ORAL COMMUNICATION  CULTURAL CONTEXT- beliefs and norms

of the participants
COMMUNICATION
 MESSAGE- main idea or information that the
 is the transmission of ideas and emotions sender wants to convey to the receiver
between or among persons  CHANNEL- means of delivering the message
 FEEDBACK- response of the receiver
PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION
MODELS OF COMMUNICATION
 STIMULUS- an idea or concept that the senders
wants to convey  Refers to the conceptual representation that is
 SENDER- encodes the message used to explain the communication process
 RECEIVER- decodes the message
TYPES OF COMMUNICATION MODELS
 FEEDBACK- response of the receiver to the
message of the sender  LINEAR COMMUNICATION MODEL- presents
 NOISE- any barrier or hindrance that obstructs communication as a one-way activity
the understanding of the message

stimulus→ sender encodes message→ receiver

decodes message→ feedback

VERBAL COMMUNICATION

 refers to the use of words or speech in sending  INTERACTIVE COMMUNICATION MODEL- shows
messages or ideas communication as a two-way activity, also has
NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION a feedback

 refers to the act of expressing ideas that do not

involve or go beyond using words

TYPES OF NON-VERBAL CUES

 PROXEMICS- distance between the sender and

receiver
 KINESICS- use of body language and gestures
 CHRONEMICS- role of time in the  TRANSACTIONAL COMMUNICATION MODEL-
communication process presents communication not only as a two-way
 HAPTICS- use of touch process but also a simultaneous activity
 PARALANGUAGE- speed, tone, volume of the
speaker’s voice

ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION

 PARTICIPANTS- comunicators, can be the

sender or receiver
 CONTEXT- interrelated conditions that affect
the message
 PHYSICAL CONTEXT- time, place,
environment
 SOCIAL CONTEXT- relationship of the
communicators
 PSYCOLOGICAL CONTEXT- moods or
feelings of the communicators
INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
 Dynamic relationship between culture and
communication
 CULTURE- system of knowledge that is
shared by a particualr group
compoosed of a relatively large number
of individuals
 SELF-AWARENESS- an understanding of
one’s self and place in society, also very
important in intercultural
communication
GENDER AND AGE
GENDER
 in general, men and women differ in
communication
 In intercultural communication, non-verbal
communication also differs between genders
across cultures
AGE
 People of different ages and genrations may
have difficulty communicating with each other
 Age-related communication also reflects culture
(ex: pagmamano)
SOCIAL STATUS AND RELIGION
SOCIAL STATUS
 A person’s stand or position in society
 Differences in social status may affect
communication
 Individuals are most likely to interact with
others of the same social standing as them
TWO ELEMENTS OF SOCIAL CLASS
 ASCRIBED SOCIAL CLASS- determined through
birth like age, sex, race, family background
 ACHIEVED SOCIAL CLASS- acquired through a
person’s ability, talent, skill and can be seen in
their educational attainment or occupation
RELIGION
 Religious beliefs refers to the belief in the
existence of a supernatural or spiritual aspect of
religion
 Communication between persons of different
religions may be a common source of
intercultural conflict so we must be aware of
other’s religion
EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION SKILLS
COMMUNICATION BREAKDOWN- Happens when the
message is not clearly understood by the receiver
JARGONS- words or phrases that are used by members
of a particular group or trade and may not be
understood by outsiders
IDIOMS- phrases or expressions that convey meaning
other than their literal meaning
BARRIERS IN COMMUNICATION
 LANGUAGE BARRIERS- when two individuals do
not have common languages, have an
unfamiliar accent, words or expressions,
jargons, and idioms
 CULTURAL BARRIERS- differing principles, views,
and beliefs
 PHYSICAL BARRIERS- environmental factors like
noise, lighting, and distance
 PREJUDGING- when a person believes he/she
understood what the speaker means even
before the message is completely expressed
  INFORMATION OVERLOAD- too much
information at a time
 LACK OF INTEREST- when a person gives
information that does not interest other people
STRATEGIES TO AVOID COMMUNICATION
BREAKDOWN
 Use time-gaining expressions to have more time
to think
 Give positive remarks or comments
 Be specific
 Ask for repetition or clarification
 Check your understanding
 Do not jump into conclusions
3 WAYS TO ACHIEVE EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION
 Be focused
 Speak intelligently
 Listen with your ears and eyes
 Minimize distractions
FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION
REGULATION OR CONTROL
 Communication is used to regulate or control
the pace and flow of communication
 Use of verbal cues
 “that’s it” and “thank you”- signal that
the speaker is done speaking
 “yeah” and “uh-huh”- encourage the
speaker to continue talking
 “well” and “um..”- speaker is not done
talking or is still thinking about what to
say next
 “is that clear” and “do you follow?”-
check the continuous flow of
conversation
 Use of non-verbal cues
 Eye-contact- signals that the speaker is
asking for feedback or wants the
listener to take the floor
 Head-shaking- the listener wants the
speaker to stop talking
 Raising the index finger- the speaker is
not finished or the listener wants to say
something
MOTIVATION
 Communication may be used for the pupose of
motivating oneself and others in various
situations
REASONS WHY MOTIVATION IS IMPORTANT
 It increases productivity
 It empowers individuals
WAYS TO MOTIVATE OTHERS
 Walk the talk
 Actively listen
 Make a person feel that he/she makes
adifference
 Communicate clearly with compassion
 How motivation works:
 Needs- a person feels motivated when a
need arises
 When needs are identified, they will now
affect:
 Behavior- a person has to persevere to
establish a good image, so they try their
best to be a good conversationalist
 Forms of praise and criticism:
 Rewards- when a person gets the reactions
they expected, they become motivated to
keep conversations going. When they
receive a negative comment, they might
halt the conversation
INFORMATION
 Communication provides information in
various situations like delivering a speech
and giving directions
TIPS IN GIVING INFORMATION
 Maintain eye contact and speak clearly
 Use variations in speech
 Focus on the needed information
TIPS IN RECEIVING INFORMATION FROM OTHERS
 Note down important information
 Ask questions
 Ask for clarification
EMOTIONAL EXPRESSION

 The ability to effectively express and manage

emotions when interacting with others is
important in communication
 EMOTION- a mental state or feeling toward
something

FOUR BASIC HUMAN EMOTIONS

 Happy- when a person is content, pleased,

delighted or excited
 Sad- feelings of despair, sorrow, loss,
hopelessness and disappointment
 Surprised- usually felt when something
unexpected occurs
 Angry- when a person feels intense frustration