
Crisicoccus sp. Hemiptera Pseudococcidae NEI, SI Das (1965),
http://www.upasitearupasite.org/pests-
and-diseases/

Dysmicoccus sp. Hemiptera Pseudococcidae SI http://www.upasitearesearch.org/pests-

and-diseases/
Dolycoris Hemiptera Pentatomidae UTK Sharma and Bisht (2012)
baccamum (Linn.)
Drapteruyx grovy Hemiptera Coreidae UTK Sharma and Bisht (2012)
White
Dysdercus Hemiptera Pyrrhocoridae UTK Sharma and Bisht (2012)
koeinigii (Fabr.)
Elasmonia Hemiptera Coreidae UTK Sharma and Bisht (2012)
grannulipes (Westw.)
Empoasca Hemiptera Jassidae NEI, SI, Das (1965), Shanker et al. (2002),
flavescens Fabricius* HP http://www.upasiteupasitear.org/pests-
and-diseases/

Empoasca sp. Hemiptera Jassidae UTK Sharma and Bisht (2012)

Eriochiton theae Hemiptera Coccidae NEI, SI Das (1965)
(Green)
Eucalymnatus Hemiptera Coccidae NEI Das (1965)
tessellates (Signoret)
Fiorinia theae Green Hemiptera Diaspididae NEI Das (1965)
Halys dentatus Hemiptera Pentatomidae UTK Sharma and Bisht (2012)
(Fabr.)
Helopeltis theivora Hemiptera Miridae NEI, SI, Das (1965),
Waterhouse** UTK http://www.upasitearesearch.org/pests-
and-diseases/
Hemiberlesia lataniae Hemiptera Diaspididae NEI Das (1965)
(Signoret)
Hemiberlesia rapax Hemiptera Diaspididae NEI Das (1965)
(Comstock)

14
Huechys sanquinea Hemiptera Cicadidae NEI Das (1965)
DeGeer.
Lawana conspersa Hemiptera Flatidae NEI Das (1965)
Wlk.
Lepidosaphes sp. Hemiptera Diaspididae NEI Das (1965)
Lindingaspis ferrisi Hemiptera Diaspididae NEI Das (1965)
(McKenzie)
Lygus sp. Hemiptera Miridae NEI, SI Das (1965),
http://www.upasitearesearch.org/pests-
and-diseases/
Morganella Hemiptera Diaspididae NEI Das (1965)
longispina (Morgan)
Nip aeco ccus vastator Hemiptera Pseudococcidae NEI Das (1965)
(Maskell)
Nip aeco ccus Hemiptera Pseudococcidae NEI, SI Das (1965),
http://www.upasitearesearch.org/pests-
and-diseases/
Parlatoria proteus Hemiptera Diaspididae NEI Das (1965)
(Curtis)
Phenacaspi sp. Hemiptera Diaspididae NEI Das (1965)
Phenacaspis mann i Hemiptera Diaspididae NEI Das (1965)
(Green)
Pinnaspis theae Hemiptera Diaspididae NEI Das (1965)
(Maskell)
Placo sternu m tawuns Hemiptera Pentatomidae UTK Sharma and Bisht (20 12)
Platilomia salurata Hemiptera Cicadidae UTK Sharma and Bisht (20 12)
Walker
Poecilocoris latus Hemiptera Pentatomidae NEI Das (1965)
Dall.
Pseudaonidia duplex Hemiptera Diaspididae NEI Das (1965)
(Cockerell)
Pseudaonidia Hemiptera Diaspididae NEI Das (1965)
trilobitiformis (Green)
Pseudococcus Hemiptera Pseudococcidae NEI, SI Das (1965)
theaecola (Green)
Rhizoecus sp. Hemiptera Pseudococcidae NEI, SI Das (1965)
Saissetia coffeae Hemiptera Coccidae NEI, SI Das (1965),
(Wlk.) http://www.upasitearesearch.org/pests-
and-diseases/
Saissetia Hemiptera Coccidae NEI, SI Das (1965)
formicarri (Green)
Saissetia nigra Hemiptera Coccidae NEI Das (1965)
(Nietner)
Saissetia oleae Hemiptera Coccidae NEI Das (1965)
(Barnard)
Saissetia watti Hemiptera Coccidae NEI Das (1965)
(Green)
Toxoptera aurantii Hemiptera Aphididae NEI, SI, Das (1965), Sharma and Bisht (2012),
(Boyer de HP, UTK Shanker et al. (2002),
Fonscolombe)* http://www.upasitearesearch.org/pests
-and-d iseases/
Velataspis Hemiptera Diaspididae NEI Das (1965)
serrulata Ganguli
Vinsonia stellifera Hemiptera Coccidae NEI Das (1965)
(Westwood)
Zeuzera coffeae Hemiptera Coccidae NEI, SI, Das (1965), Sharma and Bisht (2012)
Nietner UTK
Zeuzera Hemiptera Cossidae UTK Sharma and Bisht (20 12)
multistrigata Moore

15
Orasema Hymenoptera Eucharitidae NEI Das (1965)
assectator Kerrich
Orasema initiator Hymenoptera Eucharitidae NEI Das (1965)
Kerrich
Orasema sp. Hymenoptera Eucharitidae SI http://www.upasitearesearch.org/pests
-and-diseases/
Coptotermes Isoptera Termitidae NEI Das (1965)
heimi (Wasm)
Microcerotermes Isoptera Termitidae NEI Das (1965)
heini (Wasmann)
Microcerotermes Isoptera Termitidae NEI Das (1965)
pakistanicus Ahmed
Microcerotermes sp.* Isoptera Termitidae NEI Das (1965)
Microtermes sp. Isoptera Termitidae NEI, SI, Das (1965), Sharma and Bisht (2012)
UTK
Neotermes Isoptera Termitidae NEI Das (1965)
buxensis Roonwal and
Sen Sharma
Odontotermes Isoptera Termitidae NEI Das (1965)
assamensis Holmgren
Odontotermes Isoptera Termitidae NEI Das (1965)
feae (Wasm)
Odontotermes Isoptera Termitidae NEI Das (1965)
parvidus Holmgren
Odontotermes Isoptera Termitidae NEI Das (1965)
redemanni (Wasmann)
Odontotermes sp. Isoptera Termitidae NEI, SI, Das (1965), Sharma and Bisht (2012)
UTK
Agriophora Lepidoptera Tineidae NEI Das (1965)
rhombata Meyrick.
Agrotis ypsilon Lepidoptera Noctuidae NEI Das (1965)
Hfn.
Amsacta lactinea Cram Lepidoptera Arctidae NEI Das (1965)
Amsacta lineola Lepidoptera Arctidae NEI Das (1965)
Fab (= emittens Wlk.)
Andraca Lepidoptera Bombycidae NEI Das (1965)
bipunctata Walker*
Arctornis Lepidoptera Lymantridae NEI Das (1965)
submerginata (Walker)
Arnabipunctata Lepidoptera Lymantridae NEI Das (1965)
Hampson
Ascotis sp. Lepidoptera Geometridae NEI Antony et al. (2012)
Attacus atlas Lepidoptera Saturniidae NEI Das (1965)
(Linnaeus)
Belippa lalaena Lepidoptera Limacodidae SI http://www.upasitearesearch.org/pests
Moore -and-diseases/
Belippa lalaena Lepidoptera Limacodidae SI http://www.upasitearesearch.org/pests
Moore -and-diseases/
Biston (=Buzura) Lepidoptera Geometridae NEI, SI Das (1965)
suppressaria Guen*
Biston (Buzura) Lepidoptera Geometridae NEI Antony et al. (2012)
bengaliaria Guen.
Brachycyttarus Lepidoptera Psychidae NEI Das (1965)
subtalbata Hmps.
Cacoceia sp. Lepidoptera Tortricidae UTK Sharma and Bisht (2012)

16
Caloptilia Lepidoptera Gracillariidae SI, UTK Sharma and Bisht (2012),
theivora (Walsingham) http://www.upasitearesearch.org/pests-
and-diseases/
Cania bilinear Wlk. Lepidoptera Limacodidae NEI Das (1965)
Casmara patrona Lepidoptera Oecophoridae NEI Das (1965)
Meyr.
Cathopsyche reidi Lepidoptera Psychidae NEI Das (1965)
Watt
Cerace tetraonis Lepidoptera Tortricidae NEI Das (1965)

Chalioides Lepidoptera Psychidae NEI Das (1965)

ferevitrea Joan
Chaloides vitrea Lepidoptera Psychidae NE Das (1965)
Hmps.
Cheromettia Lepidoptera Limacodidae NEI Das (1965)
apicata Moore
Clania antrami Lepidoptera Psychidae NEI Das (1965)
Hmpsn
Clania cramerii Lepidoptera Psychidae NEI Das (1965)
(Westwood)
Clania Lepidoptera Psychidae NEI Das (1965)
destructor (Dudgeon)
Clania mahanti Lepidoptera Psychidae NEI Das (1965)
Das
Clania sikkima Lepidoptera Psychidae NEI Das (1965)
(Moore)
Clania vaulogeri Lepidoptera Psychidae NEI Das (1965)
Heyl.
Cleora sp. Lepidoptera Geometridae NEI Das (1965)
Comocritis pieria Lepidoptera Yponomeutidae NEI Das (1965)
Meyrick
Cydia leucostoma Lepidoptera Tortricidae SI http://www.upasitearesearch.org/pests-
Meyrick and-diseases/
Dappula tertius Templ. Lepidoptera Psychidae NEI Das (1965)
Darna nararia Lepidoptera Limacodidae SI http://www.upasitearesearch.org/pests
(Moore) -and-diseases/
Dasychira Lepidoptera Lymantridae NEI Das (1965)
horsfieldi Saund
Dasychira Lepidoptera Lymantridae NEI Das (1965)
mendosa Hbn.
Dasychira securis Lepidoptera Lymantridae NEI Das (1965)
Hbn.
Dasychira Lepidoptera Lymantridae NEI Das (1965)
thwaitesi Moore
Ectropis Lepidoptera Geometridae SI Muraleedharan (1999)
bhurmitra (Walker)
Ectropis sp. Lepidoptera Geometridae NEI Antony et al. (2012)
Epicrosis sp. Lepidoptera Pyralidae UTK Sharma and Bisht (2012)
Ereboenis Lepidoptera Pyralidae SI http://www.upasitearesearch.org/pests-
saturata Meyrick and-diseases/
Estigena pardilis Lepidoptera Lasiocampidae NEI Das (1965)
Wlk.
Eterusia aedae L. Lepidoptera Zygaenidae NEI Das (1965)
s. sp. edocla Doubl.
Eterusia aedea Lepidoptera Zygaenidae SI http://www.upasitearesearch.org/pests
virescens (Butler)* -and-diseases/

