From Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia: Domestic Dog

Dog - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.
org/wiki/Dog
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris or Canis familiaris)

is a usually furry, carnivorous[2][3][4] canid carnivoran mammal. Domestic dog
Domestic dogs are commonly known as "man's best friend". Temporal range: 0.033–0Ma
The dog was the first domesticated animal[5][6] and has been ↓
PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N
widely kept as a working, hunting, and pet companion. It is
Pleistocene – Recent
estimated there are between 700 million and one billion
domestic dogs, making them the most abundant member of
order Carnivora.[7][8]
1 Etymology and related terminology

2 Taxonomy
3 Origin
4 Roles with humans
4.1 Early roles Nine different breeds of dogs.
4.2 As pets Conservation status
4.3 Work Domesticated
4.4 Sports and shows
Scientific classification
4.5 As a food source
Kingdom: Animalia
4.6 Health risks to humans
Phylum: Chordata
4.7 Health benefits for humans
4.8 Medical detection dogs Class: Mammalia
4.9 Shelters Order: Carnivora

5 Biology Family: Canidae
5.1 Senses Genus: Canis
5.1.1 Vision Species: C. lupus
5.1.2 Hearing
Subspecies: C. l. familiaris
5.1.3 Smell
Trinomial name
5.2 Physical characteristics
5.2.1 Coat Canis lupus familiaris[1]
5.2.2 Tail Synonyms

5.3 Types and breeds Species synonymy
5.4 Health
5.4.1 Lifespan
5.4.2 Predation
5.5 Diet
5.6 Reproduction
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Dog - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog
5.6.1 Neutering
5.7 Communication
6 Intelligence and behavior
6.1 Intelligence
6.2 Behavior
6.3 Dog growl
7 Differences from wolves
7.1 Physical characteristics
7.2 Behavioral differences
7.3 Trainability
8 Cultural depictions
8.1 Mythology
8.2 Religion and culture
8.3 Gallery of dogs in art
9 See also
10 References
11 Bibliography
12 Further reading
13 External links
The term "domestic dog" is generally used for both of the domesticated and feral varieties. The English word
dog comes from Middle English dogge, from Old English docga, a "powerful dog breed".[9] The term may
possibly derive from Proto-Germanic *dukkōn, represented in Old English finger-docce ("finger-muscle").[10]
The word also shows the familiar petname diminutive -ga also seen in frogga "frog", picga "pig", stagga
"stag", wicga "beetle, worm", among others.[11] The term dog may ultimately derive from the earliest layer of
Proto-Indo-European vocabulary, reflecting the role of the dog as the earliest domesticated animal.[12]
In 14th-century England, hound (from Old English: hund) was the general word for all domestic canines, and
dog referred to a subtype of hound, a group including the mastiff. It is believed this "dog" type was so
common, it eventually became the prototype of the category "hound".[13] By the 16th century, dog had
become the general word, and hound had begun to refer only to types used for hunting.[14] Hound, cognate to
German Hund, Dutch hond, common Scandinavian hund, and Icelandic hundur, is ultimately derived from
the Proto-Indo-European *kwon- "dog", found in Sanskrit kukuur (कुक्कुर),[15] Welsh ci (plural cwn), Latin
canis, Greek kýōn, and Lithuanian šuõ.[16]
In breeding circles, a male canine is referred to as a dog, while a female is called a bitch[17] (Middle English
bicche, from Old English bicce, ultimately from Old Norse bikkja). A group of offspring is a litter. The father
of a litter is called the sire, and the mother is called the dam. Offspring are, in general, called pups or puppies,
from French poupée, until they are about a year old. The process of birth is whelping, from the Old English
word hwelp (cf. German Welpe, Dutch welp, Swedish valpa, Icelandic hvelpur).[18] The term "whelp" can
also be used to refer to the young of any canid, or as a (somewhat archaic) alternative to "puppy".
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In 1753, Carl Linnaeus listed among the types of quadrupeds familiar to him the Latin word for dog, canis.
Among the species within this genus, Linnaeus listed the fox, as Canis vulpes, wolves (Canis lupus), and the
domestic dog, (Canis canis). In later editions, Linnaeus dropped Canis canis and greatly expanded his list of
the Canis genus of quadrupeds, and by 1758 included alongside the foxes, wolves, and jackals and many
more terms that are now listed as synonyms for domestic dog, including aegyptius (hairless dog), aquaticus,
(water dog), and mustelinus (literally "badger dog"). Among these were two that later experts have been
widely used for domestic dogs as a species: Canis domesticus and, most predominantly, Canis familiaris, the
"common" or "familiar" dog.[19]
By 1993 with advancements in molecular biology, the mitochondrial DNA mtDNA analysis of extant (i.e.
living today) Canidea species indicated that "The domestic dog is an extremely close relative of the gray
wolf, differing from it by at most 0.2% of mtDNA sequence.... In comparison, the gray wolf differs from its
closest wild relative, the coyote, by about 4% of mitochondrial DNA sequence."[20] In the same year, the
domestic dog Canis familiaris was reclassified as Canis lupus familiaris, a subspecies of the gray wolf Canis
lupus in Mammal Species of the World.[21] By 1999, further genetic analysis indicated that the domestic dog
may have emerged from multiple wolf populations.[22][23] Based on these latest two pieces of research and
the reference reclassification, canis lupus familiaris is the name for the taxon listed by ITIS.[24] However,
canis familiaris is also accepted due to a nomenclature debate regarding the naming of wild and domestic
sub-species.[25]
As of January 2014, a mtDNA study of extant and extinct dog and wolf specimens raises a question about
this classification. Refer Origin and Gray wolf.
The domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris or Canis familiaris), based on nuclear DNA evidence as of
January 2014, began from a single domestication 11 to 16 thousand years ago that predates the rise of
agriculture and implies that the earliest dogs arose along with hunter-gatherers and not agriculturists.[26]
Mitochondrial DNA evidence as of November 2013, indicates that all modern dogs are most closely related
to the extant and extinct canids of Europe[27][28] compared to earlier writers who proposed the origins from
Eurasia as well as Eastern Asia.[29][30][31]
The analysis indicates that the dog is not a descendant of the extant (i.e. living) gray wolf but forms a sister
clade, and that dogs were originally domesticated from a now-extinct wolf population that was more
genetically diverse than today’s wolf population. The dog's genetic closeness to modern wolves is due to
admixture.[26][32]
Conceivably, proto-dogs might have taken advantage of carcasses left by early hunters, assisted in the
capture of prey, or provided defense from large competing predators at kills. Furthermore, several ancient
dogs may represent failed domestication attempts, such as the 36,000 year old Goyet specimen of Belgium
and the 33,000 year old Altai Mountains specimen from Russia, as they have no descendents today.[27][33]
Domestic dogs inherited complex behaviors, such as bite inhibition, from their wolf ancestors, which would
have been pack hunters with complex body language. These sophisticated forms of social cognition and
communication may account for their trainability, playfulness, and ability to fit into human households and
social situations, and these attributes have given dogs a relationship with humans that has enabled them to
become one of the most successful species on the planet today.[34]:pages95-136
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The dogs' value to early human hunter-gatherers led to them quickly

