Boilers

A boiler is defined as “A closed vessel in which water or other liquid is heated, steam or vapor
is generated, steam is superheated, or any combination thereof, under pressure or vacuum, for
use external to itself, by the direct application of energy from the combustion of fuels, from
electricity or nuclear energy ”.

Parts of boiler

A boiler is a self-contained combustion system that heats water. The hot water or steam produced
by a boiler is then used in heating systems. Although designs vary, a boiler has four main parts:
the burner, the combustion chamber, the heat exchanger and the pluming apparatus.

Burner

The burner initiates the combustion reaction within the boiler. Thermostats send messages to the
burner electronically when the system needs to produce heat. Fuel is pumped by a filter
mechanism to the boiler from an outside source -- often an adjacent fuel tank. A nozzle on the
burner turns this fuel into a fine spray and ignites it, creating the reaction in the combustion
chamber.

Combustion Chamber
The fuel is burned in the boiler's combustion chamber, which is usually made of cast iron.
Temperatures in the combustion chamber can rise to several hundred degrees, usually in a very
short time. The heat generated in the combustion chamber is transferred to the system's heat
exchanger

Heat Exchanger
In a hydronic boiler system, water is filtered around the combustion chamber through a series of
flue passages. The pressurized, boiling water is then pumped through pipes to baseboard heaters
or radiators, which give off the heat energy produced in the boiler.

Condenser
Device for reducing a gas or vapour to a liquid. Condensers are employed in power plants to
condense exhaust steam from turbines and in refrigeration plants to condense refrigerant
vapours, such as ammonia and fluorinated hydrocarbons. The petroleum and chemical industries
employ condensers for the condensation of hydrocarbons and other chemical vapours. In
distilling operations, the device in which the vapour is transformed to a liquid state is called a
condenser

Draft fan:

As we know, for a Steam Boiler to generate steam, combustion must occur, be it any fuel
(wood/coal/rice husk/pet coke/LDO/Furnace oil) and for combustion to exist one of its three
main requirements, is the air. And this requirement is compensated by a Forced Draft Fan

Pumps:

A boiler feedwater pump is a specific type of pump used to pump feedwater into a steam boiler.
The water may be freshly supplied or returning condensate produced as a result of the
condensation of the steam produced by the boiler. These pumps are normally high pressure units
that take suction from a condensate return system and can be of the centrifugal pump type or
positive displacement type.

PV and TS diagram:
The air-standard diesel cycle is shown on p-V and T-s diagrams respectively. This is the ideal
cycle for the diesel engine, which is also called the compression ignition engine.
This cycle consists of two reversible adiabatic, one reversible isobar and one reversible isochoric
Process.

Basic processes in diesel cycle

1-2; Reversible adiabatic compression
2-3: Constant pressure heat addition
3-4: Reversible adiabatic expansion
4-1: Constant volume heat rejection

Adiabatic

An adiabatic process is a thermodynamic process in which there is no heat transfer into or out of
a system and is generally obtained by surrounding the entire system with a strongly insulating
material or by carrying out the process so quickly that there is no time for a significant heat
transfer to take place

Isothermal
A process in which the temperature remains constant is called an isothermal process. From the
starting of the process till the end, the temperature remains constant.
For the process we have the equation as:
P V = Constant