Zamboanga City

Zamboanga City, officially the City of

Zamboanga (Chavacano: Ciudad de
Zamboanga; Tausūg: Dāira sin
Sambuwangan; Tagalog/Filipino: Lungsod
ng Zamboanga;), is a 1st class highly
urbanized city in the Zamboanga
Peninsula of the Philippines. According to
the 2015 census, it has a population of
861,799 people.[3] It is the 6th most
populous and 3rd largest city by land area
in the Philippines.[3][4] It is the commercial
and industrial center of the Zamboanga
Peninsula Region.[5]
 Zamboanga City
Highly Urbanized City

City of Zamboanga

Clockwise from top: Zamboanga City Hall, Great Santa Cruz

Island, Paseo del Mar, Zamboanga City view, Metropolitan
Cathedral of Immaculate Conception, Santa Barbara
Mosque

Seal
 Nickname(s): City of Flowers
Asia's Latin City
Sardines Capital of The Philippines

Motto(s): Build Back Better Zamboanga

Anthem:Zamboanga Hermosa

Map of Zamboanga Peninsula with Zamboanga

City highlighted

Wikimedia | © OpenStreetMap
 Zamboanga
City

Location within
the Philippines
Coordinates: 6°55′N 122°05′E

Country Philippines

Region Zamboanga Peninsula

(Region IX)

Province Zamboanga del Sur

(statistically only)

District 1st (West Coast) and

2nd (East Coast)
districts of Zamboanga
City

Founded June 23, 1635

Chartered October 12, 1936
Cityhood February 26, 1937

Barangays 98 (see Barangays)

Government [1]

 • Type Sangguniang
Panlungsod

 • Mayor Beng Climaco (LP)

 • Vice Mayor Rommel Agan (UNA)

 • Congressman Jawo Jimenez

District I (Costa
Oeste)
Manuel Jose M.
Dalipe
District II (Costa Este)

 • Electorate 412,795 voters (2016)

Area [2]
 • Total 1,414.7 km2
(546.2 sq mi)
Area rank 3rd (city)

Elevation 16.0 m (52.5 ft)

Population (2015 census)[3]

 • Total 861,799

 • Density 610/km2 (1,600/sq mi)

Demonym(s) Zamboangueño

Time zone UTC+8 (PST)

ZIP code 7000

PSGC 097332000

IDD : area code  +63 (0)62

Climate type tropical climate

Income class 1st city income class

Revenue (₱) 2,753.1 million  (2016)

Native languages Chavacano •Tausug •
Tagalog •Cebuano •
Sama •Yakan •
Hiligaynon •Subanen •
English
Website www.zamboanga.gov
.ph

On October 12, 1936, Zamboanga became

a chartered city under Commonwealth Act
No. 39.[6][7] It was inaugurated on February
26, 1937.[8]

Zamboanga City is an independent,

chartered city and was designated highly
urbanized on November 22, 1983.[9]
Although geographically separated, and an
independent and chartered city,
Zamboanga City is grouped with the
province of Zamboanga del Sur for
statistical purposes, yet governed
independently from it.[10][11]

History
Zamboanga City was founded in the late
12th or early 13th century as a settlement
by the Subanen people. Zamboanga
peninsula was also the homelands of the
ancestors of the Yakan, the Balanguingui,
and other closely related Sama-Bajau
peoples.[12][13]
The area was inhabited by the Subanen
people and was the site of trade among
the Chinese, Malays and different native
ethnic groups around the area.

During the 13th century, the Tausūg people

started migrating to Zamboanga and the
Sulu archipelago from their homelands in
northeastern Mindanao. They became the
dominant ethnic group after they were
Islamized in the 14th century and
established the Sultanate of Sulu in the
15th century. A majority of the Yakan, the
Balanguingui, and the Sama-Bajau were
also Islamized, though most of the
Subanen remained animist (with the
exception of the Kolibugan subgroup in
southwestern Zamboanga).[12][14][15]

The city used to be known as Samboangan

in historical records.[16][16][17][18][19][20][21][22]
Samboangan is a Sinama term for
"mooring place" (also spelled
sambuangan; and in Subanen,
sembwangan), from the root word
samboang ("mooring pole").[23] The name
was later Hispanicized and named as
Zamboanga.

This is commonly contested by folk

etymologies which instead attribute the
name to the Indonesian word jambangan
(claimed to mean "place of flowers", but
actually means "pot" or "bowl"), usually
with claims that all ethnic groups in
Zamboanga were "Malays". However, this
name has never been attested in any
historical records prior to the 1960s.[24]

Spanish rule

Illustration of Zamboanga and Fort Pilar, detail from

the Carta Hydrographica y Chorographica de las Yslas
Filipinas, 1734
Aerial view of Fort Pilar, 2015

Spanish explorers arrived in the Philippine

archipelago in 1521.[25] In 1569
Zamboanga was chosen as the site of the
Spanish settlement and garrison on La
Caldera (now part of Barangay Recodo).[26]
Zamboanga City was one of the main
strongholds in Mindanao, supporting
colonizing efforts in the south of the island
and making way for Christian settlements.
It also served as a military outpost,
protecting the island against foreign
invaders and Moro pirates.

