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19 July 2016

Lecture # 16: CLASS SPOROZOA

************  CLASS HAEMOSPORINA  **********

General characteristics
1.          They are obligate intracellular parasite of blood and tissue cells of
vertebrate and invertebrates.
 2.      The life cycle is characterized by alternation of generation or development,
occur in the same host or they need another host.

3.          The schizogony stage, which is the asexual cycle of development usually
occur in the epithelial cells of the intestinal mucosa. The end product is the
schizonts.

4.      The sporogony or the sexual cycle of development usually occurs within the
intestinal lumen of the invertebrate host. The end product is the spores.

5.          The intermediate host is the one in which the schizogony stage of the
parasite takes place.

6.      The definite host is the one wherein sporogony occur.

Stages of development
1.      Trophozoite – feeding or growing stage in the asexual cycle of the sporozoa,
it lives within the tissue cell.

2.      Schizont – the sporozoan body during schizogony which includes the period
of initial growth (early schizont or pre–segmenters) to the complete splitting
up of the nucleus with merozoite production.

3.      Merozoite – late segment, end product of schizogony of malarial parasites in

human RBC; pathogenic stage; motile and escape from the infected cell; some
will infect other tissue cell, again going to the trophozoite stage, the rest will
be differentiated into male and female forms (gametocytes).

4.      Gametocyte – immature sexual form

5.          Microgametocyte – the male gametocyte that will produce a group of

microgametes.

6.          Microgametocyte – the female gametocyte that will produce a

macrogamete; mature only to be fit for fertilization

7.      Gametes – mature sexual forms.

8.      Microgametes – the male sex cell in sporozoa

9.      Macrogametes – the female sex cell in sporozoa

 10.  Zygote – union of micro and macrogametes; a fertilized ovum before cell
division

11.  Oocyst – an encysted zygote

12.  Sporoblast – one of a number of bodies in many sporozoa into which zygote
divided and from which sporozoites are formed.

13.  Sporocyst – as used in Coccidia, the separated membrane that surrounds a

sporoblast and subsequently the group of sporozoites formed from this
sporoblast.

14.  Sporozoite – the end product of sexual multiplication of malarial parasite in

the mosquito.

***********  THE PLASMODIUM SPECIES  ***********

Characteristics in general
1.      Obligate intracellular parasite of blood and tissues.

2.      Alternation of generation (sexual and asexual development)

3.      Alternation of host

4.      Sexual cycle takes place within the definite host or mosquito vector (female
Anopheles flavirostris)

5.      Asexual phase takes place within the intermediate host (man).
6.      Pigment producing during erythrocytic stage.

7.      Four species are known to affect humans:

a.      Plasmodium vivax – benign tertian malaria

b.      Plasmodium ovale – benign ovale tertian malaria
c.       Plasmodium malariae – benign quartan malaria
d.        Plasmodium falciparum – malignant tertian or subtertian or Estivo –
autumnal malaria
 ******  PLASMODIUM VIVAX  ******

Morphology:
Early trophozoite or ring    :                    relatively large; usually one prominent
chromatin
                                                            dot, sometimes 2; often 2 rings, sometimes more in
                                                            one cell.

Large trophozoite                :           large, markedly amoeboid; abundant chromatin;

                                                            Prominent vacuole; pigment is fine.

Young schizonts or
            pre–segmenters        :           large; somewhat amoeboid; dividing chromatin  
                                                                    masses numerous, pigment in fine rodlets

Mature schizonts or                     :                    schizonts & merozoites large; pigment

coalescent
            Segmenters

Number of merozoites       :           12 – 24, usually 12 – 18

Microgametocytes               :           smaller and less numerous than

                                                            macrogametocytes; spherical; compact; no
vacuole; undivided chromatin; diffuse coarse
pigment; cytoplasm stains light blue
Macrogametocytes                         :                    spherical; compact, larger than
microgametocyte,
                                                            smaller nucleus; same pigment; cytoplasm stains
                                                            darker blue

Alteration in infected
            red cell                       :           enlarged and decolorized; Schuffner’s dots
                                                            usually seen.

