ADJECTIVES – ADVERBS – COMPARISONS (tÝnh tõ, tr¹ng tõ, vµ c¸c d¹ng so s¸nh)

A. Adjectives (tÝnh tõ)

®Æc ®iÓm chung

- tÝnh tõ ®øng tríc danh tõ ®Ó bæ sung th«ng tin.
He is a famous singer.
That’s a huge blue whale.
- tÝnh tõ kh«ng cã d¹ng sè Ýt, nhiÒu.

- tÝnh tõ ®øng sau c¸c nhãm tõ chØ kÝch cì.

Eg:
This river is 5 metres deep, 10 kilometres long and 50 metres wide.
kÝch cì + ADJ = kÝch cì + IN Noun
Eg: The tree is 30 metres high. = the tree is 30 metres in height.
This village is 2 km long. = this village is 2 km in length.
- tÝnh tõ ®øng sau nhãm ®éng tõ chØ tr¹ng th¸I, tÝnh chÊt (linking verbs) nh: be,
appear, become, get, keep, feel, look, smell, seem, sound, taste, etc.
eg:
I feel relaxed while listening this song.
The street seems very busy at night.
My grandfather gets older and older.
- cã 1 sè tÝnh tõ ®øng sau m¹o tõ THE trong cÊu tróc THE + ADJ ®Ó chØ 1 nhãm ngêi
(®«ngj tõ chia cho chñ ng÷ nµy lu«n ë sè nhiÒu)
Eg:
The old = old people ; The old need more care.
the rich = rich people ; The rich are not always happy.
the unemployed = unemployed people; The unemployed have been hungry for
days.
- lu ý: khi cã nhiÒu tÝnh tõ cïng ®øng tríc 1 danh tõ ®Ó bæ sung ý nghÜa th«ng tin,
th× ph¶I tu©n theo tr×nh tù sau:

number  opinion  size ageshape colour

originmaterialpurpose + NOUN
three modern small new round yellow Korean metal
alarm clock

B. Adverbs (tr¹ng tõ)

- Form: ADJ + LY
Quiet  quietly; bad  badly; extreme  extremely
- Chó ý: cã 1 sè trêng hîp ®Æc biÖt: true + ly  truly; whole + ly  wholly;
good  well
- Cã mét sè tÝnh tõ còng cã kÕt thóc b»ng ®u«I LY (®õng nhÇm lµ tr¹ng tõ)
nh: friendly, lonely, lovely, lively, silly…
- vÞ trÝ cña tr¹ng tõ:
+ tr¹ng tõ chØ tÝnh chÊt møc ®é ®øng tríc hoÆc sau ®éng tõ thêng, ®øng tríc tÝnh
tõ ®Ó bæ sung ý nghÜa.
Eg: She drives dangerously.

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 They beautifully danced.
She is extremely intelligent and hard-working.
+ tr¹ng tõ chØ ®Þa ®iÓm (here, there…), tr¹ng tõ chØ thêi gian (now, today, soon,
recently…) thêng ®øng cuèi c©u, nhng ®«I khi còng ®øng ®Çu ®Ó nhÊn m¹nh.
Eg: I’ll see you there.
Last year, we went to Spain. / We went to Spain last year.
+ tr¹ng tõ chØ tÇn suÊt (often, sometimes…) ®øng tríc §éng tõ chÝnh, ®øng sau trî §T,
tobe, vµ Not (nÕu cã).
Eg: I do not always get up late.
+ tr¹ng tõ chØ møc ®é (rather/ quite, very, hardly, absolutely,…) thêng ®øng trong
cÊu tróc sau:
A + quite/ rather… + Adj + Noun
HoÆc: Quite/ rather + A/ An + Adj + Noun

C. Comparisons (c¸c d¹ng so s¸nh)

Khi so s¸nh h¬n, so s¸nh nhÊt, ph¶I chó ý ®Õn tÝnh tõ, tr¹ng tõ ng¾n hay dµi; nhng khi
so s¸nh ngang b»ng th× kh«ng cÇn.

 so s¸nh h¬n - comparative

Short S1 + tobe + adj + ER + than + Your bag is newer than mine (my
Adj S2 bag)
Short S1 + V + adv + ER + than + Lan drives faster than Thu.
Adv S2
Long Adj S1 + tobe + MORE + adj + Ha is more hard-working than
than + S2 Mai.
Long S1 + V + MORE + adv + than He works more carefully than his
Adv + S2 wife.

