Republic of the Philippines

Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology

Gen. Tinio Cabanatuan City

Farming Practices for Combating Army Worm of Onion Farmers in

Bongabon, Nueva Ecija

Researchers

Federico, Carlota G.

Gamboa, Roniel U.

Guillermo, Mariz C.

Pascual, Shaina Lae A.

Santos, Shiela Marie N.

An undergraduate requirement submitted to Jonh Rey B. Quinones, Professor of the Department

of Chemistry and Environmental Science, College of Arts and Sciences.

Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology, Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija

In Partial Fulfillment of the Course

INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT (ESM1)

BACHELOR OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

May 2019
 CHAPTER I

Background of the Study

Onion (Allium cepa) is an important vegetable crop in most areas of the world

particularly in developing countries, it is a versatile vegetable used to add flavour to an extensive

variety of cuisines. Onion farming in the different regions is the source of livelihood (Cramer,

2000).

In the Philippines, Bongabon, Nueva Ecija is considered as the Onion Capital, with about

more than 3,000 hectares of its land is producing more than half or about 60% of total onions

harvest in Nueva Ecija province. The province supplies red onions (locally known as sibuyas

Bombay or sibuyas pula), yellow or white onions (sibuyasnaputi) and shallots (sibuyas Tagalog

or tanduyong), (Philippine News, 2011).

During the first quarter of 2016, more than a thousand onion farmers in Nueva Ecija have

been reeling from the attack of army worms that have ravaged their crops. About 22, 389

hectares of onion farms were affected. Bongabon town sustained heavy damage in 98 hectares of

onion farms.(Manila Bulletin, 2016)

Armyworms are caterpillar pests of grass pastures. They mostly feed on leaves, but under

certain circumstances will feed on the seed stem, resulting in head loss (Agriculture Victoria,

2006). They are active at night eating nectar, mating and finding an appropriate area to lay their

eggs. Although the primary plant to be eaten by armyworms is grass, they sometimes feed on

vegetables especially onions.

 Farmers remove the worms by hand; the process is called “pangunguto” (lice picking),

and is one of the steps recommended by government agriculturists. Farmers discouraged from

using too much chemical and pesticides to save their crops from worms. Many chemicals in their

crop may affect the quality of products that cause them low to rejected output and worst is

hazardous to a person’s health.

The purpose of this study is to determine the different farming practices and techniques in

terms of combating army worm pests in their farming crops that can help the farmers in the

community that do not have enough knowledge to prevent and cure the army worm pests.

Statement of the problem

The study will aim to determine the farming practices of onion farmers in Bongabon, Nueva

Ecija for combating army worm pest in onion plants.

Specifically, it seeks to answer the following question:

 How may the socio-economic profile of the respondentsbe described in terms of: age,

marital status and gender.

• What are the possible effects of armyworms to onion (Allium cepa)?

• Where and when armyworms attack the onion (Allium cepa)?

• Describe their ways to prevent and cure the attack of army worm pests.

• Determine the effectiveness of the farmer’s knowledge for combating army worm pests

in onion plants.
Research Framework

Conceptualization

Data Gathering

Survey Interview

Interpretation of
Data

Presentation of
Data

Significance of the Study

This study may be beneficial to the following:

• FARMERS. The results of this study will give information to the farmers to prevent and

ways to cure the attack of the army worm pest in their onion farming.

• LGU. The study will guide the local government unit on how to conduct researches and

seminars to the Farmers to spread the importance of their knowledge for combating army

worm pests in onion farming.

• FUTURE RESEARCHER. This study may be a help to the future researchers to

provide them additional references and information for their future researches.
Scope and Limitation

The study will focus only on the different farming practices based on the knowledge and

expertise of the onion farmers for combating army worm pests in Bongabon, Nueva Ecija.
 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Onion (Allium cepa L.), locally known as ‘’sibuyas” commonly used as seasoning and one

of the important ingredients widely use of all households. Onion is also considered as one of the

five most important freash market vegetable crop (Cramer, 2000). Depending the variety of

onion, it can be pungent, mild, sharp, and sweet. Its pungent aroma makes it ideal taste for

spicing up meat, and vegetable dishes. Onion is also rich in vitamins and minerals which is

essential to our body to fight against common cold, diabetes, heart disease and other diseases.