In 1599, the Zamboanga fort was closed

and transferred to Cebú due to great
concerns about attack by the English on
that island, which did not occur. After
having abandoned the city, the Spaniards
as well as some Latin-American
mercenaries from Peru and Mexico,[27]
joined forces with troops from Pampanga
and Visayan soldiers (From Bohol, Cebu
and Iloilo) and reached the shore of
Zamboanga to bring peace to the island
against Moro pirates.[28]
In 1635, Spanish officers and soldiers,
along with Visayan laborers, settled in the
area and construction began on Fort San
José (what is now known as Fort Pilar) to
protect the inhabitants of the area from
Moro piracy.

Zamboanga became the main

headquarters of the Spaniards on June 23,
1635 upon approval of King Philip IV of
Spain, and the Spanish officially founded
the city.[28] Thousands of Spanish troops
headed by a governor general from Spain
took the approval to build the first
Zamboanga fortress (now called Fort
Pilar) in Zamboanga to forestall enemies
in Mindanao like Moro pirates and other
foreign invaders.[29] There were also a
hundred Spanish troops sent to fortify the
nearby Presidio of Iligan.[30] The
Zamboanga fortress became the main
focus of a number of battles between
Moros and Spaniards while the Spanish
ruled the region from 16th to 18th
centuries. Spain was forced to abandon
Zamboanga temporarily and withdraw its
soldiers to Manila in 1662 after the
Chinese under Koxinga threatened to
invade the Spanish Philippines.

The Spanish returned to Zamboanga in

1718 and rebuilding of the fort began the
following year. The fort would serve as
defence for the Christian settlement
against Moro pirates and foreign invaders
for the next years. There was deportation
of mostly Latin-American and Spanish
vagrants from Manila to Zamboanga
which helped advance a colonizing
program against the Muslim south, further
illustrating how the resistance to Spanish
sovereignty in Mindanao and Borneo
determined imperial policies on the
islands[31]

While the region was already dominated by

Catholicism, Muslims kept up a protracted
struggle against the ruling Spaniards in the
country into the 18th century.[32][33] In
January 1798 a British naval squadron
conducted a Raid on Zamboanga but was
driven off by the city's defensive
fortifications. In 1831, the custom house in
Zamboanga was established as a port,
and it became the main port for direct
communication, trading some goods and
other services to most of Europe,
Southeast Asia and Latin America.[34] The
Americans arrived in the Philippines,
headed by General Weyler with thousands
of troops to defeat the Spaniards who
ruled it more than three centuries.
The Spanish government sent more than
80,000 Spanish troops to the Philippines.
The Spanish government completely and
peacefully surrendered the islands to the
United States in the 1890s.[35]

Establishing its own Republic

Inauguration of the Municipality of Zamboanga with

Datu Kalun (1901)
Before the end of the 19th century, the
Republic of Zamboanga was established
right after when the Zamboangueño
revolutionary forces defeated the last
Spanish Government in Zamboanga and
when Fort Pilar was turned over to General
Vicente Álvarez, the first president of the
República de Zamboanga from 18 May
1899 until November 1899. The Republic
of Zamboanga continued to exist until
1903 with Isidoro Midel as its second
President under a puppet government of
the United States, and who was succeeded
by Mariano Arquiza.[36]
American Era

Upon the firm establishment of American

colonization and dissolution of the
Republic in 1903, Zamboanga City, as a
municipality, was placed as the capital of
the Moro Province, a semi-military
government consisting of five districts:
Zamboanga, Cotabato, Davao, Lanao and
Sulu. it established itself the center of
commerce, trade, and government of
Mindanao Island.[37] During this period,
Zamboanga hosted a number of American
regional governors, including General John
J. Pershing, who was military
commander/governor of the Moro
Province from 1909 to 1914.

In 1920, Zamboanga City ceased to be

capital of the Moro Province[38] when the
department was divided into provinces in
which the city became under the large
province of Zamboanga. It encompasses
the present-day Zamboanga Peninsula
with the inclusion of the whole province of
Basilan.

The 1936 City Charter and the

Commonwealth
President Manuel L. Quezon signing the City Charter
of Zamboanga in a ceremony held at the Malacañang
Palace in (1936)

When the Commonwealth government

was established in 1935, calls to convert
Zamboanga City into a city increased. On
September 23, 1936, through
Assemblyman Juan Alano, the National
Assembly of the Philippines passed
Commonwealth Act No. 39 making
Zamboanga a chartered city consisting of
"the present territorial jurisdiction of the
municipality of Zamboanga, the
municipality of Bolong, the municipal
district of Taluksangay, the whole island of
Basilan and the adjacent islands, i.e., the
municipality of Isabela, the municipal
district of Lamitan, and the municipal
district of Maluso."[6][7] It was later signed
by President Manuel Quezon in October
12, 1936. The charter made Zamboanga
City as the largest city in the world in
terms of land area. During these times,
Zamboanga was the leading commercial
and industrial city of Mindanao.

Before World War II, Pettit Barracks, a part

of the U.S. Army's 43d Infantry Regiment
(PS), was stationed there.

