RADIATIVE HEAT TRANSFER

INTRODUCTION
DR ANKIT BANSAL
MECHANICAL AND INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING

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 Modes of Heat Transfer
 Conduction
 Energy carried through lattice by free electron or phonon-phonon
interaction (excitation of interatomic bonds)
 Fluids: intermolecular collisions
𝜕𝑇
𝑞=𝑘
𝜕𝑥
 Convection:
 Energy transfer by molecular interaction
 Molecules carry momentum and kinetic energy
 𝑞 = ℎ 𝑇 − 𝑇∞
 Radiation:
 Energy transfer by waves/photons (no medium required) 𝑞 ∝ 𝑇 4 − 𝑇∞4
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 Thermal Radiative Heat Transfer
• Heat Transfer caused by electromagnetic waves
• All materials (solid, liquid, gas) emit/absorb electromagnetic
radiation
• Change in molecular/atomic/lattice energy
• Intensity and colour (wavelength) of radiation wave depends on
temperature
• Does not require medium to transport energy
• Energy can transfer through long distances
• Intensity vary with direction
 Nature of Electromagnetic Radiation
• Orthonormal oscillating electric and magnetic field
• Carry energy, mass and momentum
 Interaction With Matter
• Electromagnetic radiation of any wavelength absorbed by matter
– Increase thermal energy/temperature of)
• High-energy photons: Ionizing radiation
– Ultraviolet, X-ray and gamma radiation
– More dangerous per unit of energy than non-ionizing radiation.
– Breaks chemical bonds
• Applies to UV (though not ionizing)
– Can damage molecules due to electronic excitation
 Interaction With Matter
• Thermal radiation:
– Absorbed radiation heats the material (increase internal energy).
– Increase rotational and vibrational mode energy
• Visible, Infrared, microwave and radio wave
• Intense thermal radiation can be dangerous as well
– Radio waves can thermally burn living tissue and cook food
– Microwaves used on cooking
– Visible and Ultraviolet lasers can set paper afire
 ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE SPECTRUM

Source: Radiative Heat Transfer, Second Edition, Michael F Modest, Academic Press, 2003

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 ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE SPECTRUM
• Radiation is described both as waves and particles (photons)
• Photons: mass less energy parcels
• Radiation travels at the speed of light

• Speed of travel depends on refractive index of medium

• Radiation travels slower in semi-conductions (n=1.4 -> 4)
• Radiation is strongly absorbed by metal and electric conductors

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 ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE SPECTRUM
• A number of ways to represent the colour of the radiation

• The above quantities are related

• Photon or waves carry energy related to their wavelength or frequency as

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 Distinguishing Features of Radiative Transfer
 Seven independent variables
 Three Space coordinates, Two direction coordinates, wavelength, time
 Subjected to reflection, absorption, scattering
 Change direction of photon travel
 Decrease strength
 Intensity as well as properties of medium/boundary vary from
direction to direction and with wavelength
 Wavelength dependence may be vary erratic
 Expensive and difficult to model
 Unlike conduction/convection described by integral equations
 Distinguishing Features of Radiative Transfer
 Radiative Transfer equation along line of sight

𝑑𝐼𝜆 𝜔𝜆
= 1 − 𝜔𝜆 𝐼𝑏𝜆 − 𝐼𝜆 + න 𝐼𝜆 (ො𝐬𝑖 )ϕ𝜆 (ො𝐬𝑖 , 𝐬ො)𝑑Ω𝑖
𝑑𝜏𝜆 4𝜋 4𝜋
 Solar Energy Spectrum
• Solar Radiation
• Subjected to absorption by
atmospheric gases, clouds and
scattering by aerosols
• Attenuation of intensity
– Strong function of wavelength
– Organized into bands
• Changes through out the day
– Change in direction of sun
 Important Applications
 Combustion
 Fire
 Rocket propulsion
 Hypersonic shock layers
 Plasmas in fusion reactors
 Solar and atmospheric radiation
 Material Processing
 Lasers
 Diagnostic techniques
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https://news.cnrs.fr/articles/inside-the-secret-world-of-combustion
http://www.aerospaceweb.org/question/spacecraft/re-entry/shuttle-entry.jpg
 Importance of Radiation
• Furnace design, heat and mixing patterns
• Fuel Efficiency
• Low Emission
• Improved methods for heat recuperation for Cost-
effective heat recovery processes
• Optimization of emissivity of materials used in
furnaces or burners
• Increased combustion intensity (heat release per
unit of furnace volume)
Source: http://boilerchidoran.blogspot.com/2017/03/supercritical-boiler.html

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 Radiative Effects on Convective Heat Transfer
• Heating of boundary layer by
outer Radiation
– Raises its temperature
– Increases convective heat
transfer rates
• Cooling of boundary layer by
emitted Radiation
– Decreases convective heat
transfer
– interaction in high pressure
high-temperature steam
 Course Schedule
Week Module 1 Module 2 Module 3 Module 4 Module 5

1 Introduction Fundamental of Laws of Properties of Radiative Properties

Radiative Heat Radiation Plane Surfaces of Materials
Transfer
2 View Factor Hottel Cross String Inside Sphere Diffuse Black Diffuse Gray
Method Method Surfaces Surfaces

3 Network Solution Methods Partially Non-Gray Radiation combined

Analogy specular Gray Surfaces with conduction and
Surfaces convection

4 Participating Radiative Transfer Solution of Cylindrical Approximate

Media Equation (RTE) RTE Media Solution Method 1

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 Course Schedule
Week Module 1 Module 2 Module 3 Module 4 Module 5

5 Approximate Spherical Spherical DOM method Zone method

Solution Method 2 Harmonics Harmonics
Method Pn -1 Method Pn -2

6 Exchange areas Monte Carlo Monte Carlo Radiative Atomic and

method 1 method 2 properties of Molecular Spectra
gases
7 Line Radiation Spectral Wide Band Global Models k-Distribution
Models Models model
8 Radiative Application: Application: Solar Concentrated Experimental
Properties of Combustion and atmospheric Solar collector methods
particles and Flame radiation

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 Reference Books
• Radiative Heat Transfer, Michael Modest Third Edition, 2014,
Academic Press → Text book
• Radiative transfer, H. C. Hottel and A. F. Sarofim,
McGraw‐Hill, 1967
• Thermal Radiation Heat Transfer, Robert Siegel and John R
Howell, Third Edition, Hemisphere Publication Corporation,
1992
• Heat Transfer in Industrial Combustion, Charles E Baukal, CRC
Press, 2000

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Thank You

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