LabVIEW MathScript

LabVIEW
MathScript
Hans-Petter Halvorsen, M.Sc.

LabVIEW Installation
Note! You get the Serial Number from your Teacher,
but the software can be used for 30 days before you
Download the software here: need to enter a valid Serial Number.
http://home.hit.no/~hansha/?page=labview
These are the main modules we use in the different
courses at Telemark University College:
• LabVIEW (LabVIEW Professional Development System 32-Bit: English)
• LabVIEW Control Design and Simulation Module
• LabVIEW MathScript RT Module
• NI-DAQmx (Hardware Driver for NI USB-6008, NI TC-01, etc.)
Note! These packages are separate downloads! Make sure to
download and install all of them!
All LabVIEW Software can be downloaded here: www.ni.com/download

Contents
• Introduction to LabVIEW
• Installation
• Block Diagram Simulation based on differential
Equations
– Simulation Loop
• PID Control with built-in PID blocks/functions
• Creating and using Simulation Subsystems
• Simulations using a While Loop with Subsystems inside
• Discrete Simulation
– Formula Node
• MathScript
Hardware Air Heater
USB-6008
Wi-Fi DAQ
Water Tank
Pt-100
TC-01
Arduino
ZigBee
Vision System
cRIO
NOx Sensor
LabVIEW
This is the core LabVIEW installation that installs
the LabVIEW Programming Environment.
LabVIEW MathScript RT Module

This module is a text-based tool that is very similar to MATLAB.
The syntax is similar to MATLAB, you can create and run so-called
m files, etc. The module is available from the Tools menu inside
LabVIEW.
LabVIEW Control Design and Simulation Module

This module is used for creating Control and Simulation
applications with LabVIEW. Here you will find PID controllers,
etc. The module is available as a palette on your block diagram.
NI-DAQmx
DAQmx is the Hardware Driver needed in order to use hardware
devices like NI USB-6008, NI TC-01, etc. inside LabVIEW. The module is
available as a palette on your block diagram.
What is LabVIEW MathScript?

What is MathScript?
• MathScript is a high-level, text- based programming language.
MathScript includes more than 800 built-in functions and the
syntax is similar to MATLAB. You may also create custom-
made m-file like you do in MATLAB.
• MathScript is an add-on module to LabVIEW but you don’t
need to know LabVIEW programming in order to use
MathScript.
• If you want to integrate MathScript functions (built-in or
custom-made m-files) as part of a LabVIEW application and
combine graphical and textual programming, you can work
with the MathScript Node.
• In addition to the MathScript built-in functions, different add-
on modules and toolkits installs additional functions. The
LabVIEW Control Design and Simulation Module and LabVIEW
Digital Filter Design Toolkit install lots of additional functions.
How do you start using MathScript?
• You need to install LabVIEW and the LabVIEW

MathScript RT Module.
• When necessary software is installed, start
MathScript by open LabVIEW
• In the Getting Started window, select Tools ->
MathScript Window...
MathScript
LabVIEW MathScript RT Module
Add-on Module for

LabVIEW where we
can do text-based
programming and
simulations
– very powerful!
MathScript Basics
Command Window
The Command Window is the main window in MATLAB. Use the Command
Window to enter variables and to run functions and M-files scripts (more about
m-files later). Its like an advanced calculator!
Hit “ENTER” in order to

execute a command
Use “Arrow Up” in order to

browse through old Commands
(“Command History”)
MathScript Basics
MATLAB is case sensitive! The variables x and X are not the same.
>> x=5;
Students: Try these examples
>> X=6;
>> x+X >> x=3
x =
ans = 3
11
>> y=4;
>>
Unlike many other languages, where the semicolon is used to
terminate commands, in MATLAB the semicolon serves to
suppress the output of the line that it concludes.
MathScript Basics
The “clear” command deletes all

existing variables” from the memory
>> clear
>> clc
The “clc” command removes everything
from the Command Window
clc – clear command window
Students: Try these commands

MathScript Basics
Built-in constants
Name Description
i, j Used for complex numbers, e.g., z=2+4i
pi π
inf ∞, Infinity
NaN Not A Number. If you, e.g., divide by zero, you
get NaN
>> r=5;
>> A=pi*r^2
>> a=2;
>> z1=3+3i; >> b=0;
>> z2=3+5i;
A =
>> z = z1+z2 >> a/b
78.5398
z =
6.0000 + 8.0000i
MathScript Basics Matematical Expressions
Students: Try this example MATLAB

log(x)
log10(x)
>> x=2;
Which are correct?