Length of asexual phase    :           48 hours

Minimal prepatent period :           8 days

Usual incubation period    :           8 – 31 days

Interval between parasite

patency and gametocyte
appearance                           :           3 – 5 days

Development period in
            mosquito                   :           10 days at 28 – 30oC

******  PLASMODIUM OVALE  ******

Morphology:
Early trophozoite or ring   :           one chromatin dot; double infection uncommon

Large trophozoite                :           small; compact, not amoeboid, vacuole

                                                            inconspicuous, pigment coarse

Young schizont or
            pre–segmenter         :           medium size; compact, few chromatin masses,
                                                            coarse pigment

Mature schizone or
            segmenter                 :           merozoites larger than in P. malariae;
                                                            irregular rosette

Microgametocyte                 :           similar to P. vivax

Macrogametocyte                :           similar to P. vivax

Pigment except in mature 

            schizonts                   :           similar to but somewhat coarser than P.vivax;
                                                            sometimes clumped or in lateral bands

Alterations in the infected             enlarged; decolorized; prominent Schuffner’s

            RBC                            :           dots appear early; infected cells maybe oval–
                                                            shaped with finfrainted ends.

Length of asexual phase    :           49 – 50 hours

Minimal prepatent              :           9 days

period

Usual incubation period    :           11 – 16 days

Interval between parasite
patency and gametocyte
appearance                           :           5 – 6 days; appearance irregular and numbers
                                                            are few

Developmental period
in mosquito                          :           16 days at 25oC
                                                            14 days at 27oC

******  PLASMODIUM MALARIAE  ******

Morphology:

Early trophozoite or ring   :           one chromatin dot; double cell infection
uncommon

Large trophozoite                :           smaller than vivax; compact, often band

                                                            Shaped; not amoeboid; vacuole inconspicuous
                                                            Coarse pigment

Young schizont or
            pre–segmenter         :           small; compact; few chromatin masses; coarse
                                                            pigment

Mature schizont or
            segmenter                 :           schizonts smaller but merozoites larger

Number of merozoites       :           6 – 12, usually 8

Microgametocyte                 :           similar to P. vivax but smaller and less numerous
Macrogametocyte                :           similar to P. vivax but smaller and less numerous

Pigment except in mature 

            schizonts                   :           seen in young rings; granules rather than rods;
                                                            tendency toward peripheral scatter (rosette)

Alterations in the infected                        

            RBC                            :           cell may seem smaller, fine stippling (Ziemann’s
                                                            dot), occasionally seen
                                                           
Length of asexual phase    :           72 hours

Minimal prepatent              :           14 days  

period

Usual incubation period    :           28 – 37 days

Interval between parasite

patency and gametocyte
appearance                           :           10 – 14 days

Developmental period
in mosquito                          :           30 – 35 days at 20oC
                                                            25 – 28 days at 22oC

******  PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM  ******

Morphology:
Early trophozoite or ring   :           small, delicate, sometimes 2 chromatin dots
                                                            multiple red cell infection,

Large trophozoite                :           medium size; usually compact, rarely amoeboid;

                                                            Vacuole inconspicuous; rare in peripheral blood
                                                            After half grown; granular pigment

Young schizont or
            pre–segmenter         :           small, compact; numerous chromatin masses;
                                                            single pigment mass; rare in peripheral blood
Mature schizont or
            segmenter                 :           smaller merozoites; single pigment mass

Number of merozoites       :           8 – 26 usually 8 – 18

Microgametocyte                 :           crescents, usually sausage–shaped; diffuse

                                                            Chromatin; large grains of scattered pigments;
                                                            Large nucleus; cytoplasm stains dark blue
Macrogametocyte                :           crescents, often longer and more slender; central
                                                            chromatin; more compact pigments; compact
                                                            nucleus; cytoplasm stains dark blue

Pigment except in mature 

            schizonts                   :           granular pigment; early tendency to coalesce;
                                                            typical single solid mass in mature trophozoite;
                                                            coarse scattered “rice grains” in crescents

Alterations in the infected                        

            RBC                            :           normal size but may have “brassy”appearance.
                                                            Maurer’s dots or clefts common.  
           

                                                
Length of asexual phase    :           36 – 48 hours

Minimal prepatent              :           5 days

            period

Usual incubation period    :           7 – 27 days

Interval between parasite

patency and gametocyte
appearance                           :           8 – 11 days

Developmental period
in mosquito                          :           22 – 23 days at 20oC
                                                            10 – 12 days at 27oC
Blackwater fever – acute hemolytic syndrome resulting from intravascular
hemolysis characterized by hemoglobinuria, fever, nausea and vomiting, jaundices,
oliguria and anuria. It is associated with falciparum malaria.

