ELEVATOR SCALA

ELSA FATIMA
170823024
B.Arch 2nd year
 WHAT’S IN A NAME?

Early escalators were known by a

variety of names, including "travelling
staircase," "inclined elevator" and "
magic stairway." Around 1900, Charles
Seeberger, who designed the forerunner
of the modern escalator, came up with
the name that finally stuck. His term "
escalator" is a combination of "elevator"
and "scala," the Latin word for steps.
 ESCALATORS GO GLOBAL
Escalators are used around the world to
move pedestrian traffic in places
where elevators would be impractical. They
are used in department stores, shopping
malls, airports, transit systems, convention
centers, hotels, arenas, stadiums, train
stations (subways) and public buildings.
Escalators are able to move large numbers of
people and they can be placed in the same
physical space as a staircase. You don't
usually have to wait for an escalator and
they can guide people toward main exits or
special exhibits.
WHY ESCALATORS MATTER?
COMMERCIAL SECTOR
Escalators are used to increase
customer density and thus help to boost
sales in buildings used for commercial
purposes.

PUBLIC SECTOR
Transporting large numbers of people
efficiently is the top priority in public
transportation.
 TYPES OF ESCALATORS
STEP TYPE ESCALATOR- The steps are usually metal, but very old step type
escalators had wooden steps. Step type escalators can also go up/down, flat, then
up/down again.

WHEEL CHAIR ACCESSIBLE ESCALATOR- Wheelchair accessible escalators have an

attendant. These might have only been installed in Japan.

BELT ESCLATOR -You stand on a flat belt. This type of escalator probably doesn't
exist anywhere, anymore.

CLEAT ESCALATOR -The cleat type escalator had cleated metal, later wood treads,
that are slanted. Some types of cleat type escalator look more like a belt, not an
escalator. This type of escalator is not known to exist anywhere, anymore.

SPIRAL ESCALATOR -There is also the spiral escalator, which uses curved steps,
only manufactured by Mitsubishi since 1985.

LEVYTATOR- The Levytator is a new type of escalator, the freeform escalator, that
can curve multiple times, in either direction. There are 2 escalators, which share a
continuous loop of steps. The 2 escalators can curve differently. A working prototype
has been built,
 STEP ESCALATOR WHEELCHAIR ACCESSIBLE BELT TYPE ESCALATOR
ESCALATOR

CLEAT TYPE ESCALATOR SPIRAL ESCALATOR LEVYTATOR

COMPONENTS
OF ESCLATOR
 BALUSTRADE

The side of an escalator extending above the Steps, which includes:

1. MOVING HANDRAIL:A handhold that moves along the top of the
Balustrade in synchronization with the Steps.
2.INTERIOR PANEL: The major panel portion of the Balustrade located
immediately below the Moving Handrails, made of glass.
3. DECK BOARD: A decorative capping member of the balustrade of an
escalator, which continues in the traveling direction.
4. SKIRT GUARD: The lowest panel within the Balustrade, located
immediately below the Inner Deck and
adjacent to the Steps at a slight gap from the
Steps.
 TRUSS

Assembly of structural steel that supports the weight and load of an

escalator.
TOP MACHINE ROOM/ BOTTOM MACHINE ROOM
1. CONTROL PANEL: Controls stop/start operation and also
supplies electric power to the Drive Unit.
2. DRIVE UNIT: A unit to drive the escalator, comprised of
electric motor, decelerator, electromagnetic brake, V belt, Sprocket,
and other components.
3. DRIVE CHAIN: A chain that transmits the Drive Unit's
power to the drive wheel (Sprocket).
4. SPROCKETS(top/bottom): Drive wheels installed at top and
bottom to drive the Steps. The top Sprocket drives the moving
Steps, while the bottom sprocket turns the Steps.
OTHER TRUSS PARTS
1. MAIN TRACK: A  rail to guide the Driving Rollers.
2. TRAILING TRACK: A rail to guide the Trailing Rollers.
3. MOVING HANDRAIL DRIVE UNIT: A device that
indirectly drives the Moving Handrail at the same speed as the
Steps via the Moving Handrail Drive Chain.
 STEPS

The moving platform on which escalator passengers ride.