>> y=3*x+2/2 sqrt(x)
y =
7 exp(x)
>> y=(3*x+2)/2
y = x^2
4
Students: Calculate this expression, try with different

values for x and y
MathScript Basics
Students: Calculate this expression, try with different values for x and y
Solutions:
>> x=2;, y=2
>> z = 3*x^2 + sqrt(x^2 + y^2) + exp(log(x))
ans =
16.8284
...
MathScript Basics
Students: Use MATLAB in order to find the surface

area of a cylinder based on the height (h) and the
radius (r) of the cylinder
r=3
h=8 A=?
MathScript Basics
Solutions:
>> h=8
>> r=3
>> A = 2*pi*r^2 +2*pi*r*h;
A =
207.3451
Vectors & Matrices

Math in MathScript Mathematical Expressions:
Equations:
y(x) = 2x + 4 x = 3;
y = 2*x + 4;
y(3) = ?
Vectors: Matrices:
Try these Examples
x = [4, 3, 5] A = [0, 1; -2, -3]
y = 1:10 C = [-1, 2, 0; 4, 10, -2; 1, 0, 6]

Vectors & Matrices
• Matrices and vectors (Linear Algebra) are the basic elements in
MATLAB and also the basic elements in control design theory, etc.
• All variables in MATLAB is a matrix (but with different dimensions)
• So it is important you know how to handle vectors and matrices in
MATLAB and in general
Vectors
Examples of different Rows and Columns vectors
>> x = [1, 2, 3] >> x*y
>> y*x
>> y = [4; 5; 6] Students: Define these
vectors in MATLAB. Try >> x*z
>> z = [8, 9, 10]' also to multiply the >> y*z
different vectors like this: ...

>> a = [1:10]
>> b = [1:2:10]
>> b = [1:0.5:4]
Matrices
Students: Define the following
matrices in MATLAB
>> A = [1 2; 3 4]
A = 1 2
3 4
or:
Try these examples
>> A = [1, 2; 3, 4]
>> B+C
>> B-C
A = 1 2
>> B/C
3 4 >> B*C
>> B.*C
>> B'*C
...
Matrices
Given the following matrices:
Define the matrices and try these examples
>> rank(A)
>> det(A)
>> inv(A)
>> inv(B)
>> eig(A)
>> A*B >> A*(B*C) >> inv(A)
>> B*A >> (A*B)*C >> inv(B)
>> A+B >> (A+B)*C >> diag(A)
>> B' >> A*C + C*B >> inv(A)*A
>> B'*C >> (A+inv(B))*C >> A*inv(A)
>> A*B'
>> A'*B’ ... ...
>> A.*B
...
Creating Scripts

Scripts (m-files)
MATLAB Scrips are saved as socalled
.m files (file extension is .m)
Script Editor When using the Script Editor, you may create several lines of code
and execute all in one batch. You can easily do changes in your
code, create comments, etc. clear
clc
x=0:0.1:2*pi;
y=sin(x);
y2=cos(x);
y3=tan(x);
y4=atan(x);
%plotting sin(x)
subplot(2,2,1)
plot(x,y)
%plotting cos(x)
Run the Script subplot(2,2,2)
plot(x,y2)
%plotting tan(x)
subplot(2,2,3)
plot(x,y3)
%plotting atan(x)
Students: Try this example subplot(2,2,4)
plot(x,y4)
Plotting

Plotting in MathScript interval on x axis
x = 0:5;
Example:
y(t) = 2x + 4 y = 2*x + 4;
plot(x,y)
Useful MathScript functions

Students: Try this
for plotting:
xlabel
grid ylabel
axis
title text
Students: Try these functions
How does they work?