World War II

When the Japanese invaded the

Philippines, they were headed by Vice
Admiral Rokuzo Sugiyama, accompanied
by Rear Admiral Naosaburo Irifune. The
Japanese landed at Zamboanga City on
March 2, 1942.[39]

The Japanese government in the city was

overthrown by American and Filipino
forces following a fierce battle on March
10–12, 1945.[36] The rebuilt general
headquarters of the Philippine
Commonwealth Army and Philippine
Constabulary was stationed in Zamboanga
City from March 13, 1945 to June 30, 1946
during the military operations in Mindanao
and Sulu against the Japanese.

Post-World War II

After the war, the citizens in the island of

Basilan found it difficult to appear in
courts, pay their taxes, seek help from the
mayor and other officials. Going from
Basilan to the mainland required three or
more hours of travel via ferry. To fix the
problem, Representative Juan Alano filed a
bill in Congress to separate Basilan from
Zamboanga City. So the island of Basilan
was proclaimed a separate city through
Republic Act No. 288 on July 16, 1948.[40]

In April 7, 1953, by virtue of Republic Act

No. 840, the city was classified as first-
class city according to its revenue.[41][42]

In April 29, 1955, a special law changed

the landscape of the city government
when Republic Act No. 1210[43] amended
the City Charter that made elective the
position of city mayor and the creation of
an elective vice mayor and eight (8)
elective city councilors. The vice mayor is
the presiding-officer of the City Council. In
November 1955, Liberal Party candidate
Cesar Climaco with his running-mate,
Tomas Ferrer won the first local elections.
They were inducted into office on January
1, 1956 as determined by the Revised
Election Code.[44]

Calle Rizal (Rizal Road) in Zamboanga City

Martial law years

On September 21, 1972, President
Ferdinand Marcos signed Proclamation
No. 1081 placing the Philippines under
martial law. Zamboanga City's local
government came under presidential
control for the first time since 1955.
Marcos extended Enriquez's term when his
tenure was about to end in 1975, causing
public outrage in the city.

In November 14, 1975, President Marcos

reorganized the local government and the
city council was replaced by a
Sangguniang Panglungsod with the mayor
as its new presiding officer and members
including the vice mayor, the chairman of
the Katipunan ng mga Kabataang
Barangay, the president of the Association
of Barangay Captains, and sectoral
representatives of agriculture, business
and labor.[45]

When Mayor Enriquez resigned and bid for

the newly created Interim Batasang
Pambansa in 1978, Vice Mayor Jose
Vicente Atilano II was appointed by
President Marcos to replace him.
Throughout the martial law years, more
than a thousand Zamboanga citizens were
either killed, tortured, raped, harassed,
castrated, or electrocuted at the genitalia.
Climaco's return (1980–1984)

In 1980, Cesar Climaco staged his political

comeback when he was elected again to
the mayoral post under his new party, the
Concerned Citizen's Aggregation. He had
gone into exile to the United States in
protest against Marcos' declaration of
Martial Law.[46]

In 1984, Climaco was elected a member of

the Regular Batasang Pambansa. Climaco
however declined to assume his seat until
he had completed his six-year term as
mayor in his consistent protest against
Marcos. Climaco's protest against the
dictator earned Zamboanga City the
distinction of 'the beacon of democracy in
Mindanao'.

21st century

On November 19, 2001, the Cabatangan

Government Complex in Barangay
Cabatangan, the seat of the Autonomous
Region in Muslim Mindanao, was raided by
former MNLF fighters in protest of
Misuari's ouster as Governor of the
autonomous region in which they took
residents hostage. The complex also
houses the different regional government
offices such as the Commission on Audit,
Population Commission, Civil Service
Commission, Area Vocational
Rehabilitation Center, DECS Training
Center and the Zamboanga Arturo
Eustaquio College Department of
Criminology. An air strike by the military
began on November 27 in which the
hostages were later released after the
government agreed to escort the rebels to
a safe zone in Panubigan where they were
allowed to go free.[47]

In 2013, Maria Isabelle Climaco Salazar

who is the niece of former Mayor Cesar
Climaco was elected became the second
woman mayor of the city.[48]
Zamboanga City crisis

On September 9, 2013, a faction of the

Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF)
under the leadership of Nur Misuari seized
hostages in Zamboanga City and
attempted to raise the flag of the self-
proclaimed Bangsamoro Republik, a state
which declared its independence earlier in
August, in Talipao, Sulu. This armed
incursion has been met by the Armed
Forces of the Philippines, which seeks to
free the hostages and expel the MNLF
from Zamboanga City. The standoff
degenerated into urban warfare, and
brought parts of the city under standstill
for days.[49]

Mayor Climaco-Salazar and her

administration are relocating the internal
displaced persons (IDPs) affected by the
crisis to transitory sites and later,
permanent housings in various places
around Zamboanga City.[50] Her
rehabilitation plan, "Zamboanga City
Roadmap to Recovery and Rehabilitation
(Z3R)", envisions building back a better
Zamboanga City and rehabilitating the
areas affected by the crisis.[51]

Geography
Geology

The southwest and eastern sides of

Zamboanga City are bounded by irregular
coastlines with generally rocky terrain and
occasional stretches of sandy or gravelly
beaches. The coastal profile usually
descends abruptly towards the sea. Where
rivers enter the sea, bays have formed, and
the surrounding area has filled up with
alluvial soils, producing small to large
coastal plains.