becoming ubiquitous across world cultures. Dogs perform many roles
for people, such as hunting, herding, pulling loads, protection,
assisting police and military, companionship, and, more recently,
aiding handicapped individuals. This impact on human society has
given them the nickname "man's best friend" in the Western world. In
some cultures, however, dogs are also a source of meat.[35][36]
Early roles
Wolves, and their dog descendants, would have derived significant

benefits from living in human camps—more safety, more reliable
A Siberian Husky used as a pack
food, lesser caloric needs, and more chance to breed.[37] They would
animal
have benefited from humans' upright gait that gives them larger range
over which to see potential predators and prey, as well as color vision
that, at least by day, gives humans better visual discrimination.[37]
Camp dogs would also have benefited from human tool use, as in
bringing down larger prey and controlling fire for a range of
purposes.[37]
Humans would also have derived enormous benefit from the dogs
associated with their camps.[38] For instance, dogs would have
improved sanitation by cleaning up food scraps.[38] Dogs may have
provided warmth, as referred to in the Australian Aboriginal
A German Shepherd with a football
expression "three dog night" (an exceptionally cold night), and they
would have alerted the camp to the presence of predators or
strangers, using their acute hearing to provide an early warning.[38]
Anthropologists believe the most significant benefit would have been the use of dogs' robust sense of smell to
assist with the hunt.[38] The relationship between the presence of a dog and success in the hunt is often
mentioned as a primary reason for the domestication of the wolf, and a 2004 study of hunter groups with and
without a dog gives quantitative support to the hypothesis that the benefits of cooperative hunting was an
important factor in wolf domestication.[39]
The cohabitation of dogs and humans would have greatly improved the chances of survival for early human
groups, and the domestication of dogs may have been one of the key forces that led to human success.[40]
Emigrants from Siberia likely crossed the Bering land bridge with dogs in their company, and some experts[41]
suggest the use of sled dogs may have been critical to the success of the waves that entered North America
roughly 12,000 years ago,[41] although the earliest archaeological evidence of dog-like canids in North
America dates from about 9,400 years ago.[34]:104[42] Dogs were an important part of life for the Athabascan
population in North America, and were their only domesticated animal. Dogs also carried much of the load in
the migration of the Apache and Navajo tribes 1,400 years ago. Use of dogs as pack animals in these cultures
often persisted after the introduction of the horse to North America.[43]
As pets
"The most widespread form of interspecies bonding occurs between humans and dogs"[38] and the keeping of
dogs as companions, particularly by elites, has a long history.[44] (As a possible example, at the Natufian
culture site of Ain Mallaha in Israel, dated to 12,000 BC, the remains of an elderly human and a four-to-
five-month-old puppy were found buried together).[45] However, pet dog populations grew significantly after
World War II as suburbanization increased.[44] In the 1950s and 1960s, dogs were kept outside more often
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than they tend to be today[46] (using the expression "in the doghouse"
to describe exclusion from the group signifies the distance between
the doghouse and the home) and were still primarily functional, acting
as a guard, children's playmate, or walking companion. From the
1980s, there have been changes in the role of the pet dog, such as the
increased role of dogs in the emotional support of their human
guardians.[47] People and dogs have become increasingly integrated
and implicated in each other's lives,[48] to the point where pet dogs
actively shape the way a family and home are experienced.[49]
There have been two major trends in the changing status of pet dogs.
The first has been the 'commodification' of the dog, shaping it to A British Bulldog shares a day at the
conform to human expectations of personality and behaviour.[49] The park.
second has been the broadening of the concept of the family and the
home to include dogs-as-dogs within everyday routines and
practices.[49]
There are a vast range of commodity forms available to transform a

pet dog into an ideal companion.[50] The list of goods, services and
places available is enormous: from dog perfumes, couture, furniture
and housing, to dog groomers, therapists, trainers and caretakers, dog
cafes, spas, parks and beaches, and dog hotels, airlines and
cemeteries.[50] While dog training as an organized activity can be
traced back to the 18th century, in the last decades of the 20th
A young male border terrier with a
century it became a high profile issue as many normal dog behaviors
raccoon toy.
such as barking, jumping up, digging, rolling in dung, fighting, and
urine marking became increasingly incompatible with the new role of
a pet dog.[51] Dog training books, classes and television programs proliferated as the process of
commodifying the pet dog continued.[52]
The majority of contemporary people with dogs describe their pet as

part of the family,[49] although some ambivalence about the
relationship is evident in the popular reconceptualization of the
dog–human family as a pack.[49] A dominance model of dog–human
relationships has been promoted by some dog trainers, such as on the
television program Dog Whisperer. However it has been disputed that
"trying to achieve status" is characteristic of dog–human
interactions.[53] Pet dogs play an active role in family life; for
example, a study of conversations in dog–human families showed
how family members use the dog as a resource, talking to the dog, or
talking through the dog, to mediate their interactions with each A pet dog taking part in Christmas
other.[54] traditions
Another study of dogs' roles in families showed many dogs have set
tasks or routines undertaken as family members, the most common of which was helping with the washing-up
by licking the plates in the dishwasher, and bringing in the newspaper from the lawn.[49] Increasingly, human
family members are engaging in activities centered on the perceived needs and interests of the dog, or in
which the dog is an integral partner, such as dog dancing and dog yoga.[50]
According to statistics published by the American Pet Products Manufacturers Association in the National
Pet Owner Survey in 2009–2010, it is estimated there are 77.5 million people with pet dogs in the United
States.[55] The same survey shows nearly 40% of American households own at least one dog, of which 67%
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own just one dog, 25% two dogs and nearly 9% more than two dogs. There does not seem to be any gender
preference among dogs as pets, as the statistical data reveal an equal number of female and male dog pets.
Yet, although several programs are undergoing to promote pet adoption, less than a fifth of the owned dogs
come from a shelter.
The latest study using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to humans and dogs together proved that dogs have
same response to voices and use the same parts of the brain as humans to do so. This gives dogs the ability to
recognize emotional human sounds, making them friendly social pets to humans.[56]
Work
Dogs have lived and worked with humans in so many roles that they have earned the unique nickname,
"man's best friend",[57] a phrase used in other languages as well. They have been bred for herding
livestock,[58] hunting (e.g. pointers and hounds),[59] rodent control,[60] guarding, helping fishermen with nets,
detection dogs, and pulling loads, in addition to their roles as companions.[60] In 1957, a husky-terrier mix
named Laika became the first animal to orbit the Earth.[61][62]
Service dogs such as guide dogs, utility dogs, assistance dogs,

hearing dogs, and psychological therapy dogs provide assistance
to individuals with physical or mental disabilities.[63][64] Some
dogs owned by epileptics have been shown to alert their handler
when the handler shows signs of an impending seizure,
sometimes well in advance of onset, allowing the guardian to
seek safety, medication, or medical care.[65]
Dogs included in human activities in terms of helping out humans