Type help <function name> in Command window
How do you get another color? or line type?

Plotting
>> x = 0:0.1:2*pi;
>> y = sin(x);
>> plot(x,y)
Students: Try this example
Students: Try also these examples:

>> x = 0:0.1:2*pi;
>> y = sin(x);
>> y2 = cos(x);
>> plot(x,y, x,y2)
...
>> plot(x,y,'r*', x,y2,'g+')
Plotting
Plotting functions:
Name Description
plot Create a Plot >> x=0:0.1:2*pi;
figure Define a new Figure/Plot window
>> y=sin(x);
>> plot(x,y)
grid Create Grid lines in a plot
on/off >> title('Plot Example')
title Add Title to current plot >> xlabel('x')
>> ylabel('y=sin(x)')
xlabel Add a Label on the x-axis
>> grid on
ylabel Add a Label on the x-axis >> axis([0,2*pi,-1,1])
>> legend(’Temperature')
axis Set xmin,xmax,ymin,ymax
hold Add several plots in the same Figure

on/off Students: Try also to change
legend Create a legend in the corner (or at some of the commands and see
a specified position) of the plot
what happens with the plot
subplot Divide a Figure into several Subplots
Plotting Subplot
>>
>>
>>
x=0:0.1:2*pi;
y=sin(x);
y2=cos(x);
Students: Try these >> y3=tan(x);
examples
>> subplot(3,1,1)
>> x=0:0.1:2*pi; >> plot(x,y)
>> y=sin(x);
>> subplot(3,1,2)
>> y2=cos(x); >> plot(x,y2)
>> subplot(2,1,1) >> subplot(3,1,3)

>> plot(x,y3)
>> plot(x,y)
>> x=0:0.1:2*pi;
>> subplot(2,1,2) >> y=sin(x);
>> y2=cos(x);
>> plot(x,y2) >> y3=tan(x);
>> y4=atan(x);
>> subplot(2,2,1)
>> plot(x,y)
>> subplot(2,2,2)
>> plot(x,y2)
>> subplot(2,2,3)
>> plot(x,y3)
>> subplot(2,2,4)
>> plot(x,y4)
User-defined Functions

Egendefinerte Funksjoner i MathScript
function output = function_name(input)
MATLAB contains hundreds of built-in functions, but very often you need to create your
own functions
Input
You Create the

Return value Function in the Editor
You Use the Function

in the Command
Window or in a Script

Example
Create the function Execute the function
Function name
Return value input
function Tf = fahrenheit(Tc) Tc = 23;

Tf = fahrenheit(Tc)
Tf = (9/5)*Tc + 32;
Dette kan enten gjøres fra Command
window eller Script window
The function body
Return value
Students: Try this

The function needs to be saved as
“fahrenheit.m” on your harddrive
Example: Convert from Celsius to Fahrenheit
Students: Create a User-defined Function

that converts from Temperature in Celsius
to Temperature in Fahrenheit
Try the function in a Script like this:
Try the function in the Command
window like this:
>> Tc = 20;
>> Tf =
fahrenheit(Tc)
Tf =
68 You need to create

this function
Solutions: Convert from Celsius to Fahrenheit clear
clc
t = 0:0.1:24;
Tc = (sin(t)+1)*20;
Tf = fahrenheit(Tc);
function Tf = fahrenheit(Tc) plot(t,Tc, t,Tf)

% This function converts a temperature from celsius to
fahrenheit
title('Temperature Simulation')
xlabel('t')
Tf = (9/5)*Tc + 32; ylabel('Temperature')
grid on
axis([0,24, 0, 120]);
legend('Celcius', 'Fahrenheit')
Tips & Tricks

Tips & Tricks
Use Comments (%) Tips & Tricks
% This is a comment
x=2; % Comment2 DO NOT use ”spaces” in Filename or names that
y=3*x % Comment3 are similiar to built-in functions in MATLAB!
- but that have to make sense!
Decimal sign: Use ”.”– NOT ”,” !