Armyworms

Armyworms are caterpillar pests of grass pastures and cereal crops. They are the only

caterpillars that growers are likely to encounter in cereal crops, although occasionally native

budworm will also attack grain when underlying weed hosts dry out. Armyworms mostly feed on

leaves, but under certain circumstances will feed on the seed stem, resulting in head loss. The

change in feeding habit is caused by depletion of green leaf material or crowding. In the unusual

event of extreme food depletion and crowding, they will "march" out of crops and pastures in

search of food, which gives them the name "armyworm".

The African armyworm (Spodopteraexempta), also called okalombo, kommandowurm, or

nutgrass armyworm, is a moth of the family Noctuidae. The larvae often exhibit marching

behavior when traveling to feeding sites, leading to the common name "armyworm".
Allium cepa Farming Worldwide

Onion (Allium cepa L.) is an important vegetable crop in most areas of the world

(Cramer, 2000), particularly developing countries. According to FAO (2008), an estimated

global production is almost 28 million metric tons per annum. A global review of fifteen major

vegetables listed by FAO shows that onion ranks second after tomatoes in area under cultivation

(Pathak, 2000). According to FAOSTAT (2010), there are 7 million acres under onion

cultivation with yield of 37 million tonnes each year. Global average onion yield in 2004 was

estimated at 18 t/ha with Africa producing 15.21 t/ha (FAOSTAT, 2010). In many growing

regions, it is a major source of income for rural families who sell their produce in local, regional

and international markets. The world major onion production per unit area is the Korea Republic

(67.25 t/ha) followed by USA (53.91 t/ha), Spain (52.06 t/ha) and Japan (47.55 t/ha) (FAO,

2008).Tropical countries, having about 45% of the world’s arable land grow about 35% of the

world’s onions (Kariuki and Kimani,1994).

AlliumCepa Farming Philippines

According to Philippine Statistic Authority (PSA), in the Philippines the production of

red onion entailed an average cost of P130,886 per hectare. On a per kilogram basis, the cost of

production was computed at 10.98. Cash expenses which comprised 78.93 percent of the total

production cost amounted to P103,303 per hectare. The biggest cash cost item was hired labor

valued at P32,429 per hectare. Non-cash costs at P8,382 per hectare shared 6.40 percent.

Harvesters’ share was the main expense item contributing P5,838 per hectare. About 14.67

percent or P19,201 per hectare were imputed costs of which operator’s labor accounted for the

biggest cost item at P6,404 per hectare. Production of red onion averaged 11,924.23 kilograms
per hectare worth P234,843. Returns above cash costs were estimated at P131,540 per hectare.

Returns above cash and non-cash costs stood at P123,158. Considering all production costs,

farmers netted P103,957 per hectare. A gain of about P0.79 was realized for every peso of

investment in red onion production. On the average, variable cost of production amounted to

P116,358 per hectare and this corresponded to 88.90 percent of all costs. Fixed costs averaged

P14,527 and shared 11.10 percent.

Alliumcepa In Nueva Ecija

The average cost of producing red onion in Nueva Ecija was P141,587 per hectare. On a

per kilogram basis, production cost averaged P11.19. About 74.58 percent of the production cost

or P105,595 per hectare went to cash expenses. Hired labor and inorganic fertilizer were the

leading cost items amounting P37,898 and P19,107 per hectare, respectively. Imputed costs at

P19,380 per hectare contributed 13.69 percent while non-cash costs at P16,612 per hectare

shared 11.73 percent. The bulk of the costs came from operator labor at P7,165 per hectare and

harvester’s share at P15,050 per hectare. Red onion production in Nueva Ecija averaged

12,648.36 kilograms per hectare. Farm price averaged P20.48 per kilogram. This corresponded

to gross returns of P259,064 per hectare. Returns above cash costs averaged P153,470 per

hectare. Returns above cash and non-cash costs amounted to P136,857 per hectare. Net returns

stood at P117,477 per hectare. For every peso invested in red onion production, farmers gained

P0.83. Average variable cost of production was computed at P127,247 per hectare or 89.87

percent of all costs. Fixed costs shared 10.13 percent or P14,340 per hectare, Philippine Statistic

Authority (PSA).
Allium cepa Farming in Bongabon

Bongabon, Nueva Ecija is considered as the Onion Capital of the Philippines, with about

more than 3,000 hectares of its land is producing more than half or about 60% of total onions

harvest in Nueva Ecija province. The province supplies red onions (locally known as sibuyas

Bombay or sibuyas pula), yellow or white onions (sibuyasnaputi) and shallots (sibuyas Tagalog

or tanduyong) (Philippine News, 2011).