17
Eterusia Lepidoptera Zygaenidae NEI Das (1965)
magnifica Butl.*
Eumeta crameri Lepidoptera Limacodidae SI http://www.upasitearesearch.org/pests
(Westwood) -and-diseases/
Euproctis Lepidoptera Lymantridae NEI Das (1965)
subnotata Walk.
Euproctis divisa Lepidoptera Lymantridae NEI Das (1965)
Wlk.
Euproctis Lepidoptera Lymantridae NEI Das (1965)
latifascia Wlk.
Euproctis Lepidoptera Lymantridae UTK Sharma and Bisht (2012)
scientillaris (Walker)
Gastropacha sp. Lepidoptera Lasiocampidae NEI Das (1965)
Gracillaria Lepidoptera Gracilariidae NEI Das (1965)
theivora Walsm.
Helicoverpa Lepidoptera Noctuidae UTK Sharma and Bisht (2012)
armigera Hubner
Homona coffearia Lepidoptera Tortricidae NEI, SI, Das (1965), Sharma and Bisht (2012),
(Nietner) UTK http://www.upasitearesearch.org/pests-
and-diseases/
Hyposidra Lepidoptera Geometridae NEI Antony et al. (2012)
infixaria (Walker)*
Hyposidra talaca Lepidoptera Geometridae NEI Antony et al. (2012)
(Walker)*
Hypsa alciphron Lepidoptera Hypsidae NEI Das (1965)
Cram.
Indarbela Lepidoptera Indarbelidae NEI Das (1965)
quadrinotata Wlk.
Indarbela Lepidoptera Indarbelidae NEI Das (1965)
theivora Hamps.
Latoia lepida Lepidoptera Limacodidae SI http://www.upasitearesearch.org/pests-
(Cramer) and-diseases/
Lymantria Lepidoptera Lymantridae NEI Das (1965)
albulunata Mre
Mahasena Lepidoptera Psychidae NEI Das (1965)
theivora Dudg.
Manatha Lepidoptera Psychidae NEI Das (1965)
assamica Watt
Metisa plana Lepidoptera Psychidae NEI Das (1965)
Wlk.
Narosa conspersa Lepidoptera Limacodidae NEI Das (1965)
Wlk.
Neostauropus Lepidoptera Notodontidae SI http://www.upasitearesearch.org/pests-
alternus (Walker) and-diseases/
Odites sp. Lepidoptera Xyloryctidae NEI Das (1965)
Oiketioides bipars Lepidoptera Psychidae NEI Das (1965)
Wlk.
Orophora Lepidoptera Psychidae NEI Das (1965)
triangularis Das
Orygia Lepidoptera Lymantridae NEI Das (1965)
posticaWlk.
Orygia sp. Lepidoptera Lymantridae NEI Das (1965)
Parasa pastoralis Lepidoptera Limacodidae NEI Das (1965)
Butler
Pericallia ricini Lepidoptera Arctidae NEI Das (1965)
Fab.

18
Platylep idium sp. Lepidoptera Tortricidae UTK Sharma & Bisht (2012 )
Praesetora Lepidoptera Limacodidae NEI Das (1 965)
divergens Moo re
Prodentia litura Lepidoptera Noctuidae NEI Das (1 965)
Fab.
Pteroma Lepidoptera Psychidae NEI Das (1 965)
plagiophleps Hmps.
Ptoch oryctis Lepidoptera Tinaeidae NEI Das (1 965)
simolenta Meyr.
Redoa Lepidoptera Lymantridae NEI Das (1 965)
submarginatta Wlk.
Sahyadrassus Lepidoptera Hepialidae SI http://www.upasitearesearch.org/pests-and-
malabaricus diseases/
(Moore)
Simplicia Lepidoptera Herminiidae NEI Das (1 965)
caeneusalis (Walker)
Spodoptera litura Lepidoptera Noctuidae SI, http://www.upasiteupasitear.org/pests-and-
(Fabricius) UTK diseases/; Sharma & Bisht (2012)
Stauropus Lepidoptera Notodontidae NEI Das (1 965)
alternus Wlk.
Striglina glareola Lepidoptera Thyrididae NEI Das (1 965)
Felder
Susica pallida Lepidoptera Limacodidae NEI Das (1 965)
Wlk.
Sylepta balteata Lepidoptera Pyralidae NEI Das (1 965)
Felder
Taragama sp. Lepidoptera Lasiocampidae NEI Das (1 965)
Thosea cana Wlk. Lepidoptera Limacodidae NEI Das (1 965)
Thosea cervina Lepidoptera Limacodidae NEI, SI Das (1 965)
Moore
Thosea cotesi Lepidoptera Limacodidae NEI Das (1 965)
Swinh.
Thosea cruda Lepidoptera Limacodidae NEI Das (1 965)
Wlk.
Thosea recta Lepidoptera Limacodidae SI http://www.upasitearesearch.org/pests-and-
Hampson diseases/
Thosea sinensis Lepidoptera Limacodidae NEI Das (1 965)
Wlk.
Thosea sp. nr. Lepidoptera Limacodidae NEI Das (1 965)
bisura Moore
Tra bala vishnou Lepidoptera Lasiocampidae NEI Das (1 965)
Lef.
Trichogyia Lepidoptera Limacodidae NEI Das (1 965)
nigrimargo Her.
Trypanophora Lepidoptera Zygaenidae NEI Das (1 965)
semihyalina Kollar
Ascalaphu s sp. Neuroptera Ascalaphidae NEI Das (1 965)
Aulaccbothrus Orthoptera Acrididae UTK Sharma & Bisht (2012 )
leutipus Walk.
Atractomorpha Orthoptera Pyrgo morphid ae NEI Mitra et al. (2014)
crenulata (Fabricius)
Brachytrypes Orthoptera Gryllidae NEI Das (1 965)
portentosus Licht.
Catantops pingiu s Orthoptera Acrididae UTK Sharma & Bisht (2012 )
innotabilis (Walk.)
Eyprepocnemis Orthoptera Acrididae UTK Sharma & Bisht (2012 )
alaeris alaeris
(Serville)

19
 Gryllotalpa africana Orthoptera Gryllotalpidae NEI Das (1965)
P. de B.
Gryllus Orthoptera Gryllidae UTK Sharma & Bisht (2012)
bimacculatus De
Geer
Gryllus sp. Orthoptera Gryllidae UTK Sharma & Bisht (2012)
Himertula kinneari Orthoptera Tettigonidae UTK Sharma & Bisht (2012)
(Uvarov)
Latena linearis Orthoptera Tettigonidae UTK Sharma & Bisht (2012)
Walker
Mecapoda sp. Orthoptera Acrididae UTK Sharma & Bisht (2012)
Orthacris Orthoptera Pyrgomorphidae SI http://www.upasitearesearch.org/pests-and-
incongruens Carl diseases/
Orthacris robusta Orthoptera Pyrgomorphidae SI, http://www.upasitearesearch.org/pests-and-
Kevan diseases/
Oxya velox Fabricius Orthoptera Acrididae UTK Sharma & Bisht (2012)
Peripolus pedarius Orthoptera Acrididae UTK Sharma & Bisht (2012)
(Stal.)
Phlaeoba injumsk Orthoptera Acrididae UTK Sharma & Bisht (2012)
Brunner
Schistocera gregaria Orthoptera Acrididae NEI Das (1965)
Forsk.
Spathasternum Orthoptera Acrididae UTK Sharma & Bisht (2012)
parsonifirum Wlk.
Xenocatantops Orthoptera Acrididae NEI, Das (1965), Sharma & Bisht (2012)
humilis (Serville) UTK
Xenocatantops Orthoptera Acrididae UTK Sharma & Bisht (2012)
karnyi Kirby
Elaphothrips Thysanoptera Phaleothripidae UTK Sharma & Bisht (2012)
curvipes Priesner
Haplothrips Thysanoptera Phaleothripidae UTK Sharma & Bisht (2012)
tennuipennis Bagnall
Scirtothrips Thysanoptera Thripidae SI http://www.upasitearesearch.org/pests-and-
bispinosus (Bagnall) diseases/
Scirtothrips dorsalis Thysanoptera Thripidae NEI, Das (1965), Sharma & Bisht (2012)
Hood** UTK
Taeniothrips lefroyi Thysanoptera Thripidae NEI Das (1965)
(Bagnall)
Taeniothrips Thysanoptera Thripidae NEI, Das (1965), Shankar et al. (2002)
setiventris Bagnall HP
Thrips flavus Thysanoptera Thripidae UTK Sharma & Bisht (2012)
Schrank
Thrips hawiiensis Thysanoptera Thripidae UTK Sharma & Bisht (2012)
(Morgan)

HP: Himachal Pradesh NEI : North East India

UTK: Uttarakhand SI : South India
**: Pest of national significance
*: Pest of regional significance

