Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Integrated Green Design For Urban and Rural Building PDF
Integrated Green Design For Urban and Rural Building PDF
C February 2013
No part of the publication may be reproduced in any form
without the weittrn permission of DG, CPWD
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Published by:
Director of General
Central Public Works Department
Prepared by:
North Zone-III
CPWD, Jaipur
Email:nz3-cpwd-rj@nic.in
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Consultant
Deependra Prashad Architects & Planners (DPAP)
S-335 (I flr.), Panchsheel Park,
New Delhi- 110017
email: deependra@intbau.in
Printed by:
Kshitiz Enterprises
D-57 south Estension Part-1, New Delhi-110049
ajaymittal1957@gmail.com
Message
India, a fast developing country, is required to balance the utilisation of
resources with the simultaneous need for preserving the environment. To
prevent rapid growth from irreversibly degrading the environment and a
consequent decay in the quality of life, there is a need to explore options
that are low on energy and water use, on pollution and on cost. The
planning, construction and utilisation of buildings has to also take options
into account.
While the work on sustainable buildings has begun in right earnest, there
is scope to do more. While the government and private buildings are
gradually adopting practices of energy and environmental efficiency,
for these to rapidly bring about visible change, the effort of the entire
construction industry which is creating our infrastructure is needed. Since
a large part of the built environment is dealing with buildings such as
individual residences, schools, health centres, small commerical centres,
amongst others, these also need to be included in the sustainable building
movement. The cumulative effect of such buildings can make a significant
impact on the environmental footprint.
The creation of this manual brings the concept of integrated green design
to the common person, wherein certain generic principles and easy to
implement methodologies are made available.Architects and engineers
who are important decision makers of this construction process will have a
much needed ready reckoner with this publication.
India’s 2011 Census provides some interesting data that reveals development
trends and offers planning opportunities. It shows that one in every third
Indian now lives in an urban environment. While the number of million
plus cities has shot up to 53 from 35 in 2001, the smaller cities are growing
much faster than the larger ones that have a million plus population. The
Census houses have increased from 25 crore to 33 crore, of which a third
are in urban areas. The challenge then is to meet the necessary and basic
needs of all, while maintaining levels of comfort, of using natural resources
sustainably and with, minimum impact on the environment. This calls for
making simple yet effective and locally relevant changes in the way we
develop and construct in our urban and rural habitats, enabling us to reduce
our resource consumption. The sheer numbers on widespread adoption will
help provide the desired impact.
Dr Sudhir Krishna
Secretary
Ministry of Urban Development
Government of India
Building Design 14
Materials 22
Water Efficiency 30
Temporary Structures 33
Integrated Green Design (IGD) for Urban & Rural buildings in Hot-Dry climate IX
What is a Green Building?
A green building is one which, as compared to a conventional building, has
the following properties:
1 2
3
Uses less water Is energy efficient
WHY GO GREEN?
- Global warming is leading to a rise in temperatures and extreme weather
Conserves natural effects.
4 resources
5
- Land for building is scarce & Greenfield areas are being depleted to
make buildings. The Buildings being made are both energy intensive in
construction and usage.
- In case of the environment around buildings, the air is polluted, fresh
water is scarce and many water sources are polluted. There is also an
Increase in energy usage to compensate for the above.
- Deteriorating health of building occupants due to sick building syndrome
arising from non-natural and potentially toxic materials.
- Increasing energy use for other utilities like transportation due to
Generates less waste Provides healthier sprawling cities & towns.
spaces for occupants
- Large scale depletion of non-renewable energy resources.
