METALS AND NON-METALS

1. Chemistry Background Principles/ Introduction

1.1. Metals. Metals are composed of atoms which easily lose

electrons and form cations. It consists of cations arranged in a
closely packed three-dimensional pattern called crystal lattice.
Surrounding these cations are the valence electrons that do not
belong to any particular atom, but are free to move around crystal
lattice. Metallic bond is the attraction of the free moving electrons
for the network cations making up the crystal lattice. This force of
attraction that holds together positive ions of a metal is very
strong. A very high heat energy is necessary to break it up. This
explains why metals have very high melting and boiling
temperatures. Metals are good conductors of heat because vibration
of the metal ions in the crystal lattice facilitates the transfer of heat
energy from ion to ion. The freely moving electrons surrounding the
lattice may serve as the transfer medium of heat. Metals are good
conductors of electricity. When an electric current is applied to one
end of the metal bar, the free electrons easily flow from the end to
the other. Metals are malleable and ductile. They can be hammered
into sheets or drawn into a fine wire without breaking. When
subjected to pressure, the metal ions slide past one another
maintaining the metallic bond. Metals have luster. Light is reflected
by the planes or layers of cations.

The losing of electrons and formation of cations occur during

chemical reactions. One type of chemical reaction undergone by
metals is replacement (or displacement) reaction. The most
common of this type is one in which metal replaces another metal
ion from a solution. In order to do this, the free metal must be
more active than the metal in solution. This can be seen in a series
called electromotive or activity series. Notice that hydrogen is also
included here, even though it is not a metal. In this series, any free
metal higher than the metal ion in the solution can displace that
metal ion. Also, any metal above hydrogen on the activity series
will displace hydrogen gas from an acid.
 1.2 Nonmetals. Non-metals usually gain electrons and form anions
during chemical reactions. Usually, only nonmetals are involved in a covalent
bonding. Since there are no participating atom that can easily lose electrons,
no ions are formed. The tendency of non metals is to gain electrons to attain
stability. Therefore, the only alternative left for the metallic atoms is to
share electrons to attain a noble gas configuration (or have access to eight
valence electrons). Covalent bond is the linkage between atoms formed by
sharing of electrons. Molecular compounds that result from covalent bonding
are usually gases, liquids or solids with low melting temperatures.

There are two types of covalent bonds depending on the

distribution of the electric charges. Dissimilar atoms with unequal sharing of
electrons and having different electro negativities form a polar covalent bond
such as hydrogen chloride and water. Identical atoms form a non-polar
covalent bond, such as the two atoms of chlorine, fluorine, oxygen and
hydrogen. The molecule chlorine as an example of a non polar covalent
molecule has two identical atoms and their electro negativities are the same.
Hence, the pair of electron atoms is shared equally between the two chlorine
atoms.

Non-metals are usually diatomic gases at room temperature, not

good conductors of heat and electricity, low density and of very low melting
point.Different samples of metals and non-metals will be studied in this
exercise.

2. Objectives:

After completing the laboratory exercise, the students will be

able to:

2.1.Differentiate the properties of metals and non-metals

2.2Confirm the behavior or relative activities of metals on the

basis of their standard electromotive series or activity series.

2. Apparatus/ Materials:

 Magnesium  Aluminum
  Zinc  0.1 N Sodium Hydroxide
 Iron  Test tube
 Copper  Test tube holder
 0.1 M Zinc Sulfate  Match Stick
 0.1 M Copper Sulfate  Sulfuric Acid, 0.1 M
 0.1 M Iron Sulfate  Potassium Chlorate
 Bar magnet  Bunsen burner
 Distilled Water  Test tube rack

3. Procedure:
4.1 Metals
4.1.1. Properties of Metals. Prepare the metals shown in the
table and determine their properties. Observe the state, color, hardness,
luster, solubility in water and reaction to magnet. Record your
observation in the table below.

Metals State Color Hardness Luster Solubilit Reactio

y in n to
Water Magnet
Magnesium solid silvery- white hard lustrous non- not
soluble attract
Aluminum solid silvery- white hard lustrous non- not
soluble attract
Zinc solid bluish-silver hard lustrous non- not
soluble attract
Iron solid silvery-gray soft lustrous non- attract
soluble
Copper solid reddish-brown soft lustrous non- not
soluble attract
Lead solid bluish-white soft lustrous non- not
soluble attract
 4. Questions:

1. Differentiate Metal from Non-metal.

 Metal are used to mean those natural elements which are solid,
lustrous, opaque and higher in density. Metals have a very high boiling and
melting point. They effectively conduct heat and electricity. In metals, the
atoms are arrange in the crystal structure. They act as reducing agents, as
they lose valence electrons and form cations. Non-metal is the natural
elements, which lacks metallic properties. These are usually present in the
solid or gaseous state,except bromine, the only non-metal that exist in liquid
form. They are soft, non-lustrous and good insulators of heat and electricity.

