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Exp 5 Head Loss Due To Friction
Exp 5 Head Loss Due To Friction
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
1
TABLE OF CONTENT
TITLE PAGE
Objective 3
Theory 3-7
Anticipated Results 8 - 10
Apparatus 11 - 12
Procedure 13-15
Discussions 22
Conclusions 23
Critique 23
2
OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this experiment is to measure head loss in pipes for different water
flow rates and pipe diameters. The experiment is also conducted to estimate the values of loss
coefficient for pipes of different flow conditions and diameters and determine the effect of
sudden change in pipe diameter and flow direction on the total energy or head losses in pipes.
THEORY
In Bernoulli's equation, hf represents the head loss due to friction between the fluid and the
internal surface of the constant diameter pipe as well as the friction between the adjacent fluid
layers
This will result in a continuous change of energy from a valuable mechanical form (such as
kinetic or potential energies) to a less valuable thermal form that is heat. This change of energy is
usually referred to as friction head loss, which represents the amount of energy converted into
heat per unit weight of fluid.
The head losses (hf) in pipe due to friction can be determined using Darcy-Weisbach
equation;
Where:
f = Friction factor
L = Length
V = Mean velocity (Q/A)
g = Gravity
D = Constant diameter
The friction head loss for both laminar and turbulent flows can be expressed by similar formulas
although the original derivation of each one is different:
L V2
hf f (3)
D 2g
3
In laminar flow, the friction factor is only a function of Reynolds number while
for turbulent flow it is a function of Reynolds (Re) number and the relative
roughness of the pipe.
VD
Re (4)
Equation (6) is Blausius Equation and only valid for smooth pipe and 3000 < Re< 105. The
value of f for turbulent flow can be obtained experimentally from the Moody Chart.
Moreover, for turbulent flow, the relationship between hf and V takes the form
(7)
hf = K. Vn
where K is a loss coefficient and n ranges from 1.7 to 2.0 (depending on the
value of Re and ks/D).This equation can be written as
Experimentally, one can obtain the head loss by applying energy equation
between any two points along a constant diameter pipe. This is done in Eq. 1
and by noticing that the pipe is horizontal and the diameter is constant. The
pressure heads of a fluid between 2 points , h1 and h2, are measured by
using Piezometer tubes. The total head loss can be determined
experimentally by applying the Bernoulli’s equation as follows:
Energy losses are proportional to the velocity head of the fluid as it flows around an elbow,
through an enlargement or contraction of the flow section, or through a valve. Experimental
values for energy losses are usually reported in terms of a resistance or loss coefficient K as
follows:
4
KV 2
hL (10)
2g
where hL is the minor loss, K is the resistance or loss coefficient, and V is the average
velocity
of flow in the pipe in the vicinity where the minor loss occurs. The resistance or loss
coefficient is dimensionless because it represents a constant of proportionality between the
energy loss and the velocity head. The magnitude of the resistance coefficient depends on the
geometry of the device that causes the loss and sometimes on the velocity of flow.
When a fluid flows from a smaller pipe into a larger pipe through a sudden enlargement, its
velocity abruptly decreases, causing turbulence, which generates an energy loss.
where,
V1 = velocity at small cross-section (upstream)
V2 = velocity at large cross-section (downstream)
The minor loss (hL) due to sudden enlargement of the pipe can be estimated by integrating the
momentum, continuity and Bernoulli equations between positions 1 and 2 to give
V1 V2 2
hL (11)
2g
Substituting again for the continuity equation to get an expression involving the two areas,
(i.e. V2=V1(A1/A2) gives
2
KV1
hL (12)
2g
2
A
2
D
2
Where , K 1 1 1 1
A2 D2
5
Minor losses at sudden contraction
When a fluid flows from a larger pipe into a smaller pipe through a sudden contraction, the
fluid streamlines will converge just downstream of the smaller pipe, known as vena
contraction phenomena, creating a turbulence region from the sharp corner of the smaller
pipe and extends past the vena contracta, which subsequently generates an energy loss.
