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J2tontribuciones para el Estudio
de la Pesca Artesanal
en America Latina
Edited by
Max Agiiero
Edited by
ISSN 01 15-4435
ISBN 971-8709-13-4
.Lechner, J., Compiler. 1990. Textos y Documentos: Actas del 46O Congreso Intemacional de
Americanistas. Center for Latin American Studies and Documentations, Amsterdam. 237 p.
bTroadec, J.-P., M. Agiiero, G. Bwuf and H. Huss. 1991. Research capabilities of Chile, Ecuador
and Peru in the field of fisheries and aquaculture. In World Bank, UNDP, CEC and FAO. 1991.
Fisheries and Aquaculture Resemh Capabilities and Needs in Latin America World Bank Tech.
Pap. 148. Washington. D.C.
collaborative projects and networks. If you are interested in cooperating
with u s on this, write to the Director General, ICLARM, MCPO Box 2631,
0718 Makati, Metro Manila, Philippines.
Finally, I take this opportunity to congratulate a n d thank Dr. M.
Aguero for organizing the minisymposium, and for editing its proceedings;
also Pd like to thank the authors for their contribution (and patience!); Dr.
Mendo, for checking biological facts; and ICLARM's publication unit for a
job well done in spite of the bilingual problems this posed.
D R DANIEL PAULY
Director
Capture Fisheries Management Program
ICLARM
December 1992
Table of Contents
...
Foreword ..................................................................................................ill
Chapter 1
La pesca artesanal en America Latina:
Una visidn panordmica (Small-scale fisheries
i n Latin America: a n overview) M. Aguero ..............................1
Chapter 2
Small-scale fisheries in the Neotropics: research and
management issues. (La pesca artesanal en el
neotr6pico; aspectos de su investigacidn y
administraci6n) D. Pauly and M. Aguero ............................28
Chapter 3
Descripci6n de las principales pesquerias
pelagicas del Ecuador (A description of the main
pelagic fisheries i n Ecuador) B. Zapata-Navarro .................37
Chapter 4
Una base de datos para la investigaci6n y manejo pesquero
artesanal: problemas y opciones en el caso
del Peru (Database for research and management
of small-scale fisheries: problems and options
observed i n Peru) C. Wosnitza-Mendo ...................................56
Chapter 5
Fishing, tourism and industrial development in
southeast Brazil: small-scale fishers under siege?
(Pesca, turismo y desarollo industrial en el
sudeste de Brasil: Pescadores artesenales
en estado de sitio? S. W. Hoefle ........................................70
Chapter 6
Distribuci6n geografica y tkcnicas de la pesca en l a
Costa Ecuatoriana durante el period0 colonial
(Geographic distribution and gears of the Ecuadorian
fisheries during the colonial period)
B. Lenz-Volland and M. Volland ........................................92
La Pesca Artesanal en America Latina:
Una Visi6n Panortimica*
MAXAGUERO**
International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management
and
United Nations Economic Commission
for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC)
Santiago, Chile
Abstract
An analysis of small-scale fisheries within the evolution of the fisheries sector of Latin America
is conducted with emphasis on the relative stagnating conditions of the former. A discussion of the
characteristics of the artisanal fisheries sector determiningits structural duality, heterogeneity and
diversity is conducted, and the need to consider these factors in the design of management policies
is emphasized. Several common aspects of small-scale fisheries throughout the developing world, and
in Latin America in particular, are identified. The need for research in the social, cultural, behavioral
and economic components of small-scale fisheries is highlighted a s a prerequisite for effective man-
agement interventions. Finally, a summary of current characteristics of small-scale fisheries in each
country of the region is presented based on existing documents and statistical references.
Resumen
Se analiza la pesqueria artesanal e n el context0 del desarrollo del sector peaquero de America
Latina con Qnfasis e n las condiciones del relativo estancamiento del ~ r i m e r o .Se discuten las
caracteristicas del sectorpesquero artesanal que determinan su dualidad, heterogeneidady diversidad
estructural v la necesidad de considcrar estos elementos en el diseiio de politicas de maneio. No
obstante, se identifican varios aspectos comunes de las pesquerias artesanales del mundo en vias de
desamllo y enespecial de America Latina. Se enfatiza la necesidad de investigarlos aspectos sociales,
culturales, conductuales y econ6micos de la pesca artesanal como requisito para el diselio de
intervencionesde manejo efcctivas. Finalmente, se presentaunresfimen de las caracteristicas actuales
de la pesca artesanal e n cada pais de la regi6n, elaborado en base a documentaci6n existente y
referencias estadisticas.
Amdrica Central
Belice
Costa Rica
El Salvador
Guatemala
Honduras
MBxico
Nicaragua
Panam.4
Total
Amdrica Latina
Total Mundial
Argentina
Brasil
Colombia
Costa Rica
Chile
Ecuador
El Salvador
Guatemala
Mexico
Nicaragua
Panama
Peru
Arte de Tamafio de
pesca Especie malla (mrn)
Red de Cerco
Anchoveta 13
Atdn y barrilete 100
Bonito, cojinoba, sierra 76
Jurel, caballa, lisa, machete
Lorna y cabinza 38
Uruguay
Tabla 5. Uruguay: Flota pesquera artesanal y sus arks de pesca, por regi6n.
(Uruguay: Small-scale fishing fleet and gears, by region.)
Rios, lagunas y
reservoros
Rto de la
plata
Maldonado y
rocha
Total
Venezuela
Argentina
Brasil1
Colombia2
Costa Rica3
Chile4
Ecuadol.5
El Salvador6
Guatemala7
M6xicoB
Nicaraguag
PanamQo
Penill
Uruguay12
Venezuela13
Total
PAULY,
D. and M. ACOERO. 1992. Small-scale fisheries in the neotropics: research and manage-
ment issues, p. 28-36.In M. Agiiero (ed.) Contribuciones para el estudio de la pesca
artesanal en AmBrica Latina. ICLARM Conf. Proc. 35, 113 p.
Abstract
The lack of comprehensive regional treatments of small-scale fisheries and the need for
improved information for management purposes of this sector in the region are emphasized.
Estimating total catches, mapping the seasonal deployment of fleets and quantifying their fish-
ing effort as well as computing catch per unit effort and cost per unit catch for all major gears/
species are crucial. In addition, the need to understand oftenly neglected issues, such as the
mobility of fishers in and out of the fishery and the role of women in production, distribution
and trade are emphasized. Finally, basic principles to follow in the design of policy interventions
to avoid mistakes committed in other regions (notably in Southeast Asia) are suggested.
Resumen
En este trabajo se destaca la carencia de estudios comprehensivos sobre la pesca artesanal
en la regi6n y la necesidad de mejorar la informacidn para fines de manejo. Se destaca la
importancia crucial de recolectar en forma periddica datos sobre capturas totales, la confecci6n
de mapas mostrando la distribuci6n de la flota y cantidad del esfuerzo desplegado, el cflculo de
las capturas por unidad de esfuerzo y costos por unidad de captura para todas las artes y
especies importantes. Se enfatiza ademhs, la necesidad de comprender aspectos generalmente no
considerados, tales como la mobilidad de 10s pescadores hacia la pesqueria o retiro de Bsta y el
rol de la mujer en la actividades de produccibn, distribuci6n y comercializaci6n. Finalmente, se
sugieren principios bhsicos y simples a seguir en el diseiio de politicas de intervencidn en la
pesqueria a fin de evitar errores cometidos en otras regiones (especialmente en el Sudeste
Asihtim).
Yet issues pertinent to the dy- nature) are likely to produce more
namics and evolution of these fisher- undesirable effects t h a n t h e ex-
ies (in the biological, sociocultural, pected benefits.
technological and economic senses) The above factors relate specifi-
must be well understood before they cally to the renewable (but exhaust-
are subjected to any kind of "devel- ible) and common-property nature of
opment" or "management" schemes. small-scale fishery resources, the
Interventions conducted in the ab- strong sociocultural determinants of
sence of this information, given the production and marketing behavior
complex network of cause-effect rela- of fishers, t h e high population
tionships prevailing in the fishery growth and demand for small-scale
systems (not always deterministic in fisheries produce and the "macro-
level" and politically oriented nature tivities, with which it may compete
of most government interventions in for resources such as infrastructural
this sector (Agiiero and Lockwood development funds.
1986). Estimating the total catch of a
The point here is to avoid re- given fishery, moreover, forces the
peating in the tropical p a r t of investigator to define early in an
America the catastrophic develop- investigation the resource complex
ment and subsequent devastation that is studied, i.e., to define a "unit
t h a t h a s occurred i n Southeast stock* and a "unit fishery*, well
Asian Fisheries (Pauly et al. 1989). separated from adjacent similar
What then are the issues rel- stock and fisheries.
evant to the study of tropical small- This brings us to the second
scale fisheries in the Neotropics? We most important item in the study of
see two sets of them, one including a fishery, i.e., the spacio-temporal
the need of scientific research on is- mapping of the distribution of fish-
sues common to the study of any ing activities in the course of a year.
fishery, industrial or artisanal, tropi- What is meant here is the need to
cal or not, the other encompassing record, from the fishers themselves
management problems resulting where, how, when, what and how
from the renewable and common much they fish during each period
property nature of small-scale fisher- of the year. This information, which
ies and the marginalized situation of may be collected from unstructured
small-scale fishers in most tropical interviews, should be plotted on
areas of the world. Both of these maps [such plotting may, but need
sets of issues are discussed below. not involve the use of GISI. Such
maps, soon enough, will show pat-
terns reflecting the seasonal distri-
Research Needs for Artisanal bution of the exploited resources,
Fisheries of the Neotropics the fishers' own strategy over time
and space, and the output of their
The first bit of information tra- fishing effort. These data will also
ditionally collected on any fishery allow estimation of the distribution
that is the object of a scientific in- and evolution of the value of catches
vestigation h a s been the total as inferred by successive genera-
monthly, then annual catch of that tions of fishers and corresponding
fishery (Gulland 1980). Total annual market conditions1. To date, only
catch estimates are important be- site and time-specific data on these
cause time series of such estimates variables can be obtained from
can be used as input to a variety of
mathematical or statistical models,
e.g., production models (Schaefer Recent experimental studies using satellite
1954, 1957; Fox 1970; Pauly 1984). data on daily temperature distribution of
water in small-scale fishing grounds has
Total annual catch figures are also allowed effective prediction of fish distribution/
important because they offer a abundance. This information transmitted to
measure for the "size" (and gross fishers has allowed them to increase the
value) of a given fishery, allowing probability of encountering fish and has
reduced costs associated with navigation and
fishery to be compared on a quanti- searching, thus increasing the net returns
tative scale with other economic ac- fmm their fishing activity (Barbieri 1987).
isolated or individual studies. No of- one investigates a large or a small-
ficial statistics by government agen- scale fishery.
cies of the region are collected on Tropical small-scale fisheries re-
this basis; yet, considerable insight quire, for their understanding and
can be obtained from it for policy effective management, two more cru-
design and management purposes. cial but often neglected items. The
The estimation of total catch first of these is the mobility of the
and the fishing maps both require a fishers into and out of the fishery
quantification of fishing effort, e.g., (entrylexit patterns), both in sea-
of t h e number of days deployed sonal terms and for longer periods.