During the first quarter of 2016, more than a thousand onion farmers in Nueva Ecija have

been reeling from the attack of army worms that have ravaged their crops. About 22, 389

hectares of onion farms were affected. Bongabon town sustained heavy damage in 98 hectares of

onion farms (Manila Bulletin, 2016).

 CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

Research Locale

This study was conducted at the municipality of Bongabon, Nueva Ecija, it is one of the

major production of onion in Nueva Ecija. Bongabon is the leading onion producer in the

Philippines and Southeast Asia. Agriculture is the main industry in the town of Bongabon, with

the skills, strong perseverance and diligence of the farmers of the Bongabon. Also considered as

the onion capital of the country with about more than 3,000 hectares of its land is producing

more than half or about 60% of total onions harvest in Nueva Ecija province.

Research Design

Qualitative type of research was employed in this study where the researchers direct

interviewed the farmers in Bongabon, Nueva Ecija to provide a conceptualized framework

regarding in combating army worm pests in onion plants.

Materials and Procedures

The researchers do the self-structured type of interview which the researches provide a

questionnaire, also community consent responsible for the permission of the locals to answer

some questions, and camera and recording instrument for documentation. Gathered data will

interpret through the results of the interview.

Demographic profile of Farmers

Pangalan:_______________________ Status:________________________________

Kasarian:_______________________ Edad:_________________________________

Knowledge in farming onion

1. Ilang taon ng nagsasaka ng sibuyas?

2. Sayo ba ang lupain na iyong sinasaka?

3. Ilang ektaryaang iyong lupaing sinasaka?

4. Anung uri ng sibuyas ang iyong tinatanim?

____Pula _____Puti

5. Anung buwan ka nag tatanim ng sibuyas?

6. Pinepeste ba ang iyong pananim?(kung oo anung peste ito?)

7. Sa iyong palagay saan nanggagaling ang peste?

8. Anung parte ng sibuyas ang pinepeste?

9. Anung nagiging epekto ng peste sa iyong pananim?

10. Anu-anong hakbang ang iyong isinasagawa upang masugpo ang peste?

11. Sa iypong palagay, epektibo ba ang hakbang na iyong isinasagawa para masugpo ang

peste?

12. May binibigay ban a tulong ang gobyerno pag ang iyong pananim ay na peste?
Sampling Design

This study employed quota sampling where the researchers aims to meet a given number

of respondents which is ten(10) respondents per selected barangays which is onion farming is the

common sources of their livelihood. The respondents were chosen by their age-18 years above

and based on their expertise in onion farming.

 CHAPTER V

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

This chapter comprises the analysis, presentation and interpretation of findings resulting

from this study. The analysis and interpretation of data is carried out by one phase which is a

qualitative interpretation which based on the results of the interview to the farmers in Bongabon

N.E. The researchers summarized the overall findings from the interview.

Socio-demographic Profile of Farmers

The barangays which are chosen to interview are the barangay Sapang Buho, Vega and

Curva. Out of all 30 respondents, there a higher number of males (24) while females were 6.

There were also significant differences in the categories of age and marital status of the farmers.

The majority of the participants or farmers were married (24) compared to with who had never

married. In the selected barangay, most of the respondents were at the age of 31-45 years old

(13), followed by 46-60 years old(6) and 60 above (6), while 18-30 years old were 5.

Table1. Socio-demographic Profile of Farmers

Gender Total no. Respondents

Male 24

Female 6

Age

18-30 5

31-45 13

46-60 6
 60 above 6

Marital Status

Single 2

Widowed 4

Married 24

Knowledge in Onion Farming

Table 2. Years in onion Farming

Years in onion farming Total no. of Respondents

5-10 5

11-20 12

21-30 7

30-40 6

This table shows the years duration of farmers in onion farming, most of the respondents

were 11-20 years(12) in onion farming while 21-30 years were 7 and 6 of the respondents were

30-40 years and other (5) respondents were 5-10 years in onion farming.

