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Vaccines for Virus from Parvoviridae Family

The Parvoviridae are an ancient family of viruses that package a ssDNA genome and
the parvoviruses are the smallest among the animal DNA viruses. Parvoviridae, which are
divided into two subfamilies, the Densovirinae and the Parvovirinae, can infect both vertebrate
and insects and are related to a wide range of diseases in insects, animals, and humans.
Vaccine for Parvovirus B19
Parvovirus B19, the only known human pathogenic parvovirus, is a small icosahedral
virus that belongs to the Parvoviridae family and is associated with a wide range of disease
manifestations. Like many other non-enveloped viral structural proteins, parvovirus B19 VP2
spontaneously forms virus-like particles (VLPs), but the parvovirus B19 VP1 alone cannot form
VLPs. Using genetic engineering techniques, capsid proteins have been expressed in
mammalian and insect cell lines where they self-assemble in the absence of B19 DNA to form
recombinant empty capsids. These VLPs are effective in protecting the host from parvovirus
infection and are candidates for the prevention and control of parvovirus B19 infection.
Vaccines for Canine Parvovirus
Canine parvovirus (CPV), which belongs to the genus Parvovirus, is a non-enveloped,
single-stranded DNA virus that can cause severe myocarditis, enteritis, and lymphopenia in
dogs. Conventional vaccines against CPV include killed and modified live virus (MLV)
vaccines. The killed vaccine requires high doses of antigen per immunization and adjuvant,
while MLV could be excreted after vaccination and not recommended during pregnancy. In
addition, newborns are generally considered unsuitable for vaccination due to passive
transfer of maternal antibodies leading to antigen clearances and immaturity of their immune
system.
Vaccines for Feline Panleukopenia Virus
Feline parvovirus (FPV), feline herpesvirus (FHV), and feline calicivirus (FCV) all
cause major infectious diseases in cats. Because FPV, FCV, and FHV infections are very
prevalent, easily transmitted and/or cause serious illness, vaccination of all cats was
recommended by the Advisory Board on Cat Diseases. FPV, the causative agent of a
contagious, serious disease in cats, belongs to the genus Parvovirus of the virus
family Parvoviridae. FPV-induced panleukopenia is often fatal, especially in young kittens; it is
highly contagious and particularly resistant in the environment. Currently, vaccines against
FPV are generally based on avirulent, replication competent virus strains (modified live
vaccines, MLV) or combined vaccines.
 Vaccines for Porcine Parvovirus
Porcine parvovirus (PPV) is the main pathogen causing reproductive failure in
swine. PPV is a ubiquitous virus present around the world that causes increasing economic
losses due to the industrialization of pig farming. PPV is a small, non-enveloped icosahedral
virus and has a single-stranded DNA genome surrounded by non-enveloped icosahedral
particles, which are composed of three structural proteins: VP1, VP2, and VP3, of which VP2 is
the major component. The capsid VP2 protein can assemble into VLPs alone, which
contains most of the B cell epitopes that play a key role in triggering neutralizing
antibodies. At present, classic vaccines based on inactivated viruses can effectively prevent
PPV-induced infections, but the possibility of incomplete virus inactivation can lead to the
development of the disease. The VP2-based VLPs consists of viral structural proteins, has a
structure similar to natural virus particles, and is capable of inducing humoral and cellular
immune responses, and is therefore considered to be a very promising candidate vaccine for
PPV.

Reference
https://www.creative-biolabs.com/vaccine/vaccines-for-virus-from-parvoviridae-family.htm