20
Table 2. Predatory arthropods reported from the tea plantations of India

Order Family Predators Reference

Araneae Araneidae Araneus mitifica (Simon) Hazarika and Chakraborti (1998)
Araneae Araneidae Argiope pulchella Thorell Hazarika and Chakraborti (1998),
Roychaudhuri (2011)
Araneae Araneidae Cyclosa bifida (Doleschall) Roychaudhuri (2011)
Araneae Araneidae Cyclosa confraga Thorell Hazarika and Chakraborti (1998),
Roychaudhuri (2011)
Araneae Araneidae Cyclosa fissicauda Simon Hazarika and Chakraborti (1998)
Araneae Araneidae Cyclosa hexatuberculata Das et al. (2010)
Tikader
Araneae Araneidae Cyclosa insulana Costa Hazarika and Chakraborti (1998)
Araneae Araneidae Cyclosa mulmeinensis Hazarika and Chakraborti (1998),
(Thorell) Roychaudhuri (2011)
Araneae Araneidae Cyclosa quinqueguttata Roychaudhuri (2011)
(Thorell)
Araneae Araneidae Cyclosa simony Tikader Hazarika and Chakraborti (1998)
Araneae Araneidae Cyclosa sp. Hazarika and Chakraborti (1998)
Araneae Araneidae Cyclosa spirifera Simon Hazarika and Chakraborti (1998)
Araneae Araneidae Cyrtophora cicatrosa Hazarika and Chakraborti (1998),
(Stoliczka) Roychaudhuri (2011)
Araneae Araneidae Cyrtophora feae (Thorell) Roychaudhuri (2011)
Araneae Araneidae Cyrtophora moluccensis Roychaudhuri (2011)
(Doleschall)
Araneae Araneidae Gasteracantha diadesmia Roychaudhuri (2011)
Thorell
Araneae Araneidae Gasteracantha kuhli Koch Das et al. (2010), Roychaudhuri (2011)
Araneae Araneidae Hippasa sp. Hazarika and Chakraborti (1998)
Araneae Araneidae Neoscona mukerjei Tikader Das et al. (2010)
Araneae Araneidae Neoscona sp. Das et al. (2010), Roychaudhuri (2011)
Araneae Araneidae Parawixia dehaani Roychaudhuri (2011)
(Doleschall)
Araneae Araneidae Zygeilla sp. Das et al. (2010)
Araneae Gnaphosidae Gnaphosa sp. Das et al. (2010)
Araneae Homalonychidae Homalonychus sp. Das et al. (2010)
Araneae Lycosidae Lycosa sp. Das et al. (2010)
Araneae Lycosidae Pardosa birmanica Simon Das et al. (2010)
Araneae Lycosidae Pardosa minutus Tikader Das et al. (2010)
and Malhotra
Araneae Miturgidae Cheiracanthium sadanai Das et al. (2010)
Tikader
Araneae Miturgidae Cheiracanthium sp. Das et al. (2010)
Araneae Oxyopidae Oxyopes birmanicus Thorell Das et al. (2010)
Araneae Oxyopidae Oxyopes pandae Tikader Hazarika and Chakraborti (1998)
Araneae Oxyopidae Oxyopes ratnae Tikader Das et al. (2010)
Araneae Oxyopidae Oxyopes shweta Tikader Hazarika and Chakraborti (1998), Das et
al. (2010), Roychaudhury (2011)
Araneae Oxyopidae Oxyopes sp. Anon (1989), Das et al. (2010)
Araneae Philodromida Philodromida bhagirathai Das et al. (2010)
Tikader
Araneae Pisauridae Pisaura sp. Das et al. (2010)
Araneae Salticidae Euophrys chiriatapuensis Das et al. (2010)
Tikader
Araneae Salticidae Euophrys sp. Hazarika and Chakraborti (1998)

21
Araneae Salticidae Hyllus bengalensis Das et al. (2010)
(Tikader)
Araneae Salticidae Marpissa bengalensis Das et al. (2010)
Tikader
Araneae Salticidae Marpissa sp. Das et al. (2010)
Araneae Salticidae Marpissa tigrina Tikader Das et al. (2010)
Araneae Salticidae Phidippus pateli Tikader Roychaudhuri (2011)
Araneae Salticidae Phidippus sp. Das et al. (2010)
Araneae Salticidae Plexippus paykulli Audouin Das et al. (2010)
Araneae Salticidae Plexippus sp. Das et al. (2010), Roychaudhuri (2011)
Araneae Salticidae Rhene sp. Hazarika and Chakraborti (1998)
Araneae Salticidae Salticus sp. Hazarika and Chakraborti (1998)
Araneae Salticidae Telamonia dimidiata Hazarika and Chakraborti (1998)
(Simon)
Araneae Salticidae Lyssomanes sp Das et al. (2010)
Araneae Sparassidae Heteropoda sp. Das et al. (2010)
Araneae Sparassidae Heteropoda venatoria L. Das et al. (2010)
Araneae Sparassidae Sparassus sp. Das et al. (2010)
Araneae Struikzakspinnen Clubiona drassodes Das et al. (2010)
(Clubionidae) Cambridge
Araneae Tetragnathidae Leucauge bistriata Gravely Hazarika and Chakraborti (1998)
Araneae Tetragnathidae Leucauge celebesiana Roychaudhuri (2011)
(Walckenaer)
Araneae Tetragnathidae Leucauge decorate Roychaudhuri (2011)
(Blackwall)
Araneae Tetragnathidae Leucauge decorate Das et al. (2010)
Blackwall
Araneae Tetragnathidae Leucauge sp. Hazarika and Chakraborti (1998), Das et
al.(2010)
Araneae Tetragnathidae Leucauge tessellate Roychaudhuri (2011)
(Thorell)
Araneae Tetragnathidae Tetragnatha mandibulata Hazarika and Chakraborti (1998)
Walckenaer
Araneae Tetragnathidae Tetragnatha sp. Das et al. (2010), Roychaudhuri (2011)
Araneae Theridiidae Chrysso sp. Roychaudhuri (2011)
Araneae Theridiidae Theridula angula Tikader Roychaudhuri (2011)
Araneae Thomisidae Philodromus sp. Das et al. (2010)
Araneae Thomisidae Runcinia affinis Simon Das et al. (2010)
Araneae Thomisidae Mesumena sp. Hazarika and Chakraborti (1998)
Araneae Thomisidae Diaea sp. Das et al. (2010)
Araneae Uloboridae Uloborus khasiensis Roychaudhuri (2011)
Tikader
Araneae Uloboridae Uloborus krishnae Tikader Roychaudhuri (2011)
Acari Acaridae Acarus sp. Muraleedharan and Chandrsekaran
(1981)
Acari Anystidae Anystis sp. Gupta (1989)
Acari Ascidae Lesioseius sp. Gupta (1989)
Acari Bdellidae Bdella sp. Muraleedhran (1989)
Acari Bdellidae Cyta sp. Gupta (1989)
Acari Cunaxidae Cunaxa sp. Borthakur and Das (1988)
Acari Cunaxidae Neocunaxoides sp. Gupta (1989)
Acari Eupalopsellidae Exothorhis caudate Borthakur and Das (1988)
Summers
Acari Iolinidae Tydeus sp. Muraleedharan and Chandrsekaran
(1981)
Acari Iolinidae Parapronematus sp. Gupta (1989)
Acari Ascidae Lasioseius sp Gupta (1989)
Acari Phytoseiidae Amblyseius arecae Gupta Gupta (1989)
Acari Phytoseiidae Amblyseius coccosocius Chakraborty et al. (2005)
Ghai and Menon

22
Acari Phytoseiidae Amblyseius herbicolus Chant Muraleedharan and Chandrsekaran (1981)
Acari Phytoseiidae A. largoensis Muma Somchoudhury et al. (1995)
Acari Phytoseiidae Amblyseius longispinosus Rahman et al. (2012)
Evans
Acari Phytoseiidae Amblyseius maai Tseng http://www.myetymology.com
/encyclopedia/Oligonychus_coffeae.html
Acari Phytoseiidae Amblyseius multidentatus Gupta (1978)
Chant
Acari Phytoseiidae Amblyseius multidentatus Gupta (1978)
Swirski and Shechter
Acari Phytoseiidae Amblyseius rhabdus Muraleedharan and Chandrsekaran (1981)
Denmark
Acari Phytoseiidae Amblyseius sp. Muraleedharan and Chandrsekaran (1981),
Gupta (1989)
Acari Phytoseiidae Amblyseius sp. nr. Gupta (1978)
sapienticola Gupta
Acari Phytoseiidae Amblyseius taiwanicus Ehara http://www.myetymology.com
/encyclopedia/Oligonychus_coffeae.html
Acari Phytoseiidae Euseius ovalis Evans Somchoudhury et al. (1995)
Acari Phytoseiidae Neoseiulus longispinosus Rahman et al. (2012)
Evans
Acari Phytoseiidae Phytoseiulus persimilis Anantakrishnan (1960)
Evans
Acari Phytoseiidae Typhlodromus Gupta (1989)
darjeelingensis Gupta
Acari Phytoseiidae Typhlodromus Gupta (1978)
neotransvalensis Gupta
Acari Phytoseiidae Typhlodromus Gupta (1978)
rhododendroni Gupta
Acari Phytoseiidae Typhlodromus sp. Anantakrishnan (1960)
Acari Stigmaeidae Agistemus sp. Borthakur and Das (1988)
Acari Stigmaeidae Agistemus fleschneri Gupta (1989)
Summers
Acari Stigmaeidae Agistemus sp. nr. fleschneri Gupta (1989)
Acari Stigmaeidae Ledermulleria sp. Gupta (1989)
Acari Tydeidae Pronematus sp. Borthakur (1981)
Coleoptera Carabidae Ophinea indica Thumb Muraleedharan (1982), Das et al. (2010)
Coleoptera Carabidae Calleida sp. Muraleedharan (1982), Das et al. (2010)
Coleoptera Carabidae Cicindela sexgutta Fab. Das et al. (2010)
Coleoptera Carabidae Cicindela collicia Acciavatti Das et al. (2010)
and Pearson
Coleoptera Coccinellidae Afidentula mandertiernae Das et al. (2010)
Muls
Coleoptera Coccinellidae Aspidimerus circumflexa Das et al. (2010)
Muls
Coleoptera Coccinellidae Caelophora sp. Rao et al. (1970), Das et al. (2010)
Coleoptera Coccinellidae Callineda decemnotata Fab. Das et al. (2010)
Coleoptera Coccinellidae Chilocorus circumdatus Das (1979), Das et al. (2010)
(Gyllenhal)
Coleoptera Coccinellidae Chilocorus nigritus (F.) Das (1979)
Coleoptera Coccinellidae Coccinella repanda Thumb Das (1974), Das et al. (2010)
Coleoptera Coccinellidae Coccinella septempunctata Das (1974)
L. var. diviaricata O.
Coleoptera Coccinellidae Coccinella transversalis Muraleedharan (1988a), Das et al. (2010)
Fab.
Coleoptera Coccinellidae Coclophora sexareata Muls. Das et al. (2010)
Coleoptera Coccinellidae Coleophora biplagiata Das (1974)
(Swartz)

