Columban College – Barretto

Basic Education

Concrete Plywood made out of used papers and cement

Jaenyzha Rose G. Burlas

Sophia S. Adriano

Elijah S. Maque

Arwen Guinevere D. Reyman

Jeremy Paolo P. Cariño

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Abstract

According to that issue, we concluded this study may be an effective

alternative to ply wood since it is made out of the combination of used papers,

somehow having properties of the source of ply woods, and cement that made it

durable, sturdy and withstand the flaws of ply wood like being fireproof. First, we

gathered the main ingredients, used paper and cement, in equal amounts. The used

papers were soaked so that it may mix well with the cement and adding water

while combining these ingredients. The mixture were now then molded in molding

trays and when dried it was tested in various ways to check if it was a successful

product.

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Acknowledgement

The success and final outcome of this project required a lot of guidance and

assistance from many people and we are extremely thankful to have this all along

for the completion of our project and we would like to thank;

First, to our Lord Almighty God we would like to thank him for everything

not only for our project but even in our own lives God has done a lot for us in

general, for our knowledge and skills he gave us.

We are also thankful for our adviser and science teacher Ms. Ellyza

Nobleza, for giving us new ideas about our project and without her we cannot

complete this project. Thanks for giving a supply of knowledge each day we go to

our school.

To other teachers that guided us not only in our project but also in our daily lives in

school, we deeply thank you

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For our friends, classmates, school mates for sharing documents and sharing

their knowledge for

making our project better . We thank you for encouraging and helping us.

We deeply thank our parents for the unlimited support, helping, providing

things that we need for the project and for guiding that you gave us in this project.

The researchers of this group say a big thanks to you all for helping us finish

this project, we would not done this project without you all.

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Table of Contents

Title Page............................................................................................................. i

Abstract.............................................................................................................. ii

Acknowledgement.................................................................................................iii

Table of contents................................................................................................... iiii

Chapter I: The Problem and Its Setting

Introduction...................................................................................................7

Statement of the problem..............................................................................8

Significance of the study...............................................................................8

Scope and limitations...................................................................................9

Chapter II: Review of Related Literature

Review of Related Literature.......................................................................10

Definition of Variables................................................................................15

Chapter III: Research Methodology

Materials.................................................................................................................17

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Procedure..................................................................................................20

Chapter IV: Results and Discussion

Chapter V: Conclusion and Recommendation

Appendices........................................................................................................iiiii

Curriculum Vitae...............................................................................................iiiiii

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Chapter I

Problem and Its Setting

Introduction

We always use wood in our daily lives from the frame of our houses,

cabinets and tables we use even the chair we sit on especially in school. We make

use of wood like paper, furniture, musical instruments and test tube racks used in

Chemistry. The problem is most of the forests and trees nowadays are dropping.

Before 2.3 million square kilo meters of forests around the world were cut down as

a result 6.2 million square kilo meters remains that covers the Earth. Deforestation

not only affects us but also the environment especially former habitants of the

cleared forests. Trees are not only used as ply woods but are used in the production

of coal, tools, and houses and are also scrubbers of carbon-dioxide.

The production of ply wood save large percent of deforestation of forests

since it is made out trees. Thus we make use of used papers with the help of

cement to make it stronger than of plain plywood. So we concluded a study that

will likely lessen or prevent of losing of many trees caused by cutting for building

purposes. By combining used papers and cement the properties of the two will

cooperate to make a sturdier and an eco-friendly alternative for ply woods.

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Statement of the problem

This research aims to answer the question “How can you make concrete ply wood

out of used paper and cement?”

1. What are the good benefits of concrete plywood made out of used papers and

cement to the environment?

2.How durable the concrete plywood made out of used papers and cement

compared to the commercialized plywood?

3.What is the procedure in making concrete plywood made out of used papers and

materials?

4. How can the concrete plywood made out of used papers and cement withstand

the flaws of the commercialized plywood?

Significance of the study

This study is significant to society because it avoids deforestation which is a

big problem to people with low or high status since it leads to flood and soil

erosions that damages properties.

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This study would help the students and readers know more of the reuse,

reduce, recycle and the benefits of reforestation to their daily lives and in the near

future

This study may help researchers and future researchers in their upcoming

study since it may be similar to it or it may inspire them to make a study more

about concrete plywood. They make use of it as a reference or they may improve it

as much as they can.

Scopes and Limitations

The scope of this study is to make concrete plywood that is made out of used

papers and cement can be substituted for normal plywood although it cannot

provide some of the characteristics of the original plywood such as; Its availability,

the normal plywood can be easily bought and already prepared, while the concrete

plywood still needs to be handmade unless if there was a company that already

produces it.

concrete ply wood takes time to dry and use, while the normal ply wood is ready

made.

