How does light speed back up after being slowed by the glass?

This is a case in which talking about light in easy terms (goes slower, goes faster) can mess up
your thinking. Light never speeds up or slows down as in acceleration. It goes slower in the
glass because each particle of light (photon) is absorbed and re-emitted by the atoms that make
up the glass, bouncing its way from atom to atom until it gets to the other side. Each bounce
takes time, so the light appears to travel slower through the glass. When between atoms,
however, the light travels at the speed of light

How does light pass through hard objects like lenses?

Different frequencies of light interact with different atoms in various ways. In some cases the
light gets absorbed and re-emitted as thermal energy, in other cases it gets transmitted. It's all
related to the fact that atoms interact with the rest of the world mostly through their electric
fields. The nuclei of atoms are very, very tiny, and most light will not "bump into" the nucleus.

A double convex lens silvered at one surface behaves like a concave mirror. How?

Silver Coating will reflect the light rays and will not allow the light rays to pass through the
convex lens to Converge.
In this case the convex lens acts as if a convex mirror. It diverges the light rays. The Focus point
is on another side of optical center.

Does our eye lens contain convex lens?

Yes, it is a convex lens. It is needed to focus, on any image because, the rays coming are
scattered and all rays need to be pointed at a specific point on retina for an image to be formed
in our brain.