23
Coleoptera Coccinellidae Crytogonus bimaculatus 4- Rao et al. (197 0)
guttatus Weise
Coleoptera Coccinellidae Crytogonus bimaculatus Rao et al. (1970), Das et al. (201 0)
Kapur
Coleoptera Coccinellidae Crytogonus orbiculus Muraleedharan (1987)
(Gyllenhal)
Coleoptera Coccinellidae Crytogonus qu ardriguttatus Das et al. (2010)
W eise
Coleoptera Coccinellidae Harmo nia sp. Das et al. (2010)
Coleoptera Coccinellidae Henospilachna septima Das et al. (2010)
Dieke
Coleoptera Coccinellidae Jauravia opace Weise Rao et al. (1970), Das et al. (2010)
Coleoptera Coccinellidae Jauravia pubescens (F.) Muraleedharan (1987)
Coleoptera Coccinellidae Jauravia quadrinotata Das (1959), Das et al. (2010)
Kapur
Coleoptera Coccinellidae Jauravia soror (Weise) Rao et al. (1970), Das et al. (201 0)
Coleoptera Coccinellidae Jauravia sp. Das (1959)
Coleoptera Coccinellidae Leis dimidiate F. Das (1974), Das et al. (2010)
Coleoptera Coccinellidae Lemnia bissellata Das (1974)
(Mulsant)
Coleoptera Coccinellidae Menochilus sexmaculatus Andrews (1928), Das et al. (2010)
Fab.
Coleoptera Coccinellidae Micraspis discolo r (Fab.) Das et al. (2010)
Coleoptera Coccinellidae Oenopia kirbyi Muls. Das et al. (2010)
Coleoptera Coccinellidae Oenopia luteopustulata Das et al. (2010)
Muls.
Coleoptera Coccinellidae Oenopia sexareata Muls. Das et al. (2010)
Coleoptera Coccinellidae Ola sp. Das et al. (2010)
Coleoptera Coccinellidae Pharoscymnus horni Das and Gope (1981)
(Weise)
Coleoptera Coccinellidae Pseudaspidimerus Das et al. (2010)
circumflexus (Motschulsky)
Coleoptera Coccinellidae Scymnus nubilus Mulsant Rao et al. (1970)
Coleoptera Coccinellidae Scymnus pyrocheilus Das (1974)
Mulsant
Coleoptera Coccinellidae Scymnus sp. Andrews (1928), Das et al. (2010)
Coleoptera Coccinellidae Stethorus aptus (Kapur) Barua et al. (2013)
Coleoptera Coccinellidae Stethorus gilviforn Muls. Rao et al. (1970), Das et al. (201 0)
Coleoptera Coccinellidae Stethorus sp. Das (1959)

Coleoptera Coccinellidae Stictobura sp. Rao et al. (1970)

Coleoptera Coccinellidae Vernia vincta Gorh Das (1959), Das et al. (2010)
Coleoptera D ermestidae Aspectus indicus Arrow Rao et al. (1970)
Coleoptera D ermestidae Orphinus fucundus Arrow Rao et al. (1970)
Coleoptera N itidulidae Cybocephalus sp. Rao et al. (1970)
Coleoptera Staphylinidae Oligota sp. Rao et al. (1970)
Coleoptera Staphylinidae Oligota pygmaea (Solier) Perumalsamy et al.(2009)
Coleoptera Staphylinidae Oligota flaviceps Sharp Babu et al. (2008)
Coleoptera Staphylinidae Paederus fuscipes Curtis Das et al. (2010)
T hysanoptera Aeolothripidae Aeolothrips intermedius Muraleedharan et al. (1988)
Bagnall
T hysanoptera Aeolothripidae Mymarothrip s garuda Muraleedharan et al. (1988)
(Ramak. and Marg.)
T hysanoptera T hripidae Scolo thrips asura Babu et al. (2010)
Ramakrish na and
Margabandhu
T hysanoptera T hripidae Scolo thrips rhagebian us Radhakrishnan et al. (1992), Babu et al.
Priesner (2010)
T hysanoptera T hripidae Scolo thrips sp. Rao et al. (1970)
N europtera Chrysophidae Chrysopa madestes Banks Rao et al. (1970)
N europtera Chrysopidae Chrysoperla carnea Sarkar et al. (2007)
(Stephens)

24
 Neuroptera Chrysopidae Chrysoperla sp. Muraleedharan (1990)
Neuroptera Chrysophidae Mallada basalis (Walker) Babu et al. (2011)
Neuroptera Chrysophidae Mallada boninensis Vasanthakumar et al. (2012)
Okamoto
Neuroptera Chrysophidae Mallada desjardinsi Navas Vasanthakumar and Babu (2013)
Neuroptera Hemerobiidae Micromus timidus Hegan Rao et al. (1970), Das et al. (2010)
Hemiptera Anthocoridae Orius sp. Rao et al. (1970)
Hemiptera Anthocoridae Anthocoris sp Muraleedharan (1988b)
Hemiptera Lygaeidae Geocoris ochropterus Das et al. (2010); Sannigrahi and
(Fieber) Mukhopadhyay (1992)
Hemiptera Pentatomidae Cantheconidea furcellata Muraleedharan (1983), Muraleedharan et
(Wolf) al. (1988)
Hemiptera Pentatomidae Eocanthecona furcellata Das et al. (2010)
(Wolff)
Hemiptera Rhyparochromidae Pseudopachybrachius guttus Muraleedharan (1986)
(Dallas)
Hemiptera Riduviidae Opistoplatys sp. Muraleedharan et al. (1988)
Hemiptera Riduviidae Acanthaspis quinquespinosa Das et al. (2010)
Fab.
Hemiptera Riduviidae Epidaus sp. Das et al. (2010)
Hemiptera Riduviidae Rhynocoris marginatus F. Das et al. (2010)
Hemiptera Riduviidae Sycanus sp. Das (1965)
Diptera Cecidomyiidae Triommata sp. Nagarkatti et al. (1979)
Diptera Syrphidae Allobaccha nubilipennis Muraleedharan and Radhakrishnan (1986)
(Austen)
Diptera Syrphidae Betasyrphus adligatus Anon. (1936)
(Wiedemann)
Diptera Syrphidae Betasyrphus serarius Muraleedharan and Radhakrishnan (1986)
(Wiedemann)
Diptera Syrphidae Dideopsis aegrota (Fab.) Muraleedharan and Radhakrishnan (1986)
Diptera Syrphidae Episyrphus balteatus (De Muraleedharan and Radhakrishnan (1986)
Geer)
Diptera Syrphidae Ischiodon scutellaris (F.) Das et al. (2010)
Diptera Syrphidae Paragus atratus De Mejere Anon. (1936)
Diptera Syrphidae Paragus indicus Brun. Das (1974)
Diptera Syrphidae Paragus scrratus (Fab) Muraleedharan et al. 2001
Diptera Syrphidae Paragus yerburiensis Muraleedharan et al. 2001
Stuckenberj
Mantodea Mantidae Amantis sp. Das et al. (2010)
Mantodea Mantidae Elmantis sp. Das et al. (2010)
Mantodea Mantidae Hierodula sp. Das et al. (2010)
Mantodea Liturgusidae Humbertiella indica Saus Das et al. (2010)
Mantodea Amorphoscelidae Amorphoscelis sp. Das et al. (2010)

Odonata Aeshnidae Anax sp. Das et al. (2010)

Odonata Coenagrionidae Ceriagrion sp. Das et al. (2010)
Odonata Coenagrionidae Pseudagrion sp. Das et al. (2010)
Odonata Gomphidae Ictinogomphus sp. Das et al. (2010)

Table 3. Parasitoids reported from tea plantations of India

Order Family Parasitoids Reference

Diptera Tachinidae Anherigona orientalis (Schin.) Das (1974)
Diptera Tachinidae Austrophorocera g randis Macquart Rao (1978)
Diptera Tachinidae Blepharella sp. Muraleedharan (1983)
Diptera Tachinidae Carcelia sp. Muraleedharan (1983)