2. Which of the tested metals was attracted to magnet? What property is

in that metal that made it attracted to magnet?

 Among the tested metals, the only metal that was attracted to
magnet is Iron. Magnets attract iron due to the influence of their magnetic
field upon the iron when exposed to the magnetic field, the atoms begin to
align their electrons with the flow of the magnetic field, which makes the
iron magnetized as well, this, creates an attraction between the two
magnetized objects. Iron has a strong ferromagnetism which are attracted
to magnets considering of their electrons spin and the resulting magnetic
moments align easily and retain that alignment even without an external
magnetic field.

3. What are some the general applications of the knowledge of metals in

and non-metals in engineering field?

 Metals and Non-metals roll in day to day functional task as they have a
wide range of use by the engineer. It can be used for steel foundation,
structural purposes, automotive, concretes and for consumer products. It
can be alloyed for high rigidity, strength and hardness, a good electrical
conductivity and thermal conductivity.

4.List 5 Metals and Non- metal each with their applications

METALS:

 Gold and silver are used for making jewellery.

 Copper is used for making electrical wires, cooking utensils ects.

 Zinc is mainly used as a protective coat for iron.

 Aluminium is used for making electrical cables, packaging, cooking

utensils, etc.

 Iron and steel are widely used in building and home constructions.

NON-METALS:

 Oxygen is used for breathing.

 Chlorine is used for purifying water.

 Phosphorous is used in crackers.

 Nitrogen is used in fertilizers.

 Carbon is used as a fuel.

CONCLUSION:

In conclusion, all the objects around us are made up of metals and

non-metals. You can find metals in television, car, and phones for example
which we usually use in our daily life. Non-metals are pale and non-
malleable, it helps us to breathe. Also, wood used to fabricate furniture like
table and chair. Metal and non-metals has many used in our lives.
 METALS AND NON-METALS

1. Chemistry Background Principles/ Introduction

4.1. Metals. Metals are composed of atoms which easily lose

electrons and form cations. It consists of cations arranged in a
closely packed three-dimensional pattern called crystal lattice.
Surrounding these cations are the valence electrons that do not
belong to any particular atom, but are free to move around crystal
lattice. Metallic bond is the attraction of the free moving electrons
for the network cations making up the crystal lattice. This force of
attraction that holds together positive ions of a metal is very
strong. A very high heat energy is necessary to break it up. This
explains why metals have very high melting and boiling
temperatures. Metals are good conductors of heat because vibration
of the metal ions in the crystal lattice facilitates the transfer of heat
energy from ion to ion. The freely moving electrons surrounding the
lattice may serve as the transfer medium of heat. Metals are good
conductors of electricity. When an electric current is applied to one
end of the metal bar, the free electrons easily flow from the end to
the other. Metals are malleable and ductile. They can be hammered
into sheets or drawn into a fine wire without breaking. When
subjected to pressure, the metal ions slide past one another
maintaining the metallic bond. Metals have luster. Light is reflected
by the planes or layers of cations.

The losing of electrons and formation of cations occur during

chemical reactions. One type of chemical reaction undergone by
metals is replacement (or displacement) reaction. The most
common of this type is one in which metal replaces another metal
ion from a solution. In order to do this, the free metal must be
more active than the metal in solution. This can be seen in a series
called electromotive or activity series. Notice that hydrogen is also
included here, even though it is not a metal. In this series, any free
metal higher than the metal ion in the solution can displace that
metal ion. Also, any metal above hydrogen on the activity series
will displace hydrogen gas from an acid.
 1.2 Nonmetals. Non-metals usually gain electrons and form anions
during chemical reactions. Usually, only nonmetals are involved in a covalent
bonding. Since there are no participating atom that can easily lose electrons,
no ions are formed. The tendency of non-metals is to gain electrons to attain
stability. Therefore, the only alternative left for the metallic atoms is to
share electrons to attain a noble gas configuration (or have access to eight
valence electrons). Covalent bond is the linkage between atoms formed by
sharing of electrons. Molecular compounds that result from covalent bonding
are usually gases, liquids or solids with low melting temperatures.