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Chapter II

Review of Related Literature

Deforestation happens in a lot of countries. It affects the atmosphere and it

causes harmful effects to all of us. Illegal logging is one of the cause of

deforestation. Even if they know that trees are reducing because of them, they still

didn't stop doing it.

According to Rhett Butler, in 2005 the Philippines lost a third of its forest

cover, according to FAO estimates, but the country's deforestation is down since its

peak in the 1980s and 1990s. Widespread logging was responsible for much of the

historical forest loss in the Philippines. Despite government bans on timber

harvesting following severe flooding in the late 1980s and early 1990s, illegal

logging continues today.

Environmentalists in the Philippines now fear that plantation agriculture,

especially oil palm, could emerge as the newest threat to remaining forests.

The continuing disappearance of Filipino wild lands is of great to concern to

ecologists due to the high levels of endemic species. Of the 1,196 known species of

amphibians, birds, mammals and reptiles in the country, nearly 46 percent are

endemic. Among plants, the number is around 40 percent. Only about 5 percent of

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the Philippines land area is under some form of protection. Estimates of current

forest cover in the Philippines are highly variable between sources.

According to the National Forest Management Bureau on January 2018,

forest cover in the Philippines declined from 21 million hectares, or 70% of the its

land area, in 1900 to about 6.5 million hectares by 2007. This data is very similar

that to the U.N. FAO, which is usually based on government data. Both the

government and the FAO show an increase in overall forest cover since 1990.

When specifications call for a specific surface you need to obtain a certain

number of pours without having to replace the plywood panels and choose the right

product. In simplistic terms there are several options and four categories; Phenolic

Surface Film (PSF), High Density Overlay (HDO), Medium Density Overlay

(MDO), and Plywood form (BB-OES).

Regardless which formwork plywood selected, remember that surface finish

and panel life is predicated upon proper care and maintenance. Using a forming oil

or release agent and being careful not to over vibrate the concrete mixture, will all

enhance the life of the plywood and reduce the possibility of imperfections on the

concrete surface.

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Plywood is a sheet material manufactured from thin layers or "plies"

of wood veneer that are glued together with adjacent layers having their wood

grain rotated up to 90 degrees to one another. It is an engineered wood from the

family of manufactured boards which includes medium-density fiberboard (MDF)

and particle board (chipboard).

All plywood bind resin and wood fiber sheets to form a composite material.

This alternation of the grain is called cross-graining and has several important

benefits: it reduces the tendency of wood to split when nailed in at the edges; it

reduces expansion and shrinkage, providing improved dimensional stability; and it

makes the strength of the panel consistent across all directions. There is usually an

odd number of plies, so that the sheet is balanced—this reduces warping. Because

plywood is bonded with grains running against one another and with an odd

number of composite parts, it is very hard to bend it perpendicular to the grain

direction of the surface ply.

In 1797 Samuel Bentham applied for patents covering several machines to

produce veneers. In his patent applications, he described the concept of laminating

several layers of veneer with glue to form a thicker piece – the first description of

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what we now call plywood. Bentham was a British naval engineer with many

shipbuilding inventions to his credit. Veneers at the time of Bentham were flat

sawn, rift sawnor quarter saw cut along or across the log manually in different

angles to the grain and thus limited in width and length. About fifty years

later Immanuel Nobel, father of Alfred Nobel, realized that several thinner layers

of wood bonded together would be stronger than one single thick layer of wood

understanding the industrial potential of laminated wood he invented the rotary

lathe.

Plywood was introduced into the United States in 1865 and industrial

production started shortly after. In 1928, the first standard-sized 4 ft by 8 ft

plywood sheets were introduced in the United States for use as a general building

material..

A typical plywood panel has face veneers of a higher grade than the core

veneers. The principal function of the core layers is to increase the separation

between the outer layers where the bending stresses are highest, thus increasing the

panel's resistance to bending. As a result, thicker panels can span greater distances

under the same loads. In bending, the maximum stress occurs in the outermost

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layers, one in tension, the other in compression. Bending stress decreases from the

maximum at the face layers to nearly zero at the central layer. Shear stress, by

contrast, is higher in the center of the panel, and at the outer fibers.

The most common dimension is 1.2 by 2.4 or the slightly larger imperial

dimension of 4 feet × 8 feet. Plies vary in thickness from 1.4 mm to 4.3 mm. The

number of plies—which is always odd—depends on the thickness and grade of the

sheet. Roofing can use the thinner 5/8" plywood. Subfloors are at least 3/4"

(18 mm) thick, the thickness depending on the distance between floor joists.

Plywood for flooring applications is often tongue and groove; This prevents one

board from moving up or down relative to its neighbor, providing a solid-feeling

floor when the joints do not lie over joists. T&G plywood is usually found in the

1/2" to 1" range.

