CH.

6: THE CELL

 Cell theory
Eukaryotes Similarities Prokaryotes
Nucleus Genetic material Nucleoid region
Organelles Cytosol No organelles
Larger Ribosomes Smaller
Double membrane Cell barrier Cell wall

 High SA:V for exchanging materials - elongated/flat cells and microvilli'

Cell Structure Structure Function Found

Nucleus  Envelope - two membranes  Genes Eukaryotes
 Pores  Pores regulate entry/exit (plants and
 Cont. with ER animals)
Ribosomes 2 subunits; free/bound Proteins for cell/transport Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes
ER  Network of tubules and  Smooth: Eukaryotes
sacs  Lipid synthesis (plants and
 Cisternae  Ca+ storage for animals)
muscle
contraction
 Carb metabolism
 Detox
 Rough
 Protein synthesis
 Adding carbs to
proteins
 Membrane
synthesis
GA Stacks of cisternae not  Modification Eukaryotes
physically connected  Polysaccharide synthesis (plants and
 Products enclosed in animals)
vesicles
Lysosomes Membranous sac of hydrolytic  Autophagy - recycle Eukaryotes
enzymes  Digestion - nutrients (animals)
Vacuole Large membrane-bound Digestion, storage, waste Eukaryotes
vesicle formed from ER and GA disposal, cell growth, (plants and
protection (poison), water animals)
balance (contractile)
Mitochondria  Double membrane  Cell respiration Eukaryotes
 Inner membrane made of (plants and
cristae animals)
 Chloroplast  Double membrane Photosynthesis Eukaryotes
 Stroma (plants)
 Thylakoid - granum
Peroxisome  Single membrane  Produce H2O2, Eukaryotes
 Metabolic compartment converted to H2O (plants and
 Fatty acid breakdown animals)
 Detox
Cilia Microtubule-containing  Fluid over cell - power Eukaryotes
extensions recovery stroke (animals)
 Signal detector
Flagella Microtubule-containing Fluid over cell - wave-like Eukaryotes (
extensions; few per cell motions animals) and
Prokaryotes
Centrosomes Microtubules arranged in a  Help organize Eukaryotes
w/ centrioles ring microtubules for mitosis (animals)
Microtubules  Hollow rods that can be  Organelle movement Eukaryotes
disassembled/reassembled (tracks) (plants and
 Tubulin  Shape cell - compression animals)
resisting
 Separate chromatids
 Cilia and flagella
Microfilaments  Thin rods that form  Shape cell - tension Eukaryotes
networks bearing (form cortex) (plants and
 Disassembled/reassembled  Muscle contraction animals)
 Actin  Pseudopodia
 Cytoplasmic streaming
 Microvilli
Intermediate  Fibrous proteins coiled into  Shape cell - tension Eukaryotes
filaments cables bearing (plants and
 Diverse composition (ex.  Anchorage animals)
Keratin)  Nuclear lamina
 Permanent framework

 Cell junctions
o Plants - plasmodesmata
o Animal - tight junctions, desmosomes, gap junctions

Definitions:

 Cell fractionation: centrifuge to separate organelles

 Nuclear envelope: double membrane enclosing nucleus, connected by pores
o Nuclear lamina: intermediate filaments
 Endomembrane system: nuclear envelope, ER, GA, lysosomes, vesicles/vacuoles, cell
membrane; synthesis and transport of proteins, metabolism and movement of lipids, and
detox
  Contractile vacuole: maintains suitable ion concentrations by pumping excess water out of
cell; osmoregulation
 Stroma: contains chloroplasts DNA and ribosomes
 Cell motility: changes in cell location and movement of cell parts; requires interaction of
cytoskeleton with motor proteins
 Cytoplasmic streaming: speeds flow of materials throughout cell
 Primary cell wall: thin and flexible
 Middle lamina: rich in pectin; b/t primary walls of adjacent cells
 Secondary cell wall: between plasma membrane and primary wall (ex. Wood)
 Plasmodesmata: channels that connect cell walls, lined by cell membrane of adjacent plant
cells
 Tight junctions: press plasma membranes together, bound by proteins; prevents extracellular
leakage
 Desmosomes: fasten cells together by intermediate filaments
 Gap junctions: provide channel across cells through membrane protein