25
Diptera Tachinidae Compsilura concinnata (Meigen) Rao (1974)
Diptera Tachinidae Cylindromya sp. Banerjee (1979)
Diptera Tachinidae Microdon bellus Brun. Das (1974)
Diptera Tachinidae Nealsomyia rufella (Bezzi) Rao (1978)
Diptera Tachinidae Palexorista solennis (Walker) Muraleedharan (1984)
Diptera Tachinidae Paribaea sp. Rao (1974)
Diptera Tachinidae Peribaea orbata (Wieemann) Muraleedharan et al. (1988)
Diptera Tachinidae Syrphus balteatus De Geer Das (1965)
Diptera Tachinidae Winthemia sp. Muraleedharan (1983)
Hymenoptera Aphelinidae Aphelinus sp. Banerjee (1967)
Hymenoptera Aphelinidae Aphterencyrtus microphagus Das (1979)
(Meyr.)
Hymenoptera Aphelinidae Aphytis fioriniae Rosen and Rose Rosen and Rose (1989)
Hymenoptera Aphelinidae Aphytis sp. Muraleedharan (1988a)
Hymenoptera Aphelinidae Aphytis sp. chrysomphali (Mercet) Das (1979)
Hymenoptera Aphelinidae Aphytis sp. nr.mazalae De Bach Nagarkatti et al. (1979)
and Rosen
Hymenoptera Aphelinidae Aphytis theae (Cameron) Nagarkatti et al. (1979)
Hymenoptera Aphelinidae Aspidiotiphagus citrinus Craw Das (1979)
Hymenoptera Aphelinidae Aspidiotiphagus sp. Nagarkatti et al. (1979); Das (1979)
Hymenoptera Aphelinidae Coccophagus acanthosceles Das (1974)
Waterstone
Hymenoptera Aphelinidae Coccophagus bivittatus Comp. Nagarkatti et al. (1979)
Hymenoptera Aphelinidae Coccophagus tachiachii Das (1974)
Madhihassan
Hymenoptera Aphelinidae Cocophagus cowperi Gir. Muraleedharan (1988a)
Hymenoptera Aphelinidae Prospaltella sp. Nagarkatti et al. (1979)
Hymenoptera Aphididae Aphidius colemani Vierick Muraleedharan (1986)
Hymenoptera Aphididae Lipolexis scutellaris Mackauer Muraleedharan (1986)
Hymenoptera Aphididae Trioxys sp. Anon. (1936)
Hymenoptera Aphididae Trioxys indicus Subba Rao and Muraleedharan (1988a)
Sharma
Hymenoptera Aphidiidae Aphidius colemani Vierick Muraleedharan (1986)
Hymenoptera Aphidiidae Lipolexis scutellaris Mackauer Muraleedharan (1986)
Hymenoptera Aphidiidae Trioxys sp. Anon. (1936)
Hymenoptera Aphidiidae Trioxys indicus Subba Rao and Muraleedharan (1988a)
Sharma
Hymenoptera Blatygastridae Fidiobia sp. Das et al. (2010)
Hymenoptera Braconidae Agathidinae sp. Das et al. (2010)
Hymenoptera Braconidae Apanteles aristaeus Nixon Muraleedharan and Selvasundaram
(1986)
Hymenoptera Braconidae Apanteles coedicius Nixon Muraleedharan et al. (1988)
Hymenoptera Braconidae Apanteles nr. malevolus Muraleedharan et al. (1988)
Wilkinson
Hymenoptera Braconidae Apanteles rufulus Wilk. Das (1974)
Hymenoptera Braconidae Apanteles sp. (ater group) Rao et al. (1970), Das (1979),
Muraleedharan (1986)
Hymenoptera Braconidae Apanteles sp. (Octonarius group) Subbiah (1988)
Hymenoptera Braconidae Apanteles sp. (ultor group) Rao (1978)
Hymenoptera Braconidae Apanteles taprobanae Cameron Das (1979)
Hymenoptera Braconidae Asogaster sp. Muraleedharan et al. (1988)
Hymenoptera Braconidae Batotheca nigriceps (Cameron) Das (1974)
Hymenoptera Braconidae Bracon sp. Rao et al. (1970)
Hymenoptera Braconidae Bracon sp. nr. greeni Ashmead Muraleedharan (1984)
Hymenoptera Braconidae Bracon sp. nr. hebetor Say Muraleedharan et al. (1988)
Hymenoptera Braconidae Chelonus indicus Cameron Das et al. (2010)
Hymenoptera Braconidae Cotesia ruficrus Haliday Das et al. (2010)
Hymenoptera Braconidae Cotesia sp. Das et al. (2010)

26
Hymenoptera Braconidae Dolichogenidea sp. Das et al. (2010)
Hymenoptera Braconidae Fornicia sp. Muraleedharan and Selvasundaram
(1986)
Hymenoptera Braconidae Meteoridinae sp. Das et al. (2010)
Hymenoptera Braconidae Meteorus sp . (group of versicolor) Das (1974)
Hymenoptera Braconidae Opius sp. Muraleedharan et al. (1988)
Hymenoptera Braconidae Pambolus sp. Das et al. (2010)
Hymenoptera Braconidae Sp athius critolaus Nixo n Das et al. (2010)
Hymenoptera Braconidae Sp inaria spinator Guer Das (1974)
Hymenoptera Ceraphronidae Aphanogmus ma nila (Ashmead) Das (1979)
Hymenoptera Ceraphronidae Aphanogmus sp. Das et al. (2010)
Hymenoptera Chalcididae Brachymeria lasus (Walker) Muraleedharan (1985), Das et al.
(2010)
Hymenoptera Diapriidae Trichopria sp. Das et al. (2010)
Hymenoptera Encyrcidae Anagyrus dactylopii (Howard) Das (1974)
Hymenoptera Encyrcidae Aprostocetus purpureu s (Cameron) Muraleedharan (1988a)
Hymenoptera Encyrcidae Blastothrix sp. Das (1974)
Hymenoptera Encyrcidae Comperiella bifasciata Howard Das (1979)
Hymenoptera Encyrcidae Encyrtus infelix (E mbleton) Muraleedharan (1988a)
Hymenoptera Encyrcidae Leptomastix nigro coxa lis Compere Muraleedharan (1992b)
Hymenoptera Encyrcidae Microterys sp. Das (1979)
Hymenoptera Encyrcidae Ooencyrtus ferriere Shafi Alam and Das et al. (2010)
Agarwal
Hymenoptera Encyrcidae Prospaltella sp. Das (1979)
Hymenoptera Encyrtidae Blastothrix sp. Das (1974)
Hymenoptera Encyrtidae Pseudorhopus sp. Das (1974)
Hymenoptera Eulo phidae Aprostocetus nowsheren sis Kurian Das et al. (2010)
Hymenoptera Eulo phidae Asympiesiella india Gir. Rao et al. (1970), Das (1974)
Hymenoptera Eulo phidae Asympiesiella sp. Sengupta (1967)

Hymenoptera Eulo phidae Brachymeria excrinata Gahan Muraleedharan (1985)

Hymenoptera Eulo phidae Closterocerus insign is Waterston Banerjee (1988)
Hymenoptera Eulo phidae Elachertus sp. Sengupta (1967)
Hymenoptera Eulo phidae Elasmus anamalaianus Mani and Das et al. (2010)
Saraswat
Hymenoptera Eulo phidae Elasmus homonae Fer. Rao (1970)
Hymenoptera Eulo phidae Elasmus homonae Ferr. Rao (1970)
Hymenoptera Eulo phidae Elasmus sp. Das et al. (2010)
Hymenoptera Eulo phidae Eriborus sp. Muraleedharan and Selvasundaram
(1986)
Hymenoptera Eulo phidae Euplectromorpha sp. n r. salomonis Das (1974)
Ferr.
Hymenoptera Eulo phidae Euplectromorpha sp. n r. uridiceps Das (1965)
Ferr.
Hymenoptera Eulo phidae Euplectromorpha sp. n r. viridiceps Das (1974)
Ferr.
Hymenoptera Eulo phidae Eurytoma sp. Muraleedharan et al. (1988)
Hymenoptera Eulo phidae Gonio zus sp. Muraleedharan et al. (1988)
Hymenoptera Eulo phidae Gryon sp. Das et al. (2010)
Hymenoptera Eulo phidae Mestocharella javensis Gahan Rao (1988)
Hymenoptera Eulo phidae Metaplectrus thoseae Ferr. Das (1974)
Hymenoptera Eulo phidae Metaplectrus thoseae (Ferr.) Das (1974)
Hymenoptera Eulo phidae Microphanurus sp. Das (1974)
Hymenoptera Eulo phidae Nesolynx sp. Das et al. (2010)
Hymenoptera Eulo phidae Pediobius elasmi (Ashmead) Das et al. (2010)
Hymenoptera Eulo phidae Pediobius foveolatus (Crawford) Das et al. (2010)
Hymenoptera Eulo phidae Pediobius sp. Subbiah (1988)
Hymenoptera Eulo phidae Sp arasion sp . Das et al. (2010)
Hymenoptera Eulo phidae Sympiesis dolichog aster Ashmed Muraleedharan and Selvasundaram
(1986)

27
 Hymenoptera Eulophidae Sympiesis india (Girault) Rao (1978)
Hymenoptera Eulophidae Telenomus sp. Rao (1978), Das et al. (2010)
Hymenoptera Eulophidae Tetrastichus epilachnae Das et al. (2010)
(Giard)
Hymenoptera Eulophidae Tetrastichus sp. (miser-group) Subbiah (1988)
Hymenoptera Eulophidae Trissolcus sp. Das et al. (2010)
Hymenoptera Eulophidae Euplectrus sp. nr. sinularis Das (1974)
Hymenoptera Ichneumonidae Apophua sp. Das et al. (2010); Muraleedharan
(1983)
Hymenoptera Ichneumonidae Aptesis sp. Das et al. (2010)
Hymenoptera Ichneumonidae Astomaspis sp. Rao et al. (1970)
Hymenoptera Ichneumonidae Charops obtusus Morl. Das (1974)
Hymenoptera Ichneumonidae Charops sp. Das et al. (2010)
Hymenoptera Ichneumonidae Diadegma sp. Das et al. (2010), Muraleedharan et al.
(1988)
Hymenoptera Ichneumonidae Meloboris sp. Rao et al. (1970)
Hymenoptera Ichneumonidae Phytodietus sp. Muraleedharan (1988)
Hymenoptera Ichneumonidae Phytodietus spinipes Muraleedharan (1984)
(Cameron)
Hymenoptera Ichneumonidae Plectochorus nr. iwatensis Rao et al. (1970)
Uchida
Hymenoptera Ichneumonidae Pristomerus sp. Rao (1970)
Hymenoptera Ichneumonidae Trathala sp. Muraleedharan (1990)
Hymenoptera Ichneumonidae Triclistus sp. Muraleedharan (1986)
Hymenoptera Mymaridae Alaptus sp. Das et al. (2010)
Hymenoptera Mymaridae Anagurus sp. Das et al. (2010)
Hymenoptera Mymaridae Polynema sp. Das et al. (2010)
Hymenoptera Peteromalidae Oxyharma sp. Muraleedharan (1989)
Hymenoptera Peteromalidae Trigonogastra sp Banerjee (1988)
Hymenoptera Platygastridae Synopeas sp. Das et al. (2010)
Hymenoptera Platygastridae Leptacis indicus Mukerjee Das et al. (2010)
Hymenoptera Pteromalidae Dipara sp. Das et al. (2010)
Hymenoptera Pteromalidae Anysis sp. Das (1974)
Hymenoptera Trichogrammatidae Trichogramma chilonis Ishii Hazarika et al. (1995)
Hymenoptera Ulophidae Tetrastichus sp. Das (1974)