Integrated Green Design (IGD) for Urban & Rural buildings,Hot-Dry Climate Zone 1
Site Context and Environment
How we build is influenced by, and in turn also influences our surrounding
natural environment and its components i.e. atmosphere, biosphere,
lithosphere and hydrosphere. This forms our “site context”. Responding (A) THE SUN & OUR CLIMATE
influences
to this context in building design is essential for a holistic green design Building orientation, layout and
approach renewable energy choices
(A) ATMOSPHERE
(A) CLIMATE & LOCAL MATERIAL
& AVAILABILITY influences
Building material choice
(L)
(L) LITHOSPHERE (B) BIOSPHERE
EXISTING &
(H) HYDROSPHERE (B) PROPOSED
VEGETATION
influences
Building layout to
(A) RAINFALL PATTERN & GROUND
promote shading
CHARACTER influences
and passive
Rainwater harvesting potential
cooling
REGENERATIVE DESIGN
Regenerative design is of higher value
than just efficient green design. This can be
termed a “better-than-before” scenario. For. (L) LANDFORM
influences
e.g. (A) CLIMATE influences building layout
Fenestration
design to minimize cut
& fill on-site
GEOLOGY
influences
(L) Foundation
design
SURFACE WATER influences
SOLAR PATH, WIND PATTERNS
(H) Building water use pattern,
A barren site with Recharging water (H) GROUNDWATER (A)
& PREVALENT TEMPERATURES waste water disposal method
water flowing away and planting to & levels are influences creation of & methods for passive cooling
from it improve local ecology (L) influenced by
paved areas architectural spaces like / harnessing water energy
forms a regenerative courtyards / verandahs and helps
approach plan passive cooling features
Typical landscape & Sandy / rocky ground -Preserve vegetation and see pg.
vegetation with little vegetation; conserve water 12,13,31
Low water level
Solar radiation Intense - Shade building especially see pg.
(800 - 950 W/m2) openings as they admit 14-19
maximum solar radiation
- Solar energy generation see pg. 29
Sky conditions Cloudless skies with -Prevent direct radiation ingress see pg. 20
high solar radiation and glare into rooms
causing glare
Integrated Green Design (IGD) for Urban & Rural buildings,Hot-Dry Climate Zone 3
Integrated Green Design (IGD) Approach
The Integrated Green Design (IGD) approach looks at a building in stages of its planning and design from the broader issues to the details. Each stage
within the IGD approach fulfills one or more of the five ‘Green’ building imperatives.
USES LESS WATER IS ENERGY EFFICIENT CONSERVES NATURAL GENERATES LESS PROVIDES HEALTHIER
RESOURCES WASTE SPACES
Integrated Green Design (IGD) for Urban & Rural buildings,Hot-Dry Climate Zone 5
Sustainable Site Planning
SITE SELECTION
The IGD approach starts not from the site layout but from site selection. COMPACT CLUSTER PLANNING
Cluster based planning of the building blocks within campuses results
While not possible in all cases, wherever possible efforts must be made in more compact utilities network, reduces damage to existing
to choose an appropriate site for the proposed use of the building. This environment and promotes walkability. Sharing spaces, services and
would result in less damage of virgin land and less energy expenditure creating a medium-rise, high density development complements this.
in ‘developing’ a site. For buildings within large campuses, selecting an
One block shades
appropriate plot within is equally important.
the other
ACCESS TO
OTHER FACILITIES
AVOID NATURAL Shaded
DRAINAGE LINES BANK spaces
- Especially important
in sloped sites.
Obstructing natural Possibility of future
drainage lines would expansion reduces
involve energy use to SHOPS need for encroaching
drain out storm water on greenfield sites
PROPOSED
or risk site flooding BUILDING
SCHOOL
ion
at High sun angle in summer on the
v ari e
al ud south side. Hence easy to shade
N N on ltit
e as lar a
N S so
in
Dec 21
W
N N N S June 21
Integrated Green Design (IGD) for Urban & Rural buildings,Hot-Dry Climate Zone 7
Sustainable Site Planning
PLANFORM
TYPICAL EXISTING PLANFORMS IN ASCENDING ORDER OF PERIMETER - TO - AREA (P/A) RATIO
MIN. P/A
RATIO
MAX. P/A
RATIO
1 2 3 4 5 6
In the hot - dry climate a smaller perimeter-to-area ratio (P/A) would result in less area exposed to radiation and lesser conduction heat gains.
Cooled wind is
welcome
1 4
Planforms with greater P/A ratio may be applied in certain
cases to include features like water bodies & vegetation
Greater the perimeter - to - area ratio, greater which can modify the micro-climate. The intermediate
is the heat gain by the building. spaces can also be effective as interaction spaces
3
6
Service areas
like kitchen/
Lobby, etc.
toilet/ staircase
Most concepts in hot, dry climate focus on decreasing heat N This approach is useful in placing service spaces like toilets/
gain but adequate daylight is also important. Depending storage areas / staircase at locations where they can act as
upon the building use, choosing an appropriate planform and thermal barriers. The effect of an unfavorable plan orientation
proper activity zoning at the initial design stages can ensure can also be reduced to some extent by zoning.
heat gain reduction and optimum daylighting.