every month, and in the course of a In many tropical developing coun-
year for every gear type. Such infor- tries, fishing is not the only activity
mation is crucial to assess costs of that fishers perform. Combining ag-
fishing, and eventually fishing in- riculture or other rural activities
comes. Care must be taken here, with fishing is a common and often
however, not to lump units of effort necessary practice (Smith 1979).
that have been standardized using Thus, the availability of alternative
their relative catches in cases when incomes (e.g., a s workers i n
the sizes (or species) caught are nearshore plantations), may deter-
very different (catching one tonne of mine the seasonality of fishing effort
5 cm fish with a beach seine causes deployment, with seasonal abun-
an impact totally different from that dance of catchable resources attract-
caused by catching one tonne of 50 ing fishers into fishing, and their
cm fish with, say, drifting gill nets!). decline, leading - given alternative
In fact, the best way to compare the opportunities - to movements out of
relative catch efficiency of different fishing. Such movements, generally
gears is to compare their catch rates seasonal, are regulated by the "op-
by size or age group of fish. Simi- portunity cost" of fishing, i.e., the
larly, the best way to aggregate income obtainable from an available
catches is to add numbers of fish alternative occupation (rural or ur-
caught, by size (or age) groups, ban) and the relative unemployment
rather than to simply add weights. in adjacent activities such as agricul-
(The reasons for this become evident ture, forestry or husbandry. Under-
when one analyzes catch data using standing the employment/unemploy-
length- or age-structured Virtual ment cycles behind non-fishing ac-
Population Analysis, one of the most tivities adjacent to fishing communi-
powerful methods of fish population ties is therefore necessary to avoid
dynamics presently available; see unexpected increases in effort de-
Pauly 1984.) ployment or large temporal changes
Estimating total catches, map- in average incomes per unit of effort.
ping the seasonal deployment and The other often neglected item
quantifying fishing effort, as well as that must be taken into account if
computing catch per effort and cost fishing communities are to be well
per unit catch (for all major gears) understood, is the role that women
of a given fishery and by species and children play in such communi-
when this fishing is a multispecies ties.
and multigear one, are activities At t h e production level, the
t h a t must be conducted whether quantities of aquatic organisms, e.g.,
those gleaned by women (and chil- tive abundances and migrations.
dren) i n nearshore a r e a s often Moreover, it must be recognized
equal, and a t times even exceed in that, unless carefully focused, bio-
bulk, the more spectacular catches logical studies will not provide in-
made further offshore by the men. sights into the operation of a fish-
This i s particularly well demon- ery, a t least not a s straightfor-
strated in Oceania (Chapman 1987) wardly a s a direct study of catch,
and t h e Philippines (McManus effort and related statistics will.
1989). Moreover, the regularity of Thus, researchers working on
supply derived from gleaning is an artisanal fisheries should, a s far a s
important factor which often carry possible, attempt to use previously
households over the lean period. In published information on the basic
addition, in many fishing communi- biology of the fish which form the
ties, women are the ones that pre- base of a given fishery, and under-
pare the gears (cleaning and baiting take only if these are absolutely
hooks) before and after harvesting necessary, the detailed studies on
takes place. growth, mortality, reproduction, food
Women also play a crucial role and feeding habits, etc. often under-
in t h e marketing level a s well, taken before the essential features
where besides selling the catch, they of a fishery are understood. [A data-
may process landed fish (at least in base, called FishBase i s presently
part, e.g., by drying it) and hence being created a t ICLARM which
stabilize supply to the market and contains for a large number of
adding value to the marketed prod- fishes, including hundreds of
uct. They may also manage their Neotropical species, the biological
husband's money, preventing it fiom information (on growth mortality,
being squandered on drinking, bet- ecology, feeding habit, etc.) that may
ting and other "male" pursuits. be required for constructing various
When women perform these and fishery models (Froese 1990; Pauly
other related activities, their role and Froese 1991), and the senior
becomes a structuring one, and ig- author may be contacted for details
noring i t may very well lead to a on its availability.]
failure in understanding, e.g., how
decisions are made in such commu- Management Issues Relevant
nities, a common reason why vari- to the Neotropics
ous "development schemes" have
failed (Nauen 1989). The basic reasons why fishery
Although biological studies as on research should be conducted are:
the migration, abundances and re- (1)to find out whether a given fish-
production of the fish exploited by a ery needs to be developed, managed
given small-scale fishery are obvi- or otherwise intervened into, and (2)
ously necessary, they have not been to identify and evaluate the "levers"
previously mentioned because: (1) with which such intervention can be
studying seasonal variation of catch best implemented.
per effort and of spacio-temporal de- Traditional approaches empha-
ployment of effort is a method for size fish mortality as the key lever
studying the biology of the exploited to regulate fisheries hence the em-
organisms - in this case, their rela- phasis in standard texts in its esti-
mation and the establishment of its Thus, the first goal for anyone
relationship to fishery effort. who wish to "develop" or "manage"
This approach is based upon two an artisanal fishery, is to identify a
crucial, if tacit assumptions: (1)that set of goals that are mutually com-
fishing effort can be regulated, and patible, socially feasible and that are
(2) that regulations can be enforced not a t variance with the biological
effectively. Both of these tenets do realities, i.e., lead to sustainable ex-
not hold true in the case of most ar- ploitation.
tisanal fisheries, and hence fishing Particularly, it must be realized
effort cannot serve a s the only "le- that any "development scheme" in-
ver" for management in such fisher- volving massive transfers of capitals
ies. Rather, social and economic le- is likely to result a s a "side effect",
vers must be used. In such case, i n increased marginalizations of
clarity must also exist a s to the small-scale fishing communities, in
aims of interventions and the ex- exacerbation of conflicts between
pected response of fishers to such small-scale f~herfolkand large-scale
interventions. operators and in overexploitation of
What conceivably can be reasons the biological resource base.
to intervene, i.e., to attempt to "de- Similarly, developing one's fish-
velop", or to "manage" artisanal ery such that it produces mainly for
fisheries? Here are some commonly export, or to maintain tourism, will
stated aims, not ranked in any spe- indeed on the short run contribute
cial order: to foreign exchange being earned.
1 ) to increase incomes or welfare However, on the long run, this will
within the communities; contribute to a distortion of the na-
2) to provide investment opportuni- tional fishery sector which, a s is al-
ties for entrepreneurs; ready noticeable in the case of sev-
3) to increase fish supplies to do- eral countries of the region consid-
mestic markets; ered here, will then fail to produce
4) to balance regional development food for domestic markets.
(resettlement programs, develop- The greatest danger of all, how-
ment poles, etc); ever, is probably to view or to use
5) to reduce overexploitation of re- small-scale fisheries a s social
sources or conflicts with other "dumps", into which landless farm-
sectors (tourism, industry, etc.); ers, unemployed youth and other
6) to export high-value products to marginalized people can be dropped.
"reduce the external debt"; The notion that artisan fishing re-
7) to provide more employment op- quires few skills is far from reality
portunities; etc. and therefore, landless farmers, un-
These goals, lofty as they seem, employed agriculture workers or
are not all mutually compatible, and unskilled individuals often do not
also may not be compatible with the perform well a s fishers. Indeed, the
size or status of the resource base end results of such "dumping" are
of the fishing in question. Thus, not only increased unemployment in
goals (1) and (2) are incompatible the fishing sector, lower average
with a depleted resource base, while productivity and general decrease in
(2) and (5), and (6) a r e in most community welfare, but also
cases mutually incompatible. unsustainable or destructive fishing
practices (e.g., the use of explosives Emmemn, D.K. 1980. Rethinking artisanal fish-
eries development; Western concepts, Asian
and poisons), contributing to experienes. StdWorkiagpaperNo 423.
what has been termed "Malthusian world Bank, Washington, DC. 97 p.
overfishing" (Pauly et al. 1989). Estes, T.S. 1976. Proceedings of the seminar-
workshop on artisan fisheries develop-
ment a n d a q u a c u l t u r e i n C e n t r a l
America a n d Panama, 13-17 J a n u a r y
Conclusion 1975, San J o d , Costa Rica. International
Center for Marine Resource Develop-
The preceding discussion has at- ment, University of Rhode Island, King-
ston, Rhode Island.
tempted to show that Fox, W.W. 1970. An exponential yield model
O n a few but aspects for optimizing exploited fish populations.
small-scale fisheries is needed for ef- Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 99:80-88.
fective policy design and interven- ~ F r o e s eR. , 1990. FishBase: an information SYS-
tion i n these complex production tem to support fisheries and aquaculture
research. Fishbyte 8(3):21-24.
systems. properly designed re- Gulland, J.A. 1980. Stock assessment in tropi-
search can make a significant con- cal fisheries: past and present practices
tribution to improved incomes of in developing countries, p. 27-34. In P.M.
Roedel and S.B. Saila (eds.) Stock assess-
without major expenses' Fol- ment for small-scale fisheries. Interns-
lowing established principles in de- tional Center for Marine Resource Devel-
Signing management policies will opment, University of Rhode I s l a n d ,
help avoiding mistakes already com- Kingston, Rhode Island.
mitted in other regions.M ~ Higman, ~ J.B., F. Williams
~ and~ P.M. Roedel.
~ ~
1978. Proceedings of t h e conference of
there is a clear need to study not small-scale fisheries in the Caribbean Re-
only biological and technological as- gion, Cartagena, Colombia, 16-17 Novem-
pects of the small-scale fisheries but ber 1977. Ann. Proc. 3 0 t h Gulf a n d
the sociocultural, institutional and Caribb. Fish. Inst. Miami, Florida.
,McManus, L.T. 1989. The gleaners of North-
economic factors as well. west Lingayen Gulf, Philippines. Naga,
ICLARM Q. 12(2):13.
,.Nauen, C. 1989. Women i n African artisanal
References fisheries. Naga, ICLARM Q. 12(2):14-15.
Panayotou T. 1982. Management concepts for
small-scale fisheries: economic and social
Agiiero, M. 1991. Small-scale fisheries research aspects. F A 0 Fish. Tech. Pap. (228):53.
in
Abstract
A description of the main fisheries of the coastal zone of Ecuador is presented with special
emphasis on the fisheries for tunas, other large pelagics and for small pelagic fishes. An analysis
of the seasonal distribution of the stocks, the state of scientific knowledge about them and the
characteristics of the fleet and fishing gears are presented. Also, the various types and levels of
processing and marketing are presented.
Finally, the multispecies character of the fisheries in Ecuador is highlighted and the need
for better scientific knowledge is discussed. Suggestions are made for biological surveillance,
elaboration of technological profiles and the establishment of institutional arrangements for
scientific research and training in Marine Sciences.
