INTRODUCTION

Rotational motion is more complicated than linear motion, and only the motion of rigid
bodies will be considered here. A rigid body is an object with a mass that holds a rigid shape,
such as a phonograph turntable, in contrast to the sun, which is a ball of gas. Many of the
equations for the mechanics of rotating objects are similar to the motion equations for linear
motion.

Angular velocity and angular acceleration

The angular displacement of a rotating wheel is the angle between the radius at the
beginning and the end of a given time interval. The SI units are radians.

The angular velocity (ω, Greek letter omega), is the rate of change displacement,term of
angular velocity are use when referring to a vector that includes the direction of the
motion.the angular velocity is usually measured in rev per min(rpm) for relative slow motion
and rev per second for high speed measurement. The average angular velocity measured in
radians per second, is

The angular acceleration (α, Greek letter alpha) is the rate of change of angular speed and
has the same form as the linear quantity

and is measured in radians per second per second or rad/s 2.

When a rigid object rotates in a fixed axis, every part of the object has the same angular
speed and the same angular acceleration.
There are two types of motion of a particle moving in a circular path or a rigid object rotating
about a fixed axis which are translational motion and rotational motion.
Translational motion is the motion in a straight line, the relationship between translational
motion and rotational motion are as below:

The moment of inertia, I is the tendency of a body to resist its change in rotation.The
rotational inertia is determined by the mass the rotation object and how far away the mass
from its rotational axis.

The angular position is the angle between a reference line which attached to an object and a
reference line which is fixed in space.

Torque, τ is the tendency of a force to rotate an object about some axis. The ∑ τ = 0 when
the system is in equilibrium.

Principle of conservation of angular momentum states that in an isolated system, the total
angular momentum of a system is constant in both magnitude and direction if the net external
torque acting on the system is zero.

Work and energy of rotational motion which is the total of kinetic energy of all the
particles. The work-energy principle is a general principle which can be applied specifically
to rotating objects.
APPLICATION OF ROTATIONAL OF RIGID BODY
1)WRENCH

Example of torque in everyday life is wrench. When force is applied to the wrench to rotate
it, the torque applied in the situation allows it to move around the rotational axis. If force
applied close to the rotational point, to open the bolt or nut become harder because Torque, τ
is the smallest. On the other hand, when the force is applied at the most far from the rotational force it
is more easier to rotate the wrench and less force is required.
2) GYROSCOPES

A gyroscope consists of a wheel-like disk, called a flywheel, mounted on an axle, which in

turn is mounted on a larger ring perpendicular to the plane of the wheel itself. An outer circle
on the same plane as the flywheel provides structural stability, and indeed, the gyroscope may
include several such concentric rings. Its focal point, however, is the flywheel and the axle.
One end of the axle is typically attached to some outside object, while the other end is left
free to float.
Once the flywheel is set spinning, gravity has a tendency to pull the unattached end of the
axle downward, rotating it on an axis perpendicular to that of the flywheel. This should cause
the gyroscope to fall over, but instead it begins to spin a third axis, a horizontal axis
perpendicular both to the plane of the flywheel and to the direction of gravity. Thus, it is
spinning on three axes, and as a result becomes very stable, very resistant toward outside
attempts to upset its balance.
This in turn makes the gyroscope a valued instrument for navigation: due to its high degree of
gyroscopic inertia, it resists changes in orientation, and thus can guide a ship toward its
destination. Gyroscopes, rather than magnets, are often the key element in a compass. A
magnet will point to magnetic north, some distance from "true north" (that is, the North Pole.)
But with a gyroscope whose axle has been aligned with true north before the flywheel is set
spinning, it is possible to possess a much more accurate directional indicator. For this reason,
gyroscopes are used on airplanes particularly those flying over the poles as well as
submarines and even the Space Shuttle.
Torque, along with angular momentum, is the leading factor dictating the motion of a
gyroscope. Think of angular momentum as the momentum (mass multiplied by velocity) that
a turning object acquires. Due to a principle known as the conservation of angular
momentum, a spinning object has a tendency to reach a constant level of angular momentum,
and in order to do this, the sum of the external torques acting on the system must be reduced
to zero. Thus angular momentum "wants" or "needs" to cancel out torque.
3)DOORKNOBS

The wheel and axle system can be defined as a mechanical device consisting of a grooved
wheel turned by a cord or chain with a rigidly attached axle (for winding up a weight),
together with other supporting elements. The wheel is bigger in diameter than the axle, and
either of the two parts can be considered as the effort arm and the resistance arm, depending
on where the force is applied.
Generally, the force applied on the wheel for axle movement is for gaining maximum output
from the assembly, the force increases whereas the speed and distance of work output
decreases. In case of application of force on the axle, the force decreases, but the distance and
speed of work output increases. This is one of the classical machines that has been used in
many applications, including various home appliances like the fan, doorknob, grinder, etc.