Integrated Green Design (IGD) for Urban & Rural buildings,Hot-Dry Climate Zone 9
Sustainable Site Planning
BUILDING TYPES
Detached Row Courtyard
- High exposure to - Solar gains are reduced - Courtyards are important for
radiation and wind due to common walls daylight & ventilation and has Courtyard effect in traditional settlements
a cultural significance too
Warm air
Cool air
Warm air
- Hence shading through - Relevant for barracks
various building elements and housing. - Ventilation in hot dry climate
is vital is useful if the air is cool. Thus
- New buildings should the courtyard should
be placed as close • be proportioned to be
as possible to existing mostly shaded, and / or
buildings for possibility of • contain cooling elements Shaded street Partly shaded courtyard
shading one another. like trees, soft paving and Variable sizes create temperature-pressure differential & can
water bodies if water is induce cross ventilation
available.
Typical modern courtyards
LOW-RISE VS. HIGH RISE
- Least footprint
- Higher footprint area - Lesser footprint
- Higher service
- Foundation embodied - Could be optimum in terms energy to move Courtyard Height- Width (H/W) ratio almost 1:4. Hence
energy is more as multiple of total energy and shading resources and courtyard not shaded and no courtyard effect
floors are not sharing the
people up and
foundation.
down.
Boards / barriers to
Site roads paved reduce air pollution
with gravel or and spread of waste
brickbats to Appropriate materials, loose soil
prevent dust workers’ from site
rising up facilities for
resting/ toilets/
Crèche
Integrated Green Design (IGD) for Urban & Rural buildings,Hot-Dry Climate Zone 11
Landscaping for Improving Occupant Comfort
PLANNING PLANTATION REDUCING URBAN HEAT ISLAND EFFECT (UHIE) TO COOL
BUILDINGS & SURROUNDINGS
Less trees on the north to let Roof surfaces absorb the highest
in daylight. More trees to the heat
NW and NE to cut off summer
radiation
Trees close to
Paved surfaces absorb heat and
building on
the reflected heat is absorbed by
the east with
Trees act as surrounding building surfaces thus
moderate
noise and increasing heat gain
spacing help
in shading dust barrier
Use roof finishes with high albedo
Shade parking area & pavements
through pergola, vegetation,
photovoltaics etc.
Integrated Green Design (IGD) for Urban & Rural buildings,Hot-Dry Climate Zone 13
Building Design
SHADING STRATEGIES FOR BUILDING & OPENINGS
Shading is the most important building design strategy
ORIENTATION BASED SHADING STRATEGIES
for comfort in the hot-dry climate. Shading of openings
like windows is very important and in any case the Larger windows could be placed on the north
Window-Wall-Ratio (WWR) should not be more than 60%. facade as direct solar radiation is least on SUMMER SUN Windows must be small on the
this facade. Radiation from low sun during east and west sides and must
Effective day lighting is possible with a much lower WWR. peak summers can be cut off by small vertical be adequately shaded.
shades.
WINTER
N SUN
Integrated Green Design (IGD) for Urban & Rural buildings,Hot-Dry Climate Zone 17
Building Design
FENESTRATION SHADING DEVICE DESIGN
Example of shading device design on south and west facades of building located in Jodhpur, Rajasthan (26.29° N, 73.03° E)
STEP 1
Determine the cut- off dates i.e. the over-heated period
of the year when the window is to be completely shaded.
During this period the date of longest and shortest sun- Sun position 5pm, 21st
path is recorded, i.e. the two extremities of the sun-path. June (for west facade) Shaded area
shows over-
In Jodhpur, for e.g., the cut-off dates are taken as 1st April heated period
to 31st August. Within this period, the longest sun path is when shading is
recorded on 21st June and the shortest sun path on 1st required
April.
STEP 2 Cut-off
Cut-off period
period
Determine the start and end times representing the 1st April
1st April - 31st
times of day between which full shading is required for August
- 31st
different facades. It should be kept in mind that the closer August
to sunrise and sunset these times are, the exponentially
larger the required shade.
d= 1250mm
facade. We need to design a shading device for the lowest possible VSA
d= 275mm
(horizontal shade) and the lowest possible HSA (vertical shade). depth (d)= width / tan (HSA)
=250 / tan (11.3°)
EXAMPLE = 1250mm
In the west facade, one can design vertical shades for which the HSA is
calculated. The lowest HSA is found to be at 2:30pm (0.5°). Designing for this HSA This depth can be reduced much
would result in very large shades. Hence the shading device is designed for an further by designing the louvres at
intermediate sun position. The HSA at 1:30 pm and 5 pm is about 12°. But at 5 250mm an angle. As mentioned earlier, on
pm, the altitude angle of the sun is less (31.5°)and the facade can be shaded by 1500mm the west facade fixed shades will
vegetation. Hence, in this case the shades will be designed for the sun position at not shade the window at all times.
