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CHAPTER - 1

INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION
In this chapter we are going to discuss about the energy meter using arduino and
the main objective of the project.

1.2 EXPLANATION
Smart meters allow you to monitor daily electricity usage through an in-home
monitor. The data helps you analyze how much energy you are using and when. It helps
you better manage electricity usage and hence reduces electric bill. An electricity meter
or energy meter is a device that measures the amount of electric energy consumed by a
residence, business, or an electrically powered device. But sometimes the limited
functionality of these meters restricts their area of application; especially in inaccessible
positions or in the area. Smart meters allow you to monitor daily electricity usage through
an in-home monitor. The data helps you analyze how much energy you are using and
when. It helps you better manage electricity usage and hence reduces electric bill. The

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smart energy meter gives real power consumption as well as accurate billing. It provides
real time monitoring of electricity uses. It is less time consuming and cost effective. You
can also use the smart meter to get detailed information on your energy use day-by-day.

For the first time, thanks to smart meters, households can make informed
decisions on their energy use based on accurate and real-time cost information. With one
installed, you can see when you use more energy during the day (or night) and can adapt
your use in line with this.

Smart meters also work out the cost of your energy as you currently use it and
display this information on your smart meter display. Over time, you'll be able to cut out
wasteful energy use to provide long-term financial savings.

Energy monitors vary considerably in terms of their features and how much they cost,
so you might want to compare a few different models before you buy one. Some of the
most convenient features and benefits of energy monitors include:

 A display that shows your current energy use;

 Wireless connectivity, and a portable display so you can move it around your
home;
 Being able to look at historical data including daily, weekly and monthly usage.

How much you want to pay for an energy monitor will depend on your individual
circumstances, but it's good to remember that in most cases you are likely to make your
money back if you try to reduce your energy usage as a result of buying an energy
monitor. Smart meters send information of your usage directly to your energy supplier
something energy monitors don't do. Smart meters can accurately monitor your gas and
electricity usage remotely, so you don't need to provide meter readings, and your bills
will be completely accurate. They are currently in the process of being rolled out as part
of a nationwide scheme to assist households in understanding how much they are
spending on energy and how to cut their usage accordingly.

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Prepayment meters differ from normal meters because as well as showing a meter
reading, they must be 'topped-up' with credit. They are often installed in homes that have
fallen into debt with their energy supplier, and can help people to budget more
effectively. They can be topped-up in a variety of ways, including smartcards, tokens,
keys or even coins.

1.3 ORGANIZATION OF PROJECT WORK

Chapter 1: In this chapter we are going to discuss about the energy meter using Arduino
and the main objective of the project.

Chapter 2: In this chapter we discuss about the types of energy meters and its working
principles.

Chapter 3: In this chapter we discuss about the circuit diagram and the connections of the
smart energy meters.

Chapter4: In this chapter we explain about the components of smart energy meter.
Chapter 5: In this chapter we write about the coding of Arduino.

Chapter 6: In this chapter we show the results obtained by smart energy meter display
and also the advantages of smart energy meter using Arduino.

Chapter 7: In this chapter we give the conclusion of smart energy meters using Arduino.

1.4 CONCLUSION

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In this chapter we concluded the brief idea of the project and the objective of
project.

CHAPTER – 2
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ENERGY METERS
2.1 INTRODUCTION
In this chapter we discuss about the types of energy meters and its working
principles.

2.2 DEFINITION

Energy meter is a device that measures the amount of electrical energy consumed
by a residence, a business, or an electrically powered device.
Energy meter or watt-hour meter or is an electrical instrument that measures the
amount of electrical energy used by the consumers. Utilities is one of the electrical
departments, which install these instruments at every place like homes, industries,
organizations, commercial buildings to charge for the electricity consumption by loads
such as lights, fans, refrigerator and other home appliances.

The basic unit of power is watts and it is measured by using a watt meter. One
thousand watts make one kilowatt. If one uses one kilowatt in one hour duration, one unit
of energy gets consumed. So energy meters measure the rapid voltage and currents,

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calculate their product and give instantaneous power. This power is integrated over a time
interval, which gives the energy utilized over that time period.

2.3 TYPES OF ENERGY METERS AND WORKING PRINCIPLES

These may be single or three phase meters depending on the supply utilized by
domestic or commercial installations. For small service measurements like domestic
customers, these can be directly connected between line and load. But for larger loads,
step down current transformers must be placed to isolate energy meters from higher
currents.