i.e. y=3.2 – not y=3,2
Yes:
Use english names on variables, functions, files, etc. This is No:
common practice in programming! a=2;
Use always variables – Do not use numbers directly in the b=4; y=2+4
expressions! y=a+b
Always include these
lines in your Script
Functions: clear
• Only ONE function in each File! clc
• The Filename (.m) AND the Name of the Function MUST be close all
the same! …
Tips & Tricks Use help in order to find out
how to use a function in
Greek!letters:!In!maths!and!control!theory!it!is!common!to!use!greek! MATLAB. In order to get help
letters!in!formulas,!etc.!These!cannot!be!used!directly!in!MATLAB,!so! for the tf function, type the
you!need!to!find!other!good!alternatives.!Examples:! following in the Command
window:
!! ! –!w0!
help tf
!! –!zeta!or!just!z!
etc.!
Mathematical expressions:
The following applies in MATLAB
A Golden Rule: One Task – one file, i.e. DONT
put all the Tasks in one single file!!
x = 2;
y = 2;
z = 3*x^2 + sqrt(x^2 + y^2)+ exp(log(x))
Sorry!
• There are no “Short-Cuts” if you
want to learn LabVIEW!
(except the few shown on the previous page J)
• Practice, practice and practice!
LabVIEW Training:
1 - LabVIEW Training for Students (National
Instruments):http://www.ni.com/academic/students/learn-
labview/
2 - LabVIEW Course:
http://home.hit.no/~hansha/?training=labview
MathScript Node

MathScript Node
MathScript Node
The “MathScript Node” offers an intuitive means of
combining graphical and textual code within LabVIEW.
Students: Test some of your previous
Scripts using the MathScript Node
Using “MathScript Nodes”, you can

enter .m file script text directly or
import it from a text file.
You can define named inputs and outputs on the MathScript Node
border to specify the data to transfer between the graphical
LabVIEW environment and the textual MathScript code.
Using MathScript for
Simulations

Continuous Signal
Discrete Systems
Discret Signal A computer can only deal

with discrete signals
Note!
Different Ts = Sampling Time
books use
different When Ts -> 0, we have a continuous signal,
notations but in a computer that is not possible.
k = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, ....
Example
Discretization
Given the following differential equation:
In order to simulate this system in LabVIEW using the Formula

Node we need to find the discrete differential equation.
We can use e.g., the Euler Approximation: Ts – Sampling Time
Then we get:
This gives the following discrete differential equation:
Students: Simulate and Plot the discrete system above

using a Formula Node and a For Loop in LabVIEW Ts = 0.1 s
MathScript % Simulation of discrete model
Simulation clear, clc
Example % Model Parameters

a = 0.25;b = 2;
% Simulation Parameters
Ts = 0.1; %s
Tstop = 20; %s
uk = 1;
x(1) = 0;
% Simulation
for k=1:(Tstop/Ts)
x(k+1) = (1-a*Ts).*x(k) + Ts*b*uk;
end
% Plot the Simulation Results

Students: Create and test the k=0:Ts:Tstop;
MathScript code. plot (k, x)
grid on
Simulation using MathScript Node
Students: Try the same example inside LabVIEW using
the MathScript Node
Just copy and paste the code from
the previous example
Control Theory
with MathScript

Tools:
LabVIEW
PC
Control System
MathScript
Frequency Response
Stability Analysis
Discretization
State-space models
Building blocks:
Transfer functions Differential equations

Transfer functions

Block diagrams - MathScript
Serial Paralell Feedback
MathScript code: MathScript code: MathScript code:

… … …
H = series(h1,h2) H = parallel(h1,h2) H = feedback(h1,h2)
Example: num=[1];
den=[1, 1];
H1= tf(num, den);
num=[1];
Students: Try this Example
den=[1, 1, 1];
H2 = tf(num, den);
H = series(H1,H2)
Transfer functions
MathScript code:
% Transfer Function
MathScript code: num = [2, 3];
% Transfer Function den = [1, 4, 3];
num = [4]; H = tf(num, den)
den = [2, 1];
H = tf(num, den) Try these % Step Response
examples step(H)
% Step Response
step(H)
U=1 -> unit step

State-space Models

State-space models
MathScript:
A = [1, 2; 3, 4]; Step Response:
Note! The system is
B = [0; 1];
unstable
C = [1, 0];
D = [0];
model = ss(A, B, C, D)
step(model) Yes!
Can we find the transfer
Students: Try these Examples function from SS model? H = tf(model)
Students: Implement
this state-space model
in MathScript
What is the transfer function?