In a sudden contraction, flow contracts from point 1 to point 1', forming a vena contraction. It
is possible to assume that energy losses from 1 to 1' are negligible (no separation occurs in
contracting flow) but that major losses occur between 1' and 2 as the flow expands again
If the vena contracta area is A1’=Ac, then the minor loss (hL) can be estimated by integrating
the momentum , continuity and Bernoulli equations between positions 1 and 2 to give
2
A V22
hL 1 C
A2 2g (13)
The above equation is commonly expressed as a function of loss coefficient (K) and the
average velocity (V2) in the smaller pipe downstream from the contraction as follows;
2
2 A
KV2 K 1 C
hL A2 (14)
2g
6
Minor Losses at elbow or bend pipe
Losses in fittings such as elbow, valves etc have been found to be proportional to the velocity
head of the fluid flowing. The energy loss is expressed in the general form,
KV 2
hL (15)
2g
where,
In the experiment the pressure heads before and after a fluid undergoing
sudden change in pipe diameter or flow direction, h 1 and h2, are measured
by using Piezometer tubes. The total head loss (major and minor losses)
can be determined experimentally by applying the Bernoulli’s equation as
follows:
hl + Vl 2 / 2 g + Z1 = h2 + V2 2 / 2 g + Z2 + hL (17)
V12 V22
and since Z1 = Z2 , then hL h1 h2 (18)
2g
ANTICIPATED RESULT
7
For this experimenrt the predicted result is the result that we calculated using the provided
formula which is also referring to the theoretical result.
10 0.009
15 0.018
20 0.03
25 0.045
30 0.062
10 0.035
15 0.071
20 0.117
25 0.173
30 0.239
10 0.243
15 0.493
20 0.816
25 1.206
30 1.659
8
Gate valve
10 0.035
15 0.071
20 0.117
25 0.173
30 0.239
Ball valve
10 0.035
15 0.071
20 0.117
25 0.173
30 0.239
10 0.035
15 0.071
20 0.117
25 0.173
30 0.239
9
HEAD LOSS DUE TO SUDDEN ENLARGEMENT
10 -0.002
15 -0.003
20 -0.004
25 -0.005
30 -0.007
10 0.000122
15 0.000273
20 0.000486
25 0.000759
30 0.001094
10
APPARATUS
Description of Apparatus
Tee PVC Pipe ¾ “ Straight flow
Tee PVC Pipe ¾ “ Line, 90˚ bend
PVC Pipe No 1: Diameter 1-in = 0.0254m
PVC Pipe No 2: Diameter ¾ -in = 0.0191m
PVC Pipe No 1: Diameter ½ -in = 0.0127m
The experiments will be performed using a pipe flow setup as shown in figure above. This is
a self contained water circulating unit for a study of friction losses in pipes, pipe fittings, and
valves; and to determine the coefficients of discharge for primary flow measuring devices at
various flow rates. The unit consists of a pump, a storage tank and a panel on which all
friction loss components and the flow measuring devices are arranged. Friction loss is
measured by a pressure drop, and coefficient of discharge is determined from a pressure drop
and a flow rate. Flow rate is measured using a constant flow rate flow meter, and the pressure
drop is measured using a manometer. Pressure taps are connected by flexible hoses to a set of
specially arranged manifolds such that differential pressure across any component can be
measured simply by opening valves without removing the hoses.
11
The equipment consists of the following:
Friction Components
Linear pipes
Length of Pipe : 1250 mm
Tee PVC Pipe ¾ “ Sraight Flow
Tee PVC Pipe ¾ “ Line, 90o Bend
PVC : 3/4 in, 1/2 in and 1 in.
Valves
Gate valve
Globe valve
Ball valve
Check valve
Other fittings
Sudden expansion and contraction
Tee sections
Measuring Devices
Flow rate meter (Installed on the same panel as 1.1)
Water manometer with a hand air pump: 2 tubes, 950 mm × 1 mm graduations
Mercury manometer: 2 tubes, 950 mm× 1 mm graduations
12
PROCEDURE (To Test the Head Loss due to Pipe Friction)
1. The flow control valve is fully opened and isolating valve is inlet.
2. The gate valve and globe valve are closed.
3. The main switch for hydraulic bench and digital pressure indicator is on.
4. The outlet control valve is opened.
5. The isolating valve is open for the test pipe No. 1.
6. The two manometer tubes (from digital pressure indicator) is inserted into the tapping valve
of pipe No. 1.