Resumen
Se presenta una descripci6n de las principales pesquerias localizadas en el litoral
ecuatoriano, con especial Bnfasis en 10s Mnidos, otros grandes pelkgicos y pequeiios pelkgicos. Se
analiza la distribuci6n y estacionalidad de 10s card~menes,el estado del conocimiento cientffico
de cada uno de ellos, las caracteristicas de las respedivas flotas y artes de pesca. Se presentan
adenxis 10s niveles y tipos de pmcesamiento y la comercializaci6n de 10s mismos.
Finalmente, se destaca el carkcter multiespecifico de las pesquerfas del Ecuador y la
necesidad de ampliar y profundizar el conocimiento cienttfico acerca de ellas. Se sugieren
recomendaciones para un adecuado monitoreo biol6gic0, la realizacidn de un diagn6stico
tecnol6gico y el establecimiento de convenios institucionales para la investigaci6n cientffica y
ensenafiza de las Ciencias del Mar.
Ecuador y America Latina. Ndmeros indican las areas pesqueras de FAO. (Ecuador and Latin
America. Numbers refer to FA0 fishing areas)
sur-ecuatorial y la influencia de la
contra corriente ecuatorial (Zuta et
El Ecuador esta insert0 en una al. 1983;Jimenez y Herdson 1985).
de las zonas de mayor pluviosidad Ademas, frente a Ecuador, a1
mundial, la cual recibe aproxi- parecer, se genera uno de 10s
madamente 300 cm/afio, propiciando fen6menos de mayor cobertura a
l a formaci6n de 10s complejos nivel mundial llamado "El Nifio", el
estuarinos de mayor envergadura cual e s considerado como el
del Oceano Pacifico Oriental. Por causante de una gran variabilidad
otra parte, las costas de Ecuador, ambiental (Bjerknes 1966).
principalmente en el Area del Golfo Asi, las privilegiadas condiciones
de Guayaquil, presentan las mas oceanogrAficas del mar ecuatoriano
altas concentraciones de nitratos, permiten u n a a l t a productividad
fosfatos y amonio del Pacifico Centro biol6gica que se manifiesta en una
Oriental. Estas y otras condiciones gran abundancia y diversidad de
ambientales propician a la zona especies, muchas de las cuales como
costera de Ecuador, una abundante 10s recursos pesqueros, sustentan
productividad bioldgica (PMRC 1987) importantes pesquerias multiespe-
(Fig. 1). cificas industriales y artesanales.
Otros fen6menos de relevancia Las pesquerias de especies
que ocurren en el mar ecuatoriano pelagicas ocupan un sitial de
son: la influencia de la corriente de importancia en l a economia del
Humboldt, el giro de la corriente Ecuador y de 6stas cabe destacar la
pesqueria de 10s tunidos, prefe-
rentemente industrial, en la que se
actda sobre especies tales como:
a t u n aleta amarilla (Thunnus
albacares), barrilete (Katsuwonus
pelamis), p a t a seca (Euthynnus
alletteratus y E. lineatus) y bonito
sierra (Sarda orientalis) entre otras.
De igual manera, la pesqueria
de pequefios pelAgicos sustenta una
importante actividad industrial y se
basa en la captura de las siguientes
especies: sardina del sur (Sardinops
sagax), sardina redonda (Eutrumeus
teres), caballa (Scomber japonicus),
pinchagua (Opisthonema sp).
(French y Menz 1983). La Tabla 1
indica 10s desembarques para esta
pesqueria.
Una tercera pesqueria, de espe-
cies pelagicas, se desarrolla prin-
cipalmente a nivel artesanal y actua
sobre las tallas adultas de las
siguientes especies: Picudo negro
(Makaira indica), merlin (M.
miitsukurrin), picudo (Zstiophorus
platypterus), dorado (Coryphaena
hippurus). T a m b i h se capturan
varias especies de tiburones y
ocacionalmente tunidos y tortugas.
Fig. 1. Mapa regionalizado de la zona costera de
Ecuador. (Map of the coastal regions of Ecuador.)
Tabla 1.Desembarques ( t )y composicidn porcentual de las principales especies de tunidos en Ecuador, period0 1981-
85.(Landings (t) andpercentage of main tuna species in Ecuador, 1981-85.)
Aletaamarilla 15.904 42.00 9.006 27.00 12.768 42.00 25.520 43.00 15.021 27.30
(Thunnus albacares)
Barrilete 17.970 47.00 22.627 68.00 15.724 52.00 32.077 54.00 30.575 56.00
(Katsuwonus pelamis)
Ojo grande 2.450 7.00 1.289 3.90 877 3.00 770 1.20 4.955 9.00
(T. obesus)
Pata seca 1.238 3.30 332 1.00 752 2.00 983 1.70 4.150 7.60
(Euthynnus lineatus)
Botellita 295 0.60 99 0.20 15 0.10 90 0.20 58 0.10
(Auxis sp.)
Bonito sierra 10 0.10 5 0.10 12 0.02 10 0.02
(Sarda orientalis)
Desembarquestotales
Desembarques pequenas
especies
Fig. 2. Desembarque (t) de pesca en Ecuador, 1970-85. (Total landings (t) per spe-
cies, 1970-85)
Bste total las especies de barrilete tunidos desembarcados en el
(K.pelamis) y el atun aleta amarilla Ecuador, (Fig. 3A y 3B).
(T.albacares). En este periodo se De acuerdo a las estadisticas de
reporta ademas una disminuci6n en FA0 (1975-83) y la CIAT (1985), la
el numero de buques y en el flota atunera del Ecuador opera
tonelaje de registro net0 (TRN). Sin preferentemente en l a zona del
embargo, es importante destacar que Ocedno Pacifico Centro Oriental. Los
en este pen'odo se incorporan naves registros de desembarque muestran
con adelantos tecnol6gicos y de que la participaci6n de esta flota en
mayor capacidad de acarreo y 10s volumenes de captura de las
autonomia. especies de inter&, no es superior a1
15%, del total del area del Pacifico
Centro Oriental (ver Figs. 3A y 3B).
Resumen del Estado del La pesquen'a del atun se realiza
Conocimiento Cientifico Sobre preferentemente en forma industrial,
Tunidos y en l a cual l a pesca a r t e s a n a l
Casi la totalidad de 10s estudios aporta menos del 1 % de 10s
en las especies de tunidos han sido desembarques. Generalmente, 10s
realizados por la CIAT, con base en pescadores artesanales realizan las
la Jolla, California, USA. Esta capturas con pequefios palangres y
Comisi6n mantiene un puesto de rastras (pequefios curricanes) dentro
observaci6n en Manta, desde el cual de las 50 millas nauticas. Entre las
realiza 10s muestreos de la flota especies que capturan se destacan
atunera ecuatoriana. atun aleta amarilla (T.albacares),
Las especies de tunidos del bonito sierra (S. orientalis) y
Ecuador han sido estudiadas en casi barrilete (K.pelamis).
todos sus aspectos de biologia basica,
tenihdose conocimiento sobre sus
migraciones, areas de abundancia, Flota y Artes de Pesca
mortalidad y reclutamiento. Ademas, La flota atunera industrial en
se tienen buenas estimaciones de su Ecuador comenz6 a desarrollarse a
rendimiento mdximo sostenido para partir de l a dbcada del 50 y s u
el Pacifico Centro-Oriental. evoluci6n tecnol6gica h a estado
fuertemente influida por l a
tecnologia americana. A1 respecto
Desembarques Cuvi y Urriola (1986), indican que
Los principales puertos de en 1956, las empresas pesqueras
desembarque de atun en Ecuador en atuneras se componian principal-
orden de importancia son Manta y mente de embarcaciones cafieras de
La Libertad respectivamente. Por bandera americana.
otra parte, para el periodo 1981-85, La abundancia de tunidos en el
(Tabla I ) , las especies de mayor mar ecuatoriano y s u s zonas
incidencia en 10s registros de adyacentes h a sido u n fuerte
desembarque son el a t u n aleta atractivo para l a inversi6n inter-
amarilla (2". albacares) y el barrilete national donde l a s empresas
(K.pelamis) constituyendo entre transnacionales han invertido en la
ambas mas del 90% del total de construcci6n de industrias de
conservas y camaras frigorificas
200 -
-m
-
- P. centro oriental
u -
fE loo-
-
I -
n
-
0-
I00
P. centro oriental
I
TRN
N' de
embarcaciones
Congelado Enlatado
Bander6n 3
Pez espada 45 45 118 53
Picudo 2,222 1,100 1,254 1,908 1,405
Dorado 2,652 4,014 3,953 3,384 2,508
Tortugas 460 6 124
Tiburones 2,654 3,200 1,850 2,146 2,219
(FuentelSource:SRP 1985-86)
Procesamiento y Mercado
Los picudos (M.indica e I. La Pesqueria de Especies
platypterus), el dorado (C.hippurus) Pelagicas Pequeiias
y l a carne de tiburon casi en s u
totalidad son destinadas a1 consumo Distribucibn y Estacionalidad
humano directo en estado fresco. La La captura de especies pelagicas
Empresa Pesquera Nacional (EPNA) pequefias, s a r d i n a ( E . teres y S.
e n M a n t a tiene u n a planta p a r a sagax), pinchahua (Ophisthonema
elaborar congelados que comercializa libertate), caballa (S. japonicus) y
a traves de distribuidores privados a chuhueco (Cetengraulis mysticetus)
quienes les facilita congeladores se efectiia desde San Lorenzo por el
(Fierro, com. pers.) E s t a politica norte h a s h la frontera con Peru por
obedece a u n foment0 de consumo el sur y se capturan hasta 70 millas
de pescado en l a poblaci6n y, a su nauticas desde l a costa (French e t
vez, actua como ente amortiyador al. 1985).
de 10s precios en estos productos. De acuerdo a F r e n c h e t al.
En el caso del t i b u r h , este es (1985), l a captura de sardina para
utilizado integralmente; su carne es 1984 comienza a incrementarse a
d e s t i n a d a a consumo h u m a n o partir del mes de Junio, alcanzando
directo, de las aletas se obtiene la su maxim0 en el mes de noviembre.
fibra de aleta, o bien las aletas y Entre el period0 de febrero y abril,
colas son secadas a1 sol p a r a s u se detecta otro maximo de menor
magnitud que el anterior, p a r a Arriaga et al. (1983) y Arriaga
posteriormente declinar en el mes (1983) han elaborado una escala de
de Junio. madurez sexual para las especies en
P a r a ese mismo afio, l a mencidn distinguiendo cuatro esta-
distribuci6n de captura de macarela dos (virginal, recuperaci6n virginal,
es del tip0 bimodal, sugiriendo dos maduraci6n y desove). Pizarro de
periodos maximos: uno entre junio y Rodriguez (1983) realiz6 un estudio
noviembre, y otro entre febrero y sobre el crecimiento de la caballa (S.
abril. japonicus) mediante la lectura de
En el caso de la pinchagua (0. otolitos y determina Lm = 38,2 cm K
libertate), se detecta u n a leve = 0,28 afio-l y to = -1.56 afio
tendencia a incrementar las indicando que 10s grupos de edad
capturas desde junio h a s t a predominantes e n l a s capturas
noviembre. S i n embargo, 10s corresponden a las edades 111 y IV;
maximos de captura se detectan en el estudio considera que el stock de
marzo, julio, octubre y noviembre. individuos j6venes no es vulnerado.