Topography
The overall topography of the city could be
described as rolling to very steep. There
are some flat lands, mostly narrow strips
along the east coast. The urban center is
mostly flat with a gentle slope to the
interior, ranging from 0 to 3%. The highest
registered elevation is 1,200 metres. In
terms of slope, a large portion of
Zamboanga City, about 38,000 hectares,
have slopes ranging from 18 to 30%.
Another 26,000 hectares have been
described as having slopes of less than
3% while about 37% of the area or a total
of 52,000 hectares have slopes ranging
from 30% to more than 50%.[52]
The territorial jurisdiction of the city
includes the islands of big and small Sta.
Cruz, Tictabon, Sacol, Manalipa,
Tumalutap, Vitali, as well as other
numerous islands. The total land area of
the city is recorded to be 142,099.99
hectares or 1,420.99 square kilometers.
This does not include the area of about 25
other islands within the territorial
jurisdiction of the city — which have an
aggregate area of 6,248.5 hectares as
verified by the Office of the City Engineer.
Putting these all together, the city’s new
total land area would come to 148,338.49
hectares.
Climate

Zamboanga City features a tropical wet

and dry climate under the Köppen climate
classification (Aw).
v ·t ·e Climate data for Zamboanga City (1981–2010, extremes 1903–2012)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Record
35.5 35.5 36.0 36.9 36.1 36.0 35.2 35.7 35.8 36.0 35.5 35.2
high °C
(95.9) (95.9) (96.8) (98.4) (97.0) (96.8) (95.4) (96.3) (96.4) (96.8) (95.9) (95.4)
(°F)
Average
32.3 32.6 33.0 33.1 32.8 32.1 31.8 32.1 32.3 32.2 32.5 32.5
high °C
(90.1) (90.7) (91.4) (91.6) (91.0) (89.8) (89.2) (89.8) (90.1) (90.0) (90.5) (90.5)
(°F)
Daily
27.9 28.1 28.5 28.8 28.8 28.2 28.0 28.2 28.3 28.1 28.2 28.1
mean °C
(82.2) (82.6) (83.3) (83.8) (83.8) (82.8) (82.4) (82.8) (82.9) (82.6) (82.8) (82.6)
(°F)
Average
23.5 23.6 24.0 24.4 24.7 24.4 24.2 24.3 24.2 24.0 23.9 23.7
low °C
(74.3) (74.5) (75.2) (75.9) (76.5) (75.9) (75.6) (75.7) (75.6) (75.2) (75.0) (74.7)
(°F)
Record
15.8 15.6 17.5 16.7 20.7 20.4 20.0 19.0 19.9 18.4 18.5 16.7
low °C
(60.4) (60.1) (63.5) (62.1) (69.3) (68.7) (68.0) (66.2) (67.8) (65.1) (65.3) (62.1)
(°F)
Average
rainfall 49.7 43.7 56.3 69.0 90.0 149.1 152.6 144.9 144.9 178.9 120.6 66.8
mm (1.96) (1.72) (2.22) (2.72) (3.54) (5.87) (6.01) (5.70) (5.70) (7.04) (4.75) (2.63)
(inches)
Average
rainy
7 6 7 8 12 16 14 13 13 14 13 10
days
(≥ 0.1 mm)
Average
relative
80 79 78 79 81 82 83 82 82 83 82 82
humidity
(%)
Mean
monthly
220.5 213.0 225.2 222.4 219.4 164.2 187.2 213.1 187.4 172.9 217.6 226.6
sunshine
hours
Source #1: PAGASA[53][54]
Source #2: Deutscher Wetterdienst (sun, 1961–1990)[55][56]

Barangays
Location map of barangays of Zamboanga City
The city of Zamboanga is politically
subdivided into 98 barangays. These are
grouped into two congressional districts,
with 38 barangays in the West Coast and
60 barangays in the East Coast.

Demographics
 Year Pop. ±% p.a. Year Pop. ±% p
1903 20,692 —     1980343,722+5.34
1918 42,007+4.83% 1990442,345+2.56
1939 73,894+2.73% 1995511,139+2.75
1948103,317+3.79% 2000601,794+3.56
1960131,489+2.03% 2007774,407+3.54
1970199,901+4.27% 2010807,129+1.52
1975265,023+5.82% 2015861,799+1.26

Source: Philippine Statistics Authority[3][57][58][59]

Population

Zamboanga City is the 6th most populous

in the Philippines and the 2nd most
populous in Mindanao after Davao City.
The city's population had an increase of
54,670 over the five years since 2010. It
had an annual population growth rate at
1.26%, lower than from in the year 2000 to
2010 which was 2.98%.[3] The city's
population is expected to reach 1 million
between 2020 and 2025.[60]

Among the city's 98 barangays, Talon-

Talon is the most populous with
4.1% share of this city’s population,
followed by Mampang (4.0%), Tumaga
(3.6%), Tetuan (3.5%), Calarian (3.4%), San
Roque and Pasonanca (both with 3.2%).[61]
Metropolitan Cathedral of Immaculate Conception

Religion

According to statistics compiled by the

Philippine government,[62] the most
dominant religion in Zamboanga City is
Roman Catholicism, followed by Islam and
Evangelical Protestantism.

