Dynamical maps and memory kernels 1 / 40

Dynamical maps and memory kernels

Dariusz Chru±ci«ski
Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toru«, POLAND

Mathematical Aspects of Quantum Information

NIMS, Daejeon, February 2016

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Quantum evolution

dimH = n ; S(H)  space of quantum states (density matrices)

Λt : S(H) −→ S(H)

ρt = Λt [ρ] ; t≥0

Λt is completely positive and trace-preserving (CPTP)

Λ0 = 1l

(quantum) dynamical map

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Physics likes equations of motions

We look for the linear equation for Λt

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Basic example  unitary evolution

H = H∗

L[ρ] = −i[H, ρ]

d
Λt = LΛt ; Λ0 = 1l
dt

Λt [ρ] = Ut ρUt∗ ; Ut = e−iHt ; t ∈ R

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Markovian semigroup

d
Λt = LΛt ; Λ0 = 1l −→ Λt = etL ; t ≥ 0
dt

What is the most general L ?

Theorem (GKSL (1976))

Λt = etL is CPTP i
 
1 ∗
L[ρ] = −i[H, ρ] + Φ[ρ] − {Φ [I], ρ}
2

H ∗ = H ; Φ  arbitrary CP
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Quantum Open Systems

S + E −→ HS ⊗ HE

Ut = e−iHt

t = 0 → ρ⊗ω
h i
ρt := Λt [ρ] = TrE Ut ρ ⊗ ωUt†
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Nakajima-Zwanzig equation

h i
ρt := Λt [ρ] = TrE Ut ρ ⊗ ωUt†

Z t
d
Λt = Kt−τ Λτ dτ
dt 0

One obtains a Markovian semigroup etL only in the very special

regime K(t) −→ δ(t)L

d
Λt = LΛt
dt
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Local vs. non-local

non-local master equation (Nakajima-Zwanzig equation)

Z t
d
Λt = Kt−τ Λτ dτ
dt 0

local in time master equation

d
Λt = Lt Λt
dt

Λt −→ Lt = Λ̇t Λ−1
t
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Local vs. non-local

non-local master equation (Nakajima-Zwanzig equation)

Z t
d
Λt = Kt−τ Λτ dτ
dt 0

local in time master equation

d
Λt = Lt Λt
dt

Λt −→ Lt = Λ̇t Λ−1
t
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local generator
 
1
Lt [ρ] = −i[Ht , ρ] + Φt [ρ] − {Φ∗t [I], ρ}
2

non-local (memory kernel) generator

 
1
Kt [ρ] = −i[Gt , ρ] + Ψt [ρ] − {Ψ∗t [I], ρ}
2

Ht , Gt  hermitian ; Φt , Ψt  hermiticity-preserving

These structures guarantee that Λt is hermiticity- and trace-preserving

What about complete positivity?

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What is known:

 
1
Lt [ρ] = −i[Ht , ρ] + Φt [ρ] − {Φ∗t [I], ρ}
2
Z t 
Λt = T exp Lτ dτ
0

Φt CP =⇒ Λt CPTP
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What is known:

 
1 ∗
Kt [ρ] = −i[Gt , ρ] + Ψt [ρ] − {Ψt [I], ρ}
2

NO general results were known!

only so-called semi-Markov classical evolution was characterized

I provide sucient conditions during this talk

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Example: qubit dephasing

1
Lt [ρ] = γ(t)[σ3 ρσ3 − ρ]
2
 
ρ11 λ(t)ρ12
Λt [ρ] =
λ(t)ρ21 ρ22

CP ⇐⇒ |λ(t)| ≤ 1

 Z t 
λ̇(t) = −γ(t)λ(t) ; λ(0) = 1 −→ λ(t) = exp − γ(τ )dτ
0
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Example: qubit dephasing

1
Kt [ρ] = k(t)[σ3 ρσ3 − ρ]
2

Z t
λ̇(t) = − k(t − τ )λ(τ )dτ ; λ(0) = 1 −→ λ(t) =???
0
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Z ∞
Laplace: λ(t) → λ(s)
e = e−st λ(t)dt
0
Z t
λ̇(t) = − k(t − τ )λ(τ )dτ ; λ(0) = 1
0

e − 1 = −e 1
sλ(s) k(s)λ(s)
e −→ λ(s)
e =
s+e
k(s)

λ(s)
e −→ λ(t)

CP ⇐⇒ λ(t) ∈ [−1, 1]

NO simple condition for k(t)

