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Chapter-2 Basic Concepts PDF
Chapter-2 Basic Concepts PDF
Chapter-2 Basic Concepts PDF
Fluid Mechanics
Pratik N Sheth, Ph.D.
Dept. of Chemical Engg.
BITS Pilani BITS Pilani – Pilani Campus
Pilani Campus
BITS Pilani
Pilani Campus
Main Topics
3
Fluid as a Continuum
Velocity Field
One-, Two-, and Three-Dimensional Flows
Timelines, Pathlines, Streaklines, and Streamlines
Stress Field
Viscosity
Newtonian & non-Newtonian Fluid
Surface Tension
Description and Classification of Fluid Motions
Viscous and Inviscid Flows;
Laminar and Turbulent Flows;
Compressible and Incompressible;
Internal and External Flows
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Fluid as Continuum
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Fluid as Continuum
Fluid as Continuum
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OR
In other words, under what circumstances can a
fluid be treated as a continuum, for which, by
definition, properties vary smoothly from point to
point?
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Limitation to Fluid as
Continuum 7
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Specific Gravity 8
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Specific Weight
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mg
γ = → γ = ρg
V
The specific weight of water is approximately
9.81 kN/m3 (62.4 lbf/ft3) @ 15oC.
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Velocity Field
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• Velocity vector: V = V ( x , y , z ,t )
Eulerian Approach
• In terms of scalar components:
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To remind…
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Steady Flow
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• In steady flow:
• any property may vary from point to point in the field,
• but all properties remain constant with time at every
point.
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Examples-1
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Example-2
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Timelines, Pathlines,
Streaklines, and Streamlines
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Video
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1:00 – 6:00
8:45 – 10:00
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Timeline
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Timeline
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Pathline
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Streakline
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Streamline
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Streamline
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Important Points
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Stress Field
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Stress Field
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Stress Field
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Stress Field
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Stress Field
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Stress Field
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Stress Field
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Stress Field
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Stress Field
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What it Shows???
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Viscosity.mp4
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Viscosity
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Viscosity
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Viscosity
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Viscosity
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Relation between
Shear Stress & Shear Rate 45
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Newtonian Fluid
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=>
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Newtonian Fluid
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µ=
τ yx
=
[F L ] = Ft
2
N.s/m2 or
du dy [1 / t ] 2
L kg/(m.s)
Kinematic Viscosity (ν ):
µ
ν = Dimensions: [ L2/t ]
ρ SI Units: m2/s
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2.40
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2.40
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Stress Field
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2.40
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x
Area vector for lower plate
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Non-Newtonian Fluids
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=>
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Non-Newtonian Fluid
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Non-Newtonian Fluid
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Non-Newtonian Fluid
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Class-II: Time-dependent
behavior
(Apparent viscosity varies with
time): Or
• Thixotropic fluids: η↑
η↓ with ↑ time
• Rheopectic fluids:
η ↑ with ↑ time
• Viscoelastic fluids:
partially return to their original
shape when the applied stress is
released;
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Viscosity Dependence on
Temperature & Pressure 57
• n ≅ 0.65 air;
≅ 0.9 for CO2 and simple hydrocarbons
≅ 1.1 for SO2 and steam
• Gas viscosity is independent of pressure under Ideal gas
law, otherwise increases at very high pressures.
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Viscosity Dependence on
Temperature & Pressure 58
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What is it about??
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Appendix A
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Appendix A
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Surface Tension
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Surface Tension
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Capillary Action
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Capillary Action
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Capillary Rise
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BITS Pilani
Pilani Campus
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Classification
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Reynolds No.,
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Reynolds Number
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Compressible and
Incompressible Flows 77
• Flows in which variations in density are negligible are
termed incompressible;
Ex. Liquids
• When density variations within a flow are not
negligible, the flow is called compressible.
Ex. Gases.
• For most liquids, density
is only a weak function of
temperature.
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Compressible and
Incompressible Flows 78
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Compressible and
Incompressible Flows 79
V
M≡ Local speed of sound in gas
C
• For M < 0.3, the maximum density variation is less than
5 percent (can be treated as incompressible).
• A value of M = 0.3 in air at standard conditions
corresponds to a speed of approximately 100 m/s.
• Speed of sound in air is 343 m/s.
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Compressible and
Incompressible Flows 80
c = kRT
where, k = ratio of specific heats (cp/cv),
R = individual gas constant,
T= Absolute temperature.
• For air at STP, k=1.4 & R= 286.9 J/kg.K.
• Compressible flow examples:
• Compressed air systems,
• transmission of gases in pipelines at high pressure, etc.
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Re x ≤ 5 × 10 5
• A boundary layer will start out laminar, and if
the plate is long enough the boundary layer will
transition to become turbulent.
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Supersonic Vs Subsonic
Flows 88
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// Thank You //
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