Table 3. Main sources of income

Main source of income Total no. of Respondents

Yes 19

No 11
 Out of all the total number of respondents, 19 respondents said that the onion farming is

one of the sources of their income whiles the other (11) respondents have their other sources of

income like small business in their community.

Table 4. Land ownership

Land ownership Total no. of Respondents

Yes 23

No 7

Majority of the farmers had their own land of farming which account 23 respondents out

of all the total number of respondents while the other (7) do not have their own land, they only

rent the land to the other farmers and also they sharecopping a land which a landowner allows a

tenant to use the land in return for share of the crops produced on the land.

Table 5. Kinds of Onion

Kind of your onion crops Total no. of Respondents

Red (Pula) onion 16

Puti (white)onion 3

Both 11

Majority of the farmer respondents choose the red (pula) onion because red onion can sell

at the highest price other than white onions, also red onion can be stock for a long period of time

because it is not easy to rotten.

 Table 6. Months of Planting

Months of planting onion Total no. of Respondents

October to December 20

January to February 10

Out of all the total number of respondents, 20 respondents planted onions in the month of

October to December and it can be harvesting in the month of February while the other (10)

farmers planted in the month of January to February.

Topics discuss during interview

Did you experience pests in your onion crops? What kind of pests?

R1: oo, kung tawagin ay army worm o harabas

R2: oo, yung oud na kung tawagin army worm

R3: oo, harabas o kung tawagin ay army worm halos apat na taon na namiminsanla yun

R4: oo, sa ngayun pinepeste nung araw hindi. Kung tawgin nila ay army worm

R5: oo, yung harabas o army worm

R6: oo harabas o army worm saka yung kuhol

R7: oo naman , kung tawagin nila ay harabas

R8: oo, army worms o yung harabas,halos mag apat na taon ng sunod sunod na

namiminsala,2016 pa ata

R9: oo harabas o army worm

R10: oo naman, kadalasan ay yung tinatawag nilang army worm

R11: oo naman, army worm

R12:oo, yung oud na kung tawagin ay harabas

R13:oo, yung army worm

R14:oo naman , kadalasan yung harabas

R15:oo, yung army worm o harabas na oud

R16:oo palagi, tinatatawag nila ito na army worm o yung harabas

R17:oo, kung tawagin nila yon ay army worm

R18: oo, army worm

R19:oo naman, apat na taon na halos, army worm kung tawagin nila yon

R20:oo, oud o yung army worm

R21: oo, harabas o kung tawagin eh army worm

R22:oo naman, army worm

R23: oo naman , kadalasan yung harabas

R24: oo naman, eh kung tawagin nila ay army worm

R25: oo harabas o army worm

R26: oo, yung harabas o army worm

R27: oo, army worm anf tawag nila sa peste nayon

R28: oo naman yung harabas o kung tawagin ay army worm

R29: oo, army worm o yung harabas

R30:oo naman, kadalasan ay yung tinatawag nilang army worm

All of the 30 respondents experience pests in their onion crops. The common pests that

attacked their crops is the army worm which is one of the problem that onion farmers facing

right now. The farmers in Bongabon, Nueva ecija suffered huge losses when their farms attacked

by the armyworms also known as harabas. During the first quarter of 2016, onion farmers in

Nueva experienced massive loss in production due to an unprecedented armyworm outbreak.

Approximately 5,000 out of about 8,000 hectares planted with onion were heavily infested with

armyworms. Bongabon considered the onion capital of the Philippines incurred the most damage

according to the Department of Agriculture of the city.

What does the effect of army worm in your onion plants? When and where parts of the onion

plants most affected?