are usually called working dogs. Dogs of several breeds are
considered working dogs. Some working dog breeds include
Akita, Alaskan Malamute, Anatolian Shepherd Dog, Bernese
Mountain Dog, Black Russian Terrier, Boxer, Bullmastiff,
Book of the Hunt, Gaston III, Count of
Doberman Pinscher, Dogue de Bordeaux, German Pinscher,
Foix, 1387–88.
German Shepherd,[66] Giant Schnauzer, Great Dane, Great
Pyrenees, Great Swiss Mountain Dog, Komondor, Kuvasz,
Mastiff, Neapolitan Mastiff, Newfoundland, Portuguese Water Dog, Rottweiler, Saint Bernard, Samoyed,
Siberian Husky, Standard Schnauzer, and Tibetan Mastiff.
Sports and shows
People often enter their dogs in competitions[67] such as breed-conformation shows or sports, including
racing, sledding and agility competitions.
In conformation shows, also referred to as breed shows, a judge familiar with the specific dog breed evaluates
individual purebred dogs for conformity with their established breed type as described in the breed standard.
As the breed standard only deals with the externally observable qualities of the dog (such as appearance,
movement, and temperament), separately tested qualities (such as ability or health) are not part of the judging
in conformation shows.
As a food source
Dog meat is consumed in some East Asian countries, including Korea, China, and Vietnam, a practice that
dates back to antiquity.[68] It is estimated that 13–16 million dogs are killed and consumed in Asia every
year.[69] The BBC claims that, in 1999, more than 6,000 restaurants served soups made from dog meat in
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South Korea.[70] In Korea, the primary dog breed raised for meat, the
nureongi (누렁이), differs from those breeds raised for pets that
Koreans may keep in their homes.[71]
The most popular Korean dog dish is gaejang-guk (also called

bosintang), a spicy stew meant to balance the body's heat during the
summer months; followers of the custom claim this is done to ensure
good health by balancing one's gi, or vital energy of the body. A 19th
century version of gaejang-guk explains that the dish is prepared by
boiling dog meat with scallions and chili powder. Variations of the Gaegogi (dog meat) stew being served
dish contain chicken and bamboo shoots. While the dishes are still in a Korean restaurant
popular in Korea with a segment of the population, dog is not as
widely consumed as beef, chicken, and pork.[71]
A CNN report in China dated March 2010 includes an interview with a dog meat vendor who stated that
most of the dogs that are available for selling to restaurants are raised in special farms but that there is always
a chance that a sold dog is someone's lost pet, although dog pet breeds are not considered edible.[72]
Other cultures, such as Polynesia and pre-Columbian Mexico, also consumed dog meat in their history.
However, Western, South Asian, African, and Middle Eastern cultures, in general, regard consumption of dog
meat as taboo. In some places, however, such as in rural areas of Poland, dog fat is believed to have
medicinal properties—being good for the lungs for instance.[73] Dog meat is also consumed in some parts of
Switzerland.[74]
Health risks to humans
Citing a 2008 study, the U.S. Center for Disease Control estimated in
2015 that 4.5 million people in the USA are bitten by dogs each year.[75]
A 2015 study estimated that 1.8% of the U.S. population is bitten each
year.[76] In the 1980s and 1990s the US averaged 17 fatalities per year,
while in the 2000s this has increased to 26.[77] 77% of dog bites are from
the pet of family or friends, and 50% of attacks occur on the property of
the dog's legal owner.[77]
A Colorado study found bites in children were less severe than bites in
adults.[78] The incidence of dog bites in the US is 12.9 per 10,000
inhabitants, but for boys aged 5 to 9, the incidence rate is 60.7 per
10,000. Moreover, children have a much higher chance to be bitten in
the face or neck.[79] Sharp claws with powerful muscles behind them can
lacerate flesh in a scratch that can lead to serious infections.[80]
Pet waste station at a government
In the UK between 2003 and 2004, there were 5,868 dog attacks on building.
humans, resulting in 5,770 working days lost in sick leave.[81]
In the United States, cats and dogs are a factor in more than 86,000 falls each year.[82] It has been estimated
around 2% of dog-related injuries treated in UK hospitals are domestic accidents. The same study found that
while dog involvement in road traffic accidents was difficult to quantify, dog-associated road accidents
involving injury more commonly involved two-wheeled vehicles.[83]
Toxocara canis (dog roundworm) eggs in dog feces can cause toxocariasis. In the United States, about 10,000
cases of Toxocara infection are reported in humans each year, and almost 14% of the U.S. population is
infected.[84] In Great Britain, 24% of soil samples taken from public parks contained T. canis eggs.[85]
Untreated toxocariasis can cause retinal damage and decreased vision.[85] Dog feces can also contain
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hookworms that cause cutaneous larva migrans in humans.[86][87][88][89]
Health benefits for humans
The scientific evidence is mixed as to whether companionship of a

dog can enhance human physical health and psychological
wellbeing.[90] Studies suggesting that there are benefits to physical
health and psychological wellbeing[91] have been criticised for being
poorly controlled,[92] and finding that "[t]he health of elderly people
is related to their health habits and social supports but not to their
ownership of, or attachment to, a companion animal." Earlier studies
have shown that people who keep pet dogs or cats exhibit better
mental and physical health than those who do not, making fewer visits A human cuddles a Doberman puppy.
to the doctor and being less likely to be on medication than
non-guardians.[93]
A 2005 paper states "recent research has failed to support earlier findings that pet ownership is associated
with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease, a reduced use of general practitioner services, or any
psychological or physical benefits on health for community dwelling older people. Research has, however,
pointed to significantly less absenteeism from school through sickness among children who live with pets."[90]
In one study, new guardians reported a highly significant reduction in minor health problems during the first
month following pet acquisition, and this effect was sustained in those with dogs through to the end of the
study.[94]
In addition, people with pet dogs took considerably more physical exercise than those with cats and those
without pets. The group without pets exhibited no statistically significant changes in health or behaviour. The
results provide evidence that keeping pets may have positive effects on human health and behaviour, and that
for guardians of dogs these effects are relatively long-term.[94] Pet guardianship has also been associated with
increased coronary artery disease survival, with human guardians being significantly less likely to die within
one year of an acute myocardial infarction than those who did not own dogs.[95]
The health benefits of dogs can result from contact with dogs in general, and
not solely from having dogs as pets. For example, when in the presence of a
pet dog, people show reductions in cardiovascular, behavioral, and
psychological indicators of anxiety.[96] Other health benefits are gained from
exposure to immune-stimulating microorganisms, which, according to the
hygiene hypothesis, can protect against allergies and autoimmune diseases.
The benefits of contact with a dog also include social support, as dogs are
able to not only provide companionship and social support themselves, but
also to act as facilitators of social interactions between humans.[97] One study
indicated that wheelchair users experience more positive social interactions
with strangers when they are accompanied by a dog than when they are
not.[98]
Gunnar Kaasen and Balto, the
The practice of using dogs and other animals as a part of therapy dates back lead dog on the last relay
to the late 18th century, when animals were introduced into mental team of the 1925 serum run
institutions to help socialize patients with mental disorders.[99] Animal- to Nome.
assisted intervention research has shown that animal-assisted therapy with a
dog can increase social behaviors, such as smiling and laughing, among
people with Alzheimer's disease.[100] One study demonstrated that children with ADHD and conduct
disorders who participated in an education program with dogs and other animals showed increased
attendance, increased knowledge and skill objectives, and decreased antisocial and violent behavior
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compared to those who were not in an animal-assisted program.[101]
Medical detection dogs
Medical detection dogs are capable of detecting diseases by sniffing a person of directly or samples of urine
or other specimens. Dogs can detect odour in one part per trillion, as their brain's olfactory cortex is (relative
to total brain size) 40 times larger than humans. Dogs may have as many as 300 million odour receptors in
their nose, while humans may have only 5 million. Each dog is trained specifically for the detection of single
disease from the blood glucose level indicative to diabetes to cancer. To train a cancer dog requires 6 months.
A Labrador Retriever called Daisy has detected 551 cancer patients with an accuracy of 93 percent and
received the Blue Cross (for pets) Medal for her life-saving skills.[102][103]
Shelters
Every year, between 6 and 8 million dogs and cats enter US animal shelters.[104] The Humane Society of the
United States (HSUS) estimates that approximately 3 to 4 million of those dogs and cats are euthanized yearly
in the United States.[105] However, the percentage of dogs in US animal shelters that are eventually adopted
and removed from the shelters by their new legal owners has increased since the mid-1990s from around
25% to a 2012 average of 40% among reporting shelters[106] (and many shelters reporting 60–75%).[107]
Domestic dogs have been selectively bred for millennia for