1:30 pm. Movable louvers or shading by trees
For south facade could be better .
Sun position 1:30 pm, 21st June= -101.3° or 258.7°Azimuth / 78.2° Altitude
HSA = solar azimuth - window orientation
Depth (d) derived as 650mm Depth (d) derived as 300mm
= 258.7 - 270 = -11.3°
In the south facade, we shall design horizontal shades for which the VSA is
850mm
calculated. The lowest VSA is found to be at 1pm (70.1°).
(These shades are designed for the lowest sun path within the over-heated,
1800mm
summer period. The sun path is lower in winter but during this period solar ingress is If two horizontal
VSA= 70.1° VSA= 70.1°
preferable) louvres are used then,
Depth (d)
Sun position 1pm, 1st April= -165.7° or 194.3°Azimuth / 69.5° Altitude Depth (d)
= Height / tan (VSA)
HSA = solar azimuth - window orientation= 194.3 - 180= 14.3 = Height / tan (VSA)
=1800 / tan (70.1)
VSA = tan-1( tan(solar altitude) / cos(HSA) ) = 850 / tan (70.1°)
= 650mm
= tan-1( tan(69.5) / cos(14.3) ) = 70.1. = 300mm
Integrated Green Design (IGD) for Urban & Rural buildings,Hot-Dry Climate Zone 19
Building Design
DAYLIGHT DISTRIBUTION REFLECTANCE OF INTERNAL FINISHES
An integrated design approach utilises indirect radiation for day lighting For better daylight distribution, the reflectance of the internal surfaces
and avoids the heat of direct radiation. should be higher. Secondly, full height partitions to be minimized in favour
Room & Opening dimensions for appropriate daylighting of open office plans where more people can share the natural light &
ventilation from a window.
For spaces where LIGHTSHELVES / SHADING DISTANCE BETWEEN BUILDINGS FOR DAYLIGHT INGRESS
regular windows DEVICES Ideally for daylight penetration, the lowest floor windows
are not required Since in the hot, dry should subtend a maximum angle of 22.5 º with the top
higher clerestory climate a compact of the adjacent building / object. But for regulating heat
windows can be a building approach would radiation, a closer fit would help.
suitable daylighting reduce the sky dome
option. available for daylighting,
daylight penetration can
be enhanced by use of
lightshelves Max. 22.5 º
Evaporative cooling
Evaporative cooling works well in the hot-dry climate as humidity is low in this Night ventilation
zone. But water availability needs to be checked. Night ventilation works well in this climatic zone as diurnal variations are high. In this
Wind process, buildings are ventilated at night when ambient temperatures are lower to
catcher resist heat build-up.
Water spray
Integrated Green Design (IGD) for Urban & Rural buildings,Hot-Dry Climate Zone 21
Materials
HIERARCHY OF SELECTION CRITERIA How Green a material might be, depends on the selection
criterion applied. In utilizing these 8 selection criterion (from A
to G) although all are important, but the priority needs to be
Stones from sustainable mines:
The sustainable mining framework of
given for the upper one than the lower one if one needs to
the Govt. of India enunciated better choose between the two. See example in boxes which illustrate
mining practices, less air pollution, reuse the criterion in more detail.
of mine waste and mine land.
A) Minimum environmental
damage during extraction Use of low VOC paints,
adhesives and sealants.
Reuse of mine waste, like use
of stone dust and chips to make
concrete blocks, Also helps reduce air
& land pollution. Insulation free of CFC
B) No harmful effluents into environment in installation & and HCFC which have ozone
depleting properties.
usage
Salvaged timber, reused wood,
particle boards etc. reduce use of
If material unavailable, skills do not
new wood & saves trees.
help, But if material available, skills can
be created by training programs.
EEV of flyash blocks= 2.32 MJ / brick C) Local materials to reduce transportation energy
EEV of stabilised earth block = 2.79 MJ /brick Stone is a local material in
Even though A flyash block has lesser EEV, it Rajasthan and the related expertise
is more efficient only if it travel less than 50 and craftsmanship is also available
km
Local expertise & local employment
EEV of Material 1= 90 MJ / sq.m; Life= 80 yrs.