CH. 7 MEMBRANES

 Cell Membrane and Extra-Cellular Matrix Components

Integral  Integrins: cell surface receptors that transmit
(transmembrane) signal across cell
 Channel proteins: facilitated diffusion  Ion channels
 Aquaporins
 Carrier proteins: active transport; shape
change
 Electrogenic pump: voltage across membrane  Na/K pump
 Proton pump
Cholesterol Maintain fluidity
Glycoproteins  Fibronectin: binds cell to ECM; attached to integrin
 Collagen: embedded in proteoglycans
Proteoglycan In ECM, core protein with carb chains attached to it; attached to long
polysaccharide molecule covering collagen
Glycolipids
 Info about ECM - changes in cytoskeleton - signal pathways - changes in proteins made - change in
cell function
 Cholesterol - restrains excess phospholipid movement at high temps and close packing at low
temps
 Function of membrane proteins
o Transport
o Enzyme activity
o Signal transduction
o Cell to cell recognition (glycoproteins/glycolipids) - cell differentiation and immune system
o Intercellular joining
 o Attachment to cytoskeleton (maintain shape) and/or ECM (coordinate changes)
 Cell wall - depends on hypotonic environment - turgid cell due to turgor pressure
 Isotonic - flaccid (plant wilts)
 Hypertonic - plasmolysis

Definitions:

 Hypertonic: cell loses water

 Osmoregulation: control of solute concentration and water balance
 Turgor pressure: back pressure exerted by plants in hypotonic environment; forms healthy, turgid
(firm) cell
 Plasmolysis: cell shrivels up as cell membrane pulls away from cell wall
 Na/K pump: 3 Na out for 2 K in
 Electrochemical gradient: combination of ion's concentration gradient and effect of membrane
potential on ion's movement; potential energy
 Electrogenic pump: transport protein that generates voltage across membrane (Na/K pump in
animals and proton pump in plants)
 Cotransport: spontaneous diffusion of one substance that drives nonspontaneous transport of
another
o H+/sucrose transporter: diffusion of H+ out of cell to drive uptake of sucrose in non-
photosynthetic cells
 Exocytosis: secretion of molecules with fusion of vesicles with the cell membrane
 Phagocytosis: cell extends pseudopodia around particle and packages it as food vacuole, which
fuses with lysosome
 Pinocytosis: cell continuously takes in extracellular fluid and any solutes; forms vesicles
 Receptor-mediated endocytosis: solutes bind to receptors which form pits that become vesicles

CH. 12 CELL CYCLE

 Cell cycle
o Interphase
 G1: growth
 S: DNA replication
 G2: further growth
o Prophase
 Nucleolus disappears and nuclear envelope breakdown
 Chromatin condenses
 Centrosomes move to at opposite end; mitotic spindle
 Microtubules attach to kinetochores; non-kinetochore microtubules overlap
 Asters connect with cell membrane
o Metaphase
 Microtubules pull until chromosomes aligned at metaphase plate
o Anaphase - sister chromatids separate; 92 chromosomes
 Kinetochore microtubules shorten
 Non-kinetochore microtubules lengthen
o Telophase
 Nucleolus and nuclear envelope reappears
  Chromosomes uncondensed
o Cytokinesis
 Animal - cleavage furrow pinches cell into two
 Plant - vesicles coalesce in middle of cell, producing cell plate that fuses with cell
membrane
 Prokaryotes
o cell doubles in size and divides
o two origins of replication move to opposite end of cell
o membrane pinches in
o new cell wall created
 Role of cell division - reproduction, growth, repair
 Checkpoints at G1, S, G2, and M phases
o G1 checkpoint - controls entry into G0 phase or S phase
o S checkpoint - stops cell with DNA damage
o G2 checkpoint - begins mitosis when enough MPF accumulates
o M checkpoint - all microtubules must be attached to chromatids
 Characteristics of cancer cells
o Neither density-dependent inhibition or anchorage dependence
o Don’t stop dividing when growth factor depleted
o Altered cell-surface proteins - abnormal cell-signal pathway
o Stop and divide at random times and indefinitely
o Evade apoptosis

Definitions:

 Cyclin-dependent kinases: kinase activated by attaching to cyclin; depends on cyclin concentration

 MPF: cyclin-CDK complex that initiates mitosis
o Rises in S and G2, falls in M
 Growth factors: stimulate other cells to divide
 Density-dependent inhibition: crowded cells stop dividing through cell surface proteins
 Anchorage dependence: cell must be attached to substratum or ECM to divide; sensed through cell
surface proteins
 Metasis: spread of cancer around body through blood and lymph vessels