BASIC TYPES OF ENERGY METERS

The energy meters are classified into two basic categories, such as:

 Electromechanical Type Induction Meter

 Electronic Energy Meter

The electricity supply connection may be either single phase or three phase
depending on the supply utilized by the domestic or commercial installations. Particularly
in this article we are going to study about the working principles of single-phase
electromechanical induction type watt- hour meter and also about three-phase electronic
watt hour meter from the explanation of two basic energy meters as described below .

SINGLE PHASE ELECTROMECHANICAL INDUCTION ENERGY METER

It is a well-known and most common type of age-old watt-hour meter. It
comprises a rotating aluminum disc placed on a spindle between two electromagnets. The
rotation speed of the disc is proportional to the power, and this power is integrated by the
use of gear trains and counter mechanism. It is made of two silicon steel laminated
electromagnets: shunt and series magnets.

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Series magnet carries a coil which is of a few turns of thickness wire connected in
series with the line, whereas the shunt magnet carries a coil with numerous turns of thin
wire connected across the supply.

Braking magnet is a kind of permanent magnet that applies the force opposite to
the normal disc rotation to move that disc a balanced position and to stop the disc while
power gets off.

Fig 2.1 Single Phase Electromechanical Induction Energy meter

Series magnet produces a flux which is proportional to the flowing current, and
shunt magnet produces a flux proportional to the voltage. These two fluxes lag at 90
degrees due to inductive nature. The interface of these two fields produces eddy current
in the disk, utilizing a force, which is proportional to the product of instantaneous
voltage, current and the phase-angle between them. A braking magnet is placed over one
side of the disc, which produces a break torque on the disc by a constant field provided
by using a permanent magnet. Whenever the braking and driving torques become equal,
the speed of the disc becomes steady.

A Shaft or vertical spindle of the aluminum disc is associated with the gear
arrangement that records a number proportional to the revolutions of the disc. This gear
arrangement sets the number in a series of dials and indicates energy consumed over a
time.This type of energy meter is simple in construction and the accuracy is somewhat
less due to creeping and other external fields. A foremost problem with these types of
energy meters is their proneness to tampering, which necessitates an electrical-energy-

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monitoring system. These series and shunt type meters are widely used in domestic and
industrial applications.

Electronic energy meters are accurate, precise and reliable type of measuring
instruments when compared to electromechanical induction type meters. When connected
to loads, they consume less power and start measuring instantaneous. So, electronic type
of three phase energy meter is explained below with its working principle.

ELECTRONIC ENERGY METERS

These are of accurate, high procession and reliable types of measuring

instruments as compared to conventional mechanical meters. It consumes less power and
starts measuring instantaneously when connected to load. These meters might be analog
or digital. In analog meters, power is converted to proportional frequency or pulse rate
and it is integrated by counters placed inside it. In digital electric meter power is directly
measured by high end processor. The power is integrated by logic circuits to get the
energy and also for testing and calibration purpose. It is then converted to frequency or
pulse rate.

ANALOG ELECTRONIC ENERGY METERS

In analog type meters, voltage and current values of each phase are obtained by
voltage divider and current transformers respectively which are directly connected to the
load as shown in figure.

Fig 2.2 Analog Electronic Meters

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Analog to digital converter converts these analog values to digitized samples and
it is then converted to corresponding frequency signals by frequency converter. These
frequency pulses then drive a counter mechanism where these samples are integrated over
a time to produce the electricity consumption.

Digital Electronic Energy Meters

Digital signal processor or high performance microprocessors are used in digital

electric meters. Similar to the analog meters, voltage and current transducers are
connected to a high resolution ADC. Once it converts analog signals to digital samples,
voltage and current samples are multiplied and integrated by digital circuits to measure
the energy consumed.

Fig 2.3 Digital Electronic Energy Meters

Microprocessor also calculates phase angle between voltage and current, so that it
also measures and indicates reactive power. It is programmed in such a way that it
calculates energy according to the tariff and other parameters like power factor,
maximum demand, etc and stores all these values in a non volatile memory EEPROM.

It contains real time clock (RTC) for calculating time for power integration,
maximum demand calculations and also date and time stamps for particular parameters.

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Furthermore it interacts with liquid crystal display (LCD), communication devices and
other meter outputs. Battery is provided for RTC and other significant peripherals for
backup power.

WATT HOUR METER CIRCUIT USING MICROCONTROLLER

The below figure shows watt-hour meter circuit implemented by using Atmel
AVR microcontroller.This circuit continuously monitors and acquires voltage and current
parameters of the mains single phase supply. Microcontroller gets these parameter values
from a signal conditioning circuit, which is driven by OP-AMP ICs .

