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Castigo Físico y Desórdenes Mentales
Castigo Físico y Desórdenes Mentales
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Physical punishment (also referred to considerable overlap between the 2 types adult samples found that physical pun-
as spanking, smacking, and corporal of exposure; depending on the age, devel- ishment was associated with adult de-
punishment) involves acts of hitting a opmental stage, and level of force used, pression,5 anxiety disorders,19 alcohol
child as a means of discipline. The parent there is considerable agreement that abuse/dependence,5,19 and externaliz-
or caregiver’s right to use physical pun- certain types of physical punishment ing problems5,19 independent of the ef-
ishment has currently been abolished in constitute abuse (eg, spanking an infant fects of child physical or sexual abuse.
32 nations; Canada and the United States aged ,6 months or a teenager). The Despite increasing evidence regarding
are not included among these countries.1 literature from the past 20 years indi- the impairment associated with physical
Physical punishment has been a com- cates that the associated impairments punishment, some researchers suggest
monly used method of discipline in North of physical punishment are broad and that the findings linking physical pun-
America and is considered socially ac- enduring,20 just like the broad associa- ishment with harmful outcomes are
ceptable by many caregivers.2,3 In a US tions found in the literature on child based on flawed studies with weak-
sample of the Carolinas, for example, maltreatment. In addition, perhaps the nesses in design, measurement, and
46% of mothers reported slapping or experience of physical punishment, even analysis, including the lack of statistical
spanking in the past year.4 An examina- if not “physically abusive,” may generate adjustment for confounding factors.37–39
tion of nationally representative US data acute or chronic stress through experi- An important consideration in this re-
indicated that 48% of adults retrospec- ences of anxiety, fear, and shame, among search is accounting for the confound-
tively reported a history of physical pun- others, that are associated with physio- ing effects of child maltreatment. In
ishment (having something thrown at logic and emotional dysregulation21 and addition, gender may have a moderating
them or being pushed, grabbed, shoved, characteristic of a range of Axis I and II effect on physical punishment with
slapped, or spanked) without having psychopathologic conditions. As with regard to mental disorders, as is the
experienced more severe physical or maltreatment, genetic variability may case for child maltreatment.14 Further-
sexual abuse.5 account for some of the differences more, poor parental mental health may
It is well established that child maltreat- in specific impairment associated with be a possible confounding factor re-
ment (ie, physical abuse, sexual abuse, exposure.22–24 quiring statistical adjustment in the re-
emotional maltreatment, physical and Reviews of the literature have indicated lationship between physical punishment
emotional neglect) is associated with that physical punishment is related to and mental disorders. Lower levels of
adult Axis I and II mental disorders.6–17 higher levels of aggression, delinquency, parental emotional well-being have been
Evidence about the negative long-term and internalizing conditions in addition to associated with an increased likelihood
outcomes associated with child mal- lower levels of internalizing morals and of spanking young children,40 and pa-
treatment could provide insights into overall mental health.25,26 There is some rental mental disorders may increase
understanding why physical punish- evidence that physical punishment is also the likelihood of mental disorders among
ment is associated with impairment associated with immediate compliance.24,25 offspring.41
and provides the theoretical perspec- Many studies have found a link between To our knowledge, there have been no
tive for the current study.18 Although physical punishment and poor child examinations of the link between phys-
only a few representative studies have and adolescent social, emotional, cog- ical punishment and a broad range of
been conducted on the relationship be- nitive, developmental, and behavioral mental health disorders in a nationally
tween physical punishment and specific problems or impairment.27–33 There is representative sample controlling for
mental disorders, theoretically similar also evidence for an association between several types of child maltreatment.
associations found in the child mal- physical punishment and poor adult Previous studies have not considered
treatment literature would be expected mental health outcomes. For example, the proportion of mental disorders in
for physical punishment because phys- physical punishment has been associ- the general population that may be at-
ical punishment and child maltreatment ated with depressive symptoms in US tributable to physical punishment alone
are not separate and unrelated dichoto- college samples.34–36 Results from a US without experiencing more severe
mies but rather varying degrees of community survey indicated that physi- forms of child maltreatment. Such in-
physical force used on children found cal punishment in the teenage years formation would be useful for pedia-
along a continuum of increasing severity significantly increased the likelihood of tricians and other health care providers
ranging from no physical acts to severe depression, suicidal thoughts, and alco- to consider when making recommen-
child maltreatment.2,5,19 It is also im- hol abuse in adulthood.2 Similarly, 2 dations to parents on the use of physical
portant to recognize that there can be other studies involving representative punishment.