El chuhueco (C.mysticetus), Saldafia (19831, realiz6 un
presenta un incremento de sus estudio de crecimiento p a r a l a
capturas desde Julio h a s t a sardina (S. sagax) deterrninando 10s
Diciembre, de Enero en adelante siguientes parametros Lm = 31.3;
existe una declinacidn total. K = 0.43 afio-I y to = 2.52 afio el
De la informaci6n estadistica de grupo de edad I no e s t a
10s desembarques (SRP 1981) y de representado en las capturas siendo
10s registros de captura a travds de 10s de mayor predominio 10s grupos
las bitAcoras de pesca (French et al. 111 y IV.
1985), se deduce que la pesqueria de Guzman y Peribonio (1983)
pequefias especies peldgicas fue efectua un estudio de contenido
duramente impactada por el estomacal de l a pinchagua (0.
fen6meno "El Nifio" 1982-83 (Fig. 4A libertate) determinando las especies
y 4B), decayendo 10s desembarques de fit0 y zooplancton sobre las
totales desde 603.937 toneladas en cuales preda la pinchagua.
1981 a 204.240 en 1985. Por otra Chirichigno (1974); Massay y
parte, Zuta el al. (1983) sefiala para Cobo (1969); Massay (1983) indican
Peru que durante el fen6meno de algunos aspectos de la sistemdtica
"El Nifio" o periodos calidos, las de estas especies.
especies destinarian mayor flujo de French y Menz (1983) y French
energia a la formacidn de material e t al. (1985) h a n estudiado l a
reproductivo, lo que sugiere un distribuci6n de las capturas de las
mayor desove, con la consiguiente especies mencionadas, definiendo
posibilidad de incrementar el reclu- una clasificacidn de las
tamiento y posterior incremento embarcaciones pesqueras tendientes
resultante en 10s desembarques. a una estandarizacidn del esfuerzo
pesquero, analiza la estacionalidad
Resumen Sobre el Estado del de las capturas y han establecido un
Conocimiento Cientifico registro estadistico de captura a
La institucidn con mayor travds de bitacoras de pesca. Esto
dedicaci6n a1 estudio de estas permitiria en un futuro l a
especies es el INP. posibilidad de aplicar modelos de
PinChaQUa
Macarela
- - - - -- - - - Chuhueco
.................
C
Sardina
,,A. ........
Aiios
CLAUDIA WOSNITZA-MENDO**
Programa Cooperativo Peruano-AlemtEn
de Investigacidn Pesquera (PROCOPA)
Instituto del Mar del Perli
Apartado 22, Callao-Perli
Abstract
Although small-scale fisheries provide approximately 80% of fresh fish for human
consumption in Peru, this sector has not yet received proper attention in biological and
socioeconomic research.
In order to determine catch per unit of effort and make use of stock assessment models,
the Instituto del Mar del Pent (IMARPE) started in 1986 the collection of data on catch and
effort per species in eleven important fishing villages of 180 landing sites in the coast of Peru.
Further socioeconomic studies were conducted by means of surveys. Because of the diverse
characteristics of fishing activities in different villages, the procedure for data collection was
adjusted.
In this study, the location and main characteristics of small-scale fishing activities of Peru
are described. The inconsistency, duplication and urnliability of the data collection pmcess and
the statistical data itself are highlighted. It is shown that official statistics undervalue total
landings in small-scale fisheries. Due to large fluctuations in the species availability and access
by fishers, the collection of daily statistics is recommended.
Resumen
A pesar de que la pesqueria artesanal en el Peni aporta alrededor del 80% al consumo de
pescado fresco en el pais, atin no se le ha dado a este sub-sector la debida importancia en las
investigaciones tanto bioldgicas como socioecondmicas.
Con el objeto de determinar la captura por unidad de esfuerzo y aplicar modelos de
evaluacidn de stocks de peces, a mediados de 1986,el Instituto del Mar del Pen5 (IMARPE)
inicid la recoleccidn de datos de captura y esfuerzo pesquero por especie en once caletas de
mayor importancia, de un total de aproximadamente 180 puntos de desembarque existentes en
la costa peruana. Posteriormente se ampliaron 10s estudios con encuestas de carticter
Peril y Am6rica Latina. Nfimeros indican las Areas de pesca de FAO. Peru and Latin America.
Numbers refer to FA0 f ~ h i n gareas.)
pesquero, como por ejemplo "salidas diversos departamentos de la costa.
a1 mar" no se registran y 10s Se distingue entre "puertos",
estudios socioecon6micos son muy "caletas" y "playas" seglin s u
escasos e incipientes. tamaiio, infraestructura y numero
En vista de estas deficiencias y de embarcaciones.
de la importancia que este sector El departamento de Ica se
tiene para el desarrollo de un grupo destaca por s u gran nlimero de
significativo de l a comunidad barcos marisqueros. Asi, a primera
(alrededor de 12.500 pescadores vista, nos vemos confrontados con
artesanales que involucran en total dos de 10s problemas mhs grandes
unas 62.000 personas a1 considerar e n u n estudio general de l a
el grupo familiar), es que a partir pesqueria artesanal en el Peru, que
de 1986, el Programa Cooperativo es la gran extensi6n de la costa y el
Peruano-Aleman de Investigacidn alto ntimero de puntos de
Pesquera (PROCOPA), Proyecto de desembarque (Ver Fig. 1). Su
l a Deutsche Gesellschaft fiir diversidad se expresa en el tamaiio
Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) (numero de pescadores), el volumen
en conjunto con el IMARPE h a de captura, tipos de embarcaciones,
empezado a desarrollar un Proyecto aparejos de pesca y l a infraes-
de Pesqueria Artesanal en el Peru. tructura, entre otros.
Como primer paso en el desarrollo
de este estudio, se opt6 por obtener
datos confiables de captura y Caracteristicas de las
esfuerzo. Embarcaciones
A continuaci6n se presentan 10s
datos recolectados con s u s La flota pesquera artesanal estd
respectivos lugares y frecuencia de constituida por alrededor de 6.800
recolecci6n y un breve analisis de embarcaciones de las cuales 4.500
10s problemas y deficiencias en la son pesqueras propiamente dichas y
toma de datos. Se discuten ademas las 2.300 restantes brindan un doble
algunos de 10s resultados obtenidos. servicio como transporte a 10s
pescadores y en sus faenas de pesca
(Grimberg 1987; Zapata 1987). Estas
Ubicacidn y Diversidad de las embarcaciones poseen diferentes
Caletas en la Costa Peruana caracteristicas entre si. Las dife-
rentes condiciones del mar y tipos
La costa peruana tiene una (modos) de captura, exigen distintas
extensidn de aproximadamente 3.000 caracten'sticas de construcci6n en las
km y en ella existen alrededor de naves. Unas de otras se distinguen
180 puntos de desembarque. No se principalmente por la forma de sus
consider6 en el presente estudio la popas y proas.
pesca artesanal de aguas continen- En general, alrededor del 88%
tales, cuyo aporte a la dieta alimen- de las embarcaciones tienen una
taria es muy importante especial- capacidad de bodega que oscila
mente en la regi6n amazdnica entre 0.25-5 t. La capacidad del 12%
(selvatica). La Tabla 1 presenta un de las embarcaciones restante oscila
resumen de la ubicacidn de todos 10s entre 6-30 t las cuales se dedican
puntos de desembarque en 10s principalmente a la pesca de cerco.
Tabla 1. Resumen de las principales caracteristicas de la Pesca Artesanal se@n puertos, caletas y playas en la costa del Peni. (Summary of the main characteristics of
small-scale fisheries observed in fishing ports, coves a n d beaches on the Peruvian coast.)
Plata-
Total Desem- forma
Departa- por No. Arras- Maris- Remo y Complejo barca- de
mento Puerto Caleta Playa Depto. Embarc. TRB Pescad Cortina Pinta Cerco tre queras Motor Vela pesquero Muelle dero descarga
Tumbes
Piura
Lambayeque
La Libertad
Ancash
Lima
Ica
Arequipa
Moquegua
Tacna
Total 24 76 81 181 4,489 13,659 12,357 2,679 1,118 441 16 235 4,127 362 3 25 3 3
Ene Feb Mar Abr May Jun Jul Ago Set Oct Nov Dic Prom
Cortina - 516 482 1,001 724 671 624 432 500 437 383 290 551
Cortina + Pinta 137 142 157 112 136 151 190 149 100 199 97 104 140
Extract 396 443 256 479 480 489 364 257 258 300 277 288 357
Promedio 267 367 298 531 447 437 393 279 286 312 252 227
% 13 18 15 27 22 22 20 14 14 16 13 11 17
Tabla 2b. Puerto de Callao, captura promedio mensual expresado en kg, 1987. (Callao Port average monthly catch in
kg, 1987.)
Ene Feb Mar Abr May Jun Jul Ago Set Oct Nov Dic Prom
- - -
Cortina 503 479 578 272 221 176 189 266 153 146 206 230 285
Cortina + Pinta 276 173 141 201 238 121 169 169 63 73 88 154 156
Boliche 1,754 1,653 1,232 1,030 965 2,030 1,450 1,617 1,107 988 1,654 1,885 1,447
Extractor 587 428 1,197 310 706 254 215 166 161 102 109 182 368
Promedio 780 683 787 453 533 645 506 555 371 327 514 613 564
Tabla 2c. Puertn de Callao 1987, captura promedio mensual expresado en porcentaje con respecto a la capacidad de
bodega promedio por embarcaci6n:cortina, 3 t; pinta, 1.5 t;boliche, 6 t; extractor, 2.5 t, 1987. (Callao Port, average
monthly catch in percentage of the average storing capacity per fishing boat: gillnet, 3 t;pinta, 1.5 t; dragnet, 6 t ; and
extractor, 2.5 t.)
Ene Feb Mar Abr May Jun Jul Ago Set Oct Nov Dic Prom.
Cortina
Pinta
Boliche
Extractor
Tabla 3a. Caleta de Cancas (Tumbes) captura promedio mensual expresado en kg, 1987. (Cancas cove
Ilttmbe~l,average monthly catch in kg, 1987.)
Ene Feb Mar Abr May Jun Jul Ago Set Oct Nov Dic Prom.
Espinel N.D. 196 137 49 84 121 164 179 155 100 115 106 128
Cordel 250 214 173 215 325 444 435 485 542 306 363 341
Cortina 281 204 53 46 48 33 25 20 41 58 81
Boliche 2,503 261 210 231 1,004 397 2,348 1,275 2,821 2,389 4,000 1,585
Arpon 193 90 85 95 60 105
Promedio 807 204 156 135 374 228 749 485 871 589 917 501
N.D. = no determinado.
Tabla 3b. Caleta de Cancas (Tumbes) 1987, captura promedio mensual expresado en porcentaje con
respecto a la capacidad de bodega promedio por ernbarcaci6n: Espinel, cordel, cortina y arp6n, 4 t; boliche,
6 t. (Cancas cove [Tumbes], average monthly catch in percentage of the average storing capacity per fishing
boat: longline, cord and harpoon, 4 t; dragnet. 6 t.)