1. STEP TREAD: The part of step where a passenger stands.
2.RISER: The upright part of a step
3. STEP DEMARCATION LINE: A yellow line along both sides of a
Step to demarcate the proper standing area, thereby preventing
passengers from coming into contact with the Skirt Guard and stumbling.
4.DRIVING ROLLER/TRAILING ROLLER: Each Step is linked to the
Step Chains via the Step shaft and the wheels. The front wheel is
called the Driving Roller and the rear wheel is called the Trailing Roller.
5. STEP CHAIN: A chain, located on both sides of an escalator,
connecting the Steps and driven by the Step Chain Sprocket.
 A. FLOOR PLATE: A removable steel plate finished
with anti-slip patterns, typically situated above the
escalator truss work at the boarding and landing areas.
B. COMB PLATE: The section of the Floor Plate on
which the comb teeth segments are mounted.
C. COMB: A section or steel plate with teeth that
mesh with the Step cleats at the boarding and landing
areas, to prevent fingers, feet or foreign objects from
getting caught between the moving Steps and Floor Plate.
D. ROUND LIGHT: A round light installed on the
Interior Panel at the boarding and landing areas.
E. COMB LIGHT: Lighting provided at Comb level at
the terminal ends of an escalator for increased
illumination.
F. UNDER-HAINDRAIL LIGHTING: Lighting installed
under the Moving Handrails (glass panel only).
HOW ITS MADE?
HOW IT WORKS?
BASIC PLANNING
 POSITIONING

OPTIMAL CUSTOMER DENSITY:

Distances in excess of 50m to be avoided.
CUSTOMER CIRCULATION:
Depend on layout of the goods on sale.
NUMBER OF ESCALATORS:
- Type of building (offices, shopping center, movie
theater, subway station, airport; one-way
traffic, two-way traffic; single- or multi-purpose building)
- Peak traffic times (office opening and closing hours)
- Population factor based on net usable area
- Customer turnover rate per floor in department stores
- Level of traveling comfort required on the unit
(uncrowded, convenient, crowded)
EFFECTIVE TRANSPORTATION CAPACITY

The effective transportation capacity is between

40 and 80 percent of the theoretical
transportation capacity depending on user
density and step width.
 ARRANGEMENTS

SINGLE UNIT
The single unit is used to connect two levels. It is suitable for
buildings with passenger traffic flowing mainly in one direction.
Flexible adjustment to traffic flow (e.g., up in the morning and
down in the evening) is possible.
CONTINUOUS ARRANGEMENT (ONE –WAY TRAFFIC)
This arrangement is used mainly in smaller department stores to
link three sales levels. It requires more space than the
interrupted arrangement.
INTERRUPTED ARRANGEMENT (ONE-WAY TRAFFIC)
While relatively inconvenient for the user, for the
owner of the department store it provides the advantage that
due to the spatial separation of the upward and downward
directions, customers have to walk past specially placed
merchandise displays.
PARALLEL INTERRUPTED ARRANGEMENT (TWO WAY TRAFFIC)
This arrangement is used mainly in department stores
and public transportation buildings with heavy traffic volumes.
When there are three or more escalators or moving walks, it
should be possible to reverse the direction of travel depending
on the traffic flow.
CRISSCROSS CONTINUOS ARRANGEMENT (TWO WAY
TRAFFIC)
This type of installation is the one used most
frequently as it allows customers to travel quickly to the
upper floors without any waiting time. Depending on how the
escalators are positioned, the store fitter can open up the
view onto the shop floor to stimulate customer interest in
the goods on display.
 PROPER INCLINATION
30° inclination
This inclination provides the highest traveling comfort and maximum safety
for the user.

35° inclination
The 35° escalator is the most efficient solution as it requires less space
and can be implemented more cost-effectively. However, this inclination is
perceived as too steep if rises exceed 5 m – particularly in downward travel.
 OPTIMAL SPEED
0.5 m/s for continuous customer flow
This is the optimal speed for all escalators in the commercial sector. The
combination of sufficient transportation capacity, optimal safety and minimum space
requirement makes this speed the worldwide standard for this application.
0.6 or 0.65 m/s for intermittent transportation requirements
This speed is recommended for intermittent passenger arrivals, as at railway stations
or subway stations. It has also proved effective at trade fair centers. Longer
horizontal runs and larger transition curves are required at these speeds to guarantee
optimal safety and loading factor of the escalator/ moving walk.
0.75 m/s for extreme transportation capacity
Although speeds up to 0.75 m/s (escalators) are possible, they are not
recommended as the effective transportation capacity will not increase any further and
there is an increased danger of children or elderly people tripping or falling in the
landing areas.
DETAILED PLANNING
OPTIMAL STEP, PALLET & RUBBER
BAND WIDTH
Escalators are available with step widths of
600, 800 and 1000 mm. The most
popular step width is 1000 mm. This step
width gives the user unimpeded access to
the step band, even with baggage and
shopping bags. The other two step widths
are used mainly for less frequented units
or where space is restricted.
 HANDRAIL