State-space models – Water Tank Example
MathScript:
clc, clear
Kp = 16.5;
A_tank = 78.5;
A = [0, -1/A_tank; 0, 0];

B = [Kp/A_tank; 0];
C = [1, 0];
D = [0];
model = ss(A, B, C, D)
step(model)
We see this is a typical integrator

Transfer function:
H = tf(model)
Students: Try this Examples
Stability Analysis

Loop Transfer Function
MathScript:
Hr = ...
Hp = ...
Hm = ...
L = series(series(Hr, Hp), Hm)

The Tracking Function
MathScript:
L = ...
T = feedback(L, 1)
Det karakteristiske polynom
En transferfunksjon kan skrives på følgende generelle polynomform:
• Der telleren til transferfunksjonen beskriver nullpunktene til systemet, mens nevneren
beskriver polene til systemet.
• Røttene i tellerpolynomet b(s) kalles systemets eller transferfunksjonens nullpunkter
• Røttene i nevnerpolynomet a(s) kalles systemets eller transferfunksjonens poler
Nevnerpolynomet a(s) kalles for transferfunksjonens karakteristiske polynom

Poles and Zeros
Given the following System:
Find Poles and Zeros
MathScript:
num=... num=...
den=… den=…
H = tf(num,den) H = tf(num,den)
or:
zero(H) roots(num) %Zeros
pole(H) roots(den) %Poles
Poles and Zeros - Solutions
MathScript:
%Transfer Function
num=[2,1];
den=[0.5, 2, 1];
H=tf(num,den)
%Zeros
z = zero(H)
%roots(num)
%Poles
p = pole(H)
%roots(den)
Impulse/Step Response impulse(H)
step(H)
Asymptotisk stabilt system:
Marginalt stabilt system:
Ustabilt system:
Example
T(s)
Dette er den totale transferfunksjonen (“The

Tracking transfer function”) fra referansen (r) til
utgangen (y) for et gitt system. Systemet blir
regulert av en P regulator (proporsjonalregulator).
Implementer (transferfunksjon) og simuler

(sprangrespons) systemet i MathScript.
Prøv forskjellige verdier av Kp
Hva blir resultatet??

Kp=1; Solutions
num = [Kp];
den = [1, 2, 1, Kp];
H = tf(num, den);
Asymptotisk stabilt
step(H)
More advanced solution:
clc
clear
K = [1, 2, 4];
Marginalt stabilt
N = length(K);
for i= 1:N
Kp = K(i);
num = [Kp];
den = [1, 2, 1, Kp];
H = tf(num, den);
figure(i)
Ustabilt
step(H)
end
Stability Analysis – 2.order systems
Masse-Fjær-demper system
Implementer systemet i MathScript. Prøv ulike

verdier av zeta slik at vi kan gjenskape de ulike
responsene (sprangrespons) som er typisk for et
2.ordens system. Begynn med f.eks. m=1, k=1, d=1
Solutions
% Mass-spring-damper
clear
clc
clear all
% Define variables
Prøv ulike verdier av zeta slik m = 1;
at vi kan gjenskape de ulike d = 1;
responsene som er typisk for k = 1;
et 2.ordens system zeta= d/(2*sqrt(m*k))
% Define Transfer function

num = 1/m ;
den = [1, (d/m), (k/m)];
H = tf(num, den);
% Step Response
step(H)
Solutions
m=1, k=1, d=1 -> z=0.5

dvs 0<z<1 -> Stabilt (Underdempet) m=1, k=1, d=-1 -> z=-0.5
dvs z<0 -> Ustabilt
m=1, k=1, d=2 -> z=1 m=1, k=1, d=0 -> z=0
-> Stabilt (Kritisk dempet) -> Marginalt stabilt
Poles
Eksempel:
Systemets poler finner man ved å sette

nevneren i transferfunksjonen lik 0
MathScript:
num = [3];
den = [0.5, 1];
Stabilt H = tf(num, den)
Ustabilt
p = poles(H)
pzgraph(H)
Studenter: Prøv ut dette scriptet!

