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• Amplitude modulation
• Phase Modulation
• Frequency Modulation
• Phase Modulation
• Frequency Modulation
Frequency modulation and phase modulation are collectively called as
angle modulation.
Message Signal : m(t)
Angle modulation is the process by which the angle (frequency or phase) of the carrier
signal is changed in accordance with the instantaneous amplitude of modulating or
message signal.
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Angle Modulation
AM
FM
PM
Applications:
Ɵ(t) = wct + Ɵo
Ɵo 𝑑𝜃(𝑡)
= wi(t) 𝑑𝜃(𝑡)
= wc
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡
Dt
Instantaneous Frequency
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Phase modulation
𝑑𝜃(𝑡)
= wi(t)
𝑑𝑡
fc(t) = kf m(t)
ωi(t) = dθ(t)/dt
θ(t) = (w t k
c f m(t ))dt
PM Signal
The phase varies with respect to the integral of the message signal.
PM Case:
FM Signal
The Phase is
The instantaneous frequency increases linearly from 99.9 to 100.1 MHz over a half
cycle and decreases from 100.1 to 99.9 MHz, over the rest of the half cycle of m(t).
fc(t) = kf m(t)
fmax(t) = fc(t) + kf mp
fmin(t) = fc(t) - kf mp
And sin(βsin ωmt) is an odd periodic function of ωm with only sine terms and only odd
harmonics.
Cos(β sin ωmt) = J0(β) +2 J2(β) cos 2 ωmt + 2 J4(β) cos 4 ωmt+…….+ 2 J2n(β) cos 2n ωmt
Sin (β sin ωmt) = 2 J1(β) sin ωmt + 2 J3(β) sin 3 ωmt+…….+ 2 J2n-1(β) sin (2n-1) ωmt
Jn(β) is a Bessel’s function of first kind and order n. and n varies from 0 to ꝏ
For the FM Signal φFM(t) = cos ωct cos (β sin ωmt)- sin ωct sin (β sin ωmt)
Cos(β sin ωmt) = J0(β) +2 J2(β) cos 2 ωmt + 2 J4(β) cos 4 ωmt+…….+ 2 J2n(β) cos 2n ωmt
Sin (β sin ωmt) = 2 J1(β) sin ωmt + 2 J3(β) sin 3 ωmt+…….+ 2 J2n-1(β) sin (2n-1) ωmt
φFM(t) = cos ωct [J0(β) +2 J2(β) cos 2 ωmt + 2 J4(β) cos 4 ωmt+…….+ 2 J2n(β) cos
2n ωmt] - sin ωct [2 J1(β) sin ωmt + 2 J3(β) sin 3 ωmt+…….+ 2 J2n-1(β) sin (2n-1)
ωm t ]
φFM(t) = J0(β) cos ωct + 2 J2(β) cos ωct cos 2 ωmt + 2 J4(β) cos ωct cos 4
ωmt+…….+ 2 J2n(β) cos ωct cos 2n ωmt] – [2 J1(β) sin ωct sin ωmt + 2 J3(β) sin
ωct sin 3 ωmt+…….+ 2 J2n-1(β) sin ωct sin (2n-1) ωmt ]
φFM(t) = J0(β) cos ωct + J1(β)[ cos (ωc +ωm)t - cos (ωc -ωm)t] +
J2(β) cos (ωct - 2 ωm)t + cos (ωct + 2 ωm)t+…..
φFM(t) = J0(β) cos ωct + J1(β)[ cos (ωc +ωm)t - cos (ωc -ωm)t] +
J2(β) cos (ωct - 2 ωm)t + cos (ωct + 2 ωm)t+…..
1
n
J n n0
n! 2
2
J n 1 n0
2
J0(β)= 0.7652
J1(β)=0.4401
J2(β)=0.1149 Find the number of spectrum for β=1?
J3(β)=0.01956
J4(β)=0.002477
FM Spectrum
Let
That is, the FM signal is like several DSB-SC signals with modulating
signals a(t), a2(t), a3(t) … an(t).
Spectrum of a2(t) is A(w)*A(w) and is band limited to 2B. Similarly, an(t) will
be band limited to nB.
For large n ≈0
Since
If |kf a(t) | << 1 is not satisfied, Higher order terms can not be neglected.
෫ ሶ
Do a staircase approximation to m(t) as 𝐦(𝐭)
෫
The FM Spectrum of 𝐦(𝐭) ሶ is then sum of the spectra of short burst of sinusoids
of duration (1/2B) and freq.
The FM BW
Carson’s formula
Deviation ratio:
Carson’s formula
FM signal :
φFM(t) =Ac cos [ωct + β sin ωmt) ]
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FM for Single Tone Frequency Modulation
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FM for Single Tone Frequency Modulation
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FM for Single Tone Frequency Modulation
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FM for Single Tone Frequency Modulation
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FM for Single Tone Frequency Modulation
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FM for Single Tone Frequency Modulation
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Expressing ejβsinωmt in terms of Bessel function
For PM
For FM
3. If the required final frequency deviation is n times the NBFM deviation, then an n
fold frequency multiplication is used.
3. If the required final frequency deviation is n times the NBFM deviation, then an n
fold frequency multiplication is used.
3. If the required final frequency deviation is n times the NBFM deviation, then an n
fold frequency multiplication is used.
3. If the required final frequency deviation is n times the NBFM deviation, then an n
fold frequency multiplication is used.
3. If the required final frequency deviation is n times the NBFM deviation, then an n
fold frequency multiplication is used.
Dw = kf mp < wc,
Frequency response of a tuned circuit is almost linear around the tuned frequency.
A tuned circuit (tuned to wc) , followed by an envelope detector can then be used.
Linearity zone is increased by a balanced discriminator.
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Practical FM Demodulation Circuits
= B Cos[ wc t + c t eo(t) ]
Ɵo = c t eo(t)
Where,
Hence,
So, a carrier with A >> I will suppress the interference due to adjacent channel.
Where as for FM, interference level need only be below 6dB, compared to incoming
signal strength is tolerable.
The most common form of noise is the white noise which has a constant power
spectral density.
So, in white noise, all the frequency components have the same amplitude.
So, in the receiver output, noise power will be concentrated at higher frequencies.
But, for an audio signal m(t), power level is high at low frequencies whereas it’s low
at higher frequencies.
So, the higher frequency components of the signal m(t) will suffer from high noise
power which will create a problem.
To get rid of this situation, we can use a scheme called Pre-emphasis and
De-emphasis as follows:
At the transmitter, weaker high frequency components of the audio signal m(t) are
boosted (amplified) using a pre-emphasis filter Hp(f) before modulation.
At the receiver, the higher frequency components of m(t) are restored (by attenuation)
by using de-emphasis filter Hd(f) = 1/Hp(f) after the demodulation.
The noise, however, enters in the channel and therefore not been pre-emphasized
(i.e. amplified).
But, it passes through the de-emphasis filter which attenuates its high frequency
components, where most of the noise power is concentrated.
Thus, the process of pre-emphasis and de-emphasis leaves the desired signal
untouched but reduces the noise power considerably.
Again,
So, De-emphasis filter will act as an integrator for high frequency components of m(t).
At the transmitter the higher frequency signals are artificially boosted and at the
receiver correspondingly cut.
• Transmitter and receiver equipment are • Transmitter and receiver equipment are
less complicated. complicated.
• Operating range is less, i.e. 30 Hz to 30 • Operating range is more, i.e. 88 to 108 MHz.
MHz.
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