EEV of Material 2 = 72 MJ / sq.m; Life= 40 yrs.
Integrated Green Design (IGD) for Urban & Rural buildings,Hot-Dry Climate Zone 23
Materials
WALL ASSEMBLY 1 WALL ASSEMBLY 2 WALL ASSEMBLY 3
300mm thk. stone wall 230mm thk. brick wall 230mm thk. brick wall in
REDUCING HEAT INGRESS THROUGH WALL + 12mm plaster one + 12mm plaster both rat-trap bond + 12mm
The choice of materials must optimize between the insulation provided & side sides plaster both sides
the embodied energy of the material based on its local availability. EE= 644 MJ / m2 EE= 711 MJ / m2 EE= 365 MJ / m2
R value= 0.27 m².K/W R value= 0.59 m².K/W R value= 0.70 m².K/W
WALL ASSEMBLY 4 WALL ASSEMBLY 5 WALL ASSEMBLY 6 WALL ASSEMBLY 7 WALL ASSEMBLY 8 WALL ASSEMBLY 9
230mm bk.wall + 70mm air 300mm stone wall + 70mm 230mm FAL G + 70mmair 20mm stone cladding+ 230mm bk.wall + 50mm 3D Eco wall: 50mm
cavity + 115mm brick Wall+ air cavity + 115mm brick Wall cavity +115mm FAL G + 300mm AAC + 12mm XPS + 115mm bk. Wall + shotcrete + 100mm
12mm plaster both sides + 12mm plaster one side 12mm plaster plaster 12mm plaster both sides EPS +50mm shotcrete
EE= 1052 MJ / m2 EE= 986 MJ / m2 EE= 318 MJ / m2 EE= 272 MJ / m2 EE= 1194 MJ / m2 (reinforced with wiremesh)
R value= 0.95 m².K/W R value= 0.64 m².K/W R value= 1.80 m².K/W R value= 2.27m².K/W R value= 2.51 m².K/W EE= 470 MJ / m2
R value= 3.00 m².K/W
ROOF ASSEMBLY 4
(A) REFLECT
RCC slab + 75mm brick laid at intervals of 230mm c/c+ brick tile covering + 20mm
Heat gains can be reduced by using roof
finishes with high solar reflective index (SRI), . cement mortar finish
Examples of high SRI materials include china EE= 300 MJ / m2
mosaic, white cement tiles, reflective paints R value= 0.60 m².K/W
etc. ECBC mandates a minimum SRI of 0.7.
ROOF ASSEMBLY 5
RCC slab + 100mm PUF +waterproofing + Marble crazy
EE= 419 MJ / m2
(B) SHADE
Shading the roof also reduces heat gain. For R value= 4.48 m².K/W
e.g. partial shading by pergolas, bamboo
frame, overhanging creepers, Photo-voltaic
panels.
Integrated Green Design (IGD) for Urban & Rural buildings,Hot-Dry Climate Zone 25
Materials
MATERIAL USAGE: GOOD PRACTICES
Possibility of thermal
bridging
Continuous
Continuous cavity reduces cavity
20mm stone jamb for windows. overlapping
possibility of thermal The reduced thickness minimizes
bridging with the beam
thermal bridging would minimize
thermal Placing insulation
bridging outside the wall
Metal ties will is better as it
act as thermal increases the
bridge. Plastic time lag of the
ties better wall assembly &
prevents heat
ingress at source
115mm thk.