Table 4. Mite and insect pests of shade trees of tea plantations, in India
Order Family Species Host plant Reference
Class: Arachnida
Acari Tetranychidae Eotetranychus sp. A. lebbek Gope and Das (1988)
Acari Tenuip alpidae Phytoptipalpus albizzeae A. procera Gope and Das (1988)
Acari Tetranychidae Tetranychus ludeni Zacher C. anagyroides Gope and Das (1988)
Acari Tetranychidae Tetranychus sp. C. anagyroides Gope and Das (1988)
Acari Tetranychidae Tetranychus yusti Mc I. teysmanni Gope and Das (1988)
Gregor
Acari Tydeid ae Lorryia sp. A. lebbek Gope and Das (1988)
Class: Insecta
Coleoptera Anthribidae Phloeophilus a grestis A. odoratissima Gope and Das (1988)
Boheman
Coleoptera Bostrichidae Sinoxylon atratum Lsne. A. odoratissima Gope and Das (1988)
Coleoptera Bostrichidae S. crassum Lsne. A. odoratissima Gope and Das (1988)
Coleoptera Bostrichidae S. anale Lsne. A. odoratissima Gope and Das (1988)
Coleoptera Bostrichidae Phonapate fimbria ta Lsne. A. odoratissima Gope and Das (1988)
Coleoptera Bostrichidae Heterobostrychus aequalis A. chinensis Gope and Das (1988)
Wat
Coleoptera Bostrichidae Xylo thrips flavipes (Illiger) A. odoratissima Gope and Das (1988)
Coleoptera Bothrideridae Dastarcus in dicus A. chinensis Gope and Das (1988)
Fairmaire

28
Coleoptera Bothrideridae D. fasciculatus Grouvelle A. moluccana Gope and Das (1988)
Coleoptera Bothrideridae Ascetoderes sp A. odoratissima Gope and Das (1988)
Coleoptera Brentidae Apion (=Conapion) sp. Tephrosia candida Gope and Das (1988)
Coleoptera Buprestidae Argilus beesoni Obenberger Albizzia odoratissima, Gope and Das (1988)
Albizzia procera, Albizzia
chinensi, Albizzia lucida
Coleoptera Buprestidae Argilus sp. near A. lucida Gope and Das (1988)
Coleoptera Buprestidae A. babaulti Theroy A. lucida Gope and Das (1988)
Coleoptera Buprestidae Catoxantha bonvoulloirvi Deyr. A. odoratissima Gope and Das (1988)
Coleoptera Carabidae Coptodera sp. A. moluccana Gope and Das (1988)
Coleoptera Carabidae Holcoderus alacer Andrews A. moluccana Gope and Das (1988)
Coleoptera Cerambycidae Xystrocera festiva Thom. A. procera, A. chinensis, Gope and Das (1988)
A. moluccana (=A
falcata), A. odoratissima
Coleoptera Cerambycidae X. globosa (Olivier) A. maranguensis Gope and Das (1988)
Coleoptera Cerambycidae Ropica sp. A. odoratissima Gope and Das (1988)
Coleoptera Cerambycidae Batocera rubus A. procera, A. chinensis Gope and Das (1988)
Coleoptera Cerambycidae Ceresium nilgiriensu Gah. A. lucida, A. lebbek Gope and Das (1988)
Coleoptera Cerambycidae Desisa subfasciata (Pascoe) A. odoratissima Gope and Das (1988)
Coleoptera Cerambycidae Coptops sp A. lebbek Gope and Das (1988)
Coleoptera Cerambycidae Pterolophia sp. D. robusta Gope and Das (1988)
Coleoptera Cerambycidae Eunidea sp. A. odoratissima Gope and Das (1988)
Coleoptera Chrysomelidae Diapromorpha pallens Oliv. A. lebbek Gope and Das (1988)
Coleoptera Chrysomelidae Haplosoma sp. D. robusta Gope and Das (1988)
Coleoptera Chrysomelidae Dercetina flavocincta (Hope) A. maranguensis Gope and Das (1988)
Coleoptera Chrysomelidae Pseudocophora flaveola Baly A. lebbek Gope and Das (1988)
Coleoptera Chrysomelidae Longitarsus rangoomensis Jac A. fraxinifolius, C. Gope and Das (1988)
grahamiana, P.
cytisoides, C.
anagyroides
Coleoptera Chrysomelidae Altica cyanea (Weber) A. lucida Gope and Das (1988)
Coleoptera Chrysomelidae A. coerulea Olivier A. lucida Gope and Das (1988)
Coleoptera Chrysomelidae Bruchidius sp. T. candida Gope and Das (1988)
Coleoptera Curculionidae Apoderus dentipes Fst. Albizzia lebbek Gope and Das (1988)
Priotropis cytisoides
Coleoptera Curculionidae Cryptorrhynchus sp. A. chinensis Gope and Das (1988)
Coleoptera Curculionidae Colobodes sp. Derris robusta Gope and Das (1988)
Coleoptera Curculionidae Myllocerus ubdecimpustulatus A. lebbek, A. chinensis Gope and Das (1988)
Faust
Coleoptera Curculionidae Deiradolcus moratus (Faust) A. lebbek, Albizzia Gope and Das (1988)
maranguensis, Indigofera
teysmanni
Coleoptera Curculionidae Xyleborus fornicates Eichh. A. chinensis, A. lebbek, P. Gope and Das (1988)
cytisoides
Coleoptera Curculionidae X. metacuneolus Schedl. A. lebbek Gope and Das (1988)
Coleoptera Curculionidae X. similis Ferr. D. robusta Gope and Das (1988)
Coleoptera Curculionidae Ernoporus sp. D. robusta Gope and Das (1988)
Coleoptera Endomychidae Indalmus kirbyanus Latr. C. anagyroides Gope and Das (1988)
Coleoptera Eumolpinae Trichochrysea hirta F. A. odoratissima, Gope and Das (1988)
A.procera, A. lucida,
Acrocarpus fraxinifolius
Coleoptera Histeridae Teretriosoma sp. A. odoratissima Gope and Das (1988)
Coleoptera Lagriidae Aulonogria lemoides I. teysmanni Gope and Das (1988)
(Fairmaire)
Coleoptera Meloidae Epicauta assamensis Waterh. A. odoratissima Gope and Das (1988)
Coleoptera Meloidae E. hirticornis Crotolaria anagyroides Gope and Das (1988)

29
Coleoptera Scarabaeidae Holotrichia impressa A. odoratissima Gope and Das (1988)
Burm
Coleoptera Scarabaeidae Anomala varicolor A. odoratissima, A. Gope and Das (1988)
(Gyll) lebbek
Coleoptera Scarabaeidae A. anguliceps Arrow A. lebbek Gope and Das (1988)
Coleoptera Scarabaeidae Xylotrupes gideon (L) I. teysmanni Gope and Das (1988)
Coleoptera Scarabaeidae Popillia barmanica A. odoratissima Gope and Das (1988)
Arrow
Coleoptera Tenebrionidae Gon ocephalum A. odoratissima Gope and Das (1988)
oblongum (F.)
Coleoptera Tenebrionidae Encyalesthus sp. A. lebbek, A. Gope and Das (1988)
maranguensis
Coleoptera Tenebrionidae Lyphia indicola Geb A. odoratissima Gope and Das (1988)
Coleoptera Tenebrionidae Amarygmus cuprarius A. maranguensis Gope and Das (1988)
(Weber)
Coleoptera Tenebrionidae Lagria ventralis Reitter A. odoratissima Gope and Das (1988)
Coleoptera Zopheridae Monomma A. moluccana Gope and Das (1988)
glyp hysternum
(Marseul)
Hemiptera Aphididae Toxoptera aurantii C. anagyroides Gope and Das (1988)
(Boyer)
Hemiptera Aphididae Aphis craccivora Koch I. teysmanni Gope and Das (1988)
Hemiptera Aphididae Neomegousopsis I. teysmanni Gope and Das (1988)
dooarsis Ghosh &
Roychoudhary
Hemiptera Asterolecaniidae Asterolecanium sp. T. candida Gope and Das (1988)
Hemiptera Coccid ae Coccus elonga tus A. odoratissima, A. Gope and Das (1988)
(Sign.) lebbek, A. procera
Hemiptera Coccid ae Ceroplastodes chito n A. procera , C. Gope and Das (1988)
(Green) anagyroides
Hemiptera Coccid ae C. cajani Maskell C. anagyroides Gope and Das (1988)
Hemiptera Coreidae Homoeocerus sp. A. lebbek Gope and Das (1988)
Hemiptera Coreidae Riptortus lin earis F. A. odoritissima, A. lebbek Gope and Das (1988)
Hemiptera Coreidae R. pedestris F. A. odoritissima, A. lebbek Gope and Das (1988)
Hemiptera Diaspididae Pinnaspis strachani A. odoratissima Gope and Das (1988)
(Colley)
Hemiptera Diaspididae Pseudaonidia dupex A. odoratissima Gope and Das (1988)
Ckll
Hemiptera Diaspididae Hemiberlesia lataniae A. lebbek, A. procera Gope and Das (1988)
(Sign.)
Hemiptera Diaspididae Lepidosaphes sp. C. anagyroides Gope and Das (1988)
Hemiptera Diaspididae Pseudaulacaspis P. cytisoides, A. Gope and Das (1988)
pentago na (Targioni) odoratissima
Hemiptera Flatidae Lawana co nspersa C. anagyroides, T. Gope and Das (1988)
Walk. Candida, I. teysmanni
Hemiptera Flatidae Flata sp. A. chinensis Gope and Das (1988)
Hemiptera Jassidae Empoasca parathea C. anagyroides Gope and Das (1988)
Pruthi
Hemiptera Jassidae Empoasca sp.? Kerri P. cytisoides Gope and Das (1988)
Pruthi
Hemiptera Meenoplid ae Anigrus sp. A. odoritissima Gope and Das (1988)
Hemiptera Membracidae Oxyrachis taran dus A. odoratissima, A. Gope and Das (1988)
Fabr. procera, A. chinensis, A.
Lebbek, A. fraxinifolius,
C. fistula
Hemiptera Membracidae Centrotypes secures A. odoratissima Gope and Das (1988)
Bicket
Hemiptera Miridae Ragmus importunitas C. anagyroides Gope and Das (1988)
Dist.
Hemiptera Monophlebidae Perissopneumon sp. A. odoratissima, A. Gope and Das (1988)