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ρ11 λ(t)ρ12
Λt [ρ] =
λ(t)ρ21 ρ22
Z t
If γ(t) satises Γ(t) := γ(τ )dτ < ∞ for nite t
0

time-local −→ λ(t) = e−Γ(t) ≥ 0

Λt is CP ⇐⇒ λ(t) ∈ [−1, 1]

λ(t)  0 =⇒ γ(t) is singular

Dynamical maps and memory kernels 16 / 40

 
ρ11 λ(t)ρ12
Λt [ρ] =
λ(t)ρ21 ρ22
Z t
If γ(t) satises Γ(t) := γ(τ )dτ < ∞ for nite t
0

time-local −→ λ(t) = e−Γ(t) ≥ 0

Λt is CP ⇐⇒ λ(t) ∈ [−1, 1]

λ(t)  0 =⇒ γ(t) is singular

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Example: let λ(t) = cos t; (non-Markovian evolution  next talk)

 
ρ11 ρ12 cos t
Λt [ρ] =
ρ21 cos t ρ22

γ(t) = tan t (singular)

k(t) = 1 (t ≥ 0) (regular)

non-trivial & singular Lt ←→ simple & regular Kt

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Example: let λ(t) = cos t; (non-Markovian evolution  next talk)

 
ρ11 ρ12 cos t
Λt [ρ] =
ρ21 cos t ρ22

γ(t) = tan t (singular)

k(t) = 1 (t ≥ 0) (regular)

non-trivial & singular Lt ←→ simple & regular Kt

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Example: let λ(t) = cos t; (non-Markovian evolution  next talk)

 
ρ11 ρ12 cos t
Λt [ρ] =
ρ21 cos t ρ22

γ(t) = tan t (singular)

k(t) = 1 (t ≥ 0) (regular)

non-trivial & singular Lt ←→ simple & regular Kt

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Laplace transform domain

Z t
d
Λt = Kt−τ Λτ dτ
dt 0

e s − 1l = K
sΛ esΛ
es

1
Λ
es = −→ Λt =???
s−K
es
1
semigroup −→ Λ
es = −→ Λt = etL
s−L

Λt CP
what about Λ
es ?
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Laplace transform domain

Z t
d
Λt = Kt−τ Λτ dτ
dt 0

e s − 1l = K
sΛ esΛ
es

1
Λ
es = −→ Λt =???
s−K
es
1
semigroup −→ Λ
es = −→ Λt = etL
s−L

Λt CP
what about Λ
es ?
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Completely monotone functions

A function f : [0, ∞) → R is completely monotone (CM) if

dn
(−1)n f (s) ≥ 0, n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
dsn

Theorem (Bernstein)
A function f : [0, ∞) → R is CM i it is a Laplace transform of a
positive function g(t) ≥ 0
Z∞
f (s) = e−st g(t)dt
0
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Completely monotone functions

A function f : [0, ∞) → R is completely monotone (CM) if

dn
(−1)n f (s) ≥ 0, n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
dsn

Theorem (Bernstein)
A function f : [0, ∞) → R is CM i it is a Laplace transform of a
positive function g(t) ≥ 0
Z∞
f (s) = e−st g(t)dt
0
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Completely monotone functions  examples

1
f (t) =
t+a

f (t) = e−at ; a > 0

If f and g are CM, then f · g  CM

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Completely monotone functions  examples

1
f (t) =
t+a

f (t) = e−at ; a > 0

If f and g are CM, then f · g  CM

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Quantum Bernstein theorem

Z t
d
Λt = Kt−τ Λτ dτ
dt 0

Λt  CP

e s − 1l = K
sΛ esΛ
es

dn e
(−1)n Λs  CP n = 0, 1, 2, . . . CM-CP
dsn
Dynamical maps and memory kernels 22 / 40

Quantum Bernstein theorem

Z t
d
Λt = Kt−τ Λτ dτ
dt 0

Λt  CP

e s − 1l = K
sΛ esΛ
es

dn e
(−1)n Λs  CP n = 0, 1, 2, . . . CM-CP
dsn
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How to construct a legitimate Kt ?