300mm thk. brick wall
stone wall
SECTIONAL PLAN
Storage Storage
space space WALL SECTION WALL SECTION
WALL SECTION
SECTIONAL PLAN
Integrated Green Design (IGD) for Urban & Rural buildings,Hot-Dry Climate Zone 27
Building Energy Efficiency
ORDER OF STRATEGIES FOR ENERGY EFFICIENCY
C. Reduce internal heat gain
and improve daylight (for ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING EFFICIENCY
detailed design refer to
B. Minimize carriage of daylighting code SP41)
heat through building 1) Use of optimum Lighting Power Density (LPD): It is the amount of
- Usage of fixtures and appliances
skin: with low equipment power density electrical power used to illuminate a space. (Expressed in Watts per
- Insulation (see pg. and with efficient BEE rating. unit of area)
A. Control amount 24,25,26)
of heat reaching - Keep outdoor equipment like
window ACs in shade to improve Exterior building LPD (ECBC 2007) Indoor LPD of common
building:
- Building orientation, efficiency Application Area LPD building types (ECBC
shading by projections, - Use efficient artificial lighting 2007)
Building entrance 13 W / m2 of
vegetation etc. (see with canopy canopied area Building type LPD (W / m2)
pg. 14) Residential 7.5
Building entrance 90 W / m of door
without canopy width Office 11.8
Building exit 60 W / m of door Dining facility 15 - 17.2
width
Clinic 10.8
Building facades 2 W / m2 of
vertical facade School 12.9
area Hostel 10.8
Cold water
inlet
Terrace
Collector (Flat Plate or
Balcony roof or as Evacuated Tube)
shading devices
Commonly, units are available for 200 litres per day, 500, 1000 and more.
Integrated Green Design (IGD) for Urban & Rural buildings,Hot-Dry Climate Zone 29
Water Efficiency
RAINWATER HARVESTING (RWH) CASCADE SYSTEM RWH FOR RAINWATER
Water conservation and reuse is of utmost priority in the hot-dry climate. REUSE
STRATEGIES FOR WATER EFFICIENCY RAINWATER HARVESTING AND RECHARGE SYSTEM Rainwater from 2nd
terrace collected &
used on the lower flr.
Water efficient Water efficient Catchment area
landscaping Reduce fixtures on roof Rainwater from
water Jaali on roof to 1st terrace
demand prevent pollutants collected
into water and used for
First flush device irrigation etc.
Catchment
area on Filtration tank
BUILDING ground COMPARISON BETWEEN DIRECT RAINWATER USE
WATER & RECHARGE INTO GROUNDWATER
USE Direct use Recharge
Recharge system or Used if rainfall Used if rainfall infrequent
pervious pavings. frequent
Reduce
Rainwater potable Treatment and Used if Used if groundwater
harvesting and water use reuse of wastewater groundwater table table is low to augment
recharge augment reduces need for is high groundwater resource
local water extra municipal
resource water / ground
water
PRECAUTIONS TO BE TAKEN WHILE HARVESTING
RAINWATER
- Filtration and first flush system esssential to
Below
ground filter prevent entry of contaminants
RUN-OFF CO-EFFICIENTS FOR VARIOUS SURFACES Storage tank for direct use if - Cleaning of tank at the beginning of summer
rains are frequent and the
and winter rainfalls
Surface type Run-off co-efficient Recharge pit. Rainwater ground water table is high.
is taken for recharge
Roofs conventional 0.95 if rains are infrequent
concrete Storage in ground reduces RAINWATER HARVESTING FOR
Concrete / Kota 0.95 evaporation losses MULTIPLE BLOCKS
paving RAINWATER HARVESTING POTENTIAL=
Catchment area (m2) x Annual rainfall (m) x Surface run-off
Gravel 0.75
co-efficient
Brick paving 0.85
A thumb rule for estimating tank size is to store 15 minutes of
Vegetation 0.2 - 0.3 (depending on peak rainfall. So, if peak rainfall= 90mm / hr., then in 15 minutes
slope) rainfall= 22.5mm
Turf slopes (Lawn) 0.25 - 0.45 (depending on Multiple buildings within a cluster
slope) Hence, (22.5mm x collection area x run-off co-efficient) can have a common rainwater
would be the optimum tank size for storage. harvesting system
Integrated Green Design (IGD) for Urban & Rural buildings,Hot-Dry Climate Zone 31
Modifying Existing Buildings
STRATEGIES FOR MODIFYING SMALL SCALE EXISTING BUILDINGS
(C) WINDOW RETROFITTING involves
STRATEGIES FOR MODIFYING EXISTING SMALL SCALE BUILDINGS
(A) Add-on Insulation on wall and roof - Cleaning out blocked openings which afford natural light
- Shading the window glazing to prevent heat ingress by
(B) Energy Audits add-on projections on East, West and South sides
(C) Window Retrofitting - Adding light shelves, in the interior or exterior, for better
(D) Shading daylight distribution
(D) SHADING
(A) ADD-ON INSULATION ON WALL AND Insulation & cladding
ROOF added on existing wall
- Using spaces like courtyards for add-on
Insulation can be added on to the wall and shading features. For e.g. adding a shaded
roof, as shown in the examples, to reduce porch into the courtyard helps shade the
heat ingress into the building. Dry stone cladding/
alternative covering building surface and openings.