various behaviors, sensory capabilities, and physical
attributes.[60] Modern dog breeds show more variation in size,
appearance, and behavior than any other domestic animal.
Nevertheless, their morphology is based on that of their wild wolf
ancestors.[60] Dogs are predators and scavengers, and like many
other predatory mammals, the dog has powerful muscles, fused
wrist bones, a cardiovascular system that supports both sprinting
and endurance, and teeth for catching and tearing.
Dogs are highly variable in height and weight. The smallest

known adult dog was a Yorkshire Terrier, that stood only 6.3 cm
Lateral view of skeleton.
(2.5 in) at the shoulder, 9.5 cm (3.7 in) in length along the
head-and-body, and weighed only 113 grams (4.0 oz). The largest
known dog was an English Mastiff which weighed 155.6 kg (343 lb) and was 250 cm (98 in) from the snout
to the tail.[108] The tallest dog is a Great Dane that stands 106.7 cm (42.0 in) at the shoulder.[109]
Senses
Vision
Like most mammals, dogs have only two types of cone photoreceptor, making them dichromats.[110][111]
[112][113] These cone cells are maximally sensitive between 429 nm and 555 nm. Behavioural studies have
shown that the dog's visual world consists of yellows, blues and grays,[113] but they have difficulty
differentiating red and green making their color vision equivalent to red–green color blindness in humans
(deuteranopia). When a human perceives an object as "red", this object appears as "yellow" to the dog and
the human perception of "green" appears as "white", a shade of gray. This white region (the neutral point)
occurs around 480 nm, the part of the spectrum which appears blue-green to humans. For dogs, wavelengths
longer than the neutral point cannot be distinguished from each other and all appear as yellow.[113]
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Dogs use color instead of brightness to differentiate light

or dark blue/yellow.[114][115][116][117] They are less
sensitive to differences in grey shades than humans and
also can detect brightness at about half the accuracy of
humans.[118]
The dog's visual system has evolved to aid proficient

hunting.[110] While a dog's visual acuity is poor (that of a
poodle's has been estimated to translate to a Snellen Frequency sensitivity compared with humans.
rating of 20/75[110]), their visual discrimination for
moving objects is very high; dogs have been shown to be able to discriminate between humans (e.g.,
identifying their human guardian) at a range of between 800 and 900 metres (2,600 and 3,000 ft), however
this range decreases to 500–600 metres (1,600–2,000 ft) if the object is stationary.[110]
Dogs have a temporal resolution of between 60 and 70 Hz. This means that domestic dogs are unlikely to
perceive modern TV screens in the same way as humans because these are optimized for humans at
50–60 Hz.[118] Dogs can detect a change in movement that exists in a single diopter of space within their eye.
Humans, by comparison, require a change of between 10 and 20 diopters to detect movement.[119]
As crepuscular hunters, dogs often rely on their vision in low light situations: They have very large pupils, a
high density of rods in the fovea, an increased flicker rate, and a tapetum lucidum.[110] The tapetum is a
reflective surface behind the retina that reflects light to give the photoreceptors a second chance to catch the
photons. There is also a relationship between body size and overall diameter of the eye. A range of 9.5 and
11.6 mm can be found between various breeds of dogs. This 20% variance can be substantial and is
associated as an adaptation toward superior night vision.[120]
The eyes of different breeds of dogs have different shapes, dimensions, and retina configurations.[121] Many
long-nosed breeds have a "visual streak"—a wide foveal region that runs across the width of the retina and
gives them a very wide field of excellent vision. Some long-muzzled breeds, in particular, the sighthounds,
have a field of vision up to 270° (compared to 180° for humans). Short-nosed breeds, on the other hand, have
an "area centralis": a central patch with up to three times the density of nerve endings as the visual streak,
giving them detailed sight much more like a human's. Some broad-headed breeds with short noses have a
field of vision similar to that of humans.[111][112]
Most breeds have good vision, but some show a genetic predisposition for myopia – such as Rottweilers, with
which one out of every two has been found to be myopic.[110] Dogs also have a greater divergence of the eye
axis than humans, enabling them to rotate their pupils farther in any direction. The divergence of the eye axis
of dogs ranges from 12–25° depending on the breed.[119]
Experimentation has proven that dogs can distinguish between complex visual images such as that of a cube
or a prism. Dogs also show attraction to static visual images such as the silhouette of a dog on a screen, their
own reflections, or videos of dogs; however, their interest declines sharply once they are unable to make
social contact with the image.[122]
Hearing
The frequency range of dog hearing is approximately 40 Hz to 60,000 Hz,[123] which means that dogs can
detect sounds far beyond the upper limit of the human auditory spectrum.[112][123][124] In addition, dogs have
ear mobility, which allows them to rapidly pinpoint the exact location of a sound.[125] Eighteen or more
muscles can tilt, rotate, raise, or lower a dog's ear. A dog can identify a sound's location much faster than a
human can, as well as hear sounds at four times the distance.[125]
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Smell
While the human brain is dominated by a large visual cortex, the