▪ ph©n biÖt tÝnh tõ , tr¹ng tõ ng¾n / dµi:

- tÝnh tõ, tr¹ng tõ ng¾n: lµ tõ cã 1 ©m tiÕt, hoÆc 2 ©m tiÕt nhng
kÕt thóc b»ng Y
Cã 1 ©m tiÕt Shorter, taller, bigger, faster, harder…
…
Cã 2 ©m tiÕt kÕt thóc Busy->busier, happier, Earlier…
b»ng Y funnier, luckier

Chó ý: Víi tÝnh tõ, tr¹ng tõ ng¾n, khi cã tËn cïng lµ 1 phô ©m ®øng tríc duy nhÊt 1
nguyªn ©m th× ph¶I gÊp ®«I phô ©m cuèi råi míi thªm ER, ngo¹i trõ kÕt thóc
b»ng tõ W.
Eg: fat  fatter, big  bigger…
New  newer, few  fewer…
- tÝnh tõ, tr¹ng tõ dµi cã tõ 2 ©m tiÕt trë lªn (ngo¹i trõ t/hîp kÕt thóc lµ Y)
more modern, more often, more carefully…..
▪ tÝnh tõ, tr¹ng tõ so s¸nh bÊt qui t¾c (irregular form)
Adj/ Adv Comparative Superlative
Good/ well better Best
Bad/ badly worse Worst

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 Old Older/ elder Oldest/ eldest
Far Farther/ further Farthest/ furthest
Much/ many More most
little less Least

▪ nhÊn m¹nh tÝnh chÊt khi so s¸nh h¬n

khi so s¸nh h¬n, ®Ó nhÊn m¹nh tÝnh chÊt h¬n, thêng dïng: much, far, a lot; nhng khi
muèn lµm gi¶m nhÑ tÝnh chÊt, dïng : a little, a bit, rather/ quite - ®øng tríc côm tÝnh tõ,
tr¹ng tõ so s¸nh h¬n.
 so s¸nh ngang b»ng

+ S1 + tobe/ V + AS + adj/ adv + AS + S2

- S1 + tobe NOT + AS/ SO + adj/ adv
+ AS + S2
trî ®t NOT-
V
Ngoµi ra, cßn c¸c cÊu tróc ®Æc biÖt ®Ó so s¸nh ngang b»ng, gièng nhau nh:
Like = gièng nh M« t¶ sù gièng nhau vÒ Lan is like her mother.
h×nh thøc, tÝnh c¸ch My bag is like your.
The same (N) as Gièng hÖt nh Her idea was the same as mine.
My house has the same colour as yours.
Different from Kh¸c biÖt víi My shirt is different from hers.
He spoke different from what he thought.

Eg: My house is as big as hers.

Lan’s house isn’t as/ so high as mine.
My father cooks as well as my mother.

▪ so s¸nh gÊp sè lÇn (half, twice, three times, four times…), h¬n víi con sè chÝnh x¸c…
S1 + tobe/ V + twice, 3m…. + AS + adj/ adv + AS + S2
Eg: My village is twice as crowded as yours.
This book is three times as thick as that.
My sister is 5 cm as tall as me.
▪ h×nh thøc cña S2 sau THAN, AS
S2 trong so s¸nh h¬n hoÆc b»ng cã h×nh thøc lµ §¹i tõ nh©n xng + to be/ trî ®t hoÆc
t©n ng÷.
Eg: His friend is as intelligent as him/ he is.
She speaks English better than them/ they do.
 so s¸nh nhÊt (cùc cÊp) – superlative

Short adj/ S + tobe/ V + THE + adj/ adv + EST It is the worst food in the shop.
adv + (N)…
Long adj/ S + tobe/ V + THE + MOST + adj/ This house is the most expensive
adv adv + (N)… one in…

▪ nhÊn m¹nh cña so s¸nh nhÊt

thêng dïng by far, much ®Ó nhÊn m¹nh tríc THE
eg: His garden is by far the most beautiful one in this village.

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 It is much the oldest film of all.
 so s¸nh kÐp
- thÓ hiÖn sù biÕn ®æi (ngµy cµng…) : Adj + ER
tobe/ V ++ and + Adj +
ER
eg: Tom was running faster and faster to the MORE
river. and MORE + adj/
It is darker and darker.
That lady is getting older and older.
She becomes more and more thoughtful.

 c¸c lu ý khi lµm bµi tËp so s¸nh

- Nga is taller than Binh.  Binh is not as/ so tall as Nga.

- It is the most interesting film I have ever seen. I have never seen a more
interesting film before.

 T¶n m¹n ng÷ ph¸p;

Sù kh¸c biÖt gi÷a liªn tõ LIKE vµ AS
VÒ nghÜa kh«ng cã sù kh¸c biÖt: Like = As = nh lµ, gièng nh.
Nhng vÒ h×nh thøc ng÷ ph¸p th× cã sù kh¸c biÖt:
Like + danh tõ/ ®¹i tõ.
Eg: He ran like the wind.
She’s dressed just like me.
He’s very like his brother.
She’s good at scientific subjects, like Maths.
As + mÖnh ®Ò/ côm giíi tõ.
Eg: Nobody knows her as I do.
She works as I said to her.
On Tuesday, as on Friday, the meeting will be at 8 a.m.
C¸ch dïng cña cÊu tróc AS THOUGH vµ AS IF
As though = as if = gièng nh, nh thÓ lµ, dïng ®Ó diÔn t¶ mét sù so s¸nh kh«ng
cã thËt.
Eg: She said as if/ as though she had known everything.
He behaved as if/ as though she were/ was a billionaire.
He answered as if / as though he had known my questions in advance.
C¸c bµi tËp cÇn lu ý.