FOREWORD

The Asphalt Institute can accept no responsibility for the inappropriate use of this manual. Engineering
judgment and experience must be used to properly utilize the principles and guidelines contained in
this manual, taking into account available equipment, local materials and conditions.

All reasonable care has been taken in the preparation of this manual; however, the Asphalt Institute
can accept no responsibility for the consequence of any inaccuracies which it may contain.

Printed in USA
Seventh Edition 2014
978-1-934154-70-0
Library of Congress Control Number: 2014943435
Copyright © 2014
All Rights Reserved
Asphalt Institute
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 5

1.0
1.1
5.1
1.2
5.2
1.3
5.3
1.4
1.5 5.4

CHAPTER 2 5.5

5.6
2.1 5.7
5.8
2.2 5.9

2.3 5.10
5.11
5.12
CHAPTER 3

CHAPTER 6

3.0
3.1
3.2 6.0
3.3 6.1

6.2
CHAPTER 4
6.3

6.4
4.1 6.5
4.2 6.6
6.7
6.8
4.3
4.4

4.5
CHAPTER 7 CHAPTER 10 CHAPTER 13

4.1 10.1 13.1

4.2
4.3 10.2 13.2

4.4
10.3 13.3
4.5
10.4
13.4
CHAPTER 8 10.5 13.5
10.6

CHAPTER 11
8.1
8.2
8.3

11.1

8.4
11.2
8.5
8.6
11.3
8.7
11.4
8.8
11.5

8.9
CHAPTER 12

CHAPTER 9
12.1
12.2
12.3
12.4
9.1
12.5
12.6
9.2
12.7
9.3
12.8
9.4
12.9
9.5 12.10
12.11
12.12
12.13
12.14
 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
s halt and hot mi de ned . . . . . . . . . . 1
lassi cations of mi es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.3 b ecti e of a mi design . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.4 olution of mi design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.5 he structure of this manual . . . . . . . . . . 4

Dense-graded asphalt mixes

Open-graded asphalt mixes

Gap-graded or Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA)

Figure 1.1
 shear plane

Before Load Load Angular Aggregate Rounded Aggregate

original

b
b
m
 100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

100
ontrol Poin 0
0 200µm0.5 1 2.36mm
1.5 4.75mm
2 2.5 9.5mm 312.5mm 3.5 19mm 4
90
Sieve Size
80

70
Fine Graded Mix
60

50

40
Coarse Graded Mix
30

20

10

0
0 200µm0.5 1 1.5
2.36mm 2 2.5 12.5mm 319mm 3.5
Sieve Raised to the 0.45 Power
100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
#200 #50 #30 #8 #4 3/8" 1/2"
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Sieve Raised to the 0.45 Power
 Maximum Density Lines for Di erent Top Sizes
100

90

80

70

60
25mm (1")
50 19.0mm (¾")
12.5mm (½")
40 9.5mm ( ")
4.75mm (#4)
30

20

10

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
4.75mm 2.5 9.5mm312.5mm3.5 19mm4 25mm
4.5
Sieve Size
100

90

80
Control Points
70

60

50

40

30

20
Former Restricted Zone
10

0
0 200µm0.5
300µm 1 2.36mm
1.5 2 2.5 12.5mm
3 3.5 19mm 4
Sieve Raised to the 0.45 Power
2.510

2.500

2.490

2.480

1.0% Abs.
2.470

3.4% Abs.
2.460

2.450
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0
Mixture Aging Time, Hours
 MASS (g) VOLUME (cm 3)

Ma = 0 AIR Va
water stone
VMA
Mb M be EFF. BINDER Vbe
Vb
G = 2.700
Mb a ABS.
ABS. BINDER
BINDER Vb a

100 g 270 g
Mmb Vm b

Ms Vsb
AGG. Vs e
Vm m

E ec ve Asphalt
Binder (not absorbed)

Impermeable Voids
Water Permeable Void
Aggregate Not Filled With Asphalt

Water Permeable Void

Air Void Asphalt Permeable

Void (absorbed
asphalt)
 500cm3
300cm3
=
100cm3

Gsb = 2.0 Gsb = 4.0 Gsb = 6.0 Gsb = ?

