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CHP 5 Part 1 PDF
CHP 5 Part 1 PDF
CHP 5 Part 1 PDF
1
OBJECTIVES
At the end of this chapter, you will be
able to;
Understand & manage the aspect included in
occupational health in industries.
Identify the hazardous substance and its effects.
3
Permissible Exposure Also called Threshold
Limit – OSHA definition dose – the lowest point
under dose-response
curve
TLV
is
Threshold Limit Value
Refer to TABLE 2-8 pg 56-57 of Crowl and Louvar for TLVs and PELs of
variety chemicals substances.
4
TLV-TWA Time-weighted average for a normal
Threshold limit value –time weighted 8-hour workday or 40-hour work
average week, to which nearly all workers
can be exposed, day after day,
without adverse effect.
6
MEASURES OF TOXICITY: LETHAL DOSE
LD50
The amount (dose) of a chemical which produces death
in 50% of a population of test animals to which it is
administered by any of a variety of methods
mg/kg
Normally expressed as milligrams of substance per
kilogram of animal body weight
7
MEASURES OF TOXICITY:LETHAL CONCENTRATION
LC50
The concentration of a chemical in an environment
(generally air or water) which produces death in 50%
of an exposed population of test animals in a
specified time frame
mg/L
Normally expressed as milligrams of substance per liter
of air or water (or as ppm)
8
9
3 parts
◦ Outer ear
◦ Middle ear
◦ Inner ear
Cochlea- hearing apparatus
Vestibular- balancing of the
body
10
How we hear?
◦Air conduction
◦Bone conduction.
◦Conductive hearing loss
◦Sensorineural hearing loss
11
What is Noise?
Unwanted, bothersome or painful sound
12
Noise definition- unwanted sound.
Noise unit- intensity –decibel (dB),
frequency(hertz –hz).
Type of sound based on frequency
◦ Infrasonic (0-20 Hz) ,
◦ Audible (20-16,000)
◦ Ultrasonic (> 16,000)
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Noise spectrum
Overall noise exposure
Duration of exposure
Individual susceptibility.
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Steady state noise
Intermittent noise
Fluctuation noise
Impulse noise
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Noise induced hearing Other effect
loss ◦ Task performances
◦ Temporary (due ◦ Intrusion of privacy
threshold Shift: TTS) ◦ tinnitus’
◦ Permanent (due to ◦ Blood pressure
Permanent threshold ◦ Fatique
Shift: PTS) ◦ Bood sugar
Rupture of ear drum ◦ Gastric acid secretions
Dislocation of ossicle
Speech interference
Annoyance
16
Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL)
– Average airborne concentration /noise
dose concentration that an employee
can be exposed to for an 8hr period
– Legal limit allowed in the workplace
– Most were adopted from TLV’s
18
Continous sound - Action level 85 dB
Continuous sound – should not more
than 90dB
Impulse Noise should not more than
140 dB
19
Sound Level Meters (SLM)
Continuous on-mobile sources
Noise Dosimeters
Mobile/variable noise sources
20
NOISE METER
shouting
subway train 100
honking horns
jack hammers
loud music 120
jet take-off
21
29 CFR 1910.95
Sound Level, dB Duration of Exposure, hours
80 32
85 16
90 8
95 4
100 2
105 1
110 0.5
115 0.25
120 0.125
125 0.063
130 0.031
140 peak level impulse
22
TABLE 2 Factors for Combining Two Sound
Sources
Procedures
Find the difference in decibels between two
sound sources L1 and L2 (column 1).
Add the number in column 2 corresponding
to the difference in column 1 to the highest
of the two sources to find the resulting
combined sound level Ls.
23
A logarithmic scale describes the range of sound measures.
Decibels (dB) are dimensionless ratios of a measured value of
sound relative to some reference value.