7. The pump of hydraulic bench is switched on.
8. The water flow is let through the system for a while.
9. The reading on the differential pressure indicator is recorded.
10. The drain is closed and a stopwatch is used to measure the time taken for 4 liters of water to
flow into the measuring tank
11. The drain is opened once it is done and the water is let to flow into the sump tank.
12. The flow rate of water is changed by adjusting outlet control valve to get different differential
pressure reading.
13. Again, the differential pressure reading is taken and the time taken to collect the water is
recorded.
14. Five readings of various flow rates is used.
15. Switch off the pump and shut the isolating valve for test pipe No. 1.
16. The above procedures are repeated for test pipe No. 2 (repeat procedures 4 to 14).
17. The pump is switched off and the isolating valve is shut down for test pipe No. 2.
18. Step number 17 is repeated for test pipe No. 3.
PROCEDURE (To Test the Head Loss at the valves (Gate and Ball valves)
1. The control valve (turn clockwise) is slowly controlled until maximum turn. The
manometer rubber tube is moved from the inlet flowing pressure (H 1) of pipe 3 to
the outlet flowing pressure (H2) of pipe 4 (gate valve). The system is now flowing
through the gate valve pipe.
2. Both water manometer rubber tubes is put at inlet flowing pressure (H 1) and outlet
flowing pressure (H2) while at the same time the control valve (turn counter-
clockwise) is slowly controlled until flow rate Q reaches maximum value 30
liter/minute. During the process, if air bubbles present in the flowing pipe, the air
will move through the higher end of water manometer rubber tube. The air bubbles
are removed up to the manometer glass tube.
13
PROCEDURE (To Test the Head Loss at the elbow)
2. The control valve (turn clockwise) is slowly controlled until maximum turn. The
manometer rubber tube is moved from the inlet flowing pressure (H 1) of pipe 5 to
the outlet flowing pressure (H2) of pipe 6 (elbow). The system is now flowing
through the elbow pipe.
2. Both water manometer rubber tubes is put at inlet flowing pressure (H 1) and outlet
flowing pressure (H2) while at the same time the control valve (turn counter-
clockwise) is slowly controlled until flow rate Q reaches maximum value 30
liter/minute. During the process, if air bubbles present in the flowing pipe, the air
will move through the higher end of water manometer rubber tube. The air bubbles
are removed up to the manometer glass tube.
1. The control valve (turn clockwise) is slowly controlled until maximum turn. The
manometer rubber tube is moved from the inlet flowing pressure (H 1) of pipe 6 to
the outlet flowing pressure (H2) of pipe 7 (sudden enlargement). The system is
now flowing through the sudden enlargement pipe.
2. Both water manometer rubber tubes is put at inlet flowing pressure (H 1) and outlet
flowing pressure (H2) while at the same time the control valve (turn counter-
clockwise) is slowly controlled until flow rate Q reaches maximum value 30
liter/minute. During the process, if air bubbles present in the flowing pipe, the air
will move through the higher end of water manometer rubber tube. The air
bubbles are removed up to the manometer glass tube.
14
PROCEDURE (To Test the Sudden Contraction)
1. The control valve (turn clockwise) is slowly controlled until maximum turn. The
manometer rubber tube is moved from the inlet flowing pressure (H 1) of pipe 7 to
the outlet flowing pressure (H2) of pipe 8 (sudden contraction). The system is now
flowing through the sudden contraction pipe.
2. Both water manometer rubber tubes is put at inlet flowing pressure (H 1) and outlet
flowing pressure (H2) while at the same time the control valve (turn counter-
clockwise) is slowly controlled until flow rate Q reaches maximum value 30
liter/minute. During the process, if air bubbles present in the flowing pipe, the air
will move through the higher end of water manometer rubber tube. The air
bubbles are removed up to the manometer glass tube.
15
Calculations ( Take Table 1 for example of calculation)
The Flow Rate, Q is calculated by the following formula:
Q =
= 5.0 x
Area of pipe = =
= 1.267 x
Velocity, v = =
= 0.986 m/s
Rₑ = =
= 24513.87
= 0.0253
= (2)(0.0127)(9.81)(0.041)
(1.25)(0.986)2
= 0.01680
16
The Theoretical Head Loss is calculated by the following formula:
= x 100
= 33.48
17