SUMMARY

Tsunami also known as a seismic sea wave, is a series of waves in a water body
caused by the displacement of a large volume of water, generally in an ocean or a
large lake. Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and other underwater explosions
(including detonations of underwater nuclear devices), landslides, glacier
calving, meteorite impacts and other disturbances above or below water all have
the potential to generate a tsunami. [7] Unlike normal ocean waves, which are
generated by wind, or tides, which are generated by the gravitational pull of the
Moon and the Sun, a tsunami is generated by the displacement of water.
Tsunami waves do not resemble normal undersea currents or sea waves because
their wavelength is far longer.[8] Rather than appearing as a breaking wave, a
tsunami may instead initially resemble a rapidly rising tide.[9] For this reason, it
is often referred to as a "tidal wave", although this usage is not favoured by the
scientific community because it might give the false impression of a causal
relationship between tides and tsunamis.[10] Tsunamis generally consist of a
series of waves, with periods ranging from minutes to hours, arriving in a so-
called "internal wave train".[11] Wave heights of tens of metres can be generated
by large events. Although the impact of tsunamis is limited to coastal areas, their
destructive power can be enormous, and they can affect entire ocean basins. The
2004 Indian Ocean tsunami was among the deadliest natural disasters in human
history, with at least 230,000 people killed or missing in 14 countries bordering
the Indian Ocean.
These awe-inspiring waves are typically caused by large, undersea earthquakes
at tectonic plate boundaries. When the ocean floor at a plate boundary rises or
falls suddenly, it displaces the water above it and launches the rolling waves that
will become a tsunami.
Most tsunamis–about 80 percent–happen within the Pacific Ocean’s “Ring of
Fire,” a geologically active area where tectonic shifts make volcanoes and
earthquakes common.
Tsunamis may also be caused by underwater landslides or volcanic eruptions.
They may even be launched, as they frequently were in Earth’s ancient past, by
the impact of a large meteorite plunging into an ocean.
Tsunamis race across the sea at up to 500 miles (805 kilometers) an hour—about
as fast as a jet airplane. At that pace, they can cross the entire expanse of the
Pacific Ocean in less than a day. And their long wavelengths mean they lose very
little energy along the way.
A tsunami’s trough, the low point beneath the wave’s crest, often reaches shore
first. When it does, it produces a vacuum effect that sucks coastal water seaward
and exposes harbor and sea floors. This retreating of sea water is an important
warning sign of a tsunami, because the wave’s crest and its enormous volume of
water typically hit shore five minutes or so later. Recognizing this phenomenon
can save lives.
Survive DURING
 If you are in a tsunami area and there is an earthquake, then first protect
yourself from the earthquake. Drop, Cover, and Hold On. Drop to your
hands and knees. Cover your head and neck with your arms. Hold on to
any sturdy furniture until the shaking stops. Crawl only if you can reach
better cover, but do not go through an area with more debris.
 When the shaking stops, if there are natural signs or official warnings of a
tsunami, then move immediately to a safe place as high and as far inland
as possible. Listen to the authorities, but do not wait for tsunami warnings
and evacuation orders.
 If you are outside of the tsunami hazard zone and receive a warning, then
stay where you are unless officials tell you otherwise.
 Leave immediately if you are told to do so. Evacuation routes are often
marked by a wave with an arrow in the direction of higher ground.
 If you are in the water, then grab onto something that floats, such as a raft,
tree trunk, or door.
 If you are in a boat, then face the direction of the waves and head out to
sea. If you are in a harbour, then go inland.
Be Safe AFTER
 Listen to local alerts and authorities for information on areas to avoid and
shelter locations.
 Avoid wading in floodwater, which can contain dangerous debris. Water
may be deeper than it appears.
 Be aware of the risk of electrocution. Underground or downed power lines
can electrically charge water. Do not touch electrical equipment if it is wet
or if you are standing in water.
 Stay away from damaged buildings, roads, and bridges.
 Document property damage with photographs. Conduct an inventory and
contact your insurance company for assistance.
 Save phone calls for emergencies. Phone systems are often down or busy
after a disaster. Use text messages or social media to communicate with
family and friends.
