Short Circuit Analysis

EEE 103
Introduction to Power Systems
Lesson no. 5
Short Circuit Analysis
Prof. Rowaldo D. del Mundo
Electrical and Electronics Engineering Institute

University of the Philippines Diliman
5. Short Circuit Studies
5.1 Types of Faults

5.2 Applications of Short Circuit Studies
5.3 Three Phase Fault
5.4 Single Line to Ground Fault
5.5 Line to Line Fault
5.6 Double Line to Ground Fault
5.7 Fault through Impedance
University of the Philippines EEE 103

2
Electrical and Electronics Engineering Institute R. R. del Mundo
Types of Fault
a a
b b
c c
Three-Phase Fault Single Line-to-Ground Fault

a a
b b
c c
Line-to-Line Fault Double Line-to-Ground Fault

3
Applications
 Determination of the correct short-circuit duties
of protective devices and power apparatuses
(e.g., switchgear, circuit breakers, fuses, etc.)
 Comparison of short-circuit capacities of

installed devices and apparatuses with the short-
circuit currents (i.e., for changes in the power
system)
 Determination of maximum and minimum short-

circuit currents for proper protection
coordination
Analysis of Faulted System
F
a
b
c
+ + + Ia Ib Ic
Va Vb Vc
- - -
Ground

5
Three Phase Fault
a
b
c
+ + + Ia Ib Ic
Va Vb Vc
- - -
Ig
Note: The system is still balanced

6
Three Phase Fault
 On a balanced three phase system, the same
magnitude of fault currents will flow in each
phase of the network if a three phase fault occurs.
 Since faults currents are balanced, the faulted

system can, therefore, be analyzed using the single
phase representation.

7
Three Phase Fault
1. Draw the Single Line Diagram.

2. Draw the Impedance Diagram.
3. Convert all parameters to per-unit.
4. Reduce the network between the source(s) and the
fault location.
5. Calculate the fault current
Vf
If 
Z equiv
8
Example:
Determine the fault current for a three phase bolted fault in

each bus for the 4 bus system below.
G LINE FB TB Z(p.u.)
1 Line1 1 4 j0.2
3 Lin Line2 1 3 j0.4
Line 2
e e1
Lin
Line 5 Line 4 Line3 1 2 j0.3
2 3 4 Line4 3 4 j0.5
4-bus system
Line5 2 3 j0.6
The generator is rated 100 MVA, 6.9 kV and has a subtransient
reactance of 10%. Base Values: 100 MVA, 6.9 kV
9
Solution:
Draw the impedance diagram
E 1.0
0.1
1
0.3 0.2
0.4
2 4
0.6 0.5
3

10
Reduce the network
a) Fault @ Bus 4
X a  X 12  X 23
 0.3  0.6
-  0.9
E 1.0
+ X a X 13
Xb 
0.1
If X a  X 13
1
(0.9)(0.4)
0.3 0.2 
0.4
0.9  0.4
 0.276923
2
0.6 0.5 4 X c  X b  X 34
3
 0.276923  0.5
 0.776923
11
X c X 14
Xd 
X c  X 14
( 0.776923 ) ( 0.2 )
-
 E 1.0
0.776923  0.2 If
 0.159055 +
X equiv  X gen  X d 0.25905

 0.1  0.159055
 0.259055 100 x 1000
I base   8367.64 A
1.0 3 (6.9)
If 
0.259055 If  3.860184 x 8367.64
 3.860184 p.u.  32,300.63 A
12
b) Fault @ Bus 3
X a  X 23  X 12
-  0.3  0.6
E 1.0
+  0.9
0.1
If X b  X 14  X 34
1
0.3 0.2  0.2  0.5
0.4
 0.7
2 0.6 0.5
3 4
X equiv  (X a //X b ) //X 13
 0.198425
13
X  X gen  X equiv
 0.1  0.198425
 0.298425 -
E 1.0
If
1.0 +
If 
0.298425 0.298425
 3.350923 p.u.

14
c) Fault @ Bus 2
X  X 14  X 34
a
-
E 1.0  0.2  0.5
+
 0.7
0.1
If
1
X a X 13
0.3 0.2 Xb 
0.4 X  X 13
a
(0.7)( 0.4)
2
0.6
3
0.5 4 
0.7  0.4
 0.254545
15
X c  X b  X 23
 0.254545  0.6
-
 0.854545 E 1.0
X c X 12 If +
Xd 
X c  X 12 0.322047
(0.854545)( 0.3)

0.854545  0.3
 0.222047 1.0
If 
0.322047
X  X gen  X d
 3.095525 p.u.
 0.322047
16
d) Fault @ Bus 1
X  X gen
-
E 1.0  0.1
+
0.1
If 1.0
1 If 
0.1
0.3
0.4
0.2
 10.0 p.u.
0.6 0.5
2 3 4