R1:nasisira yung sibuyas, kinakain kasi ng uod ung dahon pag katapos yung laman, tuwing

malapit na mag anihan o kun g kalian my bunga na saka umaatake

R2:syempre nasisira ang sibuyas, nalulugi kami walang inaani, kakainin na kasi nya yung dahon

at laman

R3:nasisira yung sibuyas,nauubos pati yung laman, maguumpisa sa dahon tapos sa laman
R4:nalulugi kami, kasi nasisira na yung sibuyas, umaatake sya sa dahon pag ubos na dahon sa

laman naman

R5:nasisira yung sibuyas syempre, kinakain na nya yung dahon hanggang laman , madalas eh

pag malapitlapit na ang bwan pag pwede ng anihin saka nag kakaroon ng uod

R6:syempre nasisira, nalulugi kami, kadalasan dahon at laman yung nasisira

R7:nasisira yung sibuyas, hindi na sya naaani ng maganda, kasi kakainin nan g uod yung dahon

pagkatapos isusunod yung laman

R8: nalulugi kami, kasi nasisira na yung sibuyas, umaatake sya sa dahon papunta sa laman,

kung makulisap na kase yun na ang hudyat ng army worm

R9: nalulugi kami, kasi nasisira na yung sibuyas, umaatake sya sa dahon pag ubos na dahon sa

laman naman

R10:nasisira syempre yung sibuyas, kadalasan kasi sa dahon muna sya umaatake pag katpos

yung laman naman o mismong sibuyas na

R11:nalulugi kasi walang inaani at nasisira yung sibuyas, umaatake sya sa laman at dahon

R12:eh syempre lugi kami, nasisira na yung sibuyas, laman at dahon apektado

R13:nalulugi kami kasi unti lang yung aanihin, nasisira na kasi yung sibuyas pag inatake nay un

g dahon susunod na sa laman

R14: nalulugi kami, kasi nasisira na yung sibuyas, umaatake sya sa dahon at laman kadalasan

pag my laman na yung sibuyas saka umaatake ang peste

R15: nasisira yung sibuyas, hangang laman walang inaani dahon at laman kinakain nila

R16: nasisira yung sibuyas syempre, kinakain na nya yung dahon hanggang laman, pag

malapitlapit na ang bwan ng anihin saka nag kakaroon ng uod

R17:unti lang yung inaani naming kasi nasisira na yung sibuyas, \dahon at laman apektado,di ko

masabi kung dumadating yun kasi basta my bunga na ayun nagkakaroon nan g uod

R18: nasisira yung sibuyas, hangang laman walang inaani dahon at laman kinakain nila

R19: syempre nasisira, nalulugi kami, kadalasan dahon at laman yung nasisira ng harabas

R20: nalulugi kami syempre, kinakain nan g uod yun g dahon at laman ng sibuyas

R21:nasisira na yung sibuyas unti nlng aanihin namin, dahon at laman apektado

R22:nasisira nay un g sibuyas, dahon muna yung kakainin ng uod pag katapos yung laman

naman, di ko masabi kung kalian basta dumadating nalang yung mga peste

R23:nalulugi kmi syempre, nasisira na yung sibuyas eh, kakainin nan g uod yung dahon at

laman

R24:nalulugi kmi, dahon at laman naman yung apektado ng harabas, basta pag namumunga na

kadalasn dumadating ang harabas

R25: nalulugi kasi walang inaani at nasisira yung sibuyas, umaatake sya sa laman tapos dahon

R26: syempre nasisira ang sibuyas, nalulugi kami walang inaani, kakainin na kasi ng harabas

yung dahon at laman,

R27: nasisira na yung sibuyas unti nlng aanihin namin, dahon at laman apektado
R28:nalulugi kami hindi nababawi yung puhunan kasi sira na yung laman, dahon at laman

madalas syang umatake

R29: syempre nasisira ang sibuyas, nalulugi kami walang inaani, kakainin na kasi nya yung

dahon at laman ng sibuyas, pag malapit na yung bwan kung kalian aanihin ayun umaatake na

yung army worm

R30: syempre nasisira ang sibuyas, nalulugi kami walang inaani, kakainin na kasi nya yung

dahon at laman

Almost of all the respondents experience the armyworm pests in their crops that lead into

decreasing the production of onion in the harvesting time. According to the farmers after

planting a can of seed that should have produced at least 50 bags instead they only harvested 15

bags (buriki) of onion. If they are fail to generate the 50 bags (buriki) per can of seeds they lost

their profits. The onion growers in Bongabon Nueva Ecija suffered huge losses when their farms

were invaded by a thousand of armyworms since 2015. This supported by Violeta Vargas a City

Agriculturist.