Other religious practices and

denominations in the city were Buddhism,
paganism, animism, atheism and
Sikhism.[63][64]
Roman Catholicism

Zamboanga Alliance Evangelical Church

With 60% of the city's population, Roman

Catholicism remains the predominant
religion in the city.[62][65] Zamboanga City
was the first to establish its own Catholic
diocese in Mindanao (now the Roman
Catholic Archdiocese of Zamboanga).
The Metropolitan Cathedral of the
Immaculate Conception serves as the seat
of the Archdiocese of Zamboanga. It was
designed by Domingo Abarro III. The first
church was located at the front of Plaza
Pershing, where the present Universidad de
Zamboanga stands. The church was
designated a cathedral in 1910 when the
diocese of Zamboanga City was
created.[66] In 1943, the cathedral was one
of the edifices bombarded by Japanese
soldiers during World War II.[66] In 1956,
the cathedral was relocated beside Ateneo
de Zamboanga University, formerly known
as the Jardin de Chino.
The titular patroness is Nuestra Señora La
Virgen del Pilar de Zaragoza, and its
secondary patron is Pope Pius X.

Islam
Built by Hadji Abdullah Maas Nuno in 1885. It is the
oldest mosque in Western Mindanao.

Muslims have also been an integral part of

Zamboanga, comprising 35%[67] of the
city's population.[68][69] Some barangays
like in Campo Islam today are now
populated by 100% Muslims due to
migration from people of Sulu who are
mostly Tausug. The Yakan, a minority
group of Muslim people from Basilan also
migrated to the city and had their own
villages.[70][71] These barangays with
Muslim majority population, do not
celebrate Fiestas, but instead, they do
celebrate Hari Raya (the eid celebration).
Other Christian denominations

With the inception of the American era,

Protestant sects were introduced.
Christian and Missionary Alliance,
Seventh-day Adventist, Church of Latter
day Saints, and United Church of Christ in
the Philippines are included. Most
Protestants are migrants who are mostly
of Cebuano or Ilocano ethnicity.

Several members of Iglesia ni Cristo live in

Zamboanga City and have created several
locales.

Ethnicities
The ancestors of the present inhabitants
of the city are said to also have migrated
to other areas in the Southwestern
Mindanao. Due to migration, a number of
other ethnicities have a visible presence in
the city such as the Samal, Yakan, Tausug
and Badjao peoples.[72][73][74][75]

R.T. Lim Boulevard, named after Sen. Roseller T. Lim

the first Zamboangueño Senator.

Language
Zamboangueño is one of six Spanish-
based creole language varieties of the
Philippines identified by linguists,
collectively known locally as Chavacano.
This creole language, with Spanish as its
lexifier and grammar influenced by other
Philippine languages, is the native
language of inhabitants living around the
city and the nearby island of Basilan. Aside
from Chavacano, English is also
understood.

Tausug and Cebuano are also spoken,

mostly by migrants to the city.[76] The
Subanen, Yakan, Sama, and Hiligaynon
languages can also be heard being spoken
within the city.

Economy
Sardine industry

Zamboanga-made Sardines in supermarket shelves

Zamboanga City is also dubbed as the

Sardines Capital of the Philippines, for 9
out of 12 sardines companies in the
country are produced here.[77] The canning
factories are converged in the west coast
of Zamboanga. Sardine fishing and
processing account for about 70 percent
of the city's economy.[78][79] Situated at the
western tip of the Mindanao mainland,
Zamboanga City is a natural docking point
for vessels traversing the rich fishing
grounds of the Zamboanga Peninsula and
the Sulu Archipelago.

The production of canned sardines in this

city have upgraded their production to
conform to international food safety and
quality standards. Companies that
produce these goods are looking to enter
new markets in Russia and other European
countries.[80] In 2008, Zamboanga City
exported 13,000 tonnes of canned
sardines, worth approximately $16
million.[81]

Zamboanga City Special

Economic Zone

The administrative building of the Zamboanga City

Special Economic Zone Authority
The Zamboanga City Special Economic
Zone Authority and Freeport
(ZamboEcoZone), also known as
Zamboanga Freeport Authority (ZFA), was
created by virtue of the Republic Acts of
the Philippines 7903 of the Philippines
Constitution in the year 1995.[82] It was
authored by then Congresswoman María
Clara L. Lobregat.[83]

The Special Economic Zone was enacted

into law on February 23, 1995 and made
operational a year later with the
appointment of a chairman and
administrator and the members of the
Board by former President Fidel V. Ramos.
It is located about 23 km from the city
proper. It is one of the three current
Economic Freeport Zones outside Luzon.