17
Single line-to-ground fault in
phase A
F
a
b
c
+ + + Ia Ib Ic
Va Vb Vc
- - -
Ground
• Boundary Conditions :
(1) I b  I c  0 (2) Va  0
18
• From Symmetrica l Components ,
1
I 012  A I abc
I   1 1 1   Ia  I 
 ao  1  2   1  a
 I a 1   1 a a   0    Ia 
 I  3 1 a2 a   0 
3 
 a2   I
 a
Therefore,
1
I ao  I a1  I a2  Ia
3

19
Sequence Networks
F F F
+ + +
Ia1 Ia2 Ia0
Z1 Z2 Z0
Va1 Va2 Va0
+
Vf
- - -
Va1  V f – I a1 Z 1 Va2  - I a2 Z 2 Vao  - I ao Z o
Positive Sequence Negative Sequence Zero Sequence

20
Substituting the values of Ia2 and Ia0 in terms of Ia1
Va1  V f – I a1 Z 1
Va2  - I a1 Z 2
Vao  - I a1 Z o
From the second boundary conditions
Va  Va1  Va2  Va0  0
 V f - I a1 Z 1 - I a1 Z 2 - I a1 Z 0

0  V f - I a1 Z 1  Z 2  Z 0 
Solving for sequence currents The Fault Current is
Vf 3V f
I a1  I a2  I a0  I f  Ia 
Z0  Z1  Z 2 Z0  Z1  Z 2
21
Sequence Network Interconnection
for a Single Line-to-Ground Fault
(1) I a 1  I a 2  I a 0 (2) Va 1  Va 2  Va 0  0
+ + +
Ia1 Ia2 Ia0
Z1 Z2 Z0
Va1 Va2 Va0
+
Vf
- - -

22
Example: Four-bus System
4
Find the fault current
if a single line-to- L2 L3
ground fault occurs
in bus 4. T1
G1 G2
L1
1 2 3
G1: X1 = 0.15 X2 = 0.10 Xo = 0.05 T1: X = 0.05
G2: X1 = 0.10 X2 = 0.05 Xo = 0.025
L1: X1 = 0.20 X2 = 0.20 Xo = 0.425
L2: X1 = 0.08 X2 = 0.08 Xo = 0.255
L3: X1 = 0.05 X2 = 0.05 Xo = 0.18125
23
Positive Sequence Network
F1
Ia1
4 j0.05
1 j0.08
j0.05 3
j0.2
2 j0.10
j0.15
1.0 1.0
N1
24
Delta-Wye Transformation
Xa
0.05
0.08 Xc
Xb
0.2
(0.08)(0.05)
Xa   0.0121
0.08  0.05  0.2
X b  0.0485
X c  0.0303

25
Ia1 F1
4
Xa
1 3
j0.05
Xb Xc
2 j0.10
j0.15
1.0 1.0
N1
X LEFT  0.15  0.05  X b  0.2485
X RIGHT  0.10  X c  0.1303

Z 1  jX a  jX LEFT // jX RIGHT  j0.0976 
26
Negative-Sequence Network
F2
Ia2
4 j0.05
1 j0.08 3
j0.05
j0.2
2
j0.1 j0.05
N2
Can show Z 2  j0.0693
27
Zero-Sequence Network
F0
Ia0
4 j0.18125
1 j0.255
3
j0.05 j0.425
2
j0.025
N0
Can show Z0  j0.1230
28
Sequence Fault Currents
Vf
I a0  I a1  I a2 
Z0  Z1  Z 2
1.0

j0.0976  j0.0693  j0.1230
 - j3.4497
Phase Fault Currents

I a  3I a0  (3)(-j3.4497)
 - j10.3492
Ib  0
Ic  0

29
Line-to-line Fault in Phases B and C
a
b
c
+ + + Ia Ib Ic
Va Vb Vc
- - -
(1) I a  0 (2) I b  - I c (3) Vbc  Vb - Vc  0

30
Transformation:
I  1 1 1 0   0 
  1
a0
2   1 
 I a1   1 a a   I b   (a  a )I b 
2
 I  3 1 a 2   3 2 
 a   I b  (a  a)I
 a2    b 

Therefore,
1 jI b
I a0  0 I a1   I a2  (a  a )I b 
2
3 3
From boundary condition (3),
(Va0  a 2Va1  aVa2 )  (Va0  aVa1  a 2Va2 )  0
(a 2  a)Va1  (a  a 2 )Va2  0
Va1  Va2  0
31
Sequence Network nterconnection

I a0  0
Zf
F F
Vf Ia1 Ia2
I a1  -I a2 
Z1  Z 2 Z1 +
Va1
+
Va2 Z2
+ - -
Vf
-
N1 N2

