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MTK Chapter 4
MTK Chapter 4
In this chapter, you will learn how to identify correct sentences, identify wrong
sentences, understand statements, and understand open sentences. You also will
learn linear equation with one variable, and linear inequality with one variable.
The key terms include, correct sentences, wrong sentences, statements, open sentences,
equation, linear equation, solution and solution set. Equation and inequality can be
immediately to real situations.
You may learn equation and inequality by first understanding the descriptions
and examples in each chapter; trying to solve each problem grading from the simplest
to the most complex, and applying equation and inequality in real life. You may
learn equation and inequality by uncovering their components and relationship
among them. Following is the map of equation and inequality and its components:
Equation
and inequality
Mathematical
Equation Inequality
Sentences
Real World
Definition Solution Application
Context
A. Statements
Have you ever answered your teacher’s question?
How is the answer? True or false? If you answer a
question completely, your answer is a sentence. For
the question, “Where do you study?”, the answer can
be “I study at SMP Tanjung Atap”.
Figure 4.1
B. Open Sentences
1. In her birthday party, Ani received some books as
a gift from Johan. Lisa said, “the number of the
books in that gift-box is six”.
What is your opinion about Lisa’s sentence?
True or false?
Figure 4.2 2. A fruit seller received a shipment of oranges in a
sack. The number was unknown. The number of
the remaining oranges was 34. The seller said,
“The total number of the oranges is 456”. Can
you determine the truth-value (true or false) of the
seller’s sentence? Why?
3. Consider the sentence “5 added to a number is 12.”
Can you determine the truth-value of the sentence?
We cannot determine the truth-value of the
sentence because the value of “a number” in that
sentence has not been determined. Whether it is true
or false depends on what “a number” is.
Figure 4.3
If “a number” is 7, then the sentence becomes “5
added to 7 is 12”. The sentence is true. If “a number”
is 10, then the sentence becomes “5 added to 10 is 12”.
Mathematical
No. Verbal Expressions
Expressions
1. the sum of a and b a+b
2. the difference between a and b a-b
3. the square of a a2
4. the sum of a squared and b a2 + b2
squared
5. the difference of a squared and a2 - b2
b squared
6. the inverse of a 1/a
7. the multiplication of ← a by b axb
8. the division of a by b, when b is a : b, b≠0
not zero
Key Terms:
• equation
• linear equation with
one variable
• solution and solution set
Figure 4.4
Figure 4.5
(a) how many cars were used to go to the square of
the district?
(b) how many students went to the square of the
district by bicycle?
(c) how many students were there in each car?
Look at the tiger problem again.
The equation we get is 6m = 45.
If m is substituted by 5, then the sentence becomes
→ 6 x 5 = 45 and it is false.
If m is substituted by 6, then the sentence becomes
→ 6 x 6 = 45 and it is false.
If m is substituted by 7½, then the sentence becomes
→ 6 x 7 = 45 and it is false.
If m is substituted by 7 , then the sentence becomes
→ 6 x 7½ = 45 and it is true.
The value to make the equation true is called a
solution to the equation. Therefore, the solution of the
equation 6m = 45 is 7½ .
Problem 1 Book Problem. Ida and Anis bought some books. Ida
bought 5 packs while Anis bought 2 packs. The number
of books in each pack is the same. Answer each of the
following questions (the questions are not related to each
other).
a) Suppose Ida gives nine writing books to her sister and
the remainder is the same as Anis’ books. How many
writing books are there in each pack?
b) Suppose Anis receives 12 extra writing books from her
brother so that the number of all of her books is the
Figure 4.6 same as the number of Ida’s books. How many writing
books are there in each pack?
c) Suppose Ida gives six books to her sister, Anis receives
twelve extra books from her brother and the number of
Ida’s book is the same as the number of Anis’ books.
How many books are there in each pack?
Problem 2 Frog Problem. Two frogs, Tinki and Dipsi, were staying
under a tree. Suddenly, they were frightened by a snake.