- - -- --
Ene Feb Mar Abr May Jun Jul Ago Set Oct Nov Dic Prom.
Espinel
Cordel
Cortina
Boliche
Arpon
Tabla 4. Tipos y caracterfsticas de embarcaciones artesanales en el Perti.
(7'ypes and features of small-scale fishing boats in Peru.)
Caracteristicas
Eslora Capacidad de
carga Motor
t hp
Lancha 120-180
Bote 20-120
Chalana sin motor - 20
Chalana a remo sin motor - 20
Balsilla sin motor - 20
Panga sin motor - 20
Falucho sin motor - 20
Zapato sin motor - 20
Caballito de Totora sin motor - 20
(FuentelSource: Zapata 1987)
Embarcaciones Equipos
Sistema de de pesca
pesca No. % No.
(FuenteISource:Zapata 1987)
atraidos por 10s altos precios de este Existen diferentes documentos
product0 en el mercado interna- que son usados para obtener datos
cional. de captura; entre ellos figuran 10s
formularios mensuales, semanales;
guias diarias de 10s pescadores y
Colecci6n y Procesamiento de guias diarias de 10s compradores.
Datos de Captura y Esfuerzo En algunos puertos no se cuenta
con ningun documento basico de
Sistema Actual Oficial captura; en esos casos, el Sargento
(Ministerio de Pesqueria) de Playa simplemente estima a
Los datos oficiales de las simple vista 10s totales diarios
capturas de la pesca artesanal en desembarcados, caso contrario, Bstos
P e r u se colectan y procesan 10s obtiene de 10s propietarios de las
mediante diversos procedimientos y embarcaciones haciendo un estimado
formularios. Lo anterior se debe total a1 final del mes.
fundamentalmente a la intervenci6n En muchas caletas las capturas
de cinco organizaciones diferentes en se registran en unidades t a n
6sta labor. Con excepci6n de Callao, variadas como "docenas", "manojos",
en ningun otro lugar del pais se "canastas", "piezas". Solamente en
h a n obtenido datos de esfuerzo algunas caletas se dispone de
pesquero en forma regular. En la buenas facilidades para tomar la
gran mayoria de 10s puertos, 10s informacidn exacta del volumen de
datos de captura son recolectados la captura desembarcada.
por 10s Sargentos de Playa que son, La responsabilidad de l a
por lo general, pescadores retirados recolecci6n, procesamiento y
que hacen este trabajo gratuito y publicaci6n de todos 10s datos de
que trabajan bajo la autoridad de la captura esta a cargo del MIPE en
Capitania de Puerto mas cercana (el Lima. Alli se realizan las corres-
Capitan de Puerto esta, a su vez, pondientes conversiones (a ki16-
bajo la autoridad del Ministerio de gramos) de las capturas registradas
Marina y no del Ministerio de en 10s diversos puertos y caletas,
Pesqueria). En algunas caletas la usando un conjunto de factores de
obtenci6n de datos de captura es conversi6n estandar para el registro
realizada por otras organizaciones, en 10s documentos estadisticos.
por ejemplo IMARPE e n 110, y El sistema de recoleccidn oficial
Empresa P e r u a n a de Servicios por tanto presenta u n a serie de
Pesqueros (EPSEP) en el Callao. inconvenientes, e n t r e 10s cuales
Todo esto conduce a que solamente destacan:
u n a p a r t e de la informacidn 1) no se registra toda la flota;
recolectada sea confiable. Los 2) no siempre se dispone de 10s
diferentes documentos que se usan formularios necesarios;
para el registro de las capturas o 3) 10s recolectores de datos
las ventas pueden ser expedidos por carecen de instrucciones ade-
una o dos de las siguientes orga- cuadas; y
nizaciones: Ministerio de Pesqueria 4) existe posibilidad de dupli-
(MIPE), IMARPE, EPSEP, Capita- caci6n de registros especial-
nia, Sindicatos de Pescadores y mente cuando parte de l a
Autoridades Municipales. captura se destina a l a s
fabricas de procesamiento, en porque 10s datos seguian teniendo
cuyo caso se juntan 10s poco confiabilidad. Ademds s e
totales de la fabrica con 10s contrat6 a t r e s profesionales
artesanales. (bi6logos pesqueros) p a r a que
vivieran permanentemente en tres
caletas (Parachique, Santa Rosa y
Una Nueva Base de Datos para Pisco). Estas personas tambidn se
el Manejo de la Pesqueria encargaron de hacer encuestas de
Artesanal caracter socioecon6mico. Se
recolectaron datos de captura por
E n vista de 10s problemas especie diaria de u n a muestra
logisticos mencionados y deficiencias representativa de la flota o de l a
en la toma de datos del sistema flota total en caletas pequefias. Una
oficial para la pesca artesanal en el excepci6n es la caleta de Pucusana
Peru, se opt6 por escoger u n donde se tom6 u n a muestra
conjunto de caletas representativas solamente cada dos semanas por 24
como muestra de las 180 existentes. 6 48 horas. Ademas se obtuvo
Con ello se obtuvo u n a muestra informaci6n respecto del esfuerzo
estratificada con datos de caletas total (numero de dias por
grandes, medianas y pequeiias embarcaci6n). Todos 10s datos
segun la importancia de las tres recolectados se procesaron bajo un
regiones del Peni. No hay seguridad mismo esquema con ayuda de micro-
de poder extrapolar las tendencias computadores y uso de hoja
obsewadas en 10s resultados de una electrdnica (Lotus 123). Se estim6 la
caleta a l a s otras vecinas. Esto abundancia relativa (captura por
queda por comprobarse. Luego de unidad de esfuerzo) de las diferentes
una fase preliminar de prueba se especies que sustentan la pesqueria
escogieron 11 caletas para la toma artesanal espacial y temporalmente.
de datos de captura diaria por Excluyendo la sardina (Sardi-
especie y del esfuerzo pesquero nops s a g a sagax), entre las especies
(numero de salidas). El factor objetivo de la pesca artesanal para
limitante para una mayor cobertura uso de consumo humano directo, en
lo constituye la relativa escasez de la informaci6n recolectada destacan
fondos, ya que el costo adicional las siguientes: cojinoba (Seriolella
para este proyecto fluctua alrededor violacea) con un 25%, bonito (Sarda
de US$500 mensual. chiliensis) con un 15%, suco
Inicialmente, las personas' que (Paralonchurus peruanus) con un
tomaron 10s datos eran de la zona, 11% y lisa (Mugil cephalus) con un
especialmente Sargentos de Playa, 9%. Estas representan el 60% de 10s
personal de la capitania del puerto e desembarques de peces durante el
inclusive alumnos universitarios. A tiempo de estudio y en su totalidad
e s t a s personas se les pag6 u n a son destinados a1 consumo humano
pequefia remuneraci6n (propina). directo.
Despuds de un tiempo, y en base a Comparando estadisticas de
lo observado en diversos viajes de desembarques obtenidas en el
supervisidn que se hicieron estudio con las oficiales (Ver Tabla
reylarmente, se tom6 la decisi6n de 61, se observa que el desembarque
sustituir parte de este personal total anual de l a pesqueria
Tabla 6. Desembarques totales por meses en 11 caletas del litoral peruano, durante 1987 (t). (Total monthly landings (t) in 11 coves of the
Peruvian coast, 1987.)
1. CBncas
2. MBncora
3. Puerto Nuevo
4. Parachique
5. Santa Rosa
6. Chimbote
7. Huacho
8. Callao
9. Pucusana
10. San An&&
11. I10
Promedio =
1. CBncas
2. Mdncora
3. Puerto Nuevo
4. Parachique
5. Santa Rosa
6. Chimbote
7. Huacho
8. Callao
9. Pucusana
10. San A n W s
11. no
Promedio =
(continued)
Jul Ago Set
Peces Maris Quelon Mamif Peces Maris Quelon Mamif Peces Maris Quelon Mamif Q,
Q,
1. Cdncas 97.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 130.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 129.3 0.0 0.0 0.0
2. Mdncora 9.6 <1 0.0 0.0 19.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 29.3 0.0 0.0 0.0
3. Puerto Nuevo 125.1 1.7 0.0 0.0 178.9 1.0 0.0 0.0 199.4 <1 0.0 0.0
4. Parachique 10,364.5 69.7 0.0 0.0 13,973.6 79.3 0.0 0.0 17,945.3 37.9 0.0 0.0
5. Santa Rosa 862.6 0.0 0.3 0.0 412.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 609.9 0.0 0.4 <1
6. Chimbote 1,047.7 15.6 0.0 0.0 1,367.6 66.7 0.0 0.0 5,527.9 54.0 0.0 0.0
7. Huacho 1,966.4 0.0 0.0 0.4 2,053.2 0.3 0.0 0.4 1,788.3 <1 0.0 0.0
8. Calla0 690.9 101.0 0.0 2.1 827.8 69.8 0.0 31.2 502.1 33.9 0.0 28.2
9. Pucusana 436.2 99.0 0.0 3.9 424.6 17.6 0.0 3.6 375.4 21.2 0.0 12.7
10. San And& 320.1 131.0 97.9 1 .O 209.4 81.5 57.2 1.3 177.4 131.2 33.8 0.5
11. 110 552.6 14.2 0.0 0.0 942.2 11.4 0.0 0.0 1,072.5 37.0 0.0 0.0
Promedio = 1,497.6*
610.9
Total
Captura
Oct Nov Dic 1987
Peces Maris Quelon Mamif Peces Maris Quelon Mamif Peces Maris Quelon Mamif (ton.)
1. Cdncas 123.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 110.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 62.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 932.7
2. Mhcora 44.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 32.9 <1 0.0 0.0 75.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 438.6
3. Puerto Nuevo 347.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 102.6 el 0.0 0.0 329.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 3,988.9
4. Parachique 21,184.88 18.1 0.0 0.0 6,883.3 30.5 0.0 0.0 10,615.7 33.1 0.0 0.0 162,459.6
5. Santa Rosa 486.3 0.0 0.3 0.5 723.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 2,403.4 0.0 <1 0.6 8,430.9
6. Chimbote 1,536.7 178.2 0.0 0.0 2,091.2 15.6 0.0 0.0 2,148.3 24.9 0.0 0.0 20,292.4
7. Huacho 2,099.9 6.1 0.0 0.0 513.7 30.6 0.0 2.6 1,036.9 22.1 0.0 12.3 16,722.1
8. Calla0 748.7 41.4 0.0 42.0 851.9 43.7 0.5 16.7 1,431.7 87.2 0.0 27.6 13,590.4
9. Pucusana 360.2 38.1 <1 13.5 591.2 22.0 0.0 8.7 414.5 15.8 0.0 1.8 5,600.1
10. San And& 212.5 93.8 15.4 1.8 157.2 181.4 45.1 8.1 101.9 135.8 17.0 1.7 4,110.4
11. no 1,495.5 119.5 0.0 0.0 639.5 84.6 0.0 0.0 403.8 72.0 0.0 0.0 10,520.2
ND = no datos
< = significa que habia menos que 100 kg.