32
Example: Four-Bus System
Assume a line-to-line fault in bus 4. Find the fault current
From previous example,
F F
Z 1  j0.0976 Ia1 Ia2
+
Z 2  j0.0693 Z1 Va1=Va2
+ - Z2
Vf
I a0  0 -
1.0 Ia  0
I a1   I a2 
j(0.0976  0.0693) I b   j 3 (  j5.9916)
  j5.9916  10.3778   I c
33
Double Line-to-Ground Fault in
Phase B and C
a
b
c
+ + + Ia Ib Ic
Va Vb Vc
- - -
Ib+Ic
 Boundary Conditions :
(1) I a  0 (2) Vb  0 (3) Vc  0
34
From symmetrical components for the voltage
phasors:
Va 0  1 1 1  Va 
V   1 1 a 2
a   0 
 a1  3 
Va 2  1 a2 a   0 

We get:
Va 0  Va1  Va 2
What type of sequence network interconnection will

satisfy this relationship between Va0, Va1, and
Va2?

Double Line-to-Ground Fault
Sequence Network Interconnection
Ia1
F F F
+ +
+ Ia0
Ia2
Z1 Z2 Z0
Va1 Va2 Va0
+
VF
- - -
Boundary conditions:
(1) Ia  0 (2) Vb  0 (3) Vc  0
From circuit analysis, we get:
Vf Vf
I a1  
Z1  ( Z 2 || Z 0 ) Z  Z 2  Z 0
Z2  Z0
1
From current division, noting the defined directions:
Z0 Z2
Ia2  I a1 Ia0  I a1
Z2  Z0 Z2  Z0
Note: Make sure that Ia0, Ia1, and Ia2 satisfy KCL at the fault
point; that is, Ia0 + Ia1 + Ia2 = 0.

Re-synthesizing the phase currents:
 I a  1 1 1   Ia0 
 I   1 a2
 
a   I a1 
 b 
 I c  1 a a 2   I a 2 
We get:
I a  I a 0  I a1  I a 2  0
I b  I a 0  a 2  I a1  a  I a 2
I c  I a 0  a  I a1  a 2  I a 2
This set of equations supports our premise that the
fault current flows through phases b and c.

Example: 4-Bus System
1
Ia1 
j(0.0976  0.0693//0.123)
 -j7.0459
0.0693
Ia0  - Ia1
0.0693  0.123
 j2.5392 Ia = Ia1 + Ia2 + Ia0 = 0
Ib= a2Ia1 + aIa2 + Ia0
Ia2  j4.5067
Ic= aIa1 + a2Ia2 + Ia0
39
Faults Through Impedance
 So far, all the faults we have discussed
consisted of direct (bolted fault, i.e., zero
impedance) short-circuits between lines
and from one or two lines to ground.
 This gives the highest value of fault current and is
thus the most conservative.
 What will happen to our equations and
sequence network interconnections when
the fault impedance is non-zero?
 Read Chapter 12.10 of Stevenson!

a a
b b
c c
Zf Zf Zf Zf
Three-Phase Fault Single Line-to-Ground Fault

a a
b b
Zf c
c
Zf
Line-to-Line Fault
Double Line-to-Ground Fault
(+) Zf (+) (-) (0)
3·Zf
Three-Phase Fault
Single Line-to-Ground Fault
(+) (-) (0)

(+) (-)
3·Zf
Zf
Line-to-Line Fault Double Line-to-Ground Fault
APPLICATION OF
SHORT-CIRCUIT STUDIES


Short Circuit Analysis

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EEE 103

Introduction to Power Systems

Short Circuit Analysis

Prof. Rowaldo D. del Mundo

Electrical and Electronics Engineering Institute

5.1 Types of Faults

University of the Philippines EEE 103

Three-Phase Fault Single Line-to-Ground Fault

Line-to-Line Fault Double Line-to-Ground Fault

 Comparison of short-circuit capacities of

 Determination of maximum and minimum short-

University of the Philippines EEE 103

Note: The system is still balanced

 Since faults currents are balanced, the faulted

University of the Philippines EEE 103

1. Draw the Single Line Diagram.

Determine the fault current for a three phase bolted fault in

University of the Philippines EEE 103

X equiv  X gen  X d 0.25905

University of the Philippines EEE 103

University of the Philippines EEE 103

University of the Philippines EEE 103

Va1  V f – I a1 Z 1 Va2  - I a2 Z 2 Vao  - I ao Z o

Positive Sequence Negative Sequence Zero Sequence

University of the Philippines EEE 103

University of the Philippines EEE 103

University of the Philippines EEE 103

Phase Fault Currents

University of the Philippines EEE 103

University of the Philippines EEE 103

Sequence Fault Currents

University of the Philippines EEE 103

What type of sequence network interconnection will

University of the Philippines EEE 103

From current division, noting the defined directions:

University of the Philippines EEE 103

University of the Philippines EEE 103

University of the Philippines EEE 103

Three-Phase Fault Single Line-to-Ground Fault

(+) Zf (+) (-) (0)

(+) (-) (0)

University of the Philippines EEE 103

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