Insulation added on existing roof Sheet insulation
fitted in a frame
RCC slab + 50mm sloping screed + 75mm XPS +
- Shading the window ACs also helps
china mosaic Existing wall
provide better performance.
R value= 2.97 m².K/W
50mm / 75mm
Solid wall panel
Steel frame
AERATED CEMENT SOLID WALL INSULATED CEMENT BOARD INSULATED STEEL PANELS: ASSEMBLED TEMPORARY
PANELS: PANELS: These are similar to STRUCTURE:
These have good insulation These panels ensure higher insulated cement panels Better insulation in
properties. Additionally, flyash insulation. These lightweight panels except for the facing temporary structures
used in both the aerated cement can be reused, thus reducing material. These lightweight can also be achieved
core and the cement board overall embodied energy. Stone panels also result in better by introducing insulation
ensures that the embodied and timber finishes are also air-tightness, and are between cement boards.
energy also remains low. available for insulated panels. reusable. The insulation and boards
are supported on a steel
framework.
Integrated Green Design (IGD) for Urban & Rural buildings,Hot-Dry Climate Zone 33
34 Central Public Works Department
Abbreviations and References
ABBREVIATIONS: REFERENCES:
AAC: Autoclaved Aerated Concrete Centre for Science and Environment (2008). Do-it-yourself: Recycle and reuse
CLC: Cellular Lightweight Concrete wastewater. New Delhi: Centre for Science and Environment.
CSEB: Compressed Soil Earth Blocks Auroville Earth Institute (2008). Embodied Energy of various materials and
technologies. Auroville: Auroville Earth Institute.
DEWATS: Decentralised Water Treatment System
ECBC: Energy Conservation Building Code Bureau of Energy Efficiency (2007). Energy Conservation Building Code 2007. New
Delhi: Bureau of Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Power, Govt. of India.
EE: Embodied Energy
Bureau of Indian Standards (2005). National Building Code. New Delhi: Bureau of
EEV: Embodied Energy Value Indian Standards.
EM: Effective Micro-organisms
Enzen Global Solutions; Greentech Knowledge Solutions (2011, November 8).
EPS: Expanded Polystyrene Strategies for Cleaner Walling Material in India. Retrieved June 27, 2012, from
ETC: Evaculated Tube Collector Enzen Global Solutions Web site: www.enzenglobal.com
FAL G: Fly-Ash Lime Gypsum Greenspec (2002, January 1). Embodied energy: Materials: manufacture, use &
impact: GreenSpec. Retrieved June 23, 2012, from GreenSpec Web site: http://
FPC: Flat Plate Collector www.greenspec.co.uk/
HVAC: Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning
Prashad, D. (2011) Optimizing Embodied Energy of Materials in various Building
HSA: Horizontal Shadow Angle Envelope Configurations
IGD: Integrated Green Design Krishan, A., Baker, N., Yannas, S., & Szokolay, S. V. (2001). Climate Responsive
LPD: Lighting Power Density Architectute: A design handbook for energy efficient buildings. New Delhi: Tata
Mcgraw-Hill.
NBC: National Building Code
Krishen, P. (2006). Trees of Delhi: A field guide. New Delhi: Dorling Kindersley.
P/A Ratio: Perimeter-to-Area Ratio
PPC: Portland PozzolanaCement Prashad, D. (2012). Prioritizing Materials in Sustainable Design. New Delhi.
PUF: Polyurethane Foam Reddy, B. V., & Jagadish, K. S. (2001). Embodied Energy of common and
alternative building materials and technologies.
SPV: Solar Photo-voltaic
UPVC: Unplasticised Polyvinyl Chloride Tetali,S. Assessment of Cool Roof Technology for its energy performace in
buildings, (2011) IIIT Hyderabad
VOC: Volatile Organic Compound
Chetia, S. (2012) Enviornmental Performance of Urban Form, SPA Delhi
VSA: Vertical Shadow Angle
WWR: Window-to-Wall Ratio Sustainable Design Manual (2004). New Delhi: TERI.
XPS: Extruded Polystyrene TERI & MNRE, Govt. of India (2010). GRIHA Manual. New Delhi: TERI.
UHI: Urban Heat Island
Integrated Green Design (IGD) for Urban & Rural buildings,Hot-Dry Climate Zone 35
Acknowledgements