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Markovian semigroup  quantum jumps representation

 
1
L[ρ] = −i[H, ρ] + B[ρ] − {B ∗ [I], ρ}
2
1
X = B ∗ [I] ≥ 0
2

L[ρ] = B[ρ] − [i(Hρ − ρH) + (Xρ + ρX)]

L=B−Z

i
Z[ρ] = i(Cρ − ρC † ) ; C = H − X
2
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Markovian semigroup  quantum jumps representation

 
1
L[ρ] = −i[H, ρ] + B[ρ] − {B ∗ [I], ρ}
2
1
X = B ∗ [I] ≥ 0
2

L[ρ] = B[ρ] − [i(Hρ − ρH) + (Xρ + ρX)]

L=B−Z

i
Z[ρ] = i(Cρ − ρC † ) ; C = H − X
2
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L=B−Z

Λ̇t = LΛt ; Λ0 = 1l

†t
Ṅt = −ZNt ; N0 = 1l −→ Nt [ρ] = e−iCt ρeiC

1 1
N
es = ; Λ
es =
s+Z s−B+Z

Λ
es = N
es + N
es B Λ
es

1
Λ
es = N
es (1l + Q
es + Q
es Q
e s + . . .) = N
es
1−Q
es

Qt := BNt
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L=B−Z

Λ̇t = LΛt ; Λ0 = 1l

†t
Ṅt = −ZNt ; N0 = 1l −→ Nt [ρ] = e−iCt ρeiC

1 1
N
es = ; Λ
es =
s+Z s−B+Z

Λ
es = N
es + N
es B Λ
es

1
Λ
es = N
es (1l + Q
es + Q
es Q
e s + . . .) = N
es
1−Q
es

Qt := BNt
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Λ
es = N
es (1l + Q
es + Q
es Q
e s + . . .)

Λt = Nt + Nt ∗ (Qt + Qt ∗ Qt + Qt ∗ Qt ∗ Qt + . . .)

Nt , Qt = BNt CP

quantum jump representation

Z t
Λt = Nt + dt1 Nt−t1 BNt1 + . . .
0
= Nt + Nt ∗ BNt + Nt ∗ BNt ∗ BNt + . . .
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L −→ Kt

†t
L = B−Z → Ṅt = −ZNt ; N0 = 1l −→ Nt [ρ] = e−iCt ρeiC

Λt = Nt + Nt ∗ (Qt + Qt ∗ Qt + Qt ∗ Qt ∗ Qt + . . .) ; Qt := BNt

Z t
Kt = Bt −Zt → Ṅt = − Zt−τ Nτ dτ ; N0 = 1l −→ Nt  CP
0

Λt = Nt +Nt ∗(Qt +Qt ∗Qt +Qt ∗Qt ∗Qt +. . .) ; Qt := Bt ∗Nt  CP

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L −→ Kt

†t
L = B−Z → Ṅt = −ZNt ; N0 = 1l −→ Nt [ρ] = e−iCt ρeiC

Λt = Nt + Nt ∗ (Qt + Qt ∗ Qt + Qt ∗ Qt ∗ Qt + . . .) ; Qt := BNt

Z t
Kt = Bt −Zt → Ṅt = − Zt−τ Nτ dτ ; N0 = 1l −→ Nt  CP
0

Λt = Nt +Nt ∗(Qt +Qt ∗Qt +Qt ∗Qt ∗Qt +. . .) ; Qt := Bt ∗Nt  CP

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We call {Nt , Qt } a legitimate pair i

Nt , Qt are CP, and N0 = 1l
Tr[(Qt + Ṅt )ρ] = 0,
||Q
e s || ≤ 1

Λt = Nt + Nt ∗ (Qt + Qt ∗ Qt + Qt ∗ Qt ∗ Qt + . . .)

Kt = Bt − Zt

1
Q
es = B
es N
es ; N
es =
s+Z
es
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We call {Nt , Qt } a legitimate pair i

Nt , Qt are CP, and N0 = 1l
Tr[(Qt + Ṅt )ρ] = 0,
||Q
e s || ≤ 1

Λt = Nt + Nt ∗ (Qt + Qt ∗ Qt + Qt ∗ Qt ∗ Qt + . . .)