The distance to the handrail of the

escalator/moving walk must be at least 80
mm. It is recommended to provide the
support for the escalator/moving walk at
least 1000 mm away from the ceiling edge,
so that the balustrade does not have to be
extended.
 FREE SPACES
To ensure safe use of the escalators sufficiently large
free spaces must be provided at the upper and lower
landings
 ESCALATOR SAFETY
Safety is a major concern in escalator design.
Safety system provides the following features:
Sensors to trigger automatic shutdown if a component is outside of its normal position
Skirt brushes to help prevent objects from being caught in the escalator
Handrail motion detectors
Step integrity monitors
Missing step monitors
Combplate detectors
Step level monitors
Skirt switches
Emergency stop buttons
Controlled stop braking
Understep lighting
Yellow combfingers
Handrail guards.
 SAFETY REGULATIONS
Balustrade height
Balustrades are available in heights of 900, 1000 and 1100 mm.
900 mm for small children. For greater fall heights we recommend
balustrades with a continuous height of 1000 mm.
Overhead Clearance
The free overhead clearance at every point along the step/pallet band must
be at least 2.3 m.
Safety Clearance
The horizontal clearance from the outer edge of the handrail to the walls or
other obstacles must always be at least 80 mm. This clearance must be
maintained up to a height of at least 2.1 m.
SAFETY CLEARANCE
In the case of floor openings and
escalators or moving walks arranged in a
crisscross pattern, the horizontal distance
from the center of the handrail to the
obstacle must be at least 0.5 m. If the
distances are shorter, the wall must be
even and have no projecting features.
Special guards and deflectors are required
if this safety clearance is not met.
A distance of 102 mm has to be observed
between handrail and adjacent surfaces.
Protective barriers, ceiling deflectors,
wedging guards
With escalators arranged in a crisscross
pattern or with floor openings, there is a
risk of wedging between balustrades and
adjacent escalator/moving walk bodies or
ceilings and columns. If the distance
between the center of the handrail and the
obstacle is less than 0.5 m, wedging
guards or ceiling deflectors are to be
provided by the customers.
Protective barriers and guards should be
provided on the balustrades where necessary
 OPERATION MODES
CONTINUOS OPERATION
It is an optimal mode for the commercial sector in
which customers are to be transported efficiently to the
upper floors of the store.
STOP AND GO OPERATION
It is recommended for the intermittent arrival of
passengers or for sporadic use outside peak times.
Typical applications include movie theaters, airports,
subway stations and railway stations. The unit remains
ready for operation when there are no passengers, as
signaled by a direction indicator.
CONTINUOS OPERATION WITH CRAWLING
The escalator continues to crawl along at 0.1 m/s
in the absence of passengers, using a frequency converter.
Unlike conventional stop-&-go operation, mechanical
wear is considerably lower, and in this operating mode
the readiness for operation and the direction of travel are
indicated by the slowly moving steps.
 SPECIAL APPLICATION
OUTDOOR INSTALLATION
Special measures are required for escalators
and moving walks that are installed outdoors and
are therefore subject to the effects of weather
conditions. These measures are necessary to achieve
optimal unit availability and the longest possible
service life for the components.
EXTREME LOCATIONS
For applications that require sturdiness and safety
under extreme transportation conditions, we
recommend balustrade . This inclined
balustrade, which is made of 12 mm thick,
shock-resistant stainless-steel sandwich panels,
provides optimal operation in ski resorts, outdoor
applications or in regions susceptible
to vandalism.
 INSTALLATION
TIMMIMG-Wherever possible, schedule
escalator delivery to take place prior to the
installation of subsequent floor slabs,
ceilings, roofs and any other overhead
constructions.
COST-The cost of an escalator unit
ranges between $10,000 and $30,000. With
labor, installing a two-story escalator in your
home or commercial space will cost between
$65,000 and $90,000.Floor-to-floor height,
width, and your existing space can drastically
raise or lower total costs.
MANUFACTURERS- Otis, Hitachi, Schindler,
Fuji, ThyssenKrupp, Mitsubishi
 In Hong Kong, the Central -
Mid-Levels Escalator system
is the longest outdoor covered
escalator in the world. The
escalator runs a length of 800
meters and climbs 135 meters
in elevation. To ride the
length of the escalator
takes approximately 20 minutes.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

www.schindler.com
www.thyssenkrup-elevator.com
www.slideshare.com
www.youtube.com
www.houseadvisors.com
THANK YOU
FOLKS!