Polplassering
Asymptotisk stabilt system: Marginalt stabilt system:
En eller flere poler ligger på den

imaginære akse (har realdelen lik 0), og
alle polene er forskjellige/ikke
sammenfallende.
Dessuten, ingen poler i høyre halvplan
Alle polene ligger i venstre halvplan

(negativ realdel).
Ingen poler på den imaginære akse.
Ustabilt system:
En eller flere poler ligger i høyre

halvplan (har realdel større enn 0).
Eller: Det er multiple/sammenfallende poler

på den imaginære akse.
Stabilitetsanalyse – Poler – MathScript - Eksempel
Dette er den totale transferfunksjonen (“The Tracking transfer function”) fra

referansen (r) til utgangen (y). Systemet blir regulert av en P regulator
(proporsjonalregulator).
Implementer (transferfunksjon) og finn polene til systemet vha

MathScript.
Prøv forskjellige verdier av Kp (Kp=1, Kp=2, Kp=3)
Hva blir resultatet??

Stabilitetsanalyse – Poler – MathScript - Løsning
MathScript:
Kp=1
num = [Kp];
den = [1, 2, 1, Kp];
H = tf(num, den)
Dette er den totale transferfunksjonen (“The
Tracking transfer function”) fra referansen (r) figure(1)
til utgangen (y). Systemet blir regulert av en step(H)
P regulator (proporsjonalregulator).
poles(H)
figure(2)
pzmap(H)
Poler:
Masse-Fjær-demper system – Eksempel - MathScript kode
% Mass-spring-damper system
clear
clc
clear all
% Define variables
Prøv ulike verdier av zeta slik at vi m = 1;d = 1; k = 1;
kan gjenskape de ulike responsene zeta= d/(2*sqrt(m*k))
som er typisk for et 2.ordens
system. % Define Transfer function
num = 1/m ;
den = [1, (d/m), (k/m)];
H = tf(num, den);
% Step Response
Metode 1 figure(1), step(H)
(Sprangrespons)
Metode 2 % Stability Analysis
(Polplassering) p = poles(H)
figure(2), pzmap(H)
Students: Try this Example

Discretization

Discretization Example
Given the following continuous system:
We will use the Euler forward method :
Students:
Pen and paper: Find the difference equation
(discrete differenitial equation) for this
system.
Discretization Example - Solutions
We will use the Euler forward method :

Discretization in MathScript - Alt. 1
% Simulation of discrete model
clear, clc
% Model Parameters
a = 0.25;b = 2;
% Simulation Parameters
Ts = 0.1; %s
Tstop = 20; %s
uk = 1; % Step in u
x(1) = 0; % Initial value
% Simulation
for k=1:(Tstop/Ts)
x(k+1) = (1-a*Ts).*x(k) + Ts*b*uk;
end
Students:
% Plot the Simulation Results Implement and Simulate
k=0:Ts:Tstop; this system in MathScript
plot (k, x)
grid on
Discretization in MathScript - Alt. 2
% Find Discrete model

clear
clc
% Model Parameters
a = 0.25;
b = 2;
Ts = 0.1; %s
% State-space model
A = [-a];
B = [b];
We get the same answer as in
C = [1];
D = [0];
previous example!
Students:
model = ss(A,B,C,D)
Implement and Simulate
model_discrete = c2d(model, Ts, 'forward')
this system in MathScript
step(model_discrete)
Discrete State-space Models Example
in MathScript
Try with different values for Ts!
MathScript
% Properties
Ts = 0.1;
% Continuous System:
A = [0, -Ts; 0, 0];
B = [2*Ts, 0]';
C = [1 0];
D = [0];
ssmodel = ss(A, B, C, D);
figure(1)
step(ssmodel)
% Discrete System:
ssmodel_discete = c2d(ssmodel, Ts, 'forward’)
figure(2)
step(ssmodel_discete)
Students: Implement the system above and find the step response using MathScript.
Frequency Response

