Compression PDF

STRUCTURAL DESIGN III
Felix V. Garde, Jr.
January 25, 2018
Felix V. Garde, Jr. STRUCTURAL DESIGN III January 25, 2018 1 / 49

Design of Compression Members
Compression Members are structural elements that subjected only to axial

compressive forces, i.e., loads are applied along a longitudinal axis through
the centroid of the member cross section.
Euler Elastic Buckling Load
Consider a column with pin ends, subjected to axial load P ,
π 2 EI
Pcr = (1)
L2
known as Euler critical buckling load.

Basic Column Strength
The basic column strength may be expressed by,
π 2 Et
Pcr = Ag = Fcr Ag (2)
(KL/r)2
where
Et = tangent modulus of elasticity at stress, Pcr /Ag

Ag = gross sectional area of member
KL/r = effective slender ratio
K = effective length factor

nominal incremental stress df dP/A
Tangent Modulus of Elasticity, Et = incremental elastic strain = =
d dP/Ae
E
The tangent modulus Et can be thought of as the average modulus of

elasticity for the complete cross section, knowing that some fibers are
responding elastically in accordance with the full E, while others respond
with a modulus of zero.
Behavior of Column
• Euler elastic buckling governs the strength for large slenderness ratios
(L/r)
• Yield strength (Py = Fy Ag ) controls for short column
• Transition curve must be used for inelastic buckling
Inelastic buckling is a failure (buckling) that occurs after a portion of the

cross-section has yielded.
Typical range of column strength vs. slenderness ratio

Residual Stress
Residual stresses are stresses that remain in a member after it has been
formed into a finished product. Several sources:
• uneven cooling
• cold bending or cambering during fabrication
• punching of holes and cutting operations during fabrication
• welding
Typical residual stress pattern on rolled shapes.

Typical stress-strain diagram of steel
Typical stress-strain curve. Idealized stress-strain curve.

Residual Stress
Influence of residual stress on average stress-strain curve.

Development of Column Strength Curves including Residual Stress
Comparison of coupon with H-shaped rolled containing residual stresses.
Z
M= θEt x2 dA
from bending theory,

1 M M
R= = = 0
θ equivalent EI EI

Z
1
E0 = Et x2 dA
I A
(
E for f < Fy
Et =
0 for f = Fy
thus, Z
E E
E0 = x2 dA = Ie
I A I

The load at which the column may begin to bend is,

R 2
π2 E

A
x dA
Pcr = Ag = Fcr Ag
(KL/r)2 I
2
π E(Ie /I)
Pcr = Ag = Fcr Ag
(KL/r)2

Portion of H-shaped section that has yielded.
Case A. Buckling about Weak Axis

Let,
2xo
k= = Ae /Af
b
where, k = proportion of the flange remaining elastic. The critical buckling stress
is, 3
π 2 Ek 3 π2 E

AEt Aw
Fcr = = −
(KL/r)2 (KL/r)2 2Af E 2Af

Portion of H-shaped section that has yielded.
Case B. Buckling about Strong Axis

The critical buckling stress is,
π2 E

Et A/E − 2Aw /3
Fcr =
(KL/r)2 2Af + Aw /3

Example:
• Establish the column strength curve (Fcr vs. KL/r) for weak axis buckling
of an H-shaped section of steel having a yield stress of 100 ksi exhibiting
perfect elastic-plastic strength in a coupon test, and having the very simple
residual stress pattern shown. Neglect the contribution of the web.
Residual stress-strain
pattern Coupon stress-strain pattern

Design of Compression Members
General Provisions
φc Pn ≥ Pu (3)
The nominal compressive strength, Pn shall be the lowest value obtained
according the following limit states:
• flexural buckling
• torsional buckling
• flexural-torsional buckling
(a) For doubly symmetric and singly symmetric members the limit state
of flexural buckling is applicable.
(b) For singly symmetric and unsymmetric members, and certain doubly
symmetric members, such as cruciform or built-up columns, the limit
states of torsional or flexural-torsional buckling are also applicable.