dog brain is dominated by an olfactory cortex.[110] The olfactory
bulb in dogs is roughly forty times bigger than the olfactory bulb
in humans, relative to total brain size, with 125 to 220 million
smell-sensitive receptors.[110] The bloodhound exceeds this
standard with nearly 300 million receptors.[110]
Anatomy of the ear.
Consequently, it has been estimated that dogs, in general, have
an olfactory sense ranging from one hundred thousand to one
million times more sensitive than a human's. In some dog breeds, such
as bloodhounds, the olfactory sense may be up to 100 million times
greater than a human's.[126] The wet nose, or rhinarium, is essential
for determining the direction of the air current containing the smell.
Cold receptors in the skin are sensitive to the cooling of the skin by
evaporation of the moisture by air currents.[127]
Physical characteristics
The wet, textured nose of a dog
Coat
The coats of domestic dogs are of two varieties: "double" being common with
dogs (as well as wolves) originating from colder climates, made up of a coarse
guard hair and a soft down hair, or "single", with the topcoat only.
Domestic dogs often display the remnants of countershading, a common

natural camouflage pattern. A countershaded animal will have dark coloring
on its upper surfaces and light coloring below,[128] which reduces its general
visibility. Thus, many breeds will have an occasional "blaze", stripe, or "star"
of white fur on their chest or underside.[129]
Tail
A heavy winter coat with

There are many different shapes for dog tails: straight, straight up, sickle,
curled, or cork-screw. As with many canids, one of the primary functions of a countershading in a
dog's tail is to communicate their emotional state, which can be important in mixed-breed dog
getting along with others. In some hunting dogs, however, the tail is
traditionally docked to avoid injuries.[130] In some breeds, such as the Braque du Bourbonnais, puppies can
be born with a short tail or no tail at all.[131]
Types and breeds
Most breeds of dog are at most a few hundred years old, having been artificially selected for particular
morphologies and behaviors by people for specific functional roles. Through this selective breeding, the dog
has developed into hundreds of varied breeds, and shows more behavioral and morphological variation than
any other land mammal.[132] For example, height measured to the withers ranges from 15.2 centimetres
(6.0 in) in the Chihuahua to about 76 cm (30 in) in the Irish Wolfhound; color varies from white through
grays (usually called "blue") to black, and browns from light (tan) to dark ("red" or "chocolate") in a wide
variation of patterns; coats can be short or long, coarse-haired to wool-like, straight, curly, or smooth.[133] It
is common for most breeds to shed this coat.
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While all dogs are genetically very similar,[134] natural selection and
selective breeding have reinforced certain characteristics in certain
populations of dogs, giving rise to dog types and dog breeds. Dog
types are broad categories based on function, genetics, or
characteristics.[135] Dog breeds are groups of animals that possess a
set of inherited characteristics that distinguishes them from other
animals within the same species. Modern dog breeds are
non-scientific classifications of dogs kept by modern kennel clubs.
Purebred dogs of one breed are genetically distinguishable from

Cavalier King Charles Spaniels
purebred dogs of other breeds,[136] but the means by which kennel
demonstrate within-breed variation.
clubs classify dogs is unsystematic. Systematic analyses of the dog
genome has revealed only four major types of dogs that can be said to
be statistically distinct.[136] These include the "old world dogs" (e.g., Malamute and Shar Pei), "Mastiff"-type
(e.g., English Mastiff), "herding"-type (e.g., Border Collie), and "all others" (also called "modern"- or
"hunting"-type).[136][137]
Health
Dogs are susceptible to various diseases, ailments, and poisons, some of which can affect humans. To defend
against many common diseases, dogs are often vaccinated.
There are many household plants that are poisonous to dogs including begonia, Poinsettia and aloe vera.[138]
Poinsettia is often claimed to be toxic but this is untrue.
Some breeds of dogs are prone to certain genetic ailments such as elbow and hip dysplasia, blindness,
deafness, pulmonic stenosis, cleft palate, and trick knees. Two serious medical conditions particularly
affecting dogs are pyometra, affecting unspayed females of all types and ages, and bloat, which affects the
larger breeds or deep-chested dogs. Both of these are acute conditions, and can kill rapidly. Dogs are also
susceptible to parasites such as fleas, ticks, and mites, as well as hookworms, tapeworms, roundworms, and
heartworms.
A number of common human foods and household ingestibles are toxic to dogs, including chocolate solids
(theobromine poisoning), onion and garlic (thiosulphate, sulfoxide or disulfide poisoning),[139] grapes and
raisins, macadamia nuts, xylitol,[140] as well as various plants and other potentially ingested materials.[141][142]
The nicotine in tobacco can also be dangerous. Dogs can get it by scavenging in garbage or ashtrays; eating
cigars and cigarettes. Signs can be vomiting of large amounts (e.g., from eating cigar butts) or diarrhea. Some
other signs are abdominal pain, loss of coordination, collapse, or death.[143] Dogs are highly susceptible to
theobromine poisoning, typically from ingestion of chocolate. Theobromine is toxic to dogs because, although
the dog's metabolism is capable of breaking down the chemical, the process is so slow that even small
amounts of chocolate can be fatal, especially dark chocolate.
Dogs are also vulnerable to some of the same health conditions as humans, including diabetes, dental and
heart disease, epilepsy, cancer, hypothyroidism, and arthritis.[144]
Lifespan
The typical lifespan of dogs varies widely among breeds, but for most the median longevity, the age at which
half the dogs in a population have died and half are still alive, ranges from 10 to 13 years.[145][146][147][148]
Individual dogs may live well beyond the median of their breed.
The breed with the shortest lifespan (among breeds for which there is a questionnaire survey with a
reasonable sample size) is the Dogue de Bordeaux, with a median longevity of about 5.2 years, but several
12 of 34 22.3.2015. 20:41
breeds, including Miniature Bull Terriers, Bloodhounds, and Irish

Wolfhounds are nearly as short-lived, with median longevities of 6 to
7 years.[148]
The longest-lived breeds, including Toy Poodles, Japanese Spitz,