Shopping malls

Alta Mall was the city's first shopping mall

to operate in the city. However, it closed in
1996 and the 3-hectare mall complex was
deserted.[84][85][86]

In December 10, 2015, KCC Malls opened

their fourth branch in Zamboanga as KCC
Mall de Zamboanga and is currently the
second-largest mall in Mindanao in terms
of Gross Floor Area.[87][88]
The country's largest shopping retailer, SM
Supermalls bought Mindpro Citimall in
2016 and the mall shall be converted with
an SM brand.[89] It was reportedly as one
of their future malls in 2020.[90]

Seaweed industry

Seaweed production plants in Zamboanga

City, along with Cebu and Southern Luzon,
produce most of the world's supply of
carrageenan. Seventy-five percent of the
country's eucheuma and kappaphycus
seaweed is produced mostly in the
Zamboanga Peninsula and the Sulu
Archipelago.[91]
Tourism
The Department of Tourism has selected
Zamboanga City as a flagship tourism
destination in Zamboanga Peninsula.[92]
Domestic and foreign tourist arrivals
increased 8 percent to 439,160 in 2005,
according to data from the regional
tourism office. The same report notes that
Filipinos accounted for 80 percent of the
tourist arrivals. Moreover, 50 percent of
those tourists visited the city before.[93]
Pulverized Red Organ Pipe Corals gives that pinkish
tint on Sta. Cruz's Beach.

Zamboanga City's famous Pink Sand

Beach of Sta. Cruz was recognized by the
National Geographic as one of the World's
21 Best Beaches in 2018.[94] A surge in
tourist arrivals was recorded in 2018 that
hit almost 100,000. A day-trip to the island
includes a hop to Little Sta. Cruz's long
white sand bar and a tour of the island's
lagoon known for its rich ecosystem.
This world-recognized Pink Beach is just a stone's
throw away from the metropolis recently making it an
ideal Day-trip hop for tourists.

Another rising tourist hub is the newly

opened 11 Islands (commonly called Onçe
Islas), a group of islands with white-sand
beaches and sand bars located in the
city's east coast.

Despite the warnings and seasonal

advisories, growth in terms of arrivals tells
otherwise. The negative impressions
shows no effect on the Tourist's
perception of the place in general.

The whole Zamboanga Peninsula Region

recorded 723,455 tourist arrivals in 2018
of which 11,190 are foreigners, 10,523
Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs), and
701,742 were domestic tourists according
to the Department of Tourism.[95]

Governance
Executive
Plaza Rizal and the City Hall of Zamboanga since 1907

Zamboanga City is the third oldest city in

the Philippines, with a mayor-council form
of government.[96]

The city government of Zamboanga was in

a commission form shortly between 1912
and 1914 with an appointed mayor. It then
was replaced by a municipal form of
government headed by a municipal mayor
assisted by a municipal vice-president.
When the City Charter of Zamboanga was
signed on October 12, 1936, the municipal
government was converted into a city one
headed by a mayor appointed by the
President of the Philippine
Commonwealth.

With the passage of Republic Act No. 1210

on April 29, 1955, the position of mayor
became elective and the post of vice
mayor was created.

Representation in Congress

Zamboanga City received its own

representation for the Philippine Congress
in 1984 when the Regular Batasang
Pambansa was convened. Previously, the
city was part of the representation of the
Zamboanga Province from 1935 to 1953,
of Zamboanga del Sur from 1953 to 1972
and in Zamboanga Peninsula from 1978 to
1984.

The former lone congressional district was

further divided into two separate districts:
the West Coast, comprises from the City
Proper to Barangay Limpapa is
represented by Congressman Celso
Lobregat, while in the East Coast,
comprises from Barangay Tetuán to
Barangay Licomo is represented by
Congressman Manuel Jose "Mannix"
Dalipe.

The city's population had reached to

774,407 people since 2007.[97] Under the
Republic Act 9269, Zamboanga City is
qualified to have its third district in the
House of Representatives.[98] However, in
2008, the formation of Zamboanga City's
Third District was then opposed by the
local majority block of the city council.[99]

Legislative
The building where the Zamboanga City Council
(Sangguniang Panglungsod ng Zamboanga) holds its

sessions.

The first legislative body of Zamboanga

City was established in 1914 composed of
councilors who represented the different
districts of barrios of then-municipality of
Zamboanga.

When the City Charter of Zamboanga was

signed on October 12, 1936, the municipal
council was replaced by the City Council
presided by the mayor and consisted of
five councilors, the city treasurer and the
city engineer. All members are appointed
by the President of the Philippine
Commonwealth.

With the passage of Republic Act No. 1210

on April 29, 1955, the position of mayor
became elective and the post of vice
mayor was created. The Council also
became elective and its membership was
increased to eight presided by the vice
mayor.

During the Marcos regime, the city council

was renamed to Sangguniang
Panglungsod and its membership
shuffled. The mayor became the presiding-
officer while the vice mayor became a
regular member. Other representatives
such as the agriculture, business and labor
sectoral representatives; chairman of the
Kabataan Barangay Federation and the
president of the Association of Barangay
Captains was added to the council. All
members of the council except for the
mayor and the vice mayor are all
appointed by the President

After Marcos was deposed, a new Local

Government Code was enacted in 1991
and the mayor was restored to the
executive branch. The city council
organization existed since.