Types of Failure of Compression Member

1.) COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH FOR FLEXURAL BUCKLING OF MEMBERS
WITHOUT SLENDER ELEMENTS
This section applies to compression members with compact and noncompact

sections, as defined in Section B4, for uniformly compressed elements.
The nominal compressive strength, Pn may be determined by
Pn = Fcr Ag
The flexural buckling stress, Fcr , is determined as follows:
s
KL E
(a) When ≤ 4.71 (or Fe ≥ 0.44Fy )
r Fy

Fy
Fcr = 0.658 Fe Fy
s
KL E
(b) When > 4.71 (or Fe < 0.44Fy )
r Fy
Fcr = 0.877Fe
1.) COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH FOR FLEXURAL BUCKLING OF MEMBERS
WITHOUT SLENDER ELEMENTS
where,
π2E
Fe =
(KL/r)2
For a section to qualify as compact its flanges must be continuously
connected to the web or webs and the width-thickness ratios of its
compression elements must not exceed the limiting width-thickness ratios
λp from Table B4.1.
If the width-thickness ratio of one or more compression elements exceeds

λp , but does not exceed λr from Table B4.1, the section is noncompact.
If the width-thickness ratio of any element exceeds λr , the section is

referred to as a slender-element section.

Compact or Noncompact Sections and Slender Elements Criteria
Partial values of Table B4.1

Compact or Noncompact Sections and Slender Elements Criteria
Figures showing (a) Unstiffened (b) Stiffened Elements

Slenderness Limitations and Effective Length
The equivalent pinned-end length is referred to as the effective length

User Note:
For members designed on the basis of compression, the slenderness ratio
KL/r preferably should not exceed 200.

2.) COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH FOR TORSIONAL & FLEXURAL-TORSIONAL
BUCKLING OF MEMBERS WITHOUT SLENDER ELEMENTS
This section applies to singly symmetric and unsymmetric members, and certain
doubly symmetric members, such as cruciform or built-up columns with compact
and noncompact sections, for uniformly compressed elements.
The nominal compressive strength, Pn shall be determined based on the limit
states of flexural-torsional and torsional buckling, as follows.
Pn = Fcr Ag
(a) For double-angle and tee-shaped compression members:

" s #
Fcry + Fcrz 4Fcry Fcrz H
Fcr = 1− 1−
2H (Fcry + Fcrz )2

where Fcry is taken as Fcr for flexural buckling about the y-axis of symmetry and
KL KL
= , and
r ry
GJ
Fcrz =
Ag r¯o 2
(b) For all other cases, Fcr shall be determined according to flexural buckling
stress, using the torsional or flexural-torsional elastic buckling stress, Fe ,
determined as follows:
i. For doubly symmetric members:
2
π ECw 1
Fe = + GJ
(Kz L)2 Ix + Iy
ii. For singly symmetric members where y is the axis of symmetry:
" s #
Fey + Fez 4Fey Fez H
Fe = 1− 1−
2H (Fey + Fez )2
iii. For unsymmetric members, Fe is the lowest root of the cubic equation:
2
xo
(Fe −Fex )(Fe − Fey )(Fe − Fez ) − Fe2 (Fe − Fey )
r¯o
2
xo
− Fe2 (Fe − Fex ) =0
r¯o
where
Ag = gross area of member, in2 .
Cw = warping constant, in6 .
Ix + Iy
r¯o 2 = x2o + yo2 +
Ag
x2o + yo2
H =1−
r¯o 2

where
π2 E
Fex = 2
Kx L
rx
π2 E
Fey = 2
Ky L
ry
π 2 ECw

1
Fez = + GJ
(Kz L)2 Ag r¯o 2
G = shear modulus of steel = 11, 200 ksi(77, 200 MPa)
Ix , Iy = moment of inertia about the principal axes, in4
J = torsional constant, in4

where
Kz = effective length factor for torsional buckling

xo , yo = coordinates of shear center with respect to the centroid, in
r¯o = polar radius of gyration about the shear center, in
ry = radius of gyration about y-axis, in
User Note:
For doubly symmetric I-shaped sections, Cw may be taken as Iy h2o /4, where ho is
the distance between flange centroids, in lieu of a more precise analysis. For tees
and double angles, omit term with Cw when computing Fez and take xo as 0.

3.) SINGLE ANGLE COMPRESSION MEMBERS
The nominal compressive strength, Pn of single angle members shall be

determined in accordance with Section E3 or Section E7, as appropriate, for
axially loaded members, as well as those subject to the slenderness modification
of Section E5(a) or E5(b), provided the members meet the criteria impose.
The effects of eccentricity on single angle members are permitted to be neglected
when the members are evaluated as axially loaded compression members using
one of the effective slenderness ratios specified below, provided that:
(1) members are loaded at the ends in compression through the same one leg;
(2) members are attached by welding or by minimum two-bolt connections
(3) there are no intermediate transverse loads
Calculation of effective length ratio:
(a) For equal-leg angles or unequal-leg angles connected through the longer leg
that are individual members or are web members of planar trusses with
adjacent web members attached to the same side of the gusset plate or
chord:

(a) For equal-leg angles or unequal-leg angles connected through the longer leg
that are individual members or are web members of planar trusses with
adjacent web members attached to the same side of the gusset plate or
chord:
L
(i) When 0 ≤ ≤ 80;
rx
KL L
= 72 + 0.75
r rx
L
(ii) When > 80;
rx
KL L
= 32 + 1.25 ≤ 200
r rx
For unequal-leg angles with leg length ratios less than 1.7 and connected
through the shorter leg, KL/r from Equations E5-1 and E5-2 shall be
increased by adding 4[(b1 /bs )2 − 1] but KL/r of the members shall not be
less than 0.95L/rz .

(b) For equal-leg angles or unequal-leg angles connected through the longer leg
that are web members of box or space trusses with adjacent web members
attached to the same side of the gusset plate or chord:
L
(i) When 0 ≤ ≤ 75;
rx
KL L
= 60 + 0.8
r rx
L
(ii) When > 75;
rx
KL L
= 45 + ≤ 200
r rx
For unequal-leg angles with leg length ratios less than 1.7 and connected
through the shorter leg, KL/r from Equations E5-3 and E5-4 shall be
increased by adding 6[(b1 /bs )2 − 1] but KL/r of the members shall not be
less than 0.82L/rz .
where
L = length of member between work points at truss chord centerlines, in.

bl = longer leg of angle, in.
bs = shorter leg of angle, in.
rx = radius of gyration about geometric axis parallel to connected leg, in.
rz = radius of gyration for the minor principal axis, in.
(c) Single angle members with different end conditions from those described in
Section E5(a) or (b), with leg length ratios greater than 1.7, or with
transverse loading shall be evaluated for combined axial load and flexure
using the provisions of Chapter H. End connection to different legs on each
end or to both legs, the use of single bolts or the attachment of adjacent
web members to opposite sides of the gusset plate or chord shall constitute
different end conditions requiring the use of Chapter H provisions.

4.) MEMBERS WITH SLENDER ELEMENTS
This section applies to singly symmetric and unsymmetric members, and certain
doubly symmetric members, such as cruciform or built-up columns with compact
and noncompact sections for uniformly compressed elements.
The nominal compressive strength, Pn shall be determined based on the limit
states of flexural, torsional and flexural-torsional buckling.
Pn = Fcr Ag
s
KL E
(a) When ≤ 4.71 (or Fe ≥ 0.44QFy )
r QFy

QFy
Fcr = Q 0.658 Fe Fy
s
KL E
(b) When > 4.71 (or Fe < 0.44QFy )
r QFy
Fcr = 0.877Fe
where
Fe = elastic critical buckling stress

Q = 1.0, for members with compact and noncompact sections
as defined in Section B4, for uniformly compressed elements
= Qs Qa , for members with slender-element sections,
as defined in Section B4, for uniformly compressed elements
User Note:
For cross sections composed of only unstiffened slender elements, Q = Qs
(Qa = 1.0). For cross sections composed of only stiffened slender
elements,Q = Qa (Qs = 1.0). For cross sections composed of both stiffened and
unstiffened slender elements, Q = Qs Qa .
1. Slender Unstiffened Elements, Qs

(a) For flanges, angles, and plates projecting from rolled columns or other
compression members:
s
b E
(i) When ≤ 0.56
t Fy
Qs = 1.0
p p
(ii) When 0.56 E/Fy < b/t < 1.03 E/Fy
r
b Fy
Qs = 1.415 − 0.74
t E
p
(iii) When b/t ≥ 1.03 E/Fy
0.69E
Qs = 2
b
Fy
t

(b) For flanges, angles, and plates projecting from built-up columns or
other compression members:
s
b Ekc
(i) When ≤ 0.64
t Fy
Qs = 1.0
s s
Ekc Ekc
(ii) When 0.64 < b/t ≤ 1.17
Fy Fy
r
b Fy
Qs = 1.415 − 0.65
t Ekc
s
Ekc
(iii) When b/t > 1.17
Fy
0.90Ekc
Qs = 2
b
Fy
t
where,
4
kc = p , shall not be taken less than 0.35 nor greater than 0.76
h/tw
(c) For single angles

