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The Osi Model
The Osi Model
The OSI model is a layered framework for the design of network systems that allows
communication between all types of computer systems.
Layered Architecture:
The OSI model is composed of seven ordered layers:
Physical Layer
Data Link Layer
Network Layer
Transport Layer
Session Layer
Presentation layer
Application layer
At the lowest layer entire package is converted into a form that can be transmitted through
a medium, At the receiving machine, the message is unwrapped layer by layer, with each process
receiving and removing the data meant for it.
As long as a layer provides the expected services to the layer above it, the specific
implementation of its functions can be modified or replaced without requiring changes to the
surrounding layers.
Organisation of Layers:
The process starts at layer 7 (the application layer), then moves from layer to layer in
descending, sequential order. At each layer, a header, or possibly a trailer, can be added to the data
unit. Commonly, the trailer is added only at layer 2. When the formatted data unit passes through
the physical layer (layer 1), it is changed into an electromagnetic signal and transported along a
physical link.
Upon reaching its destination, the signal passes into layer 1 and is transformed back into
digital form. The data units then move back up through the OSI layers. As each block of data reaches
the next higher layer, the headers and trailers attached to it at the corresponding sending layer are
removed, and actions appropriate to that layer are taken.
By the time it reaches layer 7, the message is again in a form appropriate to the application
and is made available to the recipient.
1. Framing: Framing is a function of the data link layer. It provides a way for a
sender to transmit a set of bits that are meaningful to the receiver. This can be
accomplished by attaching special bit patterns to the beginning and end of the
frame.
2. Physical addressing: After creating frames, Data link layer adds physical
addresses (MAC address) of sender and/or receiver in the header of each frame.
3. Error control: Data link layer provides the mechanism of error control in which
it detects and retransmits damaged or lost frames.
4. Flow Control: The data rate must be constant on both sides else the data may
get corrupted thus, flow control coordinates that amount of data that can be
sent before receiving acknowledgement.
Network Layer:
Network layer works for the transmission of data from one host to the other
located in different networks. It also takes care of packet routing i.e. selection of the
shortest path to transmit the packet, from the number of routes available. The
sender & receiver’s IP address are placed in the header by network layer.
1. Routing: The network layer protocols determine which route is suitable from