THE CELL

Prepared by: Ms. Almira May F. Aunzo

 CELL

• Is the basic unit of biological structure and

function.
• Cells vary in both size and form
 BRIEF HISTORY ON THE STUDY OF CELLS

Anton Van
Zaccharias Janssen Robert Hooke Leeuwenhoek
First observed red blood
Studied the cells using an First discovered cells in cells, sperm and
improvised microscope cork in 1665
a
using high quality single
 DEVELOPMENT OF THE CELL THEORY

Matthias Schleiden Theodore Schwann Rudolf Virchow

First stated that cells are the elementary particles All living things are
of both plants and animals made up of cells.
(1830)
 THE CELL THEORY

• Every living organism is made up of one or more cells.

• Cells are the smallest living organisms and are the functional
units of multicellular organization
• All cells arise from pre-existing cells.
 KINDS OF CELLS

Prokaryotic Cell Eukaryotic Cell

 Prokaryotic Eukaryotic
 Present in bacteria, archaea,  Present in higher forms of
achaeabacteria organisms (protists, fungi, plants,
 Very small with relatively simple internal animals)
structure
 Larger in size
 Mostly surrounded by relatively stiff cell
wall  Have membrane-bound nucleus and
organelles
 DNA is usually coiled, attached to the
plasma membrane and concentrated in  Maybe single-celled; colonial or
the nucleoid. multicellular
 It has 3 main parts: Appendages
 More chromosomes
(Flagella/ pili); Cell Envelope (Cell wall
and Cell Membrane) and Cytoplasm  Cells walls have cellulose (plants)
Unicellular Organisms Multicellular Organisms
 Single celled  Consists of numerous cells

 Can function and perform  Cells have many membrane

independently system
 Can be eukaryote or
prokaryote
 Cells work together for entire
organism
THE ANIMAL CELL
 CELL MEMBRANE

 Plasma Membrane also called

cell membrane
 Is made up of phospholipid
bilayer
 Acts as selective filter for
materials attempting to pass
into or out of the cell.
 Involves in intercellular
communication
 Gate-keeper of the cell
 NUCLEUS
 Control center of the cell
 It has double layered nuclear
envelope
 It has nuclear pores
 Contains chromatin which consists
of DNA, histone, and non-histone
protein which carries the genetic
information of the cell
 It has granular structures known as
nucleoli
CHROMOSOMES
 CYTOPLASM

 Also referred to as cytosol

 Gel-like structure within a
cell in which organelles
are suspended
 MITOCHONDRIA
 Rod-shaped or spherical
 For cellular respiration
 For ATP production
 It is composed of a double membrane.
The outer membrane is smooth while
the inner membrane is folded into
numerous platelike or fingerlike
projections called CRISTAE
 Known as the Power house of the
cell because enzymes located on the
cristae carry out the energy yielding
steps of aerobic respiration
 ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

 Are studded with

numerous ribosomes
 Synthesize , process, and
sort proteins targeted to
membranes, vacuoles or
secretory pathway.
 SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
 Lacks ribosomes
 Enzymes embedded in the
smooth ER
 Major site of lipid synthesis
including phospholipids
 In some cells, the smooth ER
synthesizes other lipids like
steroid hormones,
testosterone and estrogen
produced in the gonads of
 RIBOSOMES

 Manufacture proteins that

secretory cells export into
their surroundings, including
digestive enzymes and protein
hormones
 GOLGI COMPLEX ( GOLGI APPARATUS)

 Specialized set of membranous sacs

derived from the ER
 Sorter, modifier, packager and transporter
in the cell
 Functions:
 Separates proteins and lipids received from
the ER according to their destinations
 Modifies some molecules
 Packages materials into vesicles that are
then transported to other parts of the cell
or to the plasma membrane for export
 LYSOSOMES

 Membranous vesicles that package

enzymes
 Digest food particles
 Capable of breaking down injured or
diseased cells and worn-out cellular
components
 Suicide bags of the cell
 CYTOSKELETON
 Responsible for cell movement
 Provides shape and structural
support to the cell
 It is made up of :
 1. microtubules
 2. intermediate filaments
 3. microfilaments
 MICROTUBULES
 Larger than microfilaments
 Tubular structures composed of
a protein called tubulin
 form essential parts of the
structures of the cilia and
flagella
 CENTROSOME ----
CENTRIOLES - replicate
before cell division
 MICROFILAMENTS

 Thin linear structures which is

responsible for the ability of
the cell to contract.
 Made up of proteins: ACTIN
and MYOSIN which causes
muscle contraction.
 CILIA AND FLAGELLA

• Are whip-like extensions

of the plasma membrane.
TRANSPORT ACROSS
MEMBRANES
 Diffusion
 Mediated transport system
 Endocytosis
 DIFFUSION AND OSMOSIS

• Diffusion – the net movement of molecules from

regions of high concentration to regions of low
concentration
• Osmosis- the diffusion of water across semi-permeable
membrane
DIFFUSION
OSMOSIS
TURGIDITY
PLASMOLYSIS

• Shrinkage of cell body

due to excessive loss of
water
 CARRIER MEDIATED TRANSPORT

FACILITATED TRANSPORT ACTIVE TRANSPORT

• The carrier assists a • Energy is supplied to the
molecule to diffuse carrier systems to
through the membrane transport molecules in
the direction opposite to
the gradient
 ENDOCYTOSIS
• A process in which cells acquire particles especially large
proteins or entire microorganisms
• Three types
• 1. pinocytosis – cell drinking
• 2. phagocytosis – cell eating
• 3. receptor mediated endocytosis – involves the activity
of many receptor proteins in the outside surfaces of
plasma membranes
 PARTS OF THE MICROSCOPE

• MECHANICAL PARTS • MAGNIFYING PARTS

 MECHANICAL PARTS

• Arm • Coarse adjustment knob

• Base • Fine adjustment knob
• Stage • Mirror
• Stage clips • Diaphragm
• Pillar • Draw tube
• Nosepiece
• Body tube
 MAGNIFYING PARTS

• Ocular lens/ eyepiece

• Objective Lenses
• LPO
• HPO
• SCANNER
• OIL IMMERSION
• Condenser
• Mirror