They straightly jumped for many times to the same direction
in order to avoid the snake. Tinki jumped six times and
Dipsi jumped seven times. On the first jump Tinki reached
35 cm and Dipsi reached 20 cm. On the next jumps they
Ti n reached the same distance.
ki
Answer each question below.
a) What can you state about the situation?
Di p b) If on the last jump they reached the same distance,
Figure 4.7 how far did they reach on the second jump?
c) How far was the distance that was reached by each
frog up to the last jump?
Tinki
35 X X X X X
Dipsi
20 X X X X X X
Figure 4.8
Tinki
35 X X X X X
Dipsi
20 X X X X X X
Tinki
35 The equation
is ....
Dipsi
20 X
Diagram 2
15
Dipsi
X
How far is the second jump?
Diagram 3
Tinki Dipsi
Figure 4.9
76 Dipsi Tinki
Figure 4.10
124
Example 1 Ali and Udin are brothers. They cycled from the town
square to their home passing through the same path. Ali’s
speed was 12 km/hr, while Udin’s was 8 km/hr. Ali arrived
at home 15 minutes earlier than Udin. How long did Ali
cycle from the town square to his home?
Solution :
Let the time of cycling be t hours. Then the time of Udin
cycling is ( t + 15 )
60
Figure 4.11
hours = ( t + 1 ) hours.
4
Since the distances travelled by Ali and Udin are the
same, then
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
b. x – 3 ≤ 2
↔ x – 3 + 3 ≤ 2 + 3 (3 is subtracted from both sides)
↔x≤ 5
Another way:
Because the solutions are not so many, we can check
them one by one.
x = -2 ↔ (-2) – 3 ≤ 2 x = 3 ↔ (3) – 3 ≤ 2
-5 ≤ 2 (true) 0 ≤ 2 (true)
x = -1 ↔ (-1) – 3 ≤ 2 x = 4 ↔ (4) – 3 ≤ 2
-4 ≤ 2 (true) 1 ≤ 2 (true)
x = 0 ↔ (0) – 3 ≤ 2 x = 5 ↔ (5) – 3 ≤ 2
-3 ≤ 2 (true) 2 ≤ 2 (true)
x = 1 ↔ (1) – 3 ≤ 2 x = 6 ↔ (6) – 3 ≤ 2
-2 ≤ 2 (true) 3 ≤ 2 (false)
x = 2 ↔ (2) – 3 ≤ 2 x = 7 ↔ (7) – 3 ≤ 2
-1 ≤ 2 (true) 4 ≤ 2 (false)
Thus, the solutions are -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Comprehension Check
Find the solution and sketch the graph of the solution of
the following inequalities.
a. w + 2 > -1 b. 8 < 5 + r
3
8 < 12
... = 8 : 4 ... 12 : 4 = (both sides are divided by 4)
For an inequality:
1. if both sides are multiplied or divided by a positive number (non zero), then the sign
of the inequality does not change.
2. if both sides are multiplied or divided by a negative number (non zero), then the sign
of the inequality changes into the opposite.
b. – 2 x ≥ 2.
3
↔ 3.(– 2 x) ≥ 3.2 (both sides are multiplied by 3;
3
the sign does not change)
↔ –2x ≥ 6
↔ 2 x ≤ 6 (both sides are divided by –2; the
2 2
sign changes into the opposite)
↔ x ≤ –3.
The graph :
c. 4x -2 < -2x+10
↔ 4x – 2 + 2 < -2x + 10 + 2 (2 is added to both sides)
↔ 4x < -2x + 12
↔ 4x + 2x < -2x + 2x + 12 (2x is added to both sides)
↔ 6x < 12
↔ 6x : 6 < 12 : 6 (both sides are divided by 6)
↔ x<2
Task 4.4
1. Write an inequality that reoresents the following cases.
a) The driver must be 17 years old or more.
b) There are more than 20 species of crocodile.
c) Bus passengers cannot exceed 60 people.