Border Terriers, and Tibetan Spaniels, have median longevities of 14
to 15 years.[148] The median longevity of mixed-breed dogs, taken as
an average of all sizes, is one or more years longer than that of
purebred dogs when all breeds are averaged.[146][147][148][149] The dog
widely reported to be the longest-lived is "Bluey", who died in 1939
and was claimed to be 29.5 years old at the time of his death;
however, the Bluey record is anecdotal and unverified.[150] On 5 A mixed-breed terrier. Mixed-breed
December 2011, Pusuke, the world's oldest living dog recognized by dogs are generally healthier than
Guinness Book of World Records, died aged 26 years and 9 pure-breds. (See heterosis)
months.[151]
Predation
Although large wild dogs, like wolves, are apex predators,[152] they can be killed in territory disputes with
wild animals.[153] Furthermore, in areas where both dogs and other large predators live, dogs can be a major
food source for big cats or canines. Reports from Croatia indicate wolves kill dogs more frequently than they
kill sheep. Wolves in Russia apparently limit feral dog populations. In Wisconsin, more compensation has
been paid for dog losses than livestock.[153] Some wolf pairs have been reported to prey on dogs by having
one wolf lure the dog out into heavy brush where the second animal waits in ambush.[154] In some instances,
wolves have displayed an uncharacteristic fearlessness of humans and buildings when attacking dogs, to the
extent that they have to be beaten off or killed.[155]
Coyotes and big cats have also been known to attack dogs. Leopards in particular are known to have a
predilection for dogs, and have been recorded to kill and consume them regardless of the dog's size or
ferocity.[156] Tigers in Manchuria, Indochina, Indonesia, and Malaysia are reputed to kill dogs with the same
vigor as leopards.[157] Striped Hyenas are major predators of village dogs in Turkmenistan, India, and the
Caucasus.[158] Reptiles such as alligators and pythons have been known to kill and eat dogs.
Diet
Despite their descent from wolves and classification as Carnivora, dogs are
variously described in scholarly and other writings as carnivores[159][160] or
omnivores.[60][161][162][163] Unlike obligate carnivores, such as the cat family
with its shorter small intestine, dogs can adapt to a wide-ranging diet, and are
not dependent on meat-specific protein nor a very high level of protein in
order to fulfill their basic dietary requirements. Dogs will healthily digest a
variety of foods, including vegetables and grains, and can consume a large
proportion of these in their diet.[60] Compared to their wolf ancestors, dogs
have adaptations in genes involved in starch digestion that contribute to an
increased ability to thrive on a starch-rich diet.[164]
Reproduction
Golden Retriever gnawing a
In domestic dogs, sexual maturity begins to happen around age six to twelve pig's foot
months for both males and females,[60][165] although this can be delayed until
up to two years old for some large breeds. This is the time at which female
dogs will have their first estrous cycle. They will experience subsequent estrous cycles biannually, during
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which the body prepares for pregnancy. At the peak of the cycle, females will come into estrus, being
mentally and physically receptive to copulation.[60] Because the ova survive and are capable of being
fertilized for a week after ovulation, it is possible for a female to mate with more than one male.[60]
2–5 days post conception fertilization occurs, 14–16 days embryo attaches to uterus 22–23 days heart beat is
detectable.[166][167]
Dogs bear their litters roughly 58 to 68 days after fertilization,[60][168] with an average of 63 days, although
the length of gestation can vary. An average litter consists of about six puppies,[169] though this number may
vary widely based on the breed of dog. In general, toy dogs produce from one to four puppies in each litter,
while much larger breeds may average as many as twelve.
Some dog breeds have acquired traits through selective breeding that interfere with reproduction. Male
French Bulldogs, for instance, are incapable of mounting the female. For many dogs of this breed, the female
must be artificially inseminated in order to reproduce.[170]
Neutering
Neutering refers to the sterilization of animals, usually by removal of

the male's testicles or the female's ovaries and uterus, in order to
eliminate the ability to procreate and reduce sex drive. Because of the
overpopulation of dogs in some countries, many animal control
agencies, such as the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty
to Animals (ASPCA), advise that dogs not intended for further
breeding should be neutered, so that they do not have undesired
puppies that may have to later be euthanized.[171]
According to the Humane Society of the United States, 3–4 million A feral dog from Sri Lanka nursing her
dogs and cats are put down each year in the United States and many four puppies
more are confined to cages in shelters because there are many more
animals than there are homes. Spaying or castrating dogs helps keep overpopulation down.[172] Local humane
societies, SPCAs, and other animal protection organizations urge people to neuter their pets and to adopt
animals from shelters instead of purchasing them.
Neutering reduces problems caused by hypersexuality, especially in male dogs.[173] Spayed female dogs are
less likely to develop some forms of cancer, affecting mammary glands, ovaries, and other reproductive
organs.[174] However, neutering increases the risk of urinary incontinence in female dogs,[175] and prostate
cancer in males,[176] as well as osteosarcoma, hemangiosarcoma, cruciate ligament rupture, obesity, and
diabetes mellitus in either sex.[177]
Communication
By the age of four weeks, the dog has developed the majority of its vocalizations.[178] The dog is the most
vocal canid and is unique in its tendency to bark in a myriad of situations.[178]
Barking appears to have little more communication functions than excitement, fighting, the presence of a
human, or simply because other dogs are barking.[178] Subtler signs such as discreet bodily and facial
movements, body odors, whines, yelps, and growls are the main sources of actual communication.[178] The
majority of these subtle communication techniques are employed at a close proximity to another, but for
long-range communication only barking and howling are employed.[178]
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Intelligence
The domestic dog has a predisposition to exhibit a social intelligence

that is uncommon in the animal world.[110] Dogs are capable of
learning in a number of ways, such as through simple reinforcement
(e.g., classical or operant conditioning) and by observation.[110][180]
Dogs go through a series of stages of cognitive development. As with

humans, the understanding that objects not being actively perceived
still remain in existence (called object permanence) is not present at
birth. It develops as the young dog learns to interact intentionally with
objects around it, at roughly 8 weeks of age.[110]
Puppies learn behaviors quickly by following examples set by

experienced dogs.[110] This form of intelligence is not peculiar to The Border Collie is considered to be
those tasks dogs have been bred to perform, but can be generalized to one of the most intelligent breeds.[179]
myriad abstract problems. For example, Dachshund puppies that
watched an experienced dog pull a cart by tugging on an attached piece of ribbon in order to get a reward
from inside the cart learned the task fifteen times faster than those left to solve the problem on their
own.[110][181]
Dogs can also learn by mimicking human behaviors. In one study, puppies were presented with a box, and
shown that, when a handler pressed a lever, a ball would roll out of the box. The handler then allowed the
puppy to play with the ball, making it an intrinsic reward. The pups were then allowed to interact with the
box. Roughly three quarters of the puppies subsequently touched the lever, and over half successfully
released the ball, compared to only 6% in a control group that did not watch the human manipulate the
lever.[182] Another study found that handing an object between experimenters who then used the object's
name in a sentence successfully taught an observing dog each object's name, allowing the dog to
subsequently retrieve the item.[183]
Dogs also demonstrate sophisticated social cognition by associating