The farmers harvest the bulbs of the onions even though these were not fully matured

instead of losing so much of their profit..

According to the farmer’s armyworm attacked from the leaves then to the onion as a

source of their foods. The larvae skeletonized the leaves and the feeding reached down to the

bulbs therby reducing yield significantly. The entire “army” travel to the next available food

source once the food supply in an area is exhausted. Armyworms are known to be nocturnal

pests and usually appear after a dry spell.

In your opinion, where do you think army worm came from?

R1:sabi nila eh sa itlog dawn g paru-paru

R2:eh diko nga masabi kung san ba nanggagaling yan

R3: sabi naman nila sa paru-paro daw sila daw yung nagdadala ng oud sa sibuyas

R4: siguro nasa pataba narin na ginagamit

R5:may nag sasabing sa itlog paru paro daw

R6:yun ang hindi ko masabi kung san nanggaling yun

R7:sabi naman nila sa itlog daw ng paru paro dawpero climate change nalang din siguro

R8:yun ang hindi ko alam kung san galling yang army worm na yan

R9:itlog dawn g paru paro

R10:itlog ng paru paro

R11:eh yun nga ang hindi naming malaman, pero sabi nila itlog ng paru-paro

R12:sa itlog dawn g paru-paro eka nila, pero siguro dahil narin sa pataba

R13:itloog ng paru-paro

R14:itlog dawn g paru-paro eka nila

R15:hindi ko nga din alam kung saan nang gagaling yun

R16:eh yun ang hindi nmin alam

R17:sabi naman nila sa itlog dawn g paru-paro

R18:hindi naman naming alam kung saan galling yan basta pag nandyan nandayan na

R19:eh yun ang hindi ko masasagot kung saan yun nang gagaling

R20:sabi naman ng iba sa itlog ng paru-paro eh baka nga dun

R21:sa itlog siguro ng paru-paro

R22:eh di ko masagot yan

R23:sabi ng iba sa paru-paro daw nag dadala ng uod

R24:sa itlod ng paru-paro

R25:yun ang hindi ko alam san galling yun

R26:hindi ko masabi kung san sila nanggaling

R27:sabi naman ng iba sa itlo9g dawn g paru-paro galling ang mga harabas

R28:siguro sa itliog ng paru-paro

R29:wala, hindi ko alam kung saan galling yung harabas

R30: hindi ko masabi kung saan galling mga yun

Majority of the respondents were said that the armyworm pest came from the egg of

butterflies which is 19 farmer respondents while the other (11) doesn’t have any idea of it.
According to the farmers the butterfly produces thousands of eggs from where the destructive

larvae emerged.

What are the step did you do to prevent and cure the attack of army worm?

R1:gumagamit ng pamatay oud o malakas na lason para mapatay ang mga peste pero wala ring

nangyayari, kaya hinahayaan nalang namin

R2:kung anu-anu na ginagawa naming pero wala naman nangyayari hindi naman napapatay

ang peste, ginagamitan naming ng mga lason

R3:gumagamit lang kami ng pesticides na malalakas at mahal para mapatay ang peste

R4:pamamaraan lang naming ay pag gamit ng mga chemical para mapatay yung mga army

worm tapos ginagamitan nalang naming ng pataba

R5:syempre eh ginagamitan namin ng pesticides o kaya gumagamit kmi ng sabon na matapang

pang alterenative sa lason

R6:gumagamit kami ng fertilizer tapos mga chemical na nakakalason sa peste

R7: gumagamit kami ng lason para mapatay yang army worm nayan kaso mahal yung mga

gamot

R8:ginagamitan lang naming ng malalakas na lason o kung minsan eh yung malalakas na sabon

pag wala ng pambili ng lason kasi mahal din

R9: pinapataba nalang naming ang lupa gamit yung mga fertilizers saka gumagamit kami ng

pang peste na lason yung matatapang kaya lang mahal

R10:syempre gagamitan naming ng pesticides minsan nang hihingi kmi sa munisipyo kasi mahal

