Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Indo Ne Wsi A: Budi Utomo, The Noble Endeavor
Indo Ne Wsi A: Budi Utomo, The Noble Endeavor
NE a
Budi Utomo, The Noble
Endeavor
The first Indonesian nationalist organization. It was
founded on May 20, 1908, a day now designated by the
Indonesian government as the Day of National Awakening. Islamic Association AKA
Budi Utomo originated through the efforts of Mas
Wahidin Sudirohusodo (1852–1917), a
Sarekat Islam
retired Javanese physician who, attempting to elevate the
Javanese people through the study of Western knowledge as well The first nationalist political party in Indonesia to gain
as their own cultural heritage, sought to obtain support for a wide popular support. Founded in 1912 the party originated as
scholarship fund for Indonesian students. His efforts were an association of those Muslim merchants who wanted to advance
supported by Dutch-educated Javanese students in Batavia (now their economic interests in relation to Chinese merchants in Java,
Jakarta) and later by Javanese aristocrats and priyayi (elite). but the association became political. It quickly gained mass
They met in Yogyakarta in 1908 and founded Budi Utomo, support and started working for the self-government of the Dutch
which aimed at improving the cultural and economic status of the East Indies. The party’s most prominent leader was Omar Said
Javanese. Tjokroaminoto.
As a Javanese cultural organization, Budi Utomo Its religious appeal helped the Sarekat Islām to grow
grew rapidly, and by the end of 1909 it claimed to have 40 rapidly. By 1916 the organization claimed 80 branches
branches with 10,000 members, most of them students and civil throughout Indonesia with a total membership of about 350,000.
servants. Their expressed objectives went far beyond Wahidin’s The Dutch authorities did not attempt to suppress the
interest in improving educational opportunities for Indonesians; organization, presumably because they wanted to channel the
they called for the encouragement of agriculture and trade and the increasingly radical movement into a constitutional stream.
dissemination of humanistic thought. However much its members The Sarekat Islām, however, became more and more
emphasized Javanese culture, Budi Utomo assumed that involved in revolutionary activities. Communist elements entered
progress meant adopting the social and political institutions of the the organization, and the struggle for power between the religious
West. The leadership was held by conservatives who resisted leaders and the communists culminated in the division of the
political activity by the group, but they were increasingly opposed Sarekat Islām in 1921. Before the division the orthodox
by younger and more aggressive members. The effectiveness of Marxist party, the Indies Social Democratic Association,
Budi Utomo was finally undercut by the appeal of those who changed its name to the Indies (after 1924, Indonesian)
favoured direct action against the West and by more radical and Communist Party (PKI). In 1920 the communists tried to
expressly political organizations such as the Sarekat Islām, a draw the movement into the orbit of the international communist
proto-nationalist party. Membership in Budi Utomo fell off movement. The religious leaders of the Sarekat Islām, Agus
sharply after 1910, but the organization was important as a model Salim and Abdul Muis, aware of the communist activities, urged
for later nationalist groups. It was dissolved in 1935.
a motion, passed in 1921 at a national party congress, that no seized power in Madiun. The communist leaders, taken by
member of the Sarekat Islām could hold dual party membership. surprise, were trapped by their own propaganda and had
This led to the departure of the left wing of the party. The latter no alternative but to support the rebellion. The Hatta-Sukarno
group set up the Sarekat Islām Merah (Red Islāmic government took firm action. The rebellion was put down within
Association), which later changed its name to the Sarekat Rakjat three months, and most of the PKI leaders were killed or
(People’s Association), to serve as the mass organization of the imprisoned.
PKI. The split severely undermined the Sarekat Islām, which
eventually declined into a secondary party.
Sukarno
born Kusno Sosrodihardjo, ; (6 June 1901 – 21 June Japanese aid in spreading nationalist ideas. Upon
1970)[3] was the first President of Indonesia, serving Japanese surrender, Sukarno and Mohammad
from 1945 to 1967. Hatta declared Indonesian independence on 17 August
1945, and Sukarno was appointed as first president. He
Sukarno was the leader of his country's struggle led Indonesians in resisting Dutch re-colonization
for Independence from the Netherlands. He was a efforts via diplomatic and military means until the Dutch
prominent leader of Indonesia's nationalist movement acknowledgement of Indonesian independence in 1949.
during the Dutch colonial period, and spent over a decade Author Pramoedya Ananta Toer once wrote "Sukarno
under Dutch detention until released by the was the only Asian leader of the modern era able to unify
invading Japanese forces. Sukarno and his fellow people of such differing ethnic, cultural and religious
nationalists collaborated to garner support for the backgrounds without shedding a drop of blood."[4]
Japanese war effort from the population, in exchange for
After a chaotic period of parliamentary democracy, The military Head of Government, General
Sukarno established an autocratic system called "Guided Suharto, was named acting President until a new
Democracy" in 1957 that successfully ended the President is chosen after next year's general elections.