Frequency Response Example
Outside Temperature
frequency 1 (year)
T = 1 year
-> Only the gain and

frequency 2 (24 hours) phase are different
T = 24 hours
Inside Temperature
frequency 1 (year)
Assume the outdoor temperature is
varying like a sine function during a year
(frequency 1) or during 24 hours
(frequency 2).
frequency 2 (24 hours)
Then the indoor temperature will be a
sine as well, but with different gain. In
addition it will have a phase lag.
Frequency Response Example
Air Heater
Imput Signal Output Signal
Dynamic
System
Amplitude Frequency
Gain Phase Lag
(“forsterkning”) (“faseforskyvning”)
The frequency response of a system expresses how a sinusoidal signal of a given frequency on
the system input is transferred through the system.
Bode Diagram The x-scale is logarithmic
Gain (“Forsterkningen”)
The y-scale is in [dB]
Phase lag (“Faseforkyvningen”)

The y-scale is in [degrees]
Vanligvis er enheten for frekvens Hertz [Hz], men i

frekvensrespons/Bodediagram brukes radianer ω [rad/s]. Sammenhengen
Bode Diagram
You can find the Bode diagram from experiments on the physical prosess or from the
transfer function (the model of the system).
A simple sketch of the Bode diagram for a given system:
𝜔𝑐
𝐿𝑜𝑔 𝜔 ω [rad/s]
∆𝐾
𝜑 𝜔180
𝐿𝑜𝑔 𝜔 ω [rad/s]
è The Bode diagram gives a simple Graphical overview of the Frequency Response for a given system.
A Tool for Analyzing the Stability properties of the Control System
Bode Diagram – MathScript Example
Given the following transfer function:
% We define the transfer function:

We will use MathScript to find the K = 1;
Frequency Response/Bode Diagram: T = 1;
num = [K];
den = [T, 1];
H = tf(num, den)
% We plot the Bode diagram:

bode(H);
% We add grid to the plot:

subplot(2,1,1)
grid on
subplot(2,1,2)
grid on
Students: Implement this example in MathScript Cont. on bext page->

Bode Diagram – MathScript Example cont.
Instead of Plotting the Bode Diagram we can also use the bode function for
calculation and showing the data as well:
...
wlist = [0.01, 0.1, 1, 2 ,3 ,5 ,10,
100];[mag, phase, w] = bode(H, wlist);
magdB = 20*log10(mag); % Convert to dB
freq_data = [w, magdB, phase]
MathScript gives the following results:
Students: Try this code also

Bode Diagram – MathScript Example cont.
w A(w) [dB] ϕ(w) [deg.]
We see that the Calculated Data and the

Bode Diagram gives the same values
Bode Diagram – MathScript Example
Students: Plot the Bode Diagram for the given transfer function using MathScript
Bode Diagram – MathScript Example - Solutions
or:
clear, clc
% Transfer function
num=[1];
den1=[1,0];
den2=[1,1]
den3=[1,1]
den = conv(den1,conv(den2,den3));
H = tf(num, den)
% Bode Diagram
bode(H) clear, clc
subplot(2,1,1) % Transfer function
grid on num=[1];
subplot(2,1,2) den=[1,2,1,0];
H = tf(num, den)
grid on
% Bode Diagram
bode(H)
or: subplot(2,1,1)
grid on
subplot(2,1,2)
grid on
Stability Analysis with
Frequency Response