yung mga pesticides luging lugi pa kami

R11:gumagamit lang kami ng pesticides basta yung malalakas na lason

R12: pag nandyan naman na yung oud kahit anu naman gawin naman wala parin

R13: gumagamit lang kami ng mga lason saka naming pinapatabaan

R14: eh basta pag nandyan na yung peste syempre gagamitan agad naming ng lason pero wala

rin naman epekto

R15:gumagamit ng pesticides

R16:fertilizers saka pesticides

R17:pinapataba naming yung lupa syempre, pero para sa peste gagamityan nmin ng lason kung

minsan eh yung mga sabon na matatapsang para alternative narin sa lason

R18: ginagamitan lang naming ng mga malalakas na lason

R19:ginagamitan namin ng mga chemical basta nakakalason sa oud

R20:gumagamit kami ng mga pesticides

R21: ginagamitan nmin ng mga pesticides basta yung malalakas na lason

R22: pamamaraan lang namin na ginagawa eh yung pag gamit ng lason pag nandyan na yung

oud

R23: gumagamit kami ng lason para mapatay ang peste saka syempre fertilizer din para tumaba

yung sibuyas
R24: kung anu-anu ginagamit naming pero syempre ginagamitan namin ng pesticides mga

ganun

R25:kung anu anung pamamaraan na, nandyan yung pag gamit ng mga lason para mapatay

yang army worm na yan

R26:syempre pag gamit lang naman ng pesticides yung ginagawa naming pamamaraan

R27: ginagawa na naming kahit anu pero wala parinh nangyayari kahit malakas na lason di

namamatay lahat ng oud

R28:kung anu-anu na ginagawa naming gumagamit na kmi ng lason kung minsa eh sabon

nalang

R29: syempre gagamitan naming ng pesticides kahit yung napaka mahal pero wala din

nangyayari

R30: syempre kung anu-anong pamamaraan na ,pag gamit ng lason para mapatay ang peste

sak pinapatabaan nalang namin

According to the farmers when it comes to the ways to prevent and cure the attacked of

armyworm is using different strong chemical pesticides is the only best way to kill the

armyworm. They use also different fertilizers as the source of nutrient when the onion crops

attacked by armyworm.

The onion farmer doesn’t have any knowledge when it comes to the combating

armyworm pests instead of spraying chemicals and fertilizers. Also some of the farmers use a

non-chemical, biological pesticides as alternative like a strong detergent that spraying to the

onion crops.
Effectiveness of using chemicals/ pesticides.

R1:wala ring nangyayari kahit anung gawin naming basta nandyan na yungb peste wala na

R2:eh di ko masabing effective kasi di naman namamatay yung mga oud unti lang din inaani

namin ng halos sunod sunod na taon na

R3: wala di rin effective, wala naman nangyayari

R4:pag malala na hindi lalo’t kung kalat na yung peste

R5:wala ring nangyayari kaya nga lagi kaming lugi ngayun

R6:hindi rin effective kasi, kinakain ng uod lahat lalo’t kung kalat na yung mga uod kaya

hinahayaan nalng namin

R7:wala nangyayari, kahit anung gawin naming nasisira at nasisira yung mga sibuyas

R8:eh kung minsan may epekto, kasi may naaani parin kami kahit unti pero hindi lahat

napapatay ng lason

R9:eh masasabi kong hindi rin effective, kasi nasisira din naman yung sibuyas naming, kaya

hinahayaan nalang naming kasi mahal din naman mga lason mas lalo lang kming malulugi

R10:saking palagay wala ring epekto yung mga lason nayun sa oud lalo na kung kalat na

R11:wala rin naman nangyayari, kahit gumamit ng lason wala rin di naman namamatay

R12:pag kalat na wala narin, lalo pang lumalala kaya hinahayaan nalang naming hanggang sa

dumating yung anihan

R13:kung minsan naman nagagawan pa ng paraan ng lason pero di ko masabing effective kaya

pag nandyan na yung army hinahayaan nalang naming kung minsan

R14:wala ring epekto yung mga lason, mahal pa kaya lugi kami

R15: siguro, pero nasisira rin naman yung sibuyas kasi kinakain din ng uod kahit sprayan ng

lason

R16:eh hinahayaan nalang namin, kasi wala rin namang epekto, kahit anung gawin namin