instability and rebellions which were threatening the
survival of the diverse and fractious country. The early To prevent trouble from Dr Sukarno's supporters,
1960s saw Sukarno veering Indonesia to the left by who are still numerous, Congress took a moderate line
providing support and protection to the Communist in ordering the President's dismissal. Although many of
Party of Indonesia (PKI) to the irritation of the the legislators wanted Sukarno put on trial, alleging that
military and Islamists. He also embarked on a series of he took part in the attempted coup 18 months ago,
aggressive foreign policies under the rubric of anti- Congress decided to leave the matter to General Suharto.
imperialism, with aid from the Soviet Union and China. He will decide later whether to order an investigation into
The failure of the 30 September Movement (1965) led to Dr Sukarno's role in the coup.
the destruction of the PKI and his replacement in 1967
by one of his generals, Suharto (see Transition to the
New Order), and he remained under house arrest until
Although the cautiously worded Congress resolution
his death. made no reference to Dr Sukarno's dismissal, it left no
doubt that he would have no political role to play. He
seems to have lost even his most cherished title, "Great
Leader of the Indonesian Revolution." The resolution
HEADLINE dropped all reference to him as President and referred to
him instead as "Doctor Engineer" Sukarno.
Sukarno Goes Quietly
President Sukarno's political career ended quietly today Dr Sukarno's political decline began in October,
1965, when a Communist attempt to seize power was
when the Indonesian People's Congress formally thwarted. Last month, facing strong pressure to resign,
stripped him of all powers. he signed away all powers to General Suharto.
Congress in effect simply ratified this agreement today.
In his first speech as acting President, General Edward HUGHES Seeks Author of Anonymous
Suharto told Congress that the decision of the session Letter Defamatory to Himself, 1853,
was the result of the unity of the new order. "With the NJ Hmmm...I wonder if the author ever
ending of the political conflict we can direct our effort to
realising the Cabinet programme in establishing political 'fessed up. Or did he convince the
and economic stability, and the welfare of the people." girl...? genealogy
For Sale
Classified Ads John F. DEWAR Sells Bullfinches & Tame
Employment Wanted Doves, Edinburgh, Scotland 1883
J. I. FISER of TN Want to Work in an Orange GARDNER Pony for Sale, TN, 1884
Grove, 1884
George RENTON Offers a Bargain Steam
FISHER Seeks Employment, NJ, Engine, 1854, New Jersey genealogy
1888 genealogy
G. B. PETERS is selling a horse, rockaway and
ARBURY Seeks Employment, Philadelphia, PA, bees. genealogy
1888
Business Opportunities
Personal Notices
Mr. HOOK wishes to sell or exchange his
business and then retire.
Special Notices Land Warrants Lost Between Georgia &
Pension Office, 1857 COBB, HIX, SINIARD,
Mr. RABB places a special notice for the
BUTT
Mechanics' Lyceum of Charleston, SC, 1870.
Abijah HUNT offers $8 reward for return of
Lost & Found
this lost letter - 1792.
Scotland, 1883
For Rent
Have you seen Mr. KUHN's cow? $5 reward
Mrs. REICHARD Rents a House, PA, 1903
offered. TN, 1884
Acton YOUNG Rents Rooms at Whitemore
Mrs. WYATT Wants Her Poodle Back! TN,
House, Memphis, 1879
1884
Mrs. BORDEN Offers Room & Board,
Lost Watch in Newark, NJ 1854 BROWN
Memphis, TN, 1879
Today, some popular dishes that originated in 13,500 islands under its jurisdiction, Indonesia offers an adventure for
Indonesia are now common to neighbouring countries, everyone, from exploring ancient temples and hiking active volcanoes to
Malaysia and Singapore. Indonesian dishes such diving in largely untouched waters. You can wander the busy streets of
as satay, beef rendang, and sambal are favoured
Jakarta, or take a step back in time with a visit to the remote villages of
in Malaysia and Singapore. Soy-based dishes, such as
variations of tofu and tempeh, are also very popular. Tana Toraja;
Tempeh is regarded as a Javanese invention, a local indulge in the
adaptation of soy-based food fermentation and production. bliss of Bali,
Another fermented food is oncom, similar in some ways
or come face
to tempeh but using a variety of bases (not only soy),
created by different fungi, and particularly popular to face with
in West Java. the volatile
experience is
TRAVEL AND TOURISM sure to be one filled with awe and appreciation for a country as steeped in