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household had 1 or more of the follow- models were computed to understand relationships between harsh physical
ing: (1) had a problem with alcohol or the relationship between physical pun- punishment and Axis I disorders. In the
drugs; (2) went to jail or prison; (3) was ishment (without experiencing child models adjusted for sociodemographic
treated or hospitalized for a mental ill- maltreatment) and Axis I and II mental variables, harsh physical punishment
ness; (4) attempted suicide; and/or (5) disorders. Models were first adjusted was associated with an increased like-
died by suicide. for sociodemographic variables (ad- lihood of most lifetime mental dis-
justed odds ratio [aOR-1]) and then orders, including major depression,
Axis I and Axis II Disorders further adjusted for family history of dysthymia, mania, any mood disorder,
dysfunction (aOR-2). Third, population- specific phobia, any anxiety disorder,
Lifetime diagnoses of Axis I and Axis II
attributable fractions (PAFs) were cal- and any alcohol and drug abuse or de-
disorders were made by using the Al-
culated for each significant association pendence (aOR-1: 1.36–2.08). All of these
cohol Use Disorder and Associated Dis-
between physical punishment and men- relationships remained significant af-
abilities Interview Schedule IV,48,49 a fully
tal disorders for the most adjusted ter further adjusting for any family his-
structured interview that has been
models. PAFs represent an estimate of tory of dysfunction, with the exception of
shown to be both valid and reliable.50,51
the proportion of the outcome that social phobia (aOR-2: 1.36–1.93). PAFs
Axis I disorders included major depres-
would be decreased if the exposure had for this latter statistical model ranged
sion, dysthymia, mania, hypomania, any
not occurred.54 from 2.1% for any anxiety disorder to
mood disorder, panic disorder with or
Finally, gender differences according to 5.2% for mania. There were no signifi-
without agoraphobia, social phobia,
physical punishment interactions were cant gender by harsh physical punish-
specific phobia, generalized anxiety dis-
examined in relation to Axis I and II ment interactions for Axis I disorders.
order, posttraumatic stress disorder,
agoraphobia, any anxiety disorder, any disorders. Data provided include 99.9% Table 3 shows the associations be-
alcohol abuse/dependence, and any confidence intervals (CIs) for all mod- tween harsh physical punishment and
drug abuse/dependence. Axis II person- els. P values of ,.01 are also provided. Axis II disorders. In the statistical model
ality disorders were examined individ- adjusted for sociodemographic varia-
ually and in clusters. Clusters included RESULTS bles, harsh physical punishment was
the presence of 1 or more individual associated with an increased likelihood
The prevalence of harsh physical pun- of several individual personality dis-
personality disorder and were di-
ishment alone without experiencing orders (aOR-1: 1.63–2.46), as well as any
vided as follows: cluster A (paranoid,
more severe child maltreatment was cluster A and B disorder diagnosis (aOR-
schizoid, schizotypal), cluster B (antiso-
5.9%. Table 1 presents the socio- 1: 1.82–1.94). When models were addi-
cial, histrionic, borderline, narcissistic),
demographic distribution among the tionally adjusted for any family history
and cluster C (avoidant, dependent,
harsh physical punishment and no physical of dysfunction, the relationships be-
obsessive-compulsive). These clusters
punishment groups. Females compared tween harsh physical punishment and
are based on Diagnostic and Statistical
with males were less likely to experience schizoid and obsessive-compulsive per-
Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth
harsh physical punishment. Compared sonality disorders no longer reached
Edition classification determined by
with being white, black individuals had statistical significance. PAFs ranged from
similarities of symptoms.52
increased odds of harsh physical pun- 4.2% for any Cluster A disorder to 7.2%
ishment, whereas Asian, Native Hawaiian, for schizotypal personality disorder. There
Statistical Analysis and other Pacific Islander respondents were no significant gender by harsh
Statistical weights were applied in all had decreased odds of experiencing physical punishment interactions.
analyses to ensure that the NESARC data harsh physical punishment. Increases in
were representative of the general US education level and income level were
population. To account for the complex both associated with increased odds of DISCUSSION
survey design of the NESARC, Taylor harsh physical punishment. Marital sta- The current findings advance our knowl-
series linearization was used as a var- tus categories and mean age did not edge of the relationship between harsh
iance estimation technique by using differ in the nonphysical punishment physical punishment and mental dis-
SUDAAN software Version 10.53 First, de- group versus the harsh physical pun- orders in several novel ways. First, the
scriptive statistics and logistic regres- ishment group. Finally, individuals with findings indicate that harsh physical
sions were computed to understand a family history of dysfunction were punishment in the absence of child mal-
the sociodemographic distribution of more likely to experience harsh physical treatment is associated with increased
the sample. Second, logistic regression punishment. Table 2 presents the odds of having several lifetime Axis I and II
188 AFIFI et al
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size ,5.
*** P # .001;
** P # .01.
discourage the use of physical pun- that physical punishment (ie, spanking, to provide information about alternative
ishment.58 A more explicit position smacking, slapping) should not be used discipline strategies, such as positive
statement to be considered in the with children of any age. In making such reinforcement. Many positive ap-
future might include the statement a recommendation, it will be important proaches to parenting and discipline
190 AFIFI et al
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exist and have been reviewed in the Policies need to be focused on strategies punishment and mental health by using
literature.59–61 to reduce physical punishment, which a nationally representative sample. These
From a public health perspective, re- again points to the importance of positive findings are important in considering
ducing physical punishment may help parentingapproaches. Althoughthisstudy policy and programmatic approaches to
to decrease the prevalence of mental has limitations, it provided a unique op- protect children from inappropriate and
disorders in the general population. portunity to examine harsh physical potentially harmful discipline.
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192 AFIFI et al
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Physical Punishment and Mental Disorders: Results From a Nationally
Representative US Sample
Tracie O. Afifi, Natalie P. Mota, Patricia Dasiewicz, Harriet L. MacMillan and
Jitender Sareen
Pediatrics 2012;130;184; originally published online July 2, 2012;
DOI: 10.1542/peds.2011-2947
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