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Indian Maritime University: Technical Project Report
Indian Maritime University: Technical Project Report
Indian Maritime University: Technical Project Report
BY
SHREYANSH JAIN (BT-22)
SHYAM GOEL (BT-17)
NITISH SAINI (BT-23)
SUBHASH VANCHINATHAN (BT-24)
NIRBHAY PARIHAR (BT-31)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We the members of this technical report B.TECH (M.E) 4thYear group express
sincere thanks to Mr A. N. S. Neti Sir for constantly guiding, motivating and
helping us throughout the preparation of paper.
We are also thankful to all the respected faculties who guided us to complete
this paper.
We are thankful to our librarian for providing us internet access to download
related topics and all the Library Facilities available to us.
We are obliged to our Institute In-charge Mr. Md. Shaji Sir for his constant
inspiration, encouragement and making all facilities available to us.
Contents
Fouling
Factors & Effects
Stages of Fouling
IMO Regulations
Need of Anti-Fouling
Anti-Fouling
Types of Paints
Anti-Fouling Technology
Aqua Blasting
Nickel Boron Plating
SuperHydrophobic Coating
Controlled Depletion Paints (CDP)
Self-Polishing Copolymers (SPC)
Self-Polishing Antifouling
Conclusion
What is Fouling?
Other Factors:
Water salinity and pollution.
Generally speaking: greatest risk of fouling is with low activity trading
extensively in tropical or sub tropical coastal environments.
Faster deep-sea vessels at highest risk of fouling when in port (often
tropical/sub tropical) for loading/unloading.
Effects of Fouling
Deterioration of coatings such as favored corrosion.
Settlement of fouling generates an increase of the frequency of dry-
docking operations either because of the need of additional hull cleaning
or even in costly additional coating replacement or hull repair.
On the other hand, it could have economic and societal impacts
including management costs, impact on human health, costs for
eradication and control measures.
Types of Stages
The ocean is brim full of planktonic larvae and planktonic algal spores, who seek
a suitable surface to develop into their adult form. Unfortunately a hull of a ship
is one of these suitable surfaces for these organisms to latch onto and develop,
effectively making ships subject to ownership of a portable marine ecosystem!
This can create a fascinating site for snorkelling, as the layer of algae encourages
fish to accompany the ship. However the accumulated fouling demands greater
engine exertion to maintain speed, resulting in greater fuel use, added cost and
can be damaging to the engine. Not only is performance an issue here, but safety
as well. Heavy fouling causes a ship to sit lower in the water and negatively
effects responsiveness.
Aqua blasting
Nickel Boron Plating
Superhydrophobic Coating
Controlled Depletion Paints (CDP)
Self-Polishing Copolymers (SPC)
Self-Polishing antifouling
With the water acting as a protective buffer; and the emulsion gently
eradicating any grime – the underlying surface is crucially left intact. Vitally,
there will be no alteration of critical dimensions. The creation of any dust is
also avoided; as there no break-up of any media during the Aqua Blasting
process.
Nickel boron is a surface deposit coating that can be applied to a wide range
of metals including steel, stainless steel, nickel alloys, aluminium, cobalt
alloys, copper alloys, and titanium. It is a great alternative to chrome
plating and has many benefits, including excellent wear and corrosion
resistance.
The process of electroless Nickel Boron plating does not need an electrical
current; therefore the coating deposition rates are fully controllable and
produce incredibly accurate and consistent tolerances. So even on sharp
corners, edges, flat surfaces, as well as blind holes, threads, channels,
recesses and internal areas of all shapes and sizes, the result is exactly the
same.
The nodular structure of nickel boron also reduces drag in aerodynamics and
fluids when applied to the following components:
ship propellers
down-hole crude oil pumping equipment
bushings
thrust washers
automotive and truck transmissions
Superhydrophobic Coating
Surfaces can be made hydrophobic without the use of coating through the
altering of their surface microscopic contours, as well. The basis of
hydrophobicity is the creation of recessed areas on a surface whose wetting
expends more energy than bridging the recesses expends. This so called
Wenzel-effect surface or lotus effect surface, has less contact area by an
amount proportional to the recessed area, giving it a high contact angle. The
recessed surface has a proportionately diminished attraction foreign liquids or
solids and permanently stays cleaner. This has been effectively used for roofs
and curtain walls of structures that benefit from low or no maintenance.
Controlled Depletion Paints (CDP)
For biocides to be effective, they have to be released into the sea from
the antifouling.
Sea water is alkaline (pH ~ 8) and biocidal anti fouling work by having an
acidic binder component that can dissolve in sea water, thus releasing
biocides.
There is a slow dissolution of the paint film in sea water, similar to the
way a bar of soap disintegrates when left in water
This dissolution gradually slows down over time, due to the formation of
insoluble materials at the surface
The maximum effective life is typically 24 months on the underwater
sides, but it can be up to 36 months on the flat bottom of the ship
Leached layers can become thick, increasing roughness, and care is
needed to remove as much as possible before over coating at dry-
docking.
Rosin has some disadvantages
It is a brittle material, and can cause cracking and detachment
It reacts with oxygen and has to be immersed relatively quickly
It does not prevent water going into the antifouling paint film
Key tests for CDP a/f paints are:
Use of rosin, or rosin derivatives (ASTM D-1542)
Higher solids (55~60% vol. solids)
Thick leached layers
Film integrity is generally poor, and re-blasting is needed after 10 years
Self-Polishing Copolymers (SPC)
Process of SPC:
SPC Features:
Controlled, chemical dissolution of the paint film, capable of giving long
dry dock intervals (up to 60 months) and smoothing
Predictable polishing, enabling “tailor-made” specifications by vessel
type/operation.
Thin leached layers, so simple cleaning and re-coating at dry dock
Ideal for new buildings:
Excellent weather ability
Fouling control during fitting out
Good mechanical properties (Eg.: resistance to block squeeze etc)
Self-Polishing Antifouling
References
INTERNATIONAL MARITIME ORGANIZATION MANUAL
WIKIPEDIA
MARINE MICROBIAL PREVENTION JOURNAL
MARINE INSIGHT
MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN, 1999
OCEAN MANAGEMENT, 1978 - ELSEVIER