Now at the end I conclude that tsunami is one of the ultimate natural
disasters which will lead to the loss of several lives and properties
government of different countries and states especially from the areas near
coastal region must take various useful measures to decrease the loss that
this natural disasters can cause and we should accept that government
alone by itself can take only some safety measures but the major part is in
our hand , we can decide our fate by not getting so afraid and following
the instructions given above. We should also accept the point that big steps
toward safe future can be taken only before tsunami like disasters not at
the moment of the disaster itself (planting more tree etc.)
 So as a citizen we must we responsible of our action that can lead to this
situation the problem of us are cutting trees to build more buildings to
have a space and throwing our trash everywhere by that it can affect the
environment we must put our trash in the right area. Because a disaster
like Tsunami and Volcanic Eruption are non- predictable.
Tsunami cannot be prevented. However, there are ways to help people
from dying from tsunami. International and regional warning systems,
especially for the Pacific Ocean, issue alerts before the big waves reach the
shore. Because an earth that caused the tsunami can be felt before the wave
gets to the shore, people can be warned to go somewhere safe.
In conclusion, we would like to tell that tsunamis are very dangerous and
deadly. As we do not have the power to control or predict and detect
tsunamis because they are under water waves, they become even more
dangerous and deadly and make them even more deadly to escape.
Tsunamis can damage a lot of property and life and usually a panic for
human basic necessities. So they are not a thing to be lightly.
VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS
Volcanoes are a key part of the Earth system. Most of Earth’s atmosphere, water,
and crust were delivered by volcanoes, and volcanoes continue to recycle earth
materials. Volcanic eruptions are common. More than a dozen are usually
erupting at any time somewhere on Earth, and close to 100 erupt in any year
(Loughlin et al., 2015).
Volcano landforms and eruptive behaviour are diverse, reflecting the large
number and complexity of interacting processes that govern the generation,
storage, ascent, and eruption of magmas. Eruptions are influenced by the
tectonic setting, the properties of Earth’s crust, and the history of the volcano.
Yet, despite the great variability in the ways volcanoes erupt, eruptions are all
governed by a common set of physical and chemical processes. Understanding
how volcanoes form, how they erupt, and their consequences requires an
understanding of the processes that cause rocks to melt and change composition,
how magma is stored in the crust and then rises to the surface, and the
interaction of magma with its surroundings. Our understanding of how
volcanoes work and their consequences is also shared with the millions of people
who visit U.S. volcano national parks each year.
It is already known that volcanic eruption can cause cooling effects on earth by
throwing sulfuric acid droplets and ash particles into the atmosphere that
eventually block sunlight. Volcanic eruption ejects sulfur dioxide gas into the
atmosphere. Sulfur dioxide mixed with water resulting into sulfuric acid haze
thus forming volcanic winter that reflect and block incoming sunlight. This
causes cooling effect in the earth. Now research also has unfolded that the
reverse is true. It is evident that volcano eruption can cause increased in global
temperature that eventually cause global warming. Volcanoes can cause the
global climate over several years, though it must be accompanied by volcanic
eruption of sulfate aerosols into the atmosphere. This paper aims to examine
how huge volcanic eruptions can cause impact of short-term climatic cooling.
The paper also studies effects of volcanic eruption on environment and how
prevalent volcanism may lead to global warming.
Volcanic eruptions cause many threats to million of people across the world. In
the current world, there is an estimate of 500 active mountains on earth (Brown,
2001). Annually, there are about 11 to 39 volcanic eruptions. Volcanic eruptions
cause dangerous impacts on health, climate and environment. Such impacts are
hazardous to human survival and are detrimental to economic and social
conditions. Harmful gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, sulfur dioxide,
hydrogen chloride, hydrogen chloride, hot steam and magma, and other organic
compounds. Their harmful impacts depend on the distance from which
volcanoes are located, gas concentration as well as magma viscosity. Others
perils include mud flow, toxicant volcanic dust particles, hot stream and
poisonous gases.
Problems associated with these hazards include respiratory problems, death,
injuries, skin and eye problems, destruction of communication and transport
network, psychological effects, power outage, destruction of buildings, sewage
disposal problem, water supply system disruption, and human displacement.
