Acid, Bases & Salts

Chapter 8
 The Characteristic
Properties of Acids and Bases
ACIDS
 The Characteristic Properties of Acids and Bases
● Acids have pH values of below 7, have a sour taste
LO:
and are corrosive.
● Describe the ● In acidic conditions, blue litmus paper turns red and
characteristic methyl orange indicator turns red.
properties of ● Acids are substances that can neutralise a base,
acids as forming a salt and water.
reactions with ● When acids react, they will lose electrons to form
metals, bases, positively charged hydrogen ions (H+).
carbonates and ● The presence of H+ ions is what makes a solution
effect on litmus acidic.
and methyl ● Example: Hydrochloric Acid
orange ● HCl (aq) → H+ (aq) + Cl– (aq)
 Typical reactions of acids
● Acids and metals
LO:
● Only metals above hydrogen in the reactivity series
● Describe the will react with dilute acids.
characteristic ● When acids react with metals they form a salt and
properties of hydrogen gas:
acids as
reactions with
metals, bases, ● Acid + Metal → Salt + Hydrogen
carbonates and
effect on litmus
and methyl
orange
 Typical reactions of acids
Examples of Reaction Between Acids and Metals:
LO:
● Describe the
characteristic
properties of
acids as
reactions with
metals, bases,
carbonates and
effect on litmus
and methyl
orange
 Typical reactions of acids
Acids with Bases (Alkalis)
LO:
● Describe the
characteristic Metal oxides and metal hydroxides can act as bases.
properties of
acids as When they react with acid, a neutralisation reaction
reactions with occurs.
metals, bases, Acids and bases will react together in a
carbonates and neutralisation reaction and produce a salt and water:
effect on litmus
Acid + Base → Salt + Water
and methyl
orange
 Typical reactions of acids
Examples of Reaction Between Acids and Bases:
LO:
● Describe the
characteristic
properties of
acids as
reactions with
metals, bases,
carbonates and
effect on litmus
and methyl
orange
 Typical reactions of acids
Acids with Metal Carbonates
LO:
● Describe the
characteristic Acids will react with metal carbonates to form the
properties of corresponding metal salt, carbon dioxide and water:
acids as
reactions with Acid + Metal Carbonate → Salt + Carbon
metals, bases, Dioxide + Water
carbonates and
effect on litmus
and methyl
orange
 Typical reactions of acids
Examples of Reaction Between Acids and Bases:
LO:
● Describe the
characteristic
properties of
acids as
reactions with
metals, bases,
carbonates and
effect on litmus
and methyl
orange
Bases
 Properties of Bases
● Bases have pH values of above 7.
LO:
● A base which is water soluble is referred to as an alkali.
● Describe the ● In basic (alkaline) conditions red litmus paper turns
characteristic blue and methyl orange indicator turns yellow.
properties of ● Bases are substances which can neutralise an acid,
bases as forming a salt and water.
reactions with ● Bases are usually oxides or hydroxides of metals.
acids and with ● When alkalis react, they gain electrons to form negative
ammonium hydroxide ions (OH–).
salts and effect ● The presence of the OH– ions is what makes the
on litmus and aqueous solution an alkali.
● Example: Sodium Hydroxide
methyl orange
● NaOH (s) → Na+ (aq) + OH– (aq)
 Typical reactions of bases
Bases and acids
LO:
● Describe the
characteristic When they react with an acid, a neutralisation
properties of reaction occurs.
bases as
Acids and bases react together in a neutralisation
reactions with
reaction and produce a salt and water:
acids and with
ammonium Acid + Base → Salt + Water
salts and effect
on litmus and
methyl orange
 Typical reactions of bases
Examples of Reaction Between Bases and Acids:
LO:
● Describe the
characteristic
properties of
bases as
reactions with
acids and with
ammonium
salts and effect
on litmus and
methyl orange
 Typical reactions of bases
● Alkalis and ammonium salts
LO:
● Ammonium salts undergo decomposition when warmed
● Describe the with an alkali.
characteristic ● Even though ammonia is itself a weak base, it is very
properties of volatile and can easily by displaced from the salt by
bases as another alkali.
reactions with ● A salt, water and ammonia are produced.
acids and with
ammonium
salts and effect
on litmus and
methyl orange
 Typical reactions of bases
● Example:
LO:
● Describe the
characteristic NH4Cl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O + NH3
properties of
bases as
reactions with ● This reaction is used as a chemical test to confirm the
acids and with presence of the ammonium ion (NH4+).
ammonium ● Alkali is added to the substance with gentle warming
salts and effect followed by the test for ammonia gas using damp red
litmus paper.
on litmus and
● The litmus paper will turn from red to blue if ammonia is
methyl orange
present.
Neutrality and Relative
Acidity and Alkalinity
pH Scale
 The pH scale
● The pH scale is a numerical scale which is used to
LO:
show how acidic or alkaline a solution is.
● Describe neutrality
● It goes from 1 – 14 (extremely acidic substances can
and relative acidity
and alkalinity in
have values of below 1).
terms of pH ● All acids have pH values of below 7, all alkalis have pH
measured using values of above 7.
universal indicator ● The lower the pH then the more acidic the solution is.
paper (whole
● The higher the pH then the more alkaline the solution is.
numbers only)
● A solution of pH 7 is described as being neutral e.g.
● Describe and water.
explain the
importance of
controlling acidity
in soil
 The pH scale

LO:
● Describe neutrality
and relative acidity
and alkalinity in
terms of pH
measured using
universal indicator
paper (whole
numbers only) ● The pH scale showing acidity, neutrality and alkalinity

● Describe and
explain the
importance of
controlling acidity
in soil
Universal indicator
 Universal ● Universal indicator is a mixture of different indicators
indicator which is used to measure the pH.
● A drop is added to the solution and the colour is
LO:
matched with a colour chart which indicates the pH
● Describe neutrality
which matches specific colours.
and relative acidity
and alkalinity in
terms of pH
measured using
universal indicator
paper (whole
numbers only)

● Describe and
explain the
importance of
controlling acidity
in soil
The importance of pH and
soil acidity
 The pH scale
● The pH scale is a numerical scale which is used to
LO:
show how acidic or alkaline a solution is.
● Describe neutrality
● It goes from 1 – 14 (extremely acidic substances can
and relative acidity
and alkalinity in
have values of below 1).
terms of pH ● All acids have pH values of below 7, all alkalis have pH
measured using values of above 7.
universal indicator ● The lower the pH then the more acidic the solution is.
paper (whole
● The higher the pH then the more alkaline the solution is.
numbers only)
● A solution of pH 7 is described as being neutral e.g.
● Describe and water.
explain the
importance of
controlling acidity
in soil