* = incluye Parachique
artesanal sobrepasa las 200.000 t aproximadamente 12.000 mayoristas
estimadas por el MIPE. Asi, para de pescado, pero de 10s cuales s610
1987 el desembarque total en las 11 un 20% determina realmente el
caletas fu6 estimado en 247.000 ton precio final del producto (Grimberg
(Tabla 6). Sin embargo, debido a 1987). Los mayoristas cuentan con
problemas de financiamiento, no informaci6n sobre el desembarque
sera posible la mantenci6n de una diario en todo el litoral y basados
cobertura adecuada. Por otro lado, en s u gran poder econ6mico de
reducir el tamaiio de muestra 6 una compra procuran reducir el precio de
toma descontinuada a1 azar, no es playa a1 minimo. La entidad estatal
recomendable, porque tanto el EPSEP, que deberia regular e l
esfuerzo pesquero como l a mercado, participa con solamente el
composici6n por especies fluctuan 7% del pescado fresco. De e s t a
considerablemente. forma bajo el actual sistema de
Lo anterior se ve confirmado a1 "comercializaci6n", 10s intermediaries
observar 10s extraordinarios pueden aumentar 10s precios a1
desembarques de las cuatro especies consumidor en forma considerable
miis importantes, expresados como segun las condiciones de oferta en
porcentaje del total desembarcado en playa y demanda en el mercado
cada caleta para el periodo de la final.
muestra (Tabla 7). Asi, por ejemplo,
en la caleta de Puerto Nuevo se
desembarc6, en s61o dos meses
(marzo y abril de 19881, el 61% del
bonito (8.chiliensis) capturado Se puede concluir, que l a
durante un periodo; el 46% de la implementaci6n de u n a base de
lisa fue desembarcada en abril y datos para el manejo pesquero es un
junio de 1988 y el 52% del suco (P. proceso complicado y largo. Aunque
peruanus) en este puerto se registr6 desde un punto de vista tecnol6gico
entre enero-febrero de 1987 y y socioecon6mico, es posible reunir
marzo-abril de 1988. Similares suficientes datos en un lapso de
concentraciones y aumento de tiempo relativamente corto y dar
accesibilidad a la pesca se observan recomendaciones para mejorar la
en todas l a s caletas estudiadas situacidn de l a poblaci6n de 10s
(Wosnitza-Mendo et al. 1988). pescadores, todavia queda por saber
Estudios preliminares indican cuales seran las consecuencias para
que a p a r t e de l a falta de las diferentes especies explotadas. Se
infraestructura en la mayoria de las supone que hay especies en 6ptimo
caletas (muelles, almacenamiento, nivel de explotaci6n de igual forma
plantas de hielo), el mayor problema como se estima que hay otras que
de 10s pescadores es la dependencia estan bajo o sobre su nivel de
de 10s mayoristas, que resulta por explotaci6n 6ptimo. P a r a l a
falta de infraestructura apropiada. realizaci6n de estos estudios se
Los mayoristas financian a1 necesitara un mayor apoyo tanto
pescador originando una logistico como financier0 durante un
dependencia social (compadrazgo) de largo periodo de tiempo ya que
la cual dificilmente pueden escapar. muchos factores involucrados tienen
A lo largo de la costa peruana hay efectos rezagados con periodos
Tabla 7. Desembarques msximos de cuatro especies importantes en l a pesquerla artesanal (meslaiio)(poreentaje de1 total desembarcado en l a ca1eta)Naximum catch offour specks important to the artisanal fishem
(month lyear)(percent of total landing in each cove).]
Especiel Cdncas Mdncora P. Nuevo Parachique Santa Rosa Chimbote Huacho Callao Pucusana San Andes 110
Puerto (25)* (26)* (W* (17)* (25)* (23)' (20)* (2s). (24)' (2W (25)'
Lisa 7/86 (15%) 4/88 1 (46%) 3/87 ) (50%) 12/87 1 (21%) (menas
5/86 (16%) 6/88 4/87 1/88 fluctuante)
(menos (menos
fluctuante) fluctuante)
Sum 1W87 ] (43%) 1/87 1 (24%) 8/88 12/87 (33%) 3/87 (30%) lola7 (73%) 10/86 (99%)
11/87 2/87 9/88 l(359b) (per0 paea (per0 poca
lot88 abundancia) abundancia)
3/88 1 (28%) (menas
4/88 fluctuante)
Scorn WILLIAMHOEFLE
Departamento de Sociologia
Pontiflcia Universidade Catdlica
Rut Marquds de Sao Vicente 225
Rio de Janeiro - RJ
Brazil
HOEPLB,S. 1992. Fishing, Tourism and Industrial Development in Southeast Brazil: Small-Scale
Fishers Under Siege?, p. 70-91. I n M. Agliero (ed.) Contribuciones al estudio de la pesca
artesanal en M r i c a Latina. ICLARM Conf. P m . 36. 113 p.
Abstract
The capitalization of small-scale fishing in Southeast Brazil is analyzed within the context
of polarized development in a newly industrialized country. Two trends of capitalization and
social mobility are identified in Brazilian fisheries. One trend, classic pmletarianization, is shown
to take place in the fishing firm sector, due to the nature of intersectorial capital flows and a
modernization policy favoring large land owners in the primary sector, rather than because of
conventional considerations of economic competition and male of production. A second trend is
identified in places of relatively dacult access where small-scale fishers ~~ccesefully capitalize
their activities, in a step-by-step fashion, through the use of family and productsharing labor re-
cruitment and intermediate technologies. While the fishing firm sector does indeed pose a threat
to small-scale fishing, the expansion of tourism, urbanization and industrial development are
shown to endanger their livelihood to a greater extent. Environmental degradation is demon-
strated to be particularly damaging to the small-scale sector by eliminating the possibility of in-
shore, intermediate-technology fishing.
Resumen
Se analiz6 la capitalizaci6n de la pesca artesanal en la zona sudoriental de Brasil en el
context0 de un desarmllo polarizado de un pafs recientemente industrializado. Se observan dos
tendencias de capitalizaci6n y de movilidad social en las pesquerias brasiledas. En una de las
tendencias se observa un tip0 de polarizaci6n en el sector de la peeca comercial debido a la
naturaleza de 10s flujos intersectoriales de capital y a 10s estados de propensidn hacia una
polftica de modernizaci6n (')unker") en el sector primario, m8a que por razones relacionadas con
consideraciones convencionales de la competencia econ6mica y con la escala de producci6n. Se
observa una segunda tendencia en lugares de acceso relativamente dincil donde 10s pescadores
artesanales logran capitalizar sus actividades, etapa por etapa, mediante la participaci6n de la
familia y de un personal que comparte la producci6n. a d e d s de la utilizaci6n de un tecnologia
intermedia. Aunque el sector comercial de pesca no presenta una amenaza para la pesca
artesanal, st la presenta la expansi6n del turismo, la urbanizaci6n y el desmllo industrial a un
nivel mayor. La degradaci6n del medio ambiente demuestra ser particularmente dadina para el
sector de la pesca artesanal ya que elimina la posibilidad & la peeca costera can una tecnalogfa
intermedia.
It was only possible to obtain declared esti- questions concerning inmme. Another problem
mated inmme. Due to the great daily and sea- arose concerning the real value of the income
sonal variation in fishing it was impossible to earned. Brazilian hyperinflation and falsified
find out exactly how much small-scale fishers official consumer price indexes make it impos-
earn. As is common in rural Brazil, motives of sible to deflate income in the local currency.
researchers are suspected to be connected Even quoting income in U.S.dollars a t the
with government taxes. This occurred in spite black market rate is not possible because on-
of fishers having a long-term acquaintance again, off-again price controls cause
with the researcher whose father-in-law had supervalorization of the local currency in dol-
legally defended them in land disputes. This lars so that the fishers seem to be making
lack of "cooperation" in itself is interesting large sums of dollars. In the end, only a
because it expresses the independence of the synchronic comparison of different types of
small-scale fishers. They need paternalistic fishers at one moment in time could be made
"mediators" with the outside world and the in terms of income differences and in terms of
research reached the point in 1987 where how many years of income would be needed
they simply refused to answer any further to purchase the means of production.
able to buy the now relatively ex- ported sonar equipment for locating
pensive fishing gear to become inde- and positioning the net in front of a
pendent producers, there is a possi- shoal of fish or shrimp. The nets are
bility of an even greater disparity in dragged along t h e bottom, and
t h e future. This trend i s clearer catching any fish or crustaceans
when more expensive fishing boats along the path. The sole interest
are involved. The case of a "rich" though is in a single species - usu-
fisher is illustrative: This man was ally shrimp, sardines or croakers -
able to mount a family enterprise anything else caught is thrown back
where he employs his children and dead. On a number of occasions this
sons-in-law and a large contingent researcher h a s witnessed the sad
of non-relative crew members in spectacle of large quantities of un-
eight shrimp boats and two small wanted fish and crustaceans rotting
trawlers. The trawlers are used for on shore. This type of fishing obvi-
sardine fishing on the open sea and ously represents a serious threat to
employ a specialized crew from dis- the resources within the bay. Local
tant ports in a way identical to the fishers complain that various species
work relations in the fishing firm have been drastically reduced. There
sector. are other causes for this, a s dis-
cussed later, but even if the locals
Fishing Firm Sector are exaggerating their complaints,
one thing is certain: drag net meth-
The tendency of social polariza- ods catch larger quantities of fish
tion is particularly evident in the than small-scale methods. Local fish-
fishing firm sector which has pro- ers place their wider mesh (30-50
gressively penetrated Sepetiba Bay mm) nets close to the surface and
during the 1980s. The scale attained wait for fish and shrimp to be
is relatively large and capital inten- trapped in t h e net and not vice-
sive. Larger shrimp boats and sar- versa as with the drag nets. Drag
dine trawlers up to 30 m in length net operators work throughout the
are used. They are based in distant night sweeping back and forth over
ports such as Caju (Rio de Janeiro), large areas, consuming large quanti-
Niterdi and Santos, and increasingly ties of fuel. With the use of high-
in medium-distance ports within the beam lights to locate shoals and fine
bay a r e a , such a s Pedra de mesh (10 mm) nets, their catch
Guaratiba and Angra dos Reis. In weigh in tonnes rather than in kilos.
contrast to the daily nature of small- The investment necessary for
scale fishing, shrimp boats spend the purchase of a fishing boat or a
t h e whole week away from port small trawler is high by local stand-
while sardine trawlers can spend ards. A shrimp boat of 10-12 m
various weeks away. length with a 60 hp diesel engine
costs US$25,000 in 1985, and a sar-
Capital Intensive Technology dine trawler, 1 8 m length with a
and the Degradation of 1 1 0 h p engine costs about
Natural Resources US$45,000. This does not include
the cost of nets and other equip-
Large drag nets are used and ment. Just for the boat and engine,
some boats are equipped with im- a n ordinary crew member would
have to save four and seven years In t h e Bay Area, crew members
of salary, respectively, to buy one of usually own houses but in Rio and
these. In addition, the price of the Niteroi they usually rent, consum-
boats is rising faster than the gen- ing a large portion of their income.