30
Hemiptera Plataspididae Coptosoma sp. T. candida, P. cytisoides, Gope and Das (1988)
Desmodium gyroides, C.
grahamiana, C.
anagyroides
Hemiptera Plataspididae Brachyplatys vahlii Fabr. D. robusta Gope and Das (1988)
Hemiptera Pseudococcidae Ferrisiana virgata (Ckll) A. lebbek, C. anagyroides Gope and Das (1988)
Hemiptera Pseudococcidae Rastrococcus iceryoides A. procera, D. robusta Gope and Das (1988)
(Green)
Hemiptera Pseudococcidae Crisicoccus sp. A. chinensis Gope and Das (1988)
Hemiptera Pseudococcidae Nipaecoccus vastator T. candida Gope and Das (1988)
(Maskell)
Hemiptera Psyllidae Psylla oblonga Mathur A. odoratissima, A. Gope and Das (1988)
procera, A. lebbek
Hemiptera Ricaniidae Ricania speculum Walk. A. odoritissima Gope and Das (1988)
Isoptera Rhinotermitidae Coptotermes heimi A. procera Gope and Das (1988)
(Washmann)
Lepidoptera Arctidae Diacrisia oblique Wlk. I. teysmanni Gope and Das (1988)
Lepidoptera Arctiidae Argina cribraria Cl. C. grahamiana Gope and Das (1988)
Lepidoptera Arctiidae A. argus Koll C. grahamiana Gope and Das (1988)
Lepidoptera Arctiidae Chinonaema peregrine Wlk. D. robusta Gope and Das (1988)
Lepidoptera Arctiidae Macotasa orientalis A. moluccana Gope and Das (1988)
Hampson & Close
Lepidoptera Cosmopterigidae Limnaecia sp? auximona A. lebbek Gope and Das (1988)
Meyrick
Lepidoptera Coccidae Indarbela quadrinotata A. odoratissima,A. Gope and Das (1988)
Wlk. procera, A. lebbek, A.
chinensis, A. lenticularis
Lepidoptera Crambidae Meruca testulalis T. candida Gope and Das (1988)
Lepidoptera Gelechiidae Dichomeris ianthes Meyr. I. teysmanni Gope and Das (1988)
Lepidoptera Geometridae Buzura (Biston) D. robusta, I. teysmanni, Gope and Das (1988)
suppressaria Guen. A. odoratissima, A.
chinensis, P. cytisoides,
dalbergia assamica
Lepidoptera Geometridae Buzura (Biston) - Antony et al. (2012)
bengaliaria Guen.
Lepidoptera Geometridae Ascotis sp. D. robusta, I. teysmanni, Chutia et al. (2012)
A. odoratissima, A.
chinensis, P. cytisoides,
dalbergia assamica
Lepidoptera Geometridae Cleora sp. D. robusta, I. teysmanni, Chutia et al. (2012)
A. odoratissima, A.
chinensis, P. cytisoides,
dalbergia assamica
Lepidoptera Geometridae Ectropis sp. D. robusta, I. teysmanni, Chutia et al. (2012)
A. odoratissima, A.
chinensis, P. cytisoides,
dalbergia assamica
Lepidoptera Geometridae Hyposidra infixaria D. robusta, I. teysmanni, Chutia et al. (2012)
(Walker)* A. odoratissima, A.
chinensis, P. cytisoides,
dalbergia assamica
Lepidoptera Geometridae Hyposidra talaca D. robusta, I. teysmanni, Chutia et al. (2012)
(Walker)* A. odoratissima, A.
chinensis, P. cytisoides,
dalbergia assamica
Lepidoptera Geometridae Semiothisa sp? Mimosa invisa Gope and Das (1988)
mayandaria Wlk.

31
 Lepidoptera Lasiocampidae Cosmotrichia laeta Wlk. A. odoratissima, D. Gope and Das (1988)
robusta
Lepidoptera Lycaenidae Surendra quercetorum A. odoratissima Gope and Das (1988)
Moore
Lepidoptera Lycaenidae Lampides boeticus L. C. anagyroides, C. Gope and Das (1988)
usarmoensis
Lepidoptera Lyonetiidae Leucoptera sp. A. lebbek Gope and Das (1988)
Lepidoptera Morphidae Ascalenia sp. nr. A. odoratissima Gope and Das (1988)
liparophanes Meyr.
Lepidoptera Noctuidae Rhesala moestalis Walk. A. odoratissima, A. Gope and Das (1988)
lebbek, A. procera
Lepidoptera Noctuidae R. impartata A. odoratissima Gope and Das (1988)
Lepidoptera Noctuidae Ophiusa sp. A. odoratissima, A. Gope and Das (1988)
procera
Lepidoptera Noctuidae Pericyma cruegeri Butlr. Acacia lenticularis Gope and Das (1988)
Lepidoptera Noctuidae P. umbrina Guenee Acacia lenticularis Gope and Das (1988)
Lepidoptera Noctuidae P. deters Walk. Sesbania aegyptica Gope and Das (1988)
Lepidoptera Noctuidae Selepa celtis Moore A. maranguensis Gope and Das (1988)
Lepidoptera Noctuidae Harita nebulosa Moore I. teysmanni Gope and Das (1988)
Lepidoptera Notodontidae Phalera raya Moore A. lebbek, D. robusta Gope and Das (1988)
Lepidoptera Notodontidae P. grotei Moore A. lebbek, D. robusta Gope and Das (1988)
Lepidoptera Notodontidae Boradessa omissa Roth. D. robusta, C. siamea Gope and Das (1988)
Lepidoptera Nymphallidae Polyura arja Feld A. odoratissima Gope and Das (1988)
Lepidoptera Nymphallidae P. athamus Drury A. odoratissima Gope and Das (1988)
Lepidoptera Nymphallidae Charaxes fabius (Febr.) A. lebbek Gope and Das (1988)
Lepidoptera Pieridae Eurema hecabae L. A. odoratissima, A. Gope and Das (1988)
procera, A. fraxinifolius
Lepidoptera Pieridae E. blanda silhetana A. odoratissima, A. Gope and Das (1988)
Wallace lebbek, A. fraxinifolius
Lepidoptera Pieridae Catopsilia crocale Cr. C. fistula, C. siamea Gope and Das (1988)
Lepidoptera Pyralidae Etiella zinckenella Tr. C. anagyroides Gope and Das (1988)
Lepidoptera Pyralidae Oligochroa sp. A. moluccana, A. procera Gope and Das (1988)
Lepidoptera Pyralidae Lamprosema paeonalis D. robusta Gope and Das (1988)
Wlk.
Lepidoptera Pyralidae L. diemenalis Gn. T. candida Gope and Das (1988)
Lepidoptera Tineidae Dasyses rugosella D. robusta Gope and Das (1988)
Stainton
Lepidoptera Tortricidae Cococxcia sp. T. candida Gope and Das (1988)
Lepidoptera Tineidae Drosica sp. A. odoratissima, A. Gope and Das (1988)
procera, A. chinensis

Table 5. Predators of shade tea pests reported from India (Das, 1974)

Host Predator Order Family

Psyllid (undeterminted) Chilocorus circumdatus (Schonh) Coleoptera Coccinellidae
Verania cro cea Muls. Coleoptera Coccinellidae
Asterolecanium sp. Oruza sp. Lepidoptera Noctuidae

Pests and natural enemy complex of tea
A total of 255 species of arthropods were recorded as
pests of tea. Out of 255 species, insect comprised 245
species and the remaining 10 species were mites
(Table 1). Among tea pests, the Order Lepidoptera
contained the largest number of species (13.75%)
followed by Hemiptera (9.44%), Coleoptera (4.72 %),
Orthoptera (2.64%), Isoptera (1.53%), Acari (1.39%),
Thysanoptera (1.11%), Hymenoptera (0.42 %),
Diptera (0.28 %) and Neuroptera (0.14%). A total of
200 species of predators and 133 species of parasitoids
were reported from the tea ecosystem (Tables 2 and
3). The predatory species were dominated by the
Order Araneae (70 species) followed by Coleoptera
(52 species), Acari (35 species), Diptera and Hemiptera

