Presentation of Data

Dr. Adel Al Mutawakel

 Methods of Presentation of data

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 Raw
data

Numerical
Presentation

Ordered
or array
Tabular

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 Tabular presentation
• Simple Frequency Distribution Table (S.F.D.T)

Name of variable Frequency

(units of variable)
Category1
Category2
Category3
Category4
Total
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• Percentage (%) is also added to the table as:
• Percentage of category = given quantity/total X 100

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 example: Blood group
Blood group Frequency %
A 12 24
B 18 36
AB 5 10
O 15 30
Total 50 100

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 Construction of (SFDT)

Qualitative Variables
Groups•

Quantitative Variables
Intervals•
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• 1. Qualitative V.
– Manual tallying table:
Marital status Tally marks

Married III
Single IIII
Divorced

Widowed III
Total

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 Marital status F %
Married 8 26.6
Single 14 46.7
Divorced 5 16.7
Widowed 3 10.0
Total 30 100.0

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 2. Quantitative V.
• Example

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• Steps:
– Determine the value of the lower limit of
the first interval
– Determine the value of the upper limit of
the last interval
– Select a suitable value for the width of
interval
– The table should preferably not to be of the
open-ended type
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 Determine the value of the lower
limit of the first interval
• It depends on the smallest observation in the
raw data. Round it if it is not rounded.

Weight F %
10 - 5 25
15 - 7 35
20 - 5 25
25 – 30 3 15
Total 20 100
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 Determine the value of the upper
limit of the last interval
• It depends on the largest observation in the
raw data. Round it if it is not rounded.

Weight F %
10 - 5 25
15 - 7 35
20 - 5 25
25 – 30 3 15
Total 20 100
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 Select a suitable number of intervals
• 4 – 12 intervals is preferred
• Expected number of intervals =

upper limit of last interval – lower limit of first interval

_______________________________________________
suggested width

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 Overlapping between the intervals is
not permitted
A B C D
15 to less than 20 15 – 19.9 15 – 19 15 -
20 to less than 25 20 – 24.9 20 – 24 20 -
25 to less than 30 25 – 29.9 25 – 29 25 -
30 to less than 35 30 – 34.9 30 – 34 30 – 35

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• Each table should have a title which
answers the three questions:
• What?
• Where?
• When?

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 Exercise
• It is required to construct a SFDT from the
following data which represents the weight of
20 persons:
• 17 – 22 – 13 – 25 – 16 – 19 – 14 – 18 – 26 –
14.9 – 23 – 22 – 19.7 – 12 – 17 – 24 – 26 – 13
– 18 – 20 kg.

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• 17 – 22 – 13 – 25 – 16 – 19 – 14 – 18 – 26 – 14.9 –
23 – 22 – 19.7 – 12 – 17 – 24 – 26 – 13 – 18 – 20
kg.
• Lower limit of first interval = 12
• Upper limit of last interval = 26
• Round number for lower limit of fist interval = 10
• Round number for upper limit of last interval = 30
• suitable value for the width of interval = 5
• suitable number of intervals = 30 – 10 / 5 = 4
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 Solution
Weight F %
10 - 5 25
15 - 7 35
20 - 5 25
25 – 30 3 15
Total 20 100

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 Complex frequency distribution tables
• Data concerning 2 variables or more
– The two-way classification
Age Weight (kg) Total
(years) 25 - 30 - 35 - 40 - 45 – 50
15 - 5 2 0 1 0 8
20 - 3 0 5 1 2 11
25 - 1 1 6 2 3 13
30 - 0 0 2 8 2 12
35 - 40 0 1 0 9 3 13
Total 9 4 13 21 10 57

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 Variables of previous example
Wt Age
Wt Frequency Age Frequency
25- 9 15- 8
30- 4 20- 11
35- 13 25- 13
40- 21 30- 12
45-50 10 35-40 13
Total 57 Total 57

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 The three-way classification
Age Sex Weight (kg) Total
(years) 25 - 30 - 35 - 40 - 45 – 50
15 - M 3 1 0 1 0 5
F 2 1 0 0 0 3
20 - M 2 0 1 0 1 4
F 1 0 4 1 1 7
25 - M 1 0 3 2 1 7
F 0 1 3 0 2 6
30 – 35 M 0 0 1 3 2 6
F 0 0 1 5 0 6
Total 9 3 13 12 7 44

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 The contingency table
2 X 2 contingency table
• Used to represent data concerning two variables
(qualitative type)
• To determine whether a relationship exists
between these two variables or not (by x2 test):
• Ex. Smoking – lung cancer
Smoking Lung cancer Total
Yes No
Yes 5 15 20
No 2 23 25
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Total 7 38 45 23