There are two types of covalent bonds depending on the

distribution of the electric charges. Dissimilar atoms with unequal sharing of
electrons and having different electro negativities form a polar covalent bond
such as hydrogen chloride and water. Identical atoms form a non-polar
covalent bond, such as the two atoms of chlorine, fluorine, oxygen and
hydrogen. The molecule chlorine as an example of a non-polar covalent
molecule has two identical atoms and their electro negativities are the same.
Hence, the pair of electron atoms is shared equally between the two chlorine
atoms.

Non-metals are usually diatomic gases at room temperature, not

good conductors of heat and electricity, low density and of very low melting
point. Different samples of metals and non-metals will be studied in this
exercise.

2. Objectives:

After completing the laboratory exercise, the students will be

able to:

2.1. Differentiate the properties of metals and non-metals

2.2Confirm the behavior or relative activities of metals on the

basis of their standard electromotive series or activity series.

5. Apparatus/ Materials:

 Magnesium  Aluminum
 Zinc  0.1 N Sodium Hydroxide
 Iron  Test tube
 Copper  Test tube holder
 0.1 M Zinc Sulfate  Match Stick
 0.1 M Copper Sulfate  Sulfuric Acid, 0.1 M
 0.1 M Iron Sulfate  Potassium Chlorate
 Bar magnet  Bunsen burner
 Distilled Water  Test tube rack
 6. Procedure:
4.1 Metals
4.1.1. Properties of Metals. Prepare the metals shown in the
table and determine their properties. Observe the state, color, hardness,
luster, solubility in water and reaction to magnet. Record your
observation in the table below.

Metals State Color Hardness Luster Solubilit Reactio

y in n to
Water Magnet
Magnesium solid silvery- white hard lustrous non- not
soluble attract
Aluminum solid silvery- white hard lustrous non- not
soluble attract
Zinc solid bluish-silver hard lustrous non- not
soluble attract
Iron solid silvery-gray soft lustrous non- attract
soluble
Copper solid reddish-brown soft lustrous non- not
soluble attract
Lead solid bluish-white soft lustrous non- not
soluble attract

4. Questions:

1. Differentiate Metal from Non-metal.

Metals are generally solids at ordinary temperature, except mercury

and gallium. It possess shining and brilliant surfaces and can reflect light.
Metals are heavy except sodium, potassium, and magnesium. Metals are
good conductors of heat and electricity except for lead. Metals are ductile
and malleable. Their melting point and boiling point are generally high. And
lastly, they are generally lustrous and can be polished. While non-metals are
either solids or gases at ordinary temperature. It possess such surfaces and
cannot reflect light. Non-metals are generally light in weight. Solid non-
metals are hard but brittle. Non-metals are bad conductors of heat and
electricity except for graphite. Non-metals are neither ductile nor malleable.
Their melting point and boiling point are generally low. And lastly, they are
generally non-lustrous and cannot be polished.

2. Which of the tested metals was attracted to magnet? What property is in

that metal that made it attracted to magnet?

Among the tested metals, Iron was attracted to magnet. Iron is a

ferromagnetic metal. A ferromagnetic metals are strongly attracted to
magnetic fields and are able to retrain their magnetic properties after the
magnet is removed. They are used to make permanent magnets.

3. What are some the general applications of the knowledge of metals in and
non-metals in engineering field?

In metals, the general applications of it in engineering field are it is

used as materials like stainless steel and iron for us to build and construct
structures. While non-metals, the general applications of it in engineering
fields such as plastics and woods has also huge role in engineering. Plastics
is not an element but a polymer composed of different non-metals such as
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and etc. Plastics are engineered
materials. Example of plastics is a rigid foams that are used in sheet metals
for compressive strength. Lastly the wood, manufacture specific types of
woods are well established.

4. List 5 Metals and Non- metal each with their applications

Non-Metals

• Carbon is used as fuel

• Bromine is used in dyes and pesticides

• Graphite is used in making leads and a good conductor of electricity

• Nitrogen is used in fertilizers

• Chlorine is used to purify water

Metals

• Aluminum is used for making electrical cables, packaging, cooking utensils

• Lead is used in car batteries

• Gold and silver are used for making jewelry

• Sodium is used as a table salt

• Nickel is used to create coins

Conclusion:

All the objects that surrounds us are made up of metals and non-
metals. Metals and non-metals has a very huge role in my field, it’s because
it will help me to identify what materials must be used to build or construct a
structure someday. Metals and non-metals are not just applicable to our field
but to all living things. Like for us humans we need oxygen to breathe and
oxygen is an example of non-metals, we also used Copper and Aluminum for
making electrical wires and cables, and cooking utensils. With that, we can
proceed to what we wanted to do. Therefore, it is important to identify the
uses of metals and non-metals in our daily lives.