For sound intensity, represent the decibel units of sound
intensity, LI,
L= 10 log10[ I I Io ]
24
TABLE 2 Factors for Combining Two Sound Sources
(1) (2) (1) (2)
Difference between two Amount to add to greater Difference between two sound Amount to add to greater
sound sources (dB) sound source (dB) sources (dB) sound source (dB)
0.0–0.1 3.0 4.8–5.1 1.2
0.2–0.3 2.9 5.2–5.6 1.1
0.4–0.5 2.8 5.7–6.1 1.0
0.6–0.7 2.7
6.2–6.6 0.9
0.8–0.9 2.6
1.0–1.2 2.5 6.7–7.2 0.8
1.3–1.4 2.4
7.3–7.9 0.7
1.5–1.6 2.3
1.7–1.9 2.2 8.0–8.6 0.6
2.0–2.1 2.1
8.7–9.6 0.5
2.2–2.4 2.0
2.5–2.7 1.9 9.7–10.7 0.4
2.8–3.0 1.8
10.8–12.2 0.3
3.1–3.3 1.7
12.3–14.5 0.2
3.4–3.6 1.6
4.1–4.3 1.4
19.4 or more 0.0
4.4–4.7 1.3
25
Example 1
A worker exposed to noise at a workstation that consist of four sources, resulted the
following readings for various time periods during the 8-hour shift. Calculate the
cumulative noise exposure for employee to determine whether the Action Levels and
maximum Permissible Exposure Levels have been exceeded.
MACHINE NO NOISE LEVEL Answer
Differences New noise level
1 86 dB
86 – 86 = 0 86 + 3 = 89
2 86 dB
89 – 87 = 2.0 89 + 2.1 = 91.1
3 87 dB 91.1 – 78 = 13.1 91.1 + 0.2 = 91.3
4 78 dB
Answer
Step 1 : Use table 2 to estimate the differences in noise exposure.
Find the difference in decibels between two sound sources L1 and L2 (column 1).
Add the number in column 2 corresponding to the difference in column 1 to the
highest of the two sources to find the resulting combined sound level Ls.
Step 2: Use table 1 to make decision whether the worker expose to noise
below /exceed the PEL
26
Time-weighted average noise (TWAN) helps
determine if the exposures in Table 1 are
exceeded:
where
Cx is the total time of exposure at a specified noise level and
Tx is the total time of exposure permitted at the specified noise
level.
27
A worker is exposed to the following:
Noise Level (dBA1) Duration (hr)
110 0.25
100 0.5
90
Is
the OSHA limit exceeded? 1.5
Answer
Step 1: Use TWAN = C1/T1 + C2/T2 +……..Cn/Tn
28
Noise dose, D, measures varying exposures over a period of time
and is equivalent to an exposure of 90dBA for an 8-hr period.
OSHA exposure standards in Table 2 indicate that this is the
maximum sound level permitted for an 8-hr period
T is derived from an expansion of the OSHA exposure limits (Table 2) and is computed
as
T = 8 /2 (L-90)/5
29
When noise exposure for a work shift consists of
two or more periods of noise at different levels, the
total noise dose over the workday is given by
30
A worker is exposed to a 107dBA constant
noise source during a 7-hr shift. What is the
noise dose?
Answer
◦ Step 1: Calculate the reference duration T = 8 /2 (L-90)/5
T=8/2 (107-90)/5 = 8/2 (2.34)
T = 0.758
31
NOISE CONTROL
Engineering Control
- Attenuation Method
Silencer
33
NOISE CONTROL
Attenuation Method
34
35
NOISE CONTROL
Administrative Control
Earmuffs
37
NOISE CONTROL
38
NOISE CONTROL
39
1. Carry out Noise Monitoring/Mapping
◦ To identify area/equipment in the workplace is noisy
◦ To identify workers with exposures above action level or
PEL
3. Noise Control
◦ Engineering Control / Isolation / Enclosure
◦ Administrative Control
40
5. Personal Protective Equipment Program
◦ Selection of PPE, need to consider characteristic of noise,
frequency of noise, comfort to user, communication and
medical conditions
◦ Type of PPE : helmets with hearing protection, ear plug,
ear muffs.