eral rate of inflation, attracting ur- Crew members also have to buy
ban investors. This is particularly food, including expensive meat,
common on certain periods, such as while it is common for small-scale
the Plano Cruzado in 1986, when fishers to bring home fish which has
other investments are temporarily been ensnarled in the nets with the
unattractive, due to price controls or commercial catch. City life demands
other forms of governmental inter- a different mode of dressing and
vention i n t h e economy to h a l t Brazilian clothing i s quite high
speculation. While a good profit can priced. Finally, there are more lei-
be made in trawler fishing, urban sure activities to spend money in
investors are mainly interested in town, such a s gambling or heavy
the buying and selling of the boat drinking in bars. At the end of the
itself where a large profit can be month, little money is left for the
made in four to seven months. boat and any savings are only rav-
aged by the galloping rate of infla-
tion. Inflation is less of a problem
The Emergence of a Fishing for small-scale fishers because they
Proletariat Worker capitalize their activities on a step-
by-step process (net-canoe-boat)
Crew members hold the view which diminishes the saving period
that without bank loans it is impos- between investments and thus the
sible for them to buy their own impact of inflation.
boat. Their view was found to be On the other hand, crew mem-
correct. Of interviewed owners of bers do earn much more than most
shrimp boats and trawlers, only 15% urban workers who earn the mini-
were once crew members or were mum wage of about US$50 to 70 a
canoe-owners in small-scale fishing. month. This occurs because they are
The rest are professionals, high civil paid through product sharing and
servants and merchants. Among the in fact the higher income has at-
merchants, a few were ex-fishers a t tracted a certain number of urban
one point of their lives but they had workers who have no previous expe-
passed through urban professions rience in fishing. However, the part
before amassing the capital neces- that crew members receive is much
sary to buy a boat. In other words, less than that of the owner. When
crew members simply do not earn calculating the shares to be paid,
enough to buy a boat of their own the cost incurred with fuel, ice and
as crew members in small-scale fish- food is deducted first, then half of
ing can. the remaining amount goes to the
Trawler crew members do earn trawler owner and the rest is di-
more than small-scale fishers, aver- vided among the crew. There are
aging US$522 monthly in late 1985 usually about eleven fishers on sar-
but they also had higher costs of liv- dine trawlers, organized in a com-
ing. They live in medium and large plex hierarchy from captain to com-
cities where they have expenses mon crew members so that a com-
that small-scale fishers do not have. mon crew member receives only
about 3% of the catch. On shrimp taker quarters, hotels and restau-
boats the net profit is divided be- rants. There are a number of large
tween two fishers only so t h a t a beaches where not a single fisher
crew member receives about 15% of exists any more. The remaining few
the catch. In the end, though, crew concentrations of fishers are located
members of shrimp boats and sar- in mangrove areas which city inves-
dine trawlers receive about t h e tors do not find appropriate for a
same income due to the larger vol- holiday house. The great majority of
ume of fish caught on the trawlers. fishers that once lived in the island
At any rate, the income earned by sold their freeholdings and emi-
both types of firm fishers is insuffi- grated to the urban areas of Greater
cient to purchase the means of pro- Rio, went to live in the mainland
duction and so become independent cities of the bay area or remained
fishers. They are merely product- on the island and became service
sharing proletarians without any workers in the tourism sector. As
perspective for experiencing upward we are dealing with a population
social mobility and so suffer a real which has already emigrated, it is
subordination to capital. hard to say exactly which trend was
most important.
Small-scale fishing
Crew member
Small fisherman
Medium f&erman
Rich fisherman
Fishing f m
Crew member
Captain
Boat owner
Weekend Tourism
Caretaker
Pioneer tourist
Veteran tourist
New tourist
better house. Having access to elec- and attract the cream of the urban
tricity, they also own more domestic elite who want an alternative to the
appliances. However, these are usu- increasingly overcrowded north
ally purchased from money received coast resort area. These tourists
from selling freeholdings on the is- have an upper class lifestyle, as a
lands r a t h e r t h a n from income number of them are actually for-
earned in fishing. In addition, city eigners working for transnationals
residents have easier access to in Brazil. This takes social disparity
schools and hospital^.^ to extremes and the gulf between
Almost all weekend tourists this group and the local population
come from the urban upper class of is growing.
cosmopolitan Rio de Janeiro and Sao This is a common trend present
Paulo. Certain places in the bay in the literature on tourism. Social
area have become quite fashionable disparity grows as "pioneer" tourists
are replaced by "new" tourists. The
latter are more demanding in how
This kind of situation leads some authors to they want to spend their stay in
sustain that small primary producers who own the countryside and they spark a
some of the means of production are subordi- chain reaction of house improve-
nated and exploited by capital to such a de-
gree as to have a lifestyle similar to proletar- ments. "Veteran" tourists have sim-
ians. However, a fair comparison is that be- pler tastes but a keeping-up-with-
tween small-scale fishers and caretakers, both the-Joneses trend takes hold and
of whom live in the rural zone, in which case
the lifestyle of fishers is higher. At any rate,
they feel compelled to renovate their
Bernstein [I982 (1987))criticizes comparisons houses along the lines of their more
of lifestyle alone because the comparison must urbane neighbors. Small rustic brick
be made with regard to access to the means houses with simple cement floors
of production upon which lifestyle depends in
the long run.
are substituted by large houses with
decorative ceramic and stone floors, from commercial fishing and the
luxurious sanitary installations, gen- greater number of 'new' tourists
erator lighting, etc. Expressed quan- caused a rise in the tourists' week-
titatively, the quality of weekend end lifestyle which served as an ex-
tourist houses has risen from 42.9 ample for fishers to emulate. Fish-
"points" for pioneer tourist houses in ers substituted their small, straw
the 1950s to 73.8 and 80.2 "points" roofed, wattle-and-daub houses with
for contemporary veteran and new larger brick houses with tile roofing.
tourist houses, respectively. Many installed bathrooms and run-
The new weekend tourist also ning water. They purchased more
has a different view of the local en- domestic appliances such as televi-
vironment which interferes in class sions andlor cassette-recorder radios.
relations. While pioneer tourists With these they watch the latest
come to the islands looking for a soap operas and hear hit parades
rustic lifestyle of which the local with all the implications of changing
fishers were seen to be an integral values and lifestyles that this im-
part, the new tourists behavior often plies. The young imitate the latest
conflicts with the local population. fashions in clothing, all of which can
As soon as the purchase land they cause generational conflict concern-
fence it and put a seawall on the ing taste and modesty.
beach in front of their house, both Diet has also changed. Fishers
of which separate their physical now eat more meat, vegetables and
space from that of the rest of the is- other purchased foods. As
landers. Today's relations between Guimaraes (1987) shows in a nutri-
tourists and fishers are cooler and tional study of fishers of the north
even conflicting a t times when ur- coast of Rio, this does not necessar-
ban investors buy titles to large ily lead to a qualitative improvement
tracts of land which include the in diet, though from local fishers'
fishers' freeholdings. This contrasts description of the past, it probably
sharply with the relations in the old has led to a quantitative improve-
days when tourists and fishers ex- ment in diet, especially during poor
changed favors. For example, tour- weather.
ists would let fishers leave their ca- There are also other influences
noes on their (tourists) land or which cannot be directly attributed
would treat a health problem of a to the presence of tourists. Some
child and in return the might re- fishers send their children to the
ceive fish catch samples, and so mainland to attend secondary
forth. Today, fishers charge them for schools and beyond. There they live
any favor, such as towing a broken- in boarding houses, in relatives'
down pleasure craft to port, even if houses or the parents may even
they were going to port anyway. rent a house in town, all of which
Even when there is less direct require greater expense and a
contact between tourists and fishers, higher income.
the lifestyle of the fishers is still in- The new consumption expenses
fluenced by the presence of t h e have not diverted funds from the
tourists. The 1980s particularly saw capitalization of their activities as
a rapid change in their standard of one might suspect. Indeed, the most
living. ore-money was available capitalized of local fishers, the me-
dium and "rich" fishers, are those long-distance tourism is expanding
who have changed their lifestyle the rapidly in the bay area. The cities
most. Nor have fishers sacrificed the are growing and each passing year
quality of their life in order to fol- sees more weekend houses and
low t h e latest fashions. They no tourist complexes constructed along
longer have to accept hand-outs the coast and on the nearby islands.
from weekend tourists, such a s old More forest is cut, more mangrove
clothing and left-over food. Today swamps are filled and more raw
they have access to medical assist- sewage flow into the bay.
ance on t h e mainland and many I n addition to these develop-
even consult better-quality private ments, the industrial sector is ex-
physicians and hospitals. Thus they panding in the Bay Area with the
have freed themselves from the pa- installation of three deepwater ports,
ternalism of the past which is ex- a nuclear plant and a n industrial
actly how they prefer it. Some of park. One port is an oil terminal lo-
the innovations in their lifestyle are cated in Ilha Grande Bay while the
no doubt of questionable value but other two were built to handle
the fishers are the ones who want it large-scale export of Brazilian iron
that way and one thing is certain, ore. One of these i s located in
their lifestyle is far superior to that Mangaratiba i n front of t h e en-
of marginalized urban proletarians. trance to Sepetiba Bay and as such
is not so problematic. The other is
located a t the far end of Sepetiba
Environmental Degradation Bay in a mangrove area which is a
a n d Blocked Social Mobility major nursery area for the bay's
shrimp. The port is located near a
Two trends in social disparity recently installed industrial park
and mobility have been identified in which it will also serve. Politicians
the fisheries of Southeast Brazil. In and plancers claim that all the nec-
localities of easy access for urban essary pollution controls will be uti-
capital, small-scale fishing is disap- lized and, in particular, that liquid
pearing and a classic process of pollutants will be pumped past the
proletarianization and social polari- Marambaia sand bank and directly
zation is a t work. In places of diffi- out to the sea. If we are to judge by
cult access, small-scale fishers not the precarious pollution control of
only survive but are capitalizing existing industries in the complex
their activities. I n these places we may assume t h a t there is not
greater social differentiation h a s much truth to these claims and that
arisen between local fishers, but the air and water pollution will be a
use of a n intermediate technology major problem, much like it i s in
reduces entry costs and production- other industrial bay settings in Bra-
sharing work relations provides the zil, such a s i n Baia de Todos os
means for gaining access to the in- Santos (Bahia), i n Baia de
struments of production so that sig- Guanabara (Rio de Janeiro), i n
nificant upward social mobility is Santos (Sao Paulo) and in Lagoa dos
present in this sector. Patos (Rio Grande do Sul).