R17:madalas wala rin epekto yung lason nalulugi pa kami kasi sobrang mahal ng lason malaki

pa yung puhunan naming kesa sa kinita naming sa anihan

R18:walang nangyayari kaya hinahayaan nalang naming, kung may matira yun ang aanihin

namin

R19:eh kung minsan maganda ang ani, pero lugi parin kasi kahit ginamitan nang pestides

nandun padin yung mga oud

R20:walang epekto kasi kinakain talaga ng uod mula dahon gang laman, kaya hinahayaan

nalang namin hangang anihin na kung may matira yun nalang

R21:di ko masabing effective kasi nasisira din naman basta may oud na wala na

R22:di rin siguro, pag kalat na kasi mahirap ng patayin kaya hinahayaan nalang namin

R23:pag nandyan naman na yung peste wala na

R24:siguro may epekto rin at may naani rin naman kmi kahit papano pero di naming nababawi

yung puhuna
R25:parang wala rin kasi halos sira na yung laman ng sibuyas pag inaani naming unti nlng

yung mga good

R26:ed di ko masabi kasi ganun din naman, halos sunod sunod na taon na kaming lugi kaya

hinahayaan nalang namin

R27:walang nangyayari nasisira at nasisira din, hinahayaan nalang naming kesa bumili kmi ng

bumili ng lason walang naming epekto

R28:siguro meron kahit papanu, pero mahirap naman ng sugpuin lalo’t kung kalat na yung

army worm

R29:mahirap kasing patayin yang harabas nayan kahit anung lason ang gamitin lalo na kung

kalat na sa sibuyasan

R30:wala rin siguro, kasi madalas unti lng inaani namin

Chemical pesticides can be effective against armyworm but resistance too many

chemicals is an issue for the armyworm throughout its native range. According to all of the

farmer respondents using different strong chemical pesticides is not effective when it comes to

combating armyworm pests that may lead to decreased of production of onion and losses their

profits.There are multitude of armyworm which an immune to any kind of chemicals that used to

combat them.
 CHAPTER V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Summary

Onion (Allium cepa) is an important vegetable crop in most areas of the world

particularly in developing countries, it is a versatile vegetable used to add flavour to an extensive

variety of cuisines. Onion farming in the different regions is the source of livelihood. In the

Philippines, Bongabon, Nueva Ecija is considered as the Onion Capital, The province supplies

red onions (locally known as sibuyas Bombay or sibuyas pula), yellow or white onions

(sibuyasnaputi) and shallots (sibuyas Tagalog or tanduyong) but the farmers in Bongabon, Nueva

ecija suffered huge losses when their farms attacked by the armyworms (harabas). This study

determine the different farming practices and techniques in terms of combating army worm pests

in their farming crops.

The researchers do the self-structured methods of interview to the farmers of Bongabon,

Nueva Ecija for collection of data. Based on the findings of the result, the farmers respondents

doesn’t have enough knowledge when it comes on combating armyworm pests in their onion

crops instead of using chemical pesticides, but the chemical pesticides is not effective enough to

kill the armyworm worm that may lead to decreased of production of onion and losses the profits

of the farmers.
Conclusion

Based from the findings and results, several conclusions have been formulated:

• In the year 2015, onion farms in Bongabon, Nueva Ecija were attacked by armyworms.

The armyworms destroyed many hectares of onion (Allium cepa), However, some

farmer/s survived or may first to harvest their crops. Many farmer/s got bankrupted

caused by armyworms strike.

• There is no inadequate knowledge of farmers regarding in farming practices on

combating army worm pests in onion crops.

• The farmers didn’t do any action regarding in combating armyworm pests in the onion

crops instead of using chemical pesticides.

Recommendation

• The local government should provide a program or integrated pest management for the

farmers to improve their knowledge on combating army worm pests in onion crops.

• The local government should support the farmers from the financial purposes when the

army worm is attacked on their onion crops (provides fertilizers and pesticides).

• Research is needed to work out which chemical pesticides is the best to control the strain

of armyworm.

• Much better the future researchers collect more additional data that are related to

armyworms vs. Allium cepa

References:

https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-30549150

https://www.pressreader.com/philippines/philippine-daily-inquirer-1109/20161125/281771333792022

Appendices
During interview of the onion farmers in Bongabon, Nueava Ecija on May 1, 2019