behavioral cues with abstract meanings.[110] One such class of social
cognition involves the understanding that others are conscious agents.
Research has shown that dogs are capable of interpreting subtle social
cues, and appear to recognize when a human or dog's attention is
focused on them. To test this, researchers devised a task in which a
reward was hidden underneath one of two buckets. The experimenter
then attempted to communicate with the dog to indicate the location
of the reward by using a wide range of signals: tapping the bucket,
pointing to the bucket, nodding to the bucket, or simply looking at the
bucket.[184](pp1634–6) The results showed that domestic dogs were Sergeant Stubby wearing his uniform
better than chimpanzees, wolves, and human infants at this task, and and medals. Stubby participated in four
even young puppies with limited exposure to humans performed offensives and 17 battles.
well.[110]
Psychology research has shown that humans' gaze instinctively moves to the left in order to watch the right
side of a person's face, which is related to use of right hemisphere brain for facial recognition, including
human facial emotions. Research at the University of Lincoln (2008) shows that dogs share this instinct when
meeting a human being, and only when meeting a human being (i.e., not other animals or other dogs). As
such they are the only non-primate species known to do so.[185][186]
Stanley Coren, an expert on dog psychology, states that these results demonstrated the social cognition of
dogs can exceed that of even our closest genetic relatives, and that this capacity is a recent genetic
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acquisition that distinguishes the dog from the wolf.[110] Studies have also investigated whether dogs engaged
in partnered play change their behavior depending on the attention-state of their partner.[187] Those studies
showed that play signals were only sent when the dog was holding the attention of its partner. If the partner
was distracted, the dog instead engaged in attention-getting behavior before sending a play signal.[187]
Coren has also argued that dogs demonstrate a sophisticated theory of mind by engaging in deception, which
he supports with a number of anecdotes, including one example wherein a dog hid a stolen treat by sitting on
it until the rightful owner of the treat left the room.[110] Although this could have been accidental, Coren
suggests that the thief understood that the treat's owner would be unable to find the treat if it were out of
view. Together, the empirical data and anecdotal evidence points to dogs possessing at least a limited form of
theory of mind.[110][187] Similar research has been performed by Brian Hare of Duke University, who has
shown that dogs outperform both great apes as well as wolves raised by humans in reading human
communicative signals.[184](pp1634–6)[188]
A study found a third of dogs suffered from anxiety when separated from others.[189]
A border collie named Chaser has learned the names for 1,022 toys after three years of training, so many that
her trainers have had to mark the names of the objects lest they forget themselves. This is higher than Rico,
another border collie who could remember at least 200 objects.[190]
Dogs can discriminate the emotional expressions of human faces.[191]
Behavior
Although dogs have been the subject of a great deal of behaviorist psychology (e.g. Pavlov's dog), they do
not enter the world with a psychological "blank slate".[110] Rather, dog behavior is affected by genetic as well
as environmental factors.[110] Domestic dogs exhibit a number of behaviors and predispositions that were
inherited from wolves.[110]
After undergoing training to solve a simple manipulation task, dogs that are faced with an insoluble version of
the same problem look at the human, while socialized wolves do not.[192]
Given that dogs' abilities to use human social cues originated during the process of domestication, it is likely
that individual dogs that were able to use social cues to predict the behavior of humans more flexibly than
could their last common wolf ancestor were at a selective advantage.[184]
The existence and nature of personality traits in dogs has been studied
(15329 dogs of 164 different breeds) and five consistent and stable
"narrow traits" identified, described as playfulness,
curiosity/fearlessness, chase-proneness, sociability and
aggressiveness. A further higher order axis for shyness–boldness was
also identified.[193][194]
The average sleep time of a dog is said to be 10.1 hours per day.[195] Properly socialized dogs can interact
Like humans, dogs have two main types of sleep: slow-wave sleep, with unfamiliar dogs of any size and
then rapid eye movement sleep, the state in which dreams occur.[196] understand how to communicate.
Dogs prefer, when they are off the leash and Earth's magnetic field is calm, to urinate and defecate with their
bodies aligned on a north-south axis.[197]
Dog growl
A new study in Budapest, Hungary, has found that dogs are able to tell how big another dog is just by
16 of 34 22.3.2015. 20:41
listening to its growl. A specific growl is used by dogs to protect their food. The research also shows that dogs
do not, or can not, misrepresent their size, and this is the first time research has shown animals can determine
another's size by the sound it makes. The test, using images of many kinds of dogs, showed a small and big
dog and played a growl. The result showed that 20 of the 24 test dogs looked at the image of the
appropriately sized dog first and looked at it longest.[198] Additionally, most people can tell from a bark
whether a dog was alone or being approached by a stranger, playing or being aggressive,[199] and able tell
from a growl how big the dog is.[200] This is thought to be evidence of human-dog coevolution.[200]
Physical characteristics
Compared to equally sized wolves, dogs tend to have 20% smaller

skulls, 30% smaller brains,[59]:35 as well as proportionately smaller
teeth than other canid species.[201] Dogs require fewer calories to
function than wolves. It is thought by certain experts that the dog's
limp ears are a result of atrophy of the jaw muscles.[201] The skin of
domestic dogs tends to be thicker than that of wolves, with some Inuit
tribes favoring the former for use as clothing due to its greater
resistance to wear and tear in harsh weather.[201] Wolves do not have
dewclaws on their back legs, unless there has been admixture with
dogs.[202] Some dogs, like this Tamaskan Dog,
look very much like wolves.
Behavioral differences
Dogs tend to be poorer than wolves at observational learning, being more responsive to instrumental
conditioning.[201] Feral dogs show little of the complex social structure or dominance hierarchy present in
wolf packs. For example, unlike wolves, the dominant alpha pairs of a feral dog pack do not force the other
members to wait for their turn on a meal when scavenging off a dead ungulate as the whole family is free to
join in. For dogs, other members of their kind are of no help in locating food items, and are more like
competitors.[201]
Feral dogs are primarily scavengers, with studies showing that unlike their wild cousins, they are poor
ungulate hunters, having little impact on wildlife populations where they are sympatric. However, feral dogs
have been reported to be effective hunters of reptiles in the Galápagos Islands,[59]:267 and free ranging pet
dogs are more prone to predatory behavior toward wild animals.
Domestic dogs can be monogamous.[203] Breeding in feral packs can be, but does not have to be restricted to
a dominant alpha pair (such things also occur in wolf packs).[204] Male dogs are unusual among canids by the
fact that they mostly seem to play no role in raising their puppies, and do not kill the young of other females
to increase their own reproductive success.[59]:267 Some sources say that dogs differ from wolves and most
other large canid species by the fact that they do not regurgitate food for their young, nor the young of other
dogs in the same territory.[201]
However, this difference was not observed in all domestic dogs. Regurgitating of food by the females for the
young as well as care for the young by the males has been observed in domestic dogs, dingos as well as in
other feral or semi-feral dogs. Regurgitating of food by the females and direct choosing of only one mate has
been observed even in those semi-feral dogs of direct domestic dog ancestry. Also regurgitating of food by
males has been observed in free-ranging domestic dogs.[203][205]
In 1982, a study to observe the differences between dogs and wolves raised in similar conditions took
17 of 34 22.3.2015. 20:41
place.[206] The dog puppies preferred larger amounts of sleep at the beginning of their lives, while the wolf
puppies were much more active.[206] The dog puppies also preferred the company of humans, rather than
their canine foster mother, though the wolf puppies were the exact opposite, spending more time with their
foster mother.[206] The dogs also showed a greater interest in the food given to them and paid little attention
to their surroundings, while the wolf puppies found their surroundings to be much more intriguing than their
food or food bowl.[206] The wolf puppies were observed taking part in agonistic play at a younger age, while
the dog puppies did not display dominant/submissive roles until they were much older.[206] The wolf puppies
were rarely seen as being aggressive to each other or towards the other canines.[206] On the other hand, the
dog puppies were much more aggressive to each other and other canines, often seen full-on attacking their
foster mother or one another.[206]
Trainability
Dogs display much greater tractability than tame wolves, and are, in general, much more responsive to
coercive techniques involving fear, aversive stimuli, and force than wolves, which are most responsive
toward positive conditioning and rewards.[207] Unlike tame wolves, dogs tend to respond more to voice than
hand signals.[208]
Dogs have been viewed and represented in different manners by different cultures and religions, over the
course of history.
Mythology
See also Category:Mythological dogs.
In mythology, dogs often serve as pets or as watchdogs.[209]
In Greek mythology, Cerberus is a three-headed watchdog who