2. Which of the following statements is a linear inequality
with one variable? If the statement is not true, give your
reason.
a) –3t + 7 ≥ t d) y (y +2) > 2y – 1
b) 2m – m < 0 e) y + y ≤ 5
c) x – x > 3
2
3. Find the solution for each inequality, and then sketch the
graph of the solution on a number line.
a) x – 1 > 10 f) 47 ≤ t - 7
5 2
b) w + 4 ≤ 9 g) h - 1 ≥ -1
2
h) -7 4 + m + 1 ≤ -2 1
3
c) –5 > b – 1
2 4
d) 3 + k ≥ -45 i) –3(v – 3) ≥ 5 – 3v
2
e) 2 < s – 8 j) 4 r – 3 < r + 2 - 1 r
3 3 3
4. Find the value of a so that the inequality ax + 4 ≤ -12
has the solution presented in the graph below.
Figure 4.16
122 Mathematics for Junior High School - Year 7
Problem 2 Amir buys a chicken for Rp 17,500.00, and then sells it for
Rp 16,000.00. What does he make? Profit or loss? How
much does he make?
Problem 3 Mrs. Ida sells a jewelry for Rp 450,000.00 and she makes
a profit of Rp 25,000.00. How much did she pay for the
jewelry?
Figure 4.17
B. Percentage of a profit or a
loss with respect to a buying
price
In daily life a profit or a loss is sometimes
represented by a percentage.
Suppose that Mr Rudi had a loss of 10% from
selling cars, while in selling motorbikes he made a
profit of 15%, he Rudi made a loss of 10% with respect
to the buying price of those cars and made a profit of
15% with respect to the buying price of motorbikes.
Figure 4.18
profit
Percentage of a profit = x 100%
buying price
loss
Percentage of a loss = x 100%
buying price
1. Discount
At the end of the year or at other celebration
events, many shops usually offer a discounts to attract
new buyers. A discount is also called price cutting.
Thus a discount is equivalent to a price reduction
given to customers.
Figure 4.20
Think it out. A suit is put on sale at 20% off the regular
price. The regular price is Rp 270,000.00. What is the
sale price Ida has to pay?
2. Tax
When we buy something, usually the price
which is to be paid includes what so-called tax. Such
a tax sometimes is included in the price. This kind of
tax is called Value Added Tax (Pajak Pertambahan
Nilai = PPN) and the amount of tax is given by the
government, that is 10%.
In addition, one who earns a wage is also to pay
some tax. These tax is called withholding tax or income
tax (Pajak Penghasilan, abbreviated PPh), Its amount
is determined by the government, that is 15%.
The grocer then sold the apples for Rp 8,500.00 per kg.
Did he make a profit or a loss? What percent was the
profit or loss?
Solution :
Buying price = Rp 840,000.00
Total weight of apples = 3 x 35 kg = 105 kg
Selling price of apples per kg = Rp 8,500.00
Total selling price = 105 x Rp 8,500.00
= Rp 892,000.00
Since the selling price was greater than the buying price,
the grocer made a profit.
Profit = Rp 892,000.00 - Rp 840,000.00
= Rp 52,500.00
52,500
Percent of the profit = x 100% = 6,25%
840,000
A firm motivates the employees to achieve the best
performance. To this end, the firm offers some amount
of money to those who show the best performance.
Such an amount of money offered is called bonus.
The grocer then sold them again for Rp 5,750.00 per kg.
Did he make a profit or a loss?
What percent was the profit or loss?
Figure 4.21
Problem 2
Gross 20 kg
Net 19.5 kg
Find the profit made if the flour was sold for Rp 2,400.00
per kg, and each bag was sold for ← Rp 500.00.
x + 1 x ≥ 95 ↔1 1 x ≥ 95
2 2
↔ 3 x ≥ 95
2
23 2
↔ 3 2 x ≥ 3 95
↔ x ≥ 190
3
↔ x ≥ 63 1
3
Therefore, the number of the textbooks is at least 64.
4. Checking the answer.
Because 1 of 64 is 32 and the sum is
2
64 + 32 = 96 ≥ 95, the answer is acceptable.
Summary
In this chapter, you have learned:
1. Mathematical statements.
2. Linear equation with one variable.
3. Linear inequality with one variable.