The current local Sangguniang

Panglungsod is composed of 19
members:

the Vice Mayor as its presiding officer

elected citywide;
8 councilors elected from the two
legislative districts;
Chairman of the Liga ng mga Barangay
of the city as ex officio member;
President of the Federasyon ng
Federasyon ng Sangguniang Kabataan
of the City as ex officio member; and
 Mandatory Representative of the
Indigenous Peoples in Zamboanga City
as ex officio member.

Judiciary

Zamboanga City Hall of Justice Building

House Bill 1455 entitled "An Act Amending

Sections 14 (J) and 29 of Batas Pambansa
Blg. 129, Otherwise Known as The
Judiciary Reorganization Act of 1980",
calls for the creation of four additional
Regional Trial Court branches in the
Province of Zamboanga del Sur, and the
Cities of Pagadian and Zamboanga City
with an overall total of nineteen
branches.[100]

Out of the 19 branches, ten seats shall be

for Zamboanga City, and the remaining
seats for Pagadian City, Molave, San
Miguel, Ipil, and Aurora.

Armed forces and law

enforcement

Zamboanga City hosts one a large number

of military, police and coast guard bases in
the country. The Edwin Andrews Air Base
hosts the Air Force unit in the city is
located at the Zamboanga International
Airport complex.[101][102] The Camp
General Basilio Navarro in Upper Calarian,
is the main operating base of the Western
Mindanao Command
(WestMinCom).[103][104][105] WesMinCom is
one of the unifying commands of the
Armed Forces of the Philippines that
serves the Western Mindanao. The Coast
Guard District South Western Mindanao is
located near the Camp General Basilio
Navarro while a coast guard station is
located inside the Port of
Zamboanga.[106][107]
Transportation
Air

Zamboanga International Airport

The Zamboanga International Airport has

a 2,610-metre primary runway and can
serve international flights and bigger
planes such as the C-17 Globemaster III,
Antonov An-124, Airbus A330 and Boeing
747.[108][109] The government has already
earmarked more than 240 million pesos to
complete the rehabilitation of the existing
facilities of the airport.[110] The airport was
ranked the tenth busiest airport in the
Philippines in 2008.[111]

Land

The primary modes of transportation

within the city are serviced by taxis,
jeepneys, tricycles, and habal-habal.[112]
Regular and air-conditioned buses of the
Yanson Group of Bus Companies serve the
long-haul routes from Zamboanga City to
other areas in Mindanao and in the
Visayas. Other smaller bus companies ply
the routes to neighboring municipalities in
the Zamboanga del Norte and Zamboanga
Sibugay areas.

Sea

Zamboanga International Seaport

Zamboanga City has nineteen seaports

and wharves, twelve of them are privately
owned and the rest are owned by the
government. This includes some ports of
Basilan which are registered as a part of
Zamboanga City port management. The
biggest and most modern seaport is the
government-operated main port in
Zamboanga City, which can accommodate
20 ships at any given time. There are 25
shipping companies whose vessels
regularly dock at the port of Zamboanga.
The city also has fastcraft services to
Sandakan, Malaysia, and one shipping
cargo company from Vietnam is also
serving the routes from and to Zamboanga
City to deliver goods from Vietnam.[113]

In 2002, the Port of Zamboanga City,

including the area ports of Basilan,
registered 5.57 million passenger
movement, surpassing Batangas by 1.3
million passengers, and Manila by over
1.59 million passengers.[114]

On May 28, 2009, the PHP700 million port

expansion project, funded by the national
government was inaugurated by President
Gloria Macapagal Arroyo.[115]

Infrastructure
Telecommunication
The telecommunication towers as can be seen over
the downtown.

Major telecommunications firm, Philippine

Long Distance Telephone Company,
maintains operations in the city. Mabuhay
Satellite Corporation has set up a facility in
Zamboanga City in order to improve
existing communications
infrastructure.[116]

Power
Murga Station of the Zamboanga City Electric
Cooperative (ZAMCELCO).

The Zamboanga City Electric Cooperative

is the franchise holder of electric power
distribution covering the entire city.

Conrado Alcantara and Sons Holdings

(Conal) constructed a coal-fired power
plant with an initial capacity of 105
megawatt on a 60-hectare land inside the
Zamboanga City Special Economic Zone
Authority. The plant was originally to open
in 2014, with their expectation to meet the
demand of the city's electricity by that said
year.[117][118] However, the project was
delayed and had begun construction by
the end of 2017. The plant is expected to
be fully operational by 2020.[118][119]

Water

Zamboanga City relies heavily on surface

water from the Tumaga River for its water
supply. The Zamboanga City Water District
(ZCWD) is serving only 48% of the total
population of the total water production,
38% is accounted water. Given the
projected population and the fact that the
city is a highly urbanising one, it is likely
that future water requirements will not be
satisfied unless other sources such as
rivers and springs be tapped to augment
water supply sources.[120]

ZCWD has 24 production wells. These are

located in the following strategic areas
within the city that are producing 1,304 m³
daily.[121]

Health
Zamboanga Peninsula Medical Center located at
Putik, Zamboanga City

There are several medical centres and

hospitals in Zamboanga. The Zamboanga
Peninsula Medical Center is the city's
newest hospital which was opened in
2015. It is regarded as one of the largest
and most modern in the region likened to
the St. Luke's Medical Center. The
government-operated Zamboanga City
Medical Center was founded in 1918 as
the Zamboanga City General Hospital. The
Brent Hospital and Colleges, Inc. was
founded on February 2, 1914 by Charles
Henry Brent, the first Protestant Episcopal
missionary bishop in the Philippines.
Today, it operates a school within its
compound, offering nursing and allied
health courses.