guards the gates of Hades.[209] In Norse mythology, a bloody,
four-eyed dog called Garmr guards Helheim.[209] In Persian
mythology, two four-eyed dogs guard the Chinvat Bridge.[209] In
Philippine mythology, Kimat who is the pet of Tadaklan, god of
thunder, is responsible for lightning. In Welsh mythology, Annwn is
guarded by Cŵn Annwn.[209]
Tesem, an old Egyptian
In Hindu mythology, Yama, the god of death owns two watch dogs sighthound-like dog.
who have four eyes. They are said to watch over the gates of
Naraka.[210] Hunter god Muthappan from North Malabar region of Kerala has a hunting dog as his mount.
Dogs are found in and out of the Muthappan Temple and offerings at the shrine take the form of bronze dog
figurines.[211]
Religion and culture
In Islam, dogs are viewed as unclean scavengers.[209] In 2015 in The Hague in the Netherlands, Hasan
Küçük, a representative on The Hague city council for the Islam Democrats, called for the possession of dogs
in The Hague to be criminalized.[212] In Lérida, Spain, two Islamic groups asked local officials to ban dogs
from all areas frequented by Muslim immigrants, saying their presence violated the Muslims' religious
freedom.[212] In Britain, police sniffer dogs trained to identify bombs carried by terrorists at train stations are
no longer allowed to come into contact with Muslim passengers, following complaints that it was offensive to
18 of 34 22.3.2015. 20:41
their religion.[212]
In Judaism, Jewish law does not prohibit keeping dogs and other pets.[213] Jewish law requires Jews to feed
their dogs before themselves, and make arrangements for feeding them before first obtaining them.[213] In
Christianity, dogs represent faithfulness.[209]
In Asian countries such as China, Korea, and Japan, dogs are viewed as kind protectors.[209] The role of the
dog in Chinese mythology includes a position as one of the twelve animals which cyclically represent years
(the zodiacal dog).
Gallery of dogs in art
Ancient Greek black- Riders and dogs. William McElcheran's Detail of The
figure pottery Ancient Greek Attic Cross Section-dogs Imperial Prince and
depicting the return black-figure hydria, Dundas (TTC) his dog Nero by
of a hunter and his ca. 510–500 BC, from Toronto Jean-Baptiste
dog. Made in Athens Vulci. Louvre Carpeaux 1865
between 550–530 BC, Museum, Paris. Marble.
A woodcut
illustration from The
history of four-footed
beasts and serpents
by Edward Topsell,
1658
Aging in dogs
Animal track
19 of 34 22.3.2015. 20:41
Argos (dog)
Dog in Chinese
mythology
Dogs in art
Dog odor
Dognapping
Ethnocynology Ancient Greek rhyton in the shape of a dog's head, made by Brygos, early 5th century
Hachikō–a notable BC. Jérôme Carcopino Museum, Department of Archaeology, Aleria
example of dog
loyalty Wikimedia Commons has
media related to Dogs in art.
Lost pet services
Wolfdog
Lists
List of dog breeds

List of fictional dogs
List of individual dogs
List of most popular dog breeds
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/training/Example-1.html) on 10 February 2008. Retrieved 30 October 2008.
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/?id=KnVEIrVNGhIC). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199295852.001.0001
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Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dog&oldid=652957074"
Categories: Domesticated animals Dogs Cosmopolitan animals Scavengers

Mammals with sequenced genomes Model organisms
This page was last modified on 22 March 2015, at 01:51.

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Dog - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris or Canis familiaris)

1 Etymology and related terminology

4.9 Shelters Order: Carnivora

5.2.2 Tail Synonyms

The dogs' value to early human hunter-gatherers led to them quickly

Wolves, and their dog descendants, would have derived significant

There are a vast range of commodity forms available to transform a

The majority of contemporary people with dogs describe their pet as

Service dogs such as guide dogs, utility dogs, assistance dogs,

Dogs included in human activities in terms of helping out humans

Sports and shows

The most popular Korean dog dish is gaejang-guk (also called

Health risks to humans

hookworms that cause cutaneous larva migrans in humans.[86][87][88][89]

Health benefits for humans

The scientific evidence is mixed as to whether companionship of a

compared to those who were not in an animal-assisted program.[101]

Medical detection dogs

Domestic dogs have been selectively bred for millennia for

Dogs are highly variable in height and weight. The smallest

Dogs use color instead of brightness to differentiate light

The dog's visual system has evolved to aid proficient

While the human brain is dominated by a large visual cortex, the

Domestic dogs often display the remnants of countershading, a common

A heavy winter coat with

Types and breeds

Purebred dogs of one breed are genetically distinguishable from

breeds, including Miniature Bull Terriers, Bloodhounds, and Irish

The longest-lived breeds, including Toy Poodles, Japanese Spitz,

Neutering refers to the sterilization of animals, usually by removal of

The domestic dog has a predisposition to exhibit a social intelligence

Dogs go through a series of stages of cognitive development. As with

Puppies learn behaviors quickly by following examples set by

Dogs also demonstrate sophisticated social cognition by associating

Dogs can discriminate the emotional expressions of human faces.[191]

Compared to equally sized wolves, dogs tend to have 20% smaller

See also Category:Mythological dogs.

In mythology, dogs often serve as pets or as watchdogs.[209]

In Greek mythology, Cerberus is a three-headed watchdog who

Religion and culture

Gallery of dogs in art

List of dog breeds

1. "Mammal Species of the World – Browse: Canis lupus familiaris" (http://www.bucknell.edu

89. "Dog fouling" (http://www.woking.gov.uk/planning/envhealthservice/dog/dogfouling). UK: Woking Borough

189. "Behaviour problems linked to pessimistic dogs" (http://www.smh.com.au/lifestyle/lifematters/behaviour-

Miklósi, Adám (2007). Dog Behaviour, Evolution, and Cognition (http://books.google.com

Biodiversity Heritage Library bibliography (http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org

Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI) – World Canine Organisation (http://www.fci.be/)

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dog&oldid=652957074"

Categories: Domesticated animals Dogs Cosmopolitan animals Scavengers

This page was last modified on 22 March 2015, at 01:51.

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