Other negative impacts include crop damage, climate change, lack of rainfall,
unsafe and water quality. Impacts of volcanic eruptions are dangerous because
they cause total destruction. Unfavorable health impacts can be partialy
prevented by applying safety measures in a timely manner.
Volcanoes produce a wide variety of hazards that can kill people and destroy
property nearby as well as hundreds of kilometres away. Hazards include
widespread ash fall, very fast moving mixtures of hot gases and volcanic rock,
and massive lahars.
BEFORE A VOLCANIC ERUPTION
 Find out about the volcanic risk in your community. Ask your local council
about emergency plans and how they will warn you of a volcanic eruption.
 Practice your evacuation plan with members of the household.
 Develop a Household Emergency Plan. Assemble and maintain your
Emergency Survival Items for your home as well as a portable getaway kit.
 Include your pets and livestock in your emergency plan.
WHEN A VOLCANIC ERUPTION THREATENS
 Listen to your local radio stations as emergency management officials will
be broadcasting the most appropriate advice for your community and
situation.
 Put your emergency plan into action.
 If you have a disability or need assistance, make contact with your support
network and keep informed of civil defence advice.
 Put all machinery inside a garage or shed, or cover with large tarpaulins to
protect them from volcanic ash.
 Bring animals and livestock into closed shelters to protect them from
volcanic ash.
 Protect sensitive electronics and do not uncover until the environment is
totally ash-free.
 Check on friends and neighbours who may require special assistance.
DURING A VOLCANIC ERUPTION
 Listen to the radio for civil defence advice and follow instructions.
 If outside at the time of eruption, seek shelter in a car or a building. If
caught in volcanic ash falls, wear a dust mask or use a handkerchief or
cloth over your nose and mouth.
 Stay indoors as volcanic ash is a health hazard, especially if you have
respiratory difficulties such as asthma or bronchitis.
 When indoors, close all windows and doors to limit the entry of volcanic
ash. Place damp towels at thresholds.
 Do not tie up phone lines with non-emergency calls.
 If you have to go outside use protective gear such as masks and goggles
and keep as much of your skin covered as possible. Wear eyeglasses, not
contact lenses as these can cause corneal abrasions.
 Disconnect drainpipes/downspouts from gutters to stop drains clogging.
If you use a rainwater collection system for your water supply, disconnect
the tank.
 Stay out of designated restricted zones.
AFTER A VOLCANIC ERUPTION
 Listen to your local radio stations for civil defence advice and follow
instructions.
 Stay indoors and away from volcanic ash fall areas as much as possible.
 When it is safe to go outside, keep your gutters and roof clear of ash as
heavy ash deposits can collapse your roof.
 If there is a lot of ash in the water supply, do not use your dishwasher or
washing machine.
 Avoid driving in heavy ash fall as it stirs up ash that can clog engines and
cause serious abrasion damage to your vehicle.
 Keep animals indoors where possible, wash away ash on their paws or
skin to keep them from ingesting the ash, and provide clean drinking
water.
 Use a mask or a damp cloth and eye protection when cleaning up. Moisten
the ash with a sprinkler before cleaning.
 Look for and report broken utility lines to appropriate authorities.
 If your property is damaged, take notes and photographs for insurance
purposes. If you rent your property, contact your landlord and your
contents insurance company as soon as possible.
You can do many things to protect yourself and your family from the dangers a
volcanic eruption can cause. The best way to protect yourself and your family is
to follow the advice of local officials. Local authorities will give you information
on how to prepare for a volcanic eruption, and if necessary, on how to evacuate
(leave the area) or take shelter where you are.
Be prepared either to shelter or to evacuate. Develop an evacuation plan and a
sheltering plan for yourself, your family, and others in your household. Review
the plans and make sure that everyone understands them. If you haven’t already
done so, put together an emergency supply kit. Flashlight and extra batteries.
DOCUMENTATION

Discussing tsunami when it hits the land

Showing the emergency supply that must have during the tsunami
 Explaining how tsunami occur

Discussing the Volcanic Eruption