Plywood for indoor use generally uses the less expensive urea-

formaldehyde glue, which has limited water resistance, while outdoor and marine-

grade plywood are designed to withstand moisture, and use a water-

resistant phenol-formaldehyde glue to prevent delamination and to retain strength

in high humidity.

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Definition of Variables

The following are the terms used on this research:

Deforestation

- Removal of a forest or stand of trees where the land is thereafter converted to a

non-forest use.

Reforestation

- Process of replanting an area with trees.

Plywood

- is a sheet material manufactured from thin layers of wood veneer that are glued

together with adjacent layers having their wood grain rotated up to 90 degrees to

one another.

Fireproof

- Able to withstand fire or great heat.

Waterproof

- Resistant to water

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Concrete

- composite material composed of fine and coarse aggregate bonded together with

a fluid cement that hardens over time

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Chapter III

Research Methodology

Materials

MATERIALS QUANTITY DESCRIPTION

wasted paper of any kind.

1 kilogram (kg) It is used for the mixture

used paper

most common liquid on

Earth. It is used for the

13 litres(L)
mixture

water

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used for constructions.

6 kilograms(kg) Used for the mixture

Cement

1 piece container for the mixture

while it is in process

Basin

1 piece
Bucket

Pail

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1 piece Used to flatten the

mixture

Masonry spoon

2 pieces used to mold the mixture

Molding board

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Procedures

To make the concrete plywood, the researchers must follow these steps:

1. Cut the pieces of paper into small

pieces

2. Put the paper in a water filled pail.

Make sure the paper was entire soaked

in water

3. Remove the paper from the pail then

put in the basin

4. Ground the wet paper thoroughly to

remove excess water.

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5. Add an equal amount of cement to the

paper and then mix

6. Add water to the mixture; and stir

constantly as water is added.

7. When the mixture is thoroughly

mixed, transferred into a molding board.

8. Allow to dry the concrete plywood

mixture for a few days before testing

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Chapter IV

Results and Discussion

In all of the products, the researchers observed that all 2 concrete plywood

had fireproofing properties and were able to withstand different amount of force.

The researchers set the concrete plywood on fire for about 30 minutes and

all of it only developed dark spots on the surfaces but did not burn, crack, or

develop crevice. To test its durability, the researchers smashed the plywood into a

wall. And to test its waterproofing properties, the researchers submerged the

concrete plywood in water for a day.

The researchers believe that the plywood concreted product developed had

more economical value. Comparing the expenses used in the project and the prices

of commercially available concrete plywood, the researchers computed about 71%

savings in making the product since it is able to use the reuse, reduce and recycle

that is a part of the reforestation campaign.

The product can be nailed or spawn. It can also be used for making tables, wall

ceilings and other furniture.

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Pictures:

Test Before After Results Time

Waterproof

test

1 Day

Feb 26, 2018 Feb 27, 2018

5:29 pm 5:31 pm

Fireproof 30

test mins

Feb 27, 2018 Feb 27, 2018

5:34 pm 6:07 pm

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Durability

test

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Chapter V
Conclusions and Recommendations

A. Conclusion

After doing this project, the researchers found out that making it is possible

on making concrete plywood made out of used papers and cement. The researchers

made product was comparable to commercially available plywood in terms of

durability, usefulness, and overall quality though the concrete plywood is firmer

and sturdier. Also, the concrete plywood product was cheaper.

B. Recommendation

We would recommend to make the concrete plywood as thin as the plywood

for its better results. If the concrete plywood is too thick it will heavy and will be

hard for constructing ceilings, walls, and many more.

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Appendices

Cutting paper into pieces

Soaking paper with water

Making the mixture

Putting the mixture into

the frame

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Final Product

Testing the product

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Curriculum Vitae:

Name: Jaenyzha Rose G. Burlas

Address: #153 Sto.Tomas, Subic, Zambales

Date of Birth: January 15, 2004

Place of Birth: Olongapo City

Educational Attainment: Grade 8 Junior High School

Elementary: Columban College - Barretto(?)

Secondary: Columban College - Barretto(?)

Affiliation: Grade 8 representative in the Supreme Student's Government

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Name: Sophia S. Adriano

Address: #58 Rizal Ext. Bo. Barrettto, Olongapo City
Date of Birth: June 21, 2004
Place of Birth: Malolos, Bulacan
Educational Attainment: Junior High School Grade 8
Elementary: Columban College-Barretto
Secondary: Columban College-Barretto
Affiliation: None

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Name: Jeremy Paolo P. Cariño Adress: #31-E Jasmine St. corner Rosal St. Bo
Barretto Olongapo City, Zambales
Date of Birth: April 21, 2004
Place of Birth: Olongapo City
Educational Attainment: Grade 8 Junior High School
Elementary: Columban College - Barretto
Secondary: Columban College – Barretto
Affiliation: none

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