EVIDENCE OF QUANTIZATION

• Atomic Spectra (hydrogen spectra)

• Photoelectric effect (will be covered

as evidence for dual nature)
 Continuous spectra

Visible light
HYDROGEN SPECTRA
 Derivation of Bohr’s Equations
= MV2/r

= Ze2/r2

Equating the two forces leads to

 Multiply both sides with

From quantum hypothesis, , are whole-number multiples of

; =
 Replace

with

For orbit n = 1
a˳ = 0.529 Å, This is called the Bohr radius
 Derivation of the energy equation
An electron in its orbit has both kinetic and
potential energy, E = K + U
K = ½mv2 U = –Ze2/r

But,

Therefore,

From:
 But;

Replace r;
 For Hydrogen atom

Energy an electron possess is given by;

Where n represents energy level, 1,2,….

Value of C depends on the units of energy chosen;
Unit of energy Constant
Joules, J 2.18 x 10-18 J
Electron-volts, ev 13.6 ev
Wave numbers, cm-1 1.0973732 x 107 m-1
or 109737.32 cm-1
Line Spectra of Hydrogen

• The Rydberg equation:

1  1 1
 R  2  2 
  n1 n2 
• Balmer (initially) and Rydberg
(later) developed the equation to
calculate all spectral lines in
hydrogen

10
 Energy Transitions

Calculate the energy needed for an

electron to move from n = 1 to n
= 4.
18  1 1
E  2.18 10 J  2  2 
4 1 

E  2.04 1018 J

Note: final  initial levels

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 Hydrogen Spectral Lines
Bohr’s model of the atom accounted mathematically for the energy
of each of the transitions shown.
ionization

IR
E6
region
E5
656 nm
E4

E3
A B C D

486 nm
Paschen (IR)
E2
A B C D E

434 nm
Energy

Balmer (Visible)

410 nm

UV
region
E1
A B C D E F

Lyman series (UV)