Fig 2.4 Watt Hour Meter Circuit Using Microcontroller

This circuit has two current transformers connected in series with each supply line
phase and neutral. The current values from these transformers are sent to the respective
ADC of the microcontroller, and then the ADC converts these values to digital values,
and thus the microcontroller does necessary calculations to find the energy consumption.
The Microcontroller is programmed in such a way that the voltage and current values
from the ADC are multiplied and integrated over a specified time period, and then

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correspondingly drives the counter mechanism that displays the number of unit’s
consumed (KWs) over a time period.

In addition to the energy measurement, this system also provides earth fault
indication in case of any fault or over current that may occur in neutral or earth line and
appropriately turns the Light Emitting Diodes indication for earth fault detection as well
as for every unit consumption.

2.4 ENERGY CALCULATIONS

Electrical energy is the product of electrical power and time and it is measured in
joule. It is defined as “1 joule of energy is equal to 1 watt of power is consumed for 1
second’’.i.e.

Energy and power are closely related. Electrical energy can be measured only
when electrical power is known. So, first we understand electrical power. Electrical
power is the amount of electrical current that results from a certain amount of voltage or
we can say that power is rate at which energy is delivered. It is measured in watts.

--------
Eq(2.1)

The measurement of electrical energy is completely dependent on power

which is measured in watt, kilowatts, Megawatts, gigawatts, and time which is measured
in hour. Joule is the smallest unit of energy. But for some bigger calculation, some better
unit is required. So, the unit used for electrical energy is watt-hour. Watts are basic unit of
power in which electrical power is measured or we can say that rate at which electric
current is being used at a particular moment.

Units of Electrical Energy

 Watt-hour is the standard measurement of energy, describing the amount of watts
used over time. It shows how fast the power is consumed in the period of time.
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--
Eq(2.2)
 Kilowatt-hour is simply a bigger unit of energy when large appliances drawn
power in kilowatts. It can be described as one kilowatt hour is the amount of
energy drawn by the 1000 watts appliance when used for an hour. Where, One
kilowatt = 1000 watts

 Megawatt-hour is the unit of energy which normally used when output of power
generation is very large. In power plant,’ Megawatt’ term is used to show the
power generation capacity of power plant.

2.5.Conclusion

In this chapter we briefly discussed about the definition and types of energy
meters with their principles and its energy calculations.

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CONCLUSION

7.1 INTRODUCTION
In this chapter we give the conclusion of smart energy meters using Arduino.

7.2 CONCLUSION OF THE PROJECT

With the help of this project we can give a clear idea to the customer about the six
parameters of energy consumed by customer are
1. Total units consumed by user
2. Cost of consumption in rupees
3. Total energy consumed on the previous day in rupees
4. Total energy consumed in the previous month in rupees
5. Present load
6. Power factor
7. Maximum load.
By observing all the above factors in the display the consumer can have a chance
of control his utilization. The smart energy meter gives detailed information on our
energy use day-by-day. With the help of these smart energy meters households can make
informed decision on their energy use based on accurate and real-time cost information. It
gives buzzer sound when the load on energy meter exceeds certain limit and energy
Consumed by user on previous day exceeds certain amount. It is user friendly device,

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because user can easily understand the units consumed, cost of consumption and present
load on display.

7.3 CONCLUSION
In this chapter we can conclude the conclusion of smart energy meter using
Arduino.

REFERENCES

1. GSM Based Automatic Energy Meter System with Instant Billing

E.Moni Silviya, K.Meena Vinodhini, Salai Thillai Thilagam.J.
Final year Students, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,
Aarupadai Veedu Institute of Technology, Vinayaka Missions University, Paiyanoor
Chennai 603104,India
2. Vivek Kumar, Sehgal, Nitesh Panda, NipunRaiHanda, “Electronic Energy Meter with
Instant billing”, UK Sim Fourth European Modelling Symposium on Computer
Modelling and Simulation.
3. K.Sheelasobanarani, S.Dineshraja, B.Dhanaraj, K.Manickam, K.Karthickraja, “An
Integrated Prepaid Energy Meter using gsm”, International Journal of Industrial
Electronics and Electrical Engineering,Volume-2, Issue-5, May-2014
4. Jubi.K, MareenaJohn, “Prepaid Energy Meter with GSM Technology”, AIJRSTEM,
pp. 195- 98, June-August, 2013

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