b
q
(i) When ≤ 0.45 E/Fy
t
Qs = 1.0
p p
(ii) When 0.45 E/Fy < b/t ≤ 0.91 E/Fy
r
b Fy
Qs = 1.34 − 0.76
t E
p
(iii) When b/t > 0.91 E/Fy
0.53E
Qs = 2
b
Fy
t
where,
b = full width of longest angle leg
(d) For stems of tees

d
q
(i) When ≤ 0.75 E/Fy
t
Qs = 1.0
p p
(ii) When 0.75 E/Fy < d/t ≤ 1.03 E/Fy
r
d Fy
Qs = 1.908 − 1.22
t E
p
(iii) When d/t > 1.03 E/Fy
0.69E
Qs = 2
d
Fy
t
where,
b = width of unstiffened compression element
d = the full nominal depth of tee
t = thickness of element
(2) Slender Stiffened Elements, Qa

The reduction factor, Qa , for slender stiffened elements is defined as follows:
Aef f
Qa =
A
where,
A = total cross-sectional area of member
Aef f = summation of the effective areas of the cross section
based on the reduced effective width,, be
t = thickness of element

The reduced effective width, be , is determined as follows:

b p
(a) For uniformly compressed slender elements, with ≥ 1.49 E/f , except
t
flanges of square and rectangular section of uniform thickness:
s " s #
E 0.34 E
be = 1.92 t 1− ≤b
f (b/t) f
where
f is taken as Fcr with Fcr calculated based on Q = 1.0.
(b) For flanges of square and rectangular slender-element sections of uniform
b p
thickness with ≥ 1.40 E/f :
t
s " s #
E 0.38 E
be = 1.92 t 1− ≤b
f (b/t) f

where
Pn
f=
Aef f
Pn
. User Note: In lieu of calculating f = , which requires iteration, f may be
Aef f
taken equal to Fy . This will result in a slightly conservative estimate of column
capacity.
(c) For axially-loaded circular sections:

E D E
When 0.11 < < 0.45
Fy t Fy
0.038E 2
Q = Qa = +
Fy (D/t) 3
where
D = outside diameter
t = wall thickness
General Procedure for the Design of Compression Members
1. Compute the factored service load Pu using appropriate load

combinations.
2. Assume a critical stress Fcr based on an assumed KL/r. See AISC
Table 4-22.

General Procedure for the Design of Compression Members
3. Compute the gross area Ag required from Pu /(φc Fcr ).

4. Select a section. Check the width/thickness λr limitations to prevent
local buckling. For lightest section, select least rx /ry .
5. Based on the larger of (KL/r)x or (KL/r)y for the section selected,
compute the critical stress Fcr .
6. Compute the design strength φc Pn = φc Pcr Ag for the selection.
7. Compare φc Pn with Pu . When the strength provided exceeds the
strength required, the design would be acceptable, otherwise repeat
Steps 2 through 7.

Examples:
1. Select the lightest W section to carry 20 kips axial dead load and 80 kips
axial live load. The member is part of a braced frame. The length of the
member is 22 ft. Assume the member as pinned at the top and bottom. Use
A992 Grade 50 steel.
2. Select the lightest W section to carry axial compression of 90 kips dead load
and 320 kips live load. The member is part of a braced frame. The idealized
support conditions are that the member is hinged in both principal directions
at the top of a 30 ft height; supported in the weak direction at 14 and 22 ft
from the bottom; and fixed in both directions at the bottom. Use A992 steel
3. Compute the maximum service load (25% dead and 75% live load)
acceptable for a structural tee WT12×38 when used in a truss location
where it is braced in the plane of the truss at 20-ft intervals and braced
transverse to the plane of the truss at 10-ft intervals. Apply the provisions of
AISC-E7 if necessary. Use A992 steel.

4. Using the tangent modulus theory: (a) Construct a column strength
(Fcr = Pn /Ag vs KL/r) for an H-shaped section. Assume weak axis
bending (KL/r)y controls and neglect the effect of the web. Assume the
idealized stress-strain relationship shown the figure is to be used for each
fiber of the cross-section, and the residual stress distribution in the flange is
as shown. (b) Select the lightest W section to carry a dead load of 100 kips
and a live load of 200 kips with an effective length KL of 30 ft. Use your
constructed curve as the relationship between Fcr and KL/r. Use
φc = 0.90 and Fy = 50 ksi. (c) Solve using the AISC Specification and
compare with the tangent modulus theory result.

Examples:
5. Select the lightest W section for the column shown below. The loading is 30
kips dead load and 120 kips gravity live load. The member is built into a
wall so that it may be considered as continuously braced in the weak
direction. Use A992 steel

Braced Frame
A braced frame is one which lateral stability is provided by diagonal
bracing, shear wall or equivalent means.