Frequency Response and Stability Analysis
Bode Diagram ωc and ω180 are called the crossover-
frequencies (“kryssfrekvens”)
ΔK is the gain margin (GM) of the

system (“Forsterkningsmargin”).
How much the loop gain can increase
before the system becomes unstable
ϕ is the phase margin (PM) of the

system (“Fasemargin”).
Hvor mye fasedreining systemet tåler
før det blir ustabilt.
We have the following:
Asymptotisk stabilt system
Marginalt stabilt system
Ustabilt system
Stability Analysis - Summary
Tidsplanet
Frekvensrespons/Bodediagram
Ustabilt system
Det komplekse plan
Ustabilt system
Stability Analysis using Frequency
Response within MathScript
Hr = ...
Hp = ...
Hm = ...
L = series(series(Hr, Hp), Hm)
bode(L)
margin(L)
[gm, pm, w180, wc] = margin(H);
gmdB = 20*log10(gm)
bode margin
Stability Analysis – MathScript Example
Students:
• Set Kp=0.5 (in this example Kp will be the loop gain).
• Plot the Bode diagram.
• Find ωc, ω180, ΔK, φ – both manually from the plot and compare with the results from
MathScript (margin function).
Stability Analysis – MathScript Example - Solutions
MathScript:
clear, clc, clf
% Define Transfer functions
% The Process Transfer function Hp(s)

num_p=[1]; % Bode Diagram
den1=[1, 0]; figure(1)
den2=[1, 1]; bode(L)
den_p = conv(den1,den2); subplot(2,1,1)
Hp = tf(num_p, den_p) grid on
subplot(2,1,2)
% The Measurement Transfer function Hm(s) grid on
num_m=[1];
den_m=[3, 1]; figure(2)
Hm = tf(num_m, den_m) margin(L)
% The Controller Transfer function Hr(s) [gm, pm, w180, wc] = margin(L);
Kp = 0.5;
Hr = tf(Kp) wc
w180
% The Loop Transfer function gmdB = 20*log10(gm)
L = series(series(Hr, Hp), Hm) pm
Cont. on next page ->

Stability Analysis – Example - Solutions
Bode Diagram and Results: Tip: Adjust the scale on the axes to make
it easier to read the different values
GM
wc
0.0 0.1
1
PM
0.1
w180
0.0
Stability Analysis – Example cont.
Results from previous page:
Kp=0.5
ΔK
Students:
• How much can we increase Kp before the system becomes unstable?
• Plot the Step Response and find the Poles for different Kp (asymtotically stable,
marginally stable, unstable)
Stability Analysis – Example cont. - Solutions
Kp=0.5 -> ΔK=2.67 (from previous page)

Kp (marginalt stabilt) = Kp x ΔK = 0.5 x 2.67 = 1.34
Dette gir følgende:

Kp = 0.5 -> Asymptotisk Stabilt System
Kp = 1.34 -> Marginal Stabilt System MathScript Kode
Kp = 2 (f.eks.) -> Ustabilt System Kp = ...
Kp > 2
...
t = 0:0.1:50;
figure(4)
step(T, t)
p = poles(T)
figure(5)
pzmap(T)
See plots on next page ->

Kp = 1.34
Kp = 0.5
Kp = 2
“Golden rules” of Stability Margins
for a Control System
Gain Margin: (“Forsterkningsmargin”)
Phase Margin: (“Fasemargin”)
Merk! Siden (alt)for dårlig stabilitet må unngås, mens (alt)for god stabilitet kan aksepteres, er de nedre
grensene for GM og PM kritiske, mens de øvre grensene er anbefalte, men ikke kritiske.
Frequency Response MathScript functions
Select one of the following Challenges

Mass-Spring-Damper System
http://www.techteach.no/simview/mass_spring_damper/index.php
Students: Simulate this system using MathScript. Plot the position, speed and the
accelleration. Test with different values on m, k and d.
Air Heater
Students: Simulate this

system using MathScript
Frequency Response Analysis
Given the following system with time-delay:
Use the bode and margin functions in MathScript to plot the frequency response in a
Bode diagram.
Find the following:
The crossover-frequencies ωc and ω180
The gain margin, GM (ΔK)
The phase margin, PM (φ)
Find the poles for the system. Draw the poles in the imaginary plane. Is the system
stable? Discuss the results.
University College of Southeast Norway

www.usn.no
E-mail: hans.p.halvorsen@hit.no
Blog: http://home.hit.no/~hansha/

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