32
(11 species each), Neuroptera (7 species),
Thysanoptera and Mantodea (5 species each),
Odonata (4 species). The parasitoids were by far
dominated by Hymenoptera (120 species) and Diptera
(13 species).
Pest and Natural enemy complex of shade trees
and ancillary crops
The pest complex infesting shade trees and ancillary
crops consisted of 145 species of arthropod pests. Out
of 145 species, 139 species were insects and 6 species
were mites (Table 4). The pest complex was
dominated by the Order Coleoptera (60 species)
followed by Lepidoptera (46 species), Hemiptera (32
species), Acari (6 species) and Isoptera (1 specis). A
total of 3 species of predators belonging to Coleoptera
(2 species) and Lepidoptera (1 species) and 11 species
of parasitoids belonging to Hymenoptera were
reported (Tables 5 and 6).
The overall species composition reflects a high richness
of arthropod pests in relation to natural enemies
(predators and parasitoids), where the arthropod pests
and natural enemies comprised 53.53 and 46.47 per
cent of the total arthropod communities of tea
ecosystem. Number of arthropod species under
different feeding guilds revealed that the Order
Lepidoptera contains 145 species of phytophagous
insects followed by Hemiptera (98), Coleoptera (94),
Orthoptera (19), Acari (17), Isoptera (12),
Thysanoptera (8), Hymenoptera (3), Diptera (2) and
Neuroptera (1). Among natural enemies, the order
Hymenoptera contains highest species (136) followed
by Araneae (70 species), Coleoptera (53 species),
Table 6. Parasitoids of shade tea pests reported from India (Das, 1974)
Host Parasitoids
Agrilus beesoni Obenberger Tetrastichus sp.
Rhesala moestalis Walker Apanteles rufulus Wilk.
Urema blanda silhetana Wallace Brachymeria megaspila Cam.
Charops obtusus Morl.
Urema hecabae L Charops obtusus Morl.
Catopsilia crocale Cr. Charops obtusus Morl
Psyllid (undeterminted) Pseudorhopus sp.
Asterolecanium sp. Anysis sp.
Tetrastichus sp.
Blastothrix sp.
Diacrisia obliqua Wlk. Apanteles obliquae Wilkinson
Apanteles sp. (ultor group)
Meteorus sp. (group of versicolor)
Argina argus Koll. Euplectrus sp. nr. sinularis
33
Acari (34), Diptera (24), Hemiptera (11), Neuroptera
(7), Thysanoptera and Mantodea (5 each), Odonata
(4) and Lepidoptera (1). Although it is estimated that
more or less one thousand species of arthropods
(Hazarika et al. 2009) infest tea all over the world
(Chen and Chen, 1989) as pests, casual visitors and
also as predators and parasitoids of pests
(Muraleedharan and Chen, 1997), though only about
300 species of insects and mites are reported from
India (Muraleedharan, 2010). The dynamic adaptations
of arthropods have enabled them to occupy every part
of the tea plant and the maximum number of
arthropods occurs on the leaves or foliage of tea
plantations throughout the World (Chen and Chen,
1989). The foliage, stems, shoots, flowers and fruits
offer habitats for several species, though the flowers
and fruits are not of much economic significance in
tea through tea seeds are being used as planting
material.
The branches of tea plants are frequented by many
species of stem boring and bark eating caterpillars,
scolytid beetles etc. Similarly, there are the several
arthropods associated with the shade trees grown in
tea plantations. In almost all the tea growing regions
seasonal pests such as mites, thrips, mirids and
cicadellids are responsible for considerable crop loss.
The tetranychid, Oligonychus coffeae, the tenuipalpid,
Brevipalpus phoenicis and the eriophyid, Calacarus
carinatus are the important mite pests. Several species
of Helopeltis are reported from India but H. theivora
is one of the most destructive pests of tea. Similarly,
Scirtothrips spp. inflicts severe damage to the tea
plantations in India. Lepidopterous pests, including
Order Family
Hymenoptera Ulophidae
Hymenoptera Braconidae
Hymenoptera Chalcidae
Hymenoptera Ichneumonidae
Hymenoptera Ichneumonidae
Hymenoptera Ichneumonidae
Hymenoptera Encyrtidae
Hymenoptera Pteromalidae
Hymenoptera Ulophidae
Hymenoptera Encyrtidae
Hymenoptera Braconidae
Hymenoptera Braconidae
Hymenoptera Braconidae
Hymenoptera Ulophidae
open foliage feeders, leaf folders and stem borers form
yet another group. The looper caterpillar complex, viz.
Buzura suppressaria, Hyposidra talaca, Hyposidra
infixaria and the bunch caterpillar, Andraca
bipunctata are capable of causing considerable
defoliation. Homona coffearia, H. magnanima,
Adoxophyes sp. and Cydia leucostoma are the main
tortricid pests of tea. The leaf folder, Caloptilia
theivora enjoys a wide distribution in Asia. The stem
borer, Euwallacea fornicatus ( = Xyleborus
fornicatus) is a key pest in the tea plantations of South
India. The termite, Microtermes and Microcerotermes
species are of great importance in India.
The presence of insects feeding on the tea plants
and shade tress invariably has led to the build up of
several species of insect parasitoids and predators
(Muraleedharan et al., 1988 and 2001) and the foliage
below the plucking surface is important as a refuge
for natural enemies (Muraleedharan et al. 2001). In
fact, the minor status of several pests is due to the
action of these natural enemies. Two such cases of
excellent natural regulation are of the scale insect
Fiorinia theae and the aphid Toxoptera aurantii
(Nagarkatti et al., 1979, Radhakrishnan et al., 1988,
Radhakrishnan and Muraleedharan, 1993). Rao et
al. (1970) catalogued predators and parasitoids of
the flushworm, Cydia leucostoma and the
phytophagous mites affecting tea in south and north
east India. Das (1974, 1979) prepared two directories
of predators and parasitoids of pests of tea, shade
tr ees and ancillar y cr ops. Another important
publication on the natural enemies of tea pests in
north east India is that of Sarma (1979). An account
of the predators and parasitoids occurring in the tea
fields of south India with notes on their bioecology
had also been published (Muraleedharan et al., 1988).
Subsequently, the data on biological control agents
were compiled by Barthakur et al. (1992) and
Hazarika et al. (1994). Somchoudhury et al. (1995)
identified 38 species of predatory mites feeding on
the tea red spider mite in north east India. The tea
plantations harbour several species of coccinellids
such as Cryptogonus bimaculatus, Juravia
quandrinotata, J. opaca, Menochilus
sexmaculatus and Stethorus gilvifrons, which feed
on eriophyid mites, spider mites, aphids and scale
insects. Several syrphid flies are active in the tea
fields and these include Episyrhus balteatus,
Paragus tibialis, Betasyrphus serarius, Ischiodon
scutellaris and Allobaccha nubilipennis, primarily
feeding on the aphids. The hemerobiid, Micromus
34
timidus has a wide distribution in tea fields when
compared to Chrysopids. The parasitoids, Apanteles
coedicius, Trioxys indicus and Aphidus colemani
have several hosts like Toxoptera aurantii feeding
on tea and Aphis gossipii and Aphis craccivora
frequenting the weeds in tea fields.
Among the predators active in the tea plantations in
North East India, coccinellides and spiders are the
most dominant and braconids, ichneumonids and
tachinids are the most common parasitoids (Roy et
al., 2005). The tea mosquito H. theivora is preyed
upon by Chrysoperla carnea, Oxypes sp.,
Plexippus sp., Phidippus sp., Scymnnus sp. and
mantids. Adrynis wasp is an important parasitod of
cicadellid Empoasca flavescens. Eggs of H.
theivora were found to be parasitized by Erythmelus
helopeltidis Gahan (Sudhakaran and Muraleedharan,
1998 and 2006) in southern part of India. The other
major parasitoids of caterpillar pests affecting tea
are Apanteles aristaeus, A. taprobanea, Sympiesis
dolichogaster and Mestocharells javensis. The
intensity of activities of predators and the parasitoids
have been found to be very high in North East India
(Gurusubramaniam et al., 2008). Hazarika and
Chakraborti (1998) identified 28 species of predatory
spiders from the tea ecosystem of India. They
collected these species not only from tea but also
from shade trees and ancillary crops. In the areas of
North Bengal, Roy et al. (2005) found 35 species of
spiders and 25 species of coccinellids as natural
enemies in the tea ecosystem while 94 species of
predators and 33 species of parasitoids were reported
from sub-Himalayan tea plantations of North Bengal
among which the predators, spiders and lady-bird
fauna, and among the parasitoid groups, Braconidae
and Ichneumonidae were dominant (Das et al.,
2010). The braconids, Catesia sp. and the tachinid,
Argyrophylax sp. are very active in the areas in the
foot hills of Darjeeling, causing 40-45% parasitization
of the geometrid looper, Buzura suppressaria.
This compilation works clearly revealed the presence
of a good number of arthropods in Indian tea ecosystem
in spite of considerable pesticide stress. The evergreen
and perennial (over 100 years) tea plantations, high
humidity and shade in foothills and plains, monoculture,
surrounding forests, weed flora and the genetically
diverse cultivars (interplanted with shade trees)
provide a relatively steady microclimate and food
supply for insect and mite communities in tea
ecosystem.
An important principle of integrated pest management
is to maximize natural control, and, therefore, the
temporal changes in arthropod abundance, diversity,
species richness and community structures are
important consider ations in designing pest
management strategies. After tea planting, arthropod
species colonize and over the time progressively
increase in diversity. Their communities may vary with
the environment, varieties, cropping patterns, and
cultivation practices. In order to achieve the objective
of production of export-quality tea, in situ conservation
and maintenance of natural enemies in the tea
ecosystems is desirable along with reduction in the
use of insecticides: a biorational method of tea
production. Large-scale and indiscriminate application
of broad-spectrum synthetic insecticides for control
of pests eliminates natural enemies, as is evident from
comparative studies on diversity of natural enemies
between organic (with high diversity index) and
pesticide-treated conventional tea gardens (Das et
al., 2005; Hazarika et al., 2001) Protection,
maintenance and enhancing efficacy of the existing
population of natural enemies by practicing ecofriendly
operations and modification of pesticide use constitute
the main objectives of conservation biological control
(CBC) (Jonsson et al., 2008). Plant diversification
programmes help in habitat manipulation by means of
intercropping with shade trees and cover-cropping of
vacant land in tea plantations, which may contribute
to the process of CBC, by providing shelter, nectar,
pollen (Wackers et al., 2007), and alternative host/
prey to the natural enemies (Zehnder et al., 2007).
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