Unbraced Frame
A unbraced frame is one which lateral stability depends upon the bending
stiffness of rigid connected beams and columns.

End of Presentation

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STRUCTURAL DESIGN III

Felix V. Garde, Jr.

January 25, 2018

Felix V. Garde, Jr. STRUCTURAL DESIGN III January 25, 2018 1 / 49

Compression Members are structural elements that subjected only to axial

Felix V. Garde, Jr. STRUCTURAL DESIGN III January 25, 2018 2 / 49

The basic column strength may be expressed by,

Et = tangent modulus of elasticity at stress, Pcr /Ag

Felix V. Garde, Jr. STRUCTURAL DESIGN III January 25, 2018 3 / 49

The tangent modulus Et can be thought of as the average modulus of

Inelastic buckling is a failure (buckling) that occurs after a portion of the

Felix V. Garde, Jr. STRUCTURAL DESIGN III January 25, 2018 6 / 49

Typical residual stress pattern on rolled shapes.

Typical stress-strain curve. Idealized stress-strain curve.

Felix V. Garde, Jr. STRUCTURAL DESIGN III January 25, 2018 8 / 49

Influence of residual stress on average stress-strain curve.

Felix V. Garde, Jr. STRUCTURAL DESIGN III January 25, 2018 9 / 49

Comparison of coupon with H-shaped rolled containing residual stresses.

from bending theory,

Felix V. Garde, Jr. STRUCTURAL DESIGN III January 25, 2018 10 / 49

Felix V. Garde, Jr. STRUCTURAL DESIGN III January 25, 2018 11 / 49

The load at which the column may begin to bend is,

Felix V. Garde, Jr. STRUCTURAL DESIGN III January 25, 2018 12 / 49

Portion of H-shaped section that has yielded.

Case A. Buckling about Weak Axis

Felix V. Garde, Jr. STRUCTURAL DESIGN III January 25, 2018 13 / 49

Portion of H-shaped section that has yielded.

Case B. Buckling about Strong Axis

Felix V. Garde, Jr. STRUCTURAL DESIGN III January 25, 2018 14 / 49

Felix V. Garde, Jr. STRUCTURAL DESIGN III January 25, 2018 15 / 49

Felix V. Garde, Jr. STRUCTURAL DESIGN III January 25, 2018 16 / 49

Felix V. Garde, Jr. STRUCTURAL DESIGN III January 25, 2018 17 / 49

This section applies to compression members with compact and noncompact

If the width-thickness ratio of one or more compression elements exceeds

If the width-thickness ratio of any element exceeds λr , the section is

Felix V. Garde, Jr. STRUCTURAL DESIGN III January 25, 2018 19 / 49

Partial values of Table B4.1

Felix V. Garde, Jr. STRUCTURAL DESIGN III January 25, 2018 20 / 49

Figures showing (a) Unstiffened (b) Stiffened Elements

Felix V. Garde, Jr. STRUCTURAL DESIGN III January 25, 2018 21 / 49

The equivalent pinned-end length is referred to as the effective length

Felix V. Garde, Jr. STRUCTURAL DESIGN III January 25, 2018 22 / 49

Felix V. Garde, Jr. STRUCTURAL DESIGN III January 25, 2018 23 / 49

(a) For double-angle and tee-shaped compression members:

Felix V. Garde, Jr. STRUCTURAL DESIGN III January 25, 2018 24 / 49

Felix V. Garde, Jr. STRUCTURAL DESIGN III January 25, 2018 26 / 49

Felix V. Garde, Jr. STRUCTURAL DESIGN III January 25, 2018 27 / 49

Kz = effective length factor for torsional buckling

Felix V. Garde, Jr. STRUCTURAL DESIGN III January 25, 2018 28 / 49

The nominal compressive strength, Pn of single angle members shall be

Calculation of effective length ratio:

Calculation of effective length ratio:

L = length of member between work points at truss chord centerlines, in.

Felix V. Garde, Jr. STRUCTURAL DESIGN III January 25, 2018 32 / 49

Fe = elastic critical buckling stress

1. Slender Unstiffened Elements, Qs

Felix V. Garde, Jr. STRUCTURAL DESIGN III January 25, 2018 35 / 49

(c) For single angles

(d) For stems of tees

(2) Slender Stiffened Elements, Qa

Felix V. Garde, Jr. STRUCTURAL DESIGN III January 25, 2018 39 / 49

The reduced effective width, be , is determined as follows: