OPTICAL, INFRARED & MICROWAVE IMAGING SYSTEMS

EXPARIMENTS REPORT

INTRODUCTION TO IMAGE FORMATION

Student’s name : Pham Huu Phuc

: Le Ngo Huy Phan
: Nguyen Thi Kim Ha
Class : Space – M1
Professor : Damien Gratadour

HANOI – 2019
 A. EXPERIMENT 1: CASE OF POINT SOURCE IMAGING WITHOUT
ABERRATION
1. Theoretical context:
We first consider a perfect aberration-free optical system (i.e. without disturbing optical
waves). The point spread function (PSF) or impulse response will be directly determined
by the shape of the diaphragm defining the size of the optical beam, called the "pupil" of
the system. An important property of the lenses is the ability to perform a Fourier
transformation between the electromagnetic field in the pupil plane and the projected field
in the focal plane. The field thereby projected at a finite distance by the lens is given by
the Fraunhofer approximation of the diffraction of the field in the pupil, describing the
results its propagation between the pupil plane and the image plane through the optical
system.

micros Camera
Source cope

Focal length f Focal length f

Lens Pupil Lens

Figure 1: Schematic diagram of the experiment setup.
Description about the experiment:
The optical bench can be broken down into three distinct parts, which we call planes:
 The "object plane" in which we find sources (LED - λ = 0.59 microns) and a microscope
objective. In order to be accurate, the point source must be located far from the lens system
but in reality, we can hardly do it. Instead, we will create a smaller light source and place
it as far as possible by using a microscope. And place this light source at the focal point of
the lens so that the beam emerges as the collimated beam.
 The "pupil plane" between the two achromatic "doublets" (focal length = 0.75 m) in
which can be placed one of several masks (called pupil) at your disposal. The masks have
different sizes of hole and have 2 holes with varies in the distance between 2 holes.
 The "image plane" in which we find the CCD camera. The pixel of the camera has a size
of 4.65μm side.

 In this experiment, we use 2 types of mask:

 - 1-hole mask
- 2-holes mask

Some values we use in the experiment paper:

𝜆 = 0.59𝜇𝑚 ( lambda form light source)
f = 0.75m (focal length)
A pixel = 4.65 µm (pixel size)
D is the diameter of mask and we have 3 sizes ( 0.031, 0.017 and 0.014 (m)).
To calculating theoretical FWHM, we use formula:
f
FWHM theoretical 
D
To calculating practical FWHM, we use formula:
FWHM pratical  pixel x FWHM(pixel)
Comparing the value of theory and the value of practice by this formula:
FWHM theoretical  FWHM practical
Error  100%
FWHM theoretical

Diameter of Measured Practical Theoretical

mask FWHM FWHM FWHM Error (%)
(m) (pixels) (m) (m)
0.031 2.360 10.974 14.274 23.2

0.017 4.098 19.055 26.025 27.8

0.014 4.633 21.543 31.607 31.9
2. Experiment results:
Table 1: Practical and theoretical FWHM with different size of the pupil
 - We have graph to compare the theoretical and practical FWHM:µ

THEORETICAL AND PARTICAL FWHM

35 Theoretical (µm) Partical (µm)
31.607

30
26.025
FWHM (micrometer)

25
21.543
19.055
20
14.274
15
10.974
10

0
0.014 0.017 0.031
DIAMETER (M)

- Here are some images we have observed through circular pupils of different sizes:
+ The smallest hole:
+ The medium hole:
+ The largest hole:
 B. EXPERIMENT 2: CASE OF A MULTI-POINT OBJECT IMAGING
1. Theoretical context:
The experiment with two holes can be considered as same as the Young’s experiment.
Driven from the Huygens-Fresnel principle, the light coming to the mask is divided into
two new coherent sources, then these two sources interfere with each other.
Mathematically, the function of the point source of light is a Dirac function, the function
of the OTF is the autocorrelation of the holes which has three peaks in the Fourier domain.
Then the convolution of the Dirac function and the OTF is the reason why we see the
fringes in the formed images.

Figure 1: The interference pattern for a double slit in Young' experiment (Source: Internet)

2. Experiment results:
We now use mask with 2-holes of diameter 10mm instead of 1 like previous. The experiment
setting is similar but now we focus on changing the distance between 2 holes and examine its PSF
and OTF:
- Here are some images we have observed through circular pupils of different sizes:
+ The small mask:
+ The large mask:
C. EXPERIMENT 4 : MEASURING THE SEPARATION OF A DOUBLE STAR WITH
INTERFEROMETRY
1. Theoretical content:
In this experiment, we use two sources, and a mask which has two holes, so the optical transfer
function (OTF) (which is the autocorrelation of the function of 2 holes) has three triangles, and the
source is two Dirac function. So the Fourier transform of image formation is the product of Fourier
transform of two Dirac are a single harmonic function (like a sine curve) and OTF, and image
function is convolution of Dirac function and point spread function (PSF). In this part, we change
the distant between two holes. In Fourier domain, we can see Fourier transform of image
formation, and in the image domain we see fringes. Moreover, when we change distant between
two holes, the distant of OTF also change, the distant between three triangles will change, when
we multiply OTF and FT(2 Dirac function) we can see the FT(image) also change depend on the
distant between two holes.
2. Experiment results:
The experiment was still the same set up as those previous but with 2 LED sources. For
each different mask of two circulars pulpil and variation of distance between two holes (in order
of 5,10 & 15mm), we perform OTF measurement for both cases of 1 and 2 sources. The whole six
measurements are carefully captured as below:

Distance 1 source 2 source Ratio of 1 Ratio of 2 Ratio

between source source
Amplitude Amplitude
2 holes
Main Second Main Second
(mm)
peak peak peak peak
5 5516 2597 11810 5173 0.460 0.440 0.960
10 3409 1554 14670 482 0.455 0.080 0.070
15 6492 2056 13520 4455 0.317 0.330 1.040

Table 2: The values of Ratio from 1 and 2 source