K t = Bt − Zt

1
Q
es = B
es N
es ; N
es =
s+Z
es
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Example:

 Z t 
Nt = 1 − f (τ )dτ 1l
0
Z ∞
f (t) ≥ 0 ; f (τ )dτ ≤ 1
0

Qt = f (t)B ; B CPTP =⇒ ||Q

e s ||1 = |fe(s)| ≤ 1

Kt = k(t)(B − 1l)

sfe(s)
k(s) =
e
1 − f (s)

γ
f (t) = γe−γt −→ fe(s) = −→ e
k(s) = γ −→ k(t) = γδ(t)
s+γ
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Example:

 Z t 
Nt = 1 − f (τ )dτ 1l
0
Z ∞
f (t) ≥ 0 ; f (τ )dτ ≤ 1
0

Qt = f (t)B ; B CPTP =⇒ ||Q

e s ||1 = |fe(s)| ≤ 1

Kt = k(t)(B − 1l)

sfe(s)
k(s) =
e
1 − f (s)

γ
f (t) = γe−γt −→ fe(s) = −→ e
k(s) = γ −→ k(t) = γδ(t)
s+γ
Dynamical maps and memory kernels 30 / 40

Example:

 Z t 
Nt = 1 − f (τ )dτ 1l
0
Z ∞
f (t) ≥ 0 ; f (τ )dτ ≤ 1
0

Qt = f (t)B ; B CPTP =⇒ ||Q

e s ||1 = |fe(s)| ≤ 1

Kt = k(t)(B − 1l)

sfe(s)
k(s) =
e
1 − f (s)

γ
f (t) = γe−γt −→ fe(s) = −→ e
k(s) = γ −→ k(t) = γδ(t)
s+γ
Dynamical maps and memory kernels 31 / 40

Qubit dephasing

Kt = k(t)(B − 1l)

B[ρ] = σ3 ρσ3

sfe(s)
k(s) =
e
1 − f (s)
Z ∞
f (t) ≥ 0 ; f (τ )dτ ≤ 1
0
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Kt = k(t)(B − 1l)

B2 = B CPTP projector

 Z t  Z t
Λt = 1− f (τ )dτ 1l + f (τ )dτ B
0 0
Z t
0≤ f (τ )dτ ≤ 1
0
but f (t) needs not be positive!
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Properties  1

Convexity

(k) (k)
If {Nt , Qt } are legitimate pairs then a convex combination
(k) (k)
X X
Nt = pk Nt ; Qt = p k Qt
k k

provide a legitimate pair.

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Properties  2

Reduced pair

Suppose that {Nt , Qt } denes a legitimate pair for the evolution in

H ⊗ HE . Then for arbitrary state ω in HE

Nt [ρ] = TrE (Nt [ρ ⊗ ω]), Qt [ρ] = TrE (Qt [ρ ⊗ ω]),

provide a legitimate pair for the reduced evolution in H.

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Properties  3

Gauge transformations

If {Nt , Qt } is a legitimate pair and Ft is a dynamical map, then

Nt0 = Ft Nt ; Q0t = Ft Qt ,

provide a legitimate pair as well.

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Properties  4

CP shift

If
R t{Nt , Qt } is a legitimate pair and Gt is a linear map such that
0 Gτ dτ is CP, then
Z t
Nt0 = Nt + Gτ dτ ; Q0t = Qt − Gt ,
0

dene a legitimate pair provided Q0t is CP.

Z t
Nt + Qτ dτ CPTP
0
Dynamical maps and memory kernels 36 / 40

Properties  4

CP shift

If
R t{Nt , Qt } is a legitimate pair and Gt is a linear map such that
0 Gτ dτ is CP, then
Z t
Nt0 = Nt + Gτ dτ ; Q0t = Qt − Gt ,
0

dene a legitimate pair provided Q0t is CP.

Z t
Nt + Qτ dτ CPTP
0
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New equation  collision models

Z t
d
Λt = Kt−τ Λτ dτ
dt 0

{Nt , Qt }

Z t
d d
Λt = Kt−τ Λτ dτ + Nt
dt 0 dt

e s = sN
K es Q es−1
es N
Dynamical maps and memory kernels 38 / 40

Summary

I provided a relation between time-local and non-local

approaches
I provided a construction for a family of legitimate kernels in
terms of legitimate pairs
all known examples t this class
this class denes a natural generalization of classical
semi-Markov evolution
the necessary condition is still missing
see the next talk for INTERESTING results on non-Markovian
quantum evolution!
Dynamical maps and memory kernels 39 / 40

References

D.C. and A. Kossakowski, PRL, 104, 070406 (2010)

D.C. and A. Kossakowski, EPL, 97, 20005 (2012)
D.C. and A. Kossakowski, PRL, 111, 050402 (2013)
D.C. and S. Maniscalco, PRL, 112, 120404 (2014)
D.C. and A. Kossakowski, arXiv:1602.01642
J. Bae and D.C, arXiv:1601.05522
Dynamical maps and memory kernels 40 / 40