There are unfortunately dark Problems with pollution can
clouds on the horizon. Weekend and even affect distant islands. In the
last ten years day-trip cruises of the dragnets. I n two incidents they
bay have become quite popular. The seized and destroyed t h e nets of
cruises are made on 1 8 to 22 meter fishers who disobeyed the ban.
replicas of old saveiro cargo SOS Sepetiba is another kind of
sailboats which can carry up to 60 movement which involves weekend
passengers. During the peak sum- tourists and trawler fshers in Pedra
mer season there are over fifty of de Guaratiba against unfettered in-
these working out of Itacurucii port dustrial development i n t h e Bay
alone. Special buses bring domestic Area. Their basic avenue of protest
and international tourists down from is through newspaper publicity and
Rio for a tour of the "virgin islands" public demonstrations. As urban lib-
of the bay. The problem is that they eral professionals and civil sewants
throw all kinds of trash overboard dominate the movement, with the
and pump raw sewage directly into polite but inexpressive participation
the water a t the various stops in of the trawler fishers, this move-
the cruise. The boats tend to concen- ment hardly qualifies as a legitimate
t r a t e where t h e most beautiful rural-urban alliance (Wolf 1968;
beaches are, and its passengers fre- Mendras 1970; Foss and Larkin
quent the same bars and restau- 1986). Small-scale fishers are not
r a n t s where private boat owners involved at all because they live on
also frequent. If the noise does not t h e islands and go to port i n
scare the fish off, the layers of cans Itacurugii. Even if they did go to
and bottles along the bottom and port in Pedra their basic antago-
the slick of oil on the surface do. nism over dragnet fishing and their
status as independent fishers drive
a wedge between them and t h e
Social Movements trawl fishers. Recently, the federal
government decided to cancel plans
What have fishers tried to do for the polemical petrochemical com-
about this adverse situation besides plex in the Sepetiba industrial dis-
merely emigrating or becoming care- trict. However, this occurred due to
takers? One reaction on Jaguanum national level politics, whereby
Island was for some middle fishers other states received funding for
to organize their respective beaches their complexes in detriment to Rio.
and to pressure t h e local s t a t e The local protest movement in Rio
deputy to ban trawler fishing in had little or nothing to do with this
Sepetiba Bay. The deputy came to a decision.
local meeting and in classic patron- Another movement which does
client discourse, said some encourag- qualify a s the sort of rural-urban
ing words to the fishers to woo their alliance that had a greater measure
votes in the next election but little of practical success is a local-level
else. No doubt he also had his eye political movement in Angra dos
on votes from fishing firm crew Reis. The Brazilian labor party, the
members in Pedra de Guaratiba and Partido do Trabalhador (PT), and
Angra dos Reis. In reaction to this t h e Brazilian Green P a r t y , t h e
and other government inaction, Partido Verde (PV), formed an alli-
small-scale fishers declared the Saco ance and won the last county elec-
de Marambaia a "no-go zone" for tions in a number of large and
medium Brazilian cities, including talization longer so that many may
Angra. The new county administra- be able to shift to offshore fishing.
tion set up a municipal environmen- However, the use of motorized ca-
tal department which h a s banned noes in inshore fishing is a crucial
cutting mangrove for real estate de- p a r t of i n t e r m e d i a t e technology
velopment and fencing off beaches which, if eliminated by pollution,
by weekend tourists which cuts off would severely limit upward social
fishers' access to the sea. This has mobility. As we saw, shrimp boat
resulted in the usual intimidation and sardine trawler crew members
and death threats to local leaders rarely become owners. Thus we may
which are common to such rural-ur- conclude that the capitalization of
ban movements throughout Brazil small-scale fishing has been highly
(Graziano d a Silva 1981; Grzy- beneficial for the local population
bowski 1987; Medeiros 1989) but a s and it would be a pity if urban en-
yet no one has been murdered. The croachment, trawler fishing and in-
interesting fact about the PT is the dustrial policy undo this accomplish-
way that it represents a break with ment.
traditional patron-client politics in
Brazil. By aligning rural and urban References
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Aguiar, R.C. 1981. Alimentos: Um prato cheio
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Conclusion F'undasao, Getdlio Vargas, Rio de J a -
neim.
Seen from this perspective, the Bernstein, H. 1982 (1977). Notes on capital
and peasantry, p. 160-177. Harriss, J.
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situation in the north i s far more e n l a franja periurbana de l a zona
advanced than that in the south and metropolitana de Rio de J a n e i m . Rev.
the process is much faster. This pre- Interam. Planificacion 22(87/8): 179-93.
Bicalho, A.M.S.M. and S.W. Hoefle. 1989. Ur-
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and making the transition to fishing of agriculture in t h e rural hinterland of
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fairly recent and local fishers have of the Conference of Latin American Ge-
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174-187.
Distribuci6n Geogrhfica y Tkcnicas de la Pesca en la
Costa Ecuatoriana Durante el Periodo Colonial
Abstract
The geographical distribution of fishing activities and techniques used by aborigines of the
Ecuadorean coast during the colonial period are described, based on historical documents.
The analysis covers a period from around1 525 to the 1820s and the maritime, littoral and inland
zones. The analysis shows that fishing took place using a wide variety of gears, fishing tools and
techniques for capturing fish including: bows and arrows, spears, nets, traps, bamboo rafts and canoes.
According to the authors, no reference was found in their review on the use of hook and lines, while
the use of poisoning products (barbasco) was well known and practised in rivers and streams. In
general, historical documents show little information on the history of these activities in the colonial
times.
Bohio de Conjimies [. \ \
-
Cabo Posado
Ecuador
Occidental
Fig. 2. Lugares de pesca marftima o fluvial durante el siglo 18 en el Ecuador occidental.(Marine and
riverine fihing areas during the 18th century in western Ecuador.)
2 4 ~ pesca
a tradicional espafiola conocia
antes de la Conquista varios tipos de redes de
arrastre y de tiro. La menci6n m8s temprana del
uso del chinchom por parte de 10s espafioles en Fig. 3. Descripcidn de la actividad de pesca en la
las aguas de la costa ecuatoriana y peruana est6 Colonia (del libm "Historia del nuevo mundo" por G.
documentada en una descripci6n del Peni que Benzoni 1962.)(Description of fishing activities
hizo elpresidente de la Audiencia de Lima el Lic. during the colonial period [from the book "Historia
Pedro de la Gasca: del nuevo mundo by G. Benzoni, 19621).
"... quando yo llegu6 a1 Puerto de
lumbez ...[en el ado 15471 ... estuvirnos diez o
doze dias sin comer, sino a610 de mahiz que yo e s t a n recogiendo l a red o que
habia recogido de Puerto Viejo y de la Ysla de la
Puna, y de algunos porquezuelos de 10smontes de simplemente se t r a t a de una
aquella tierra y venados y de aves que 10s equivocaci6n del autor o del dibujante.
arcabuceros matavan y de pescado que con un Sobre el material de 10s palos de la
chinchorro que hize llevar en el armada se balsa, 61 dice, que consiste de madera
pescava." (Gasca 1976)
2 5 ~tftulo
1 del dibujo dice: "11 mod0 di p c a r e , muy ligera, por lo que se trataria
nauigare nel mare di Mezzogiorno" (Benzoni probablemente de madera de balsa
Datos mds precisos sobre el uso de la atencion h la boga, y A la red para
la pesca de pareja exponen 10s dos conducirla h Tierra. Verdad es, que
oficiales de la Marina espaiiola Jorge siendo grandes Nadadores, si alguna
J u a n y Antonio de Ulloa, que vez (que es muy rara) se deslizan por
estuvieron en territorios ecuatorianos descuido, vuelven h asirse del Palo, y h
a fines de 10s afios treinta del siglo 18. ponerse sobre 81, sin peligro de hallar
En su famosa obra, titulada "Relaci6n anegada la embarcacion"(Juan y Ulloa
Hist6rica del Viaje a la America 1978) (Fig. 4).
Meridional", describen detalladamente Lo expuesto en la obra es aclarado
la manera de pescar practicada por 10s por uno de 10s grabados que la
indios de la bahia de Manta: acompafia. En el se puede reconocer a
"...es el mas comun exercicio de un pescador encima del mencionado
aquellos Moradores [de la costa y palo de balsa con la red colocada en la
ensefiada de Manta1 el de la Pesca, y parte de la proa (ver Fig. 4). El
salandolahacen Comercio conella para navegante usa un canalete gigante
las Provincias interiores. La destreza, para remar y lleva un sombreropuesto
con que lapractican, causa nopequeiia (Juan y Ulloa 1978). Los autores
admiraci6n 8 10s Europeos: pues su indican ademds, que esta manera de
methodo es, echar a1 Agua un Palo de pescar solia emplearse no s61o en la
Balza de dos B tres Tuessas de largo bahia de Manta, sin0 tambien en el rio
(esto es 5 21 6. varas) y un pie B corta Guayas, cuando se practicaba la pesca
diferencia de diametro en su gruesso; colectiva (Juan y Ulloa 1978).
y lo suficiente para poder soportar el Mas tarde otros cronistas relatan
peso, que se le ha de cargar; el qual se de manera similar sobre esta forma de
reduce h la red, que vhn atravesando pesca, per0 ninguno afiade noticias
en el un extremo, y sobre el otro se nuevas. Unicamente, en la relaci6n
pone un Indio de pie derecho. Este del inglks William Bennet Stevenson,
Bogando con un Canalete (remo que describe su estancia y sus viajes
particular de aquel Pais) se alexa de la por America del Sur a principios del
Playa media legua, b mas, y vZ1 siglo 19, se indica, que 10s indios
tendiendo, b largando la red: otro Indio, pescadores se sientan sobre 10s palos
que le sigue sobre un palo semejante, de balsa envez de estar en pie. Ademds
toma la cuerda del primer canto, que sefiala que atan 10s extremos de la
cae a1 A y a , y luego que esta toda soga de remolque a la balsa. De esta
tendida, se inclinan, trayendola acia manera las maniobras con una
la Playa, adonde 10s esperan 10s embarcaci6n son mas
Compafieros, para tirarla Tierra. Stevenson tambibn nos informa
Aqui es digna de advertir la habilidad, sobre la forma y aplicaci6n de otros
y ligereza de 10sIndios en conservar el tipos de redes de pesca. Segiin 61, una
Equilibrio de sus Cuerpos sobre unos
Palos redondos, donde con 10s
indispensablesmovimientos, y vuelcos, 2 6 " ~seathe
t natives,chieflyindians, mount
que leshace d8r la Marejada, es precis0 astride on logs ofbalsa wood, andtake their large
muden por instantes de situacion, y nets with them, which they let drop; after which
que a su consequencia alterne el they fasten the cord of the two extremities to the
movimiento de 10s Pies; con tanta logs and paddle to the shore, dragging the net
after them, maintainingso exact a balance, that
mayor dificultad a1 concebirlo, quanta although the log is round they very seldom fall
hace el haver a1 mismo tiempo dirigir off."(Stevenson 1929).
Fig. 4. Escenario del entorno pesquero artesanal en Guayaquil colonial. (A. Comunidad cerca del Rio
Guayas: B. Mata palo: C. Vijahuas: D. Armadillo: E. Arbol del Cacao: F. Lagarto o Cairntin: G: u n indio
pescando con flecha: H. Cafias de Guayaquil: I. Mangles: L. u n indio pescando en el mar sobre el palo de
balsa. (Small-scalefmheries setting in Guayaquil during the colonial period.)
"
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