The Zamboanga City Red Cross chapter

was established on June 17, 1946, known
originally as Zamboanga City Chapter. The
original Zamboanga City Chapter
comprised the city of Zamboanga and the
3 provinces of Basilan, Zamboanga del
Norte and Zamboanga del Sur.[122]

West Metro Medical Center is a

secondary-level private hospital in
Zamboanga City, Philippines. As of 2015,
the hospital has a capacity of 110 beds.
Ongoing construction of an annex will
increase bed capacity to 190, making it the
largest private hospital in the Zamboanga
Peninsula and Archipelago

In 2006, the Military Sealift Command

(MSC) hospital ship, USNS Mercy (T-AH-
19), anchored off of the coast of
Zamboanga City, to provide of medical,
dental and veterinary care for the people
of the city.[123]

Sports and recreation facilities

Convention centers that host several
events and congregations include the
Garden Orchid Hotel's Convention Center,
Palacio Del Sur, Centro Latino, Astoria
Regency, and Patio Palmeras.[124] KCC
Mall de Zamboanga also has its
convention halls that is located at the East
Wing.

Sport venues in Zamboanga City include

the Joaquin F. Enriquez Memorial Sports
Complex, the Universidad de Zamboanga
Summit Centre, Southern City Colleges
Citadel Sports Arena, and the Mayor
Vitaliano D. Agan Coliseum.
Education

The facade of Ateneo de Zamboanga University.

The formal education in Zamboanga City

is patterned after the American system,
with English as the medium of instruction.
There are a number of foreign schools
with study programmes.[125][126]
Universities and major colleges include:
Ateneo De Zamboanga University,
Universidad De Zamboanga, Western
Mindanao State University, Southern City
Colleges, Pilar College, STI College
Zamboanga, Zamboanga Peninsula
Polytechnic State University. and
Zamboanga State College of Marine
Sciences and Technology.

Media
Zamboanga City has 16 radio stations.
There are also 11 regular TV stations and
3 cable TV stations. Several local
publications are operating in the various
parts of the city and nearby provinces and
regions such as, The Daily Zamboanga
Times, The Mindanao Examiner Regional
Newspaper, Voz de Mindanao, Zamboanga
Peninsula Journal, Zamboanga Star,
Zamboanga Today and Zamboanga Forum.

Notable people

Hidilyn Diaz at her homecoming to Zamboanga City,

days after her victory in the 2016 Summer Olympics

Roseller T. Lim - The first Zamboangeño

who became a Philippine Senator from
December 30, 1955 – December 30,
1963. Lim was known as the "Great
Filibuster," after he filibustered for more
than 18 hours in an attempt to prevent
the election of Ferdinand Marcos as
President of the Senate.[127][128]
Alyssa Alano - is a Filipina - Australian
film and TV actress. She was a former
member of the popular Viva Hotbabes
franchise.
Hidilyn Diaz - is a Filipino weightlifter
and airwoman. Won the silver medal in
the 2016 Summer Olympics' women's
53-kg weight division.[129]
Buddy Zabala - a Filipino musician and
producer. He is currently the bassist of
Filipino punk rock band Hilera, Cambio.
Was also a member of Eraserheads and
bassist for The Dawn.
Anton Mari H. Lim - a Filipino
veterinarian, businessman, public figure,
and humanitarian.[130]
Andy Mark C. Barroca - is a Filipino
professional basketball player for the
Magnolia Hotshots of the Philippine
Basketball Association (PBA).[131]
Ryan Roose B. "RR" Garcia - is a Filipino
professional basketball player for the
 TNT KaTropa of the Philippine
Basketball Association (PBA).[132]
Rudy Briones Lingganay Jr. - also a
Filipino professional basketball player
for the TNT KaTropa of the Philippine
Basketball Association (PBA).[133]
Chico Lanete - a Filipino professional
basketball player who plays for the
Phoenix Fuel Masters in the Philippine
Basketball Association (PBA).[134]

International relations
Zamboanga City is a member of East
ASEAN Growth Area (BIMP-EAGA), a
regional economic cooperation initiative
between the several countries in
Southeast Asia. As a result of its
membership, air and sea routes have been
opened between Zamboanga City and
Sandakan in Malaysia. The two cities have
existing trade relations and have had
historical cultural interactions.[135]

Sister cities
Zamboanga City is twinned with the
following cities:

Local

Davao City, Davao del Sur

Makati, Metro Manila

San Mateo, Rizal

 International

Pekanbaru, Indonesia

Sandakan, Malaysia[136]

Zaragoza, Spain

Zhoushan, China

See also
Cagayan de Oro
Davao City
General Santos
Cotabato City

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External links

Wikimedia Commons has media

related to Zamboanga City.

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for

Zamboanga (city).

Official website of the City Government

of Zamboanga

Retrieved from
"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Zamboanga_City&oldid=910043973"

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