M = 600g M = 400g M = 3000g M = 4000g
% by mass = 15 % by mass = 10 % by mass = 75 % by mass = 100
Total mass 4000g
Average Gsb = = = 4.44
Total volume * 900cm3* 1 g/cm3

(15)(2.0)+(10)(4.0)+(75)(6.0)
Weighted Arithme c Mean = = 5.20
100

100
Weighted Harmonic Mean = = 4.44
 15 10 75
+ +
 2.0 4.0 6.0
 m

v m m
v m
m b

m m b
−

−
16

15

Example a
14
Example b

Example c
13 Spec. Limit

12
4 4.5 5 5.5 6

Binder Content (percent)

 (a)

Minimum VMA

35-blow

50-blow
OK

75-blow

Not OK (”wet” side of minimum)

Asphalt Content %

(b)

35-blow
More “open” design

50-blow

75-blow

Asphalt Content %
 0.45 th POWER GRADATION CHART
100

90

80

70

50

40

30

20

10
=
0
#200 #30 #16 #8 #4 3/8 1/2 3/4 1.0 1.5
Sieve Size
 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Superpave materials selection and mix
design criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Test equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Specimen preparation and compaction . 72
Superpave data analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Design asphalt binder content . . . . . . . . 76
Nmax determination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Moisture sensitivity testing . . . . . . . . . . . 76
=
Performance testing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Table 6.1

Table 6.2

Table 6.3

Table 6.4
Table 6.4
Figure 6.2

=
=

Table 6.5

Figure 6.1
 ram pressure
600 kPa
150-mm mold

30 gyrations 1.16 degrees

per minute

Figure 6.3
Table 6.4
Figure 6.4

Figure 6.5
Table 6.5
 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Table 6.5 Preparation of test specimens . . . . . . . . 78
Test procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Interpretation of test data . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
odi ed arshall method for large
aggregate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
 Figure 7.1

Figure 7.1.
Figure 7.2

Table 7.2
 Figure
7.4

Figure 7.3

Gmb Target = 2.381

2.395

2.390

2.385

2.380

2.375

2.370

2.365

2.360

2.355

2.350

2.345
Use 77 Blows
2.340
65 70 75 80 85

Table 7.1
 Table 7.2

Figure 7.5

Table 7.1
Figure 7.5

Figure 7.6

Table 7.2
Figure 7.7

Table 7.2

Figure 7.6

Table 7.2
 Table 7.2

Figures 7.6 7.7

Table 7.2
 Table 7.2

Table 7.1

Table 7.4
 Figure 8.1;
Figure 8.1

Table 8.1
 Figure 8.3

Figure 8.2

Figure 8.6

Figure 8.3

Figure 8.4

Figures 8.2
8.6
Figure 8.4

Figure 8.5
 Figure 8.3
Figure 8.2
Figure 8.3
Figure 8.4

Figure 8.6
=

Figure 8.8
 Figure 8.11

Figure 8.11

Figures 8.12
8.13

Figure 8.15
Figures 8.12 8.13
 Hamburg Wheel Tracking Results
Wet test, 50 C
Post Compaction
0

Rutting slope

–5
Inflection point

Stripping slope
–10

–15 Good performer

Average performer

–20
0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000

Wheel Passes (2 Passes = 1 Cycle)

 Asphalt Pavement Analyzer
Dry test, 64 C
10

0
0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000
Number of Cycles
Figure 10.5
 5.0 Permanent Strain Permanent Strain Rate 0.0050

4.5 0.0045

4.0 0.0040

3.5 0.0035

3.0 0.0030

2.5 0.0025

2.0 0.0020
Tertiary Flow Begins
1.5 0.0015

1.0 0.0010

0.5 0.0005

0.0 0.0000
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
Load Cycle

Figure 10.7

Figure 10.10

Figure 10.8
Figure 10.8
10.4.1 Flexural beam fatigue test

Figure 10.14
Figure 10.15

Figure 10.15

Figure 10.17
 10.5.1 Indirect tensile creep/strength test

Figure 10.18

Figure 10.19
(
INDEX