************  CLASS COCCIDIA  ************

******  ISOSPORA BELLI / ISOSPORA HOMINIS  ******

Disease:         Human coccidiosis

Morphology:
Since they are morphologically the same, they are taken together

1.      Belli – passed out in the stool as immature or unsegmented (thicker wall)
2.      Hominis – passed out in the stool as mature form

Immature oocyst:           20–33u x 10–19u

                                          It is elongatedly ovoidal in shape with one end

                                          narrower than the other. This contains the
                                          micropyla. It has a thin, inner membranous layer
                                          and an outer, thick impermeable layer. It usually
                                          contains a spherical mass of granules, may have
                                          sporoblast.
 Mature oocyst:                29 x 14u
                                          Contains 2 sporocyst, each containing 4 sporozoite

Habitat
Small intestine of man (lower portion of ilium and cecum). It is believed that the
schizogony occurs within epithelial cells of the intestinal mucosa while gametocyte
formation, maturation of the sex takes place within the intestinal lumen.

Life cycle
 ******  EIMERIA SP.  ******
–        Characterized by an oocyst having 4 sporocysts and each has 2 sporozoites.
–        The sizes vary depending on the species.

–        The shape is usually ovoidal, spherical or ellipsoidal

–        They are coprozoites or spurious parasite of man, they are just an accidental
host; has been diagnosed in human stool by the ingestion of non–viable cyst
from the sardines and fishes which are their natural host.

–        It should not be confused with Isospora

******  TOXOPLASMA GONDI  ******

Disease:         Toxoplasmosis

Morphology:
–        it has a delicate ovoidal, pyriform or crescentric body measuring 4–6u with
one or both extremities pointed or rounded. The nucleus is located at one end
and the paranuclear body on the other end.

–        masses of these parasites are observed in mononuclear and endothelial cells
and might easily be mistaken for leishmanias without careful study.

Mode of transmission:
Ingestion of undercook meat, fecal contamination, accidental infection, nasal route,
transplacental transmission.

Cats are important in this disease because they are the vectors; they are
asymptomatic and have the capacity to give the highly infectious oocyst.

Life cycle
Three types of Toxoplasmosis

1.          Congenital – infection through the fetus occur on the 1st 4 months of
pregnancy but not later than because of antibody production.

Tetrad of signs or Sabin–Feldman syndrome: 

a.      Internal hydrocephalus and microcephalus

b.      Chorioretinitis
c.       Convulsion and psychomotor disturbances
d.     Intra – cerebral calcification

2.      Acquired – post – natal; majority of the cases are inapparent or subclinical;
some cases are grouped into:

a.          With fever, lymphadenitis resembling glandular fever or infectious

mononucleosis
b.      Without fever, with enlargement of lymph glands without other signs and
symptoms
c.       Typhus–like syndrome
d.     Cerebro–spinal form
e.      Increase protein and increase mononuclear cells.

3.          Opportunistic – in decrease immunity especially those taking

immunosuppressive drugs.

Diagnosis:

Ventricular aspirate, from biopsy of lymph node, liver or spleen, or as necropsy and
intraperitoneal inoculation into mice; demonstration of specific antibodies using
the CFT combined with Sabin Feldman dye test

******  SARCOCYSTIS LINDEMANI  *******

Disease:         Focal myositic with eosinophilia

Morphology:
1.      Consist of a cylindrical, elongated or fusiform body, hyaline in appearance
with more or less pointed ends, lying lengthwise in the affected muscle fibers.
It is enclosed in a membrane and contains myriads of round and crescent –
shaped spores, “Miescher’s tubes.”

2.          The outer membrane may show radial striation and from it, fine
prolongations extend, dividing the tube into separate compartments, of which
the outer contain round cells, while the inner compartment, there are more or
less banana–shaped trophozoites or “Rainey’s corpuscles” or “spores.”

Habitat
Muscles of human larynx, esophagus, diaphragm, chest and abdomen, heart muscle
and muscles of extremities
Diagnosis
Demonstration of Miescher tubes in the affected muscles during autopsy.
(+) Sabin – Feldman dye Test

******  PNEUMOCYSTIS CARINI  ******

Disease:         Interstitial plasmacellular pneumonia pneumocystosis

Morphology:
Small, round cyst containing 8 uninucleated bodies, trophozoites which could be
crescent, sickle or pear–shaped with amoeboid movement.

MT Notes at 12:00:00 PM

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