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Writing The Thesis or Any Research
Writing The Thesis or Any Research
Writing The Thesis or Any Research
ANY RESEARCH
Focus your research very
specifically.
Don't try to have your research cover an
area too broad
Begin Writing Those Parts That
You Are Most Comfortable
With
Go with what interests you, start your writing
there, and then keep building!
Look at the first section of your paper. When
you are ready, go ahead and write it. If you
are not ready, move section-by-section
through your paper until you find a section
where you have some input to make
Change Sections From The
Proposal To Sections For Final
Paper
Pull out the proposal and begin by
checking your proposed research
methodology
Change the tense from future
tense to past tense and then make
any additions or changes so that
the methodology section truly
reflects what you did.
Research writing is not designed
to be entertaining
It should be clear and unambiguous
You should prepare a list of key
words that are important to your
research and then your writing
should use this set of key words
throughout.
Good grammar and thoughtful
writing will make the thesis easier to
read.
Review Two Or Three Well
Organized And Presented
Researches
Examine their use of headings, overall
style, typeface and organization.
Use them as a model for the
preparation of your own paper.
Present Findings Based On
The Order Of The Stated
Problems
It is the main concern of your
questionnaire.
The problems posed in Chapter 1 will
be the main concern of your
presentation, & analysis of data.
At The End, It's Time To
"Rewrite" Chapter One
Reread Chapter One carefully with the
insight you now have from having
completed Chapter Five.
Does Chapter One clearly help the
reader move in the direction of Chapter
Five?
Your Adviser Will Expect To Read
Each Chapter In Draft Form
Do not be upset if a chapter---
especially the first one you write---
returns covered in red ink.
Take a positive attitude to all the
scribbles with which your adviser
decorates your text: each comment
tells you a way in which you can
make your thesis better.
CHAPTER 1- The Problem; Its
Background
Introduction
Statement of the Problem/Objectives
Hypotheses
Significance of the Study
Scope and Delimitation of the Problem
Definition of Terms
Introduction
Rationale
Statement of The Objectives
REVIEW OF RELATED
LITERATURE
AND STUDIES
Related Literature
Related Studies
Foreign
Local
Conceptual Framework
Related literature
The research literature consists of the
articles, and books written by
previous authorities giving theories,
ideas, opinions and experiences of
what is good and bad, the
desirable and undesirable within
the research problem
Example
Related Literature
One benefit which can be attributed to zoning is
Promotion of public health and safety through compatible
arrangement of various land uses, e.g. buffering between
residential and industrial zones and through standards for
environmental protection and conservation (CLUP Guidebook
Volume 3, 2014).
According to the City Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management Office (CDRRMO), several barangays in the city
were identified as flood prone, heavily flooded areas or
isolated during heavy rains. Based on the record of the
CDRRMO, 17 out of the 76 barangays or 22.37 percent are
prone to flooding.
Related Studies
Related studies refer to published
reports on researches, and
unpublished manuscripts such as
theses or dissertations of actual
research studies done previously
on the topic.
Example
Related Studies
Probabilistic risk assessment levee system yields to
two important by-products and these are: First, a database
with flood simulations, consequence estimates, and detailed
statistical data which will serve as basis for future research
and development. Second, is the build-up of experience with a
truly risk-informed approach to flood risk management thereby
paving the way toward new and more efficient ways or
protection against floods (Jongejan and Maaskant, 2015).
In flood inundation modeling, channel roughness is the
important model parameter; however, a sensitivity test
showed that it is not very sensitive in terms of its impact on
the extent of flow inundation (Ghimire, 2013).
Function of the Chapter 2
The related literature and studies
would act as benchmark to formulate the
theoretical scheme of the intended
research paper. The theoretical
framework shall be the tentative
explanation of the phenomenon, which
the research is to investigate.
Guides to the making of the
Review
A. Researchers don’t work in a vacuum.
1. Related research is a result of previous work on
a topic.
2. Knowing what others have done and found help
to avoid “reinventing the wheel.”
B. Even those who don’t conduct research per se
often need to know what the findings from relevant
researches.
C. Regardless of the communication topic of interest,
it’s likely that there is some relevant research that
has been conducted in the past.
D. Reviewing previous research is bound to shape a
new study in a number of ways:
To provide support for, or shape, the formal
research question or hypothesis posed.
To gathering ideas for the design of own study.
To Provide the foundation on which researchers
build.
To find out what has already been done and
learned about the topic(s) of interest.
Conceptual Framework
Conceptual framework consists of the
researcher’s own position on the problem
after the thorough scrutiny of various
theories related to the problem undertaken
Conceptual Framework
Consists of the Paradigm of the Study and
the explanation of the concepts that were
used in the study.
It explains how the variables are expected
to work in the study.
Example
The aim of the study is to identify the
different flood hazards over the existing land use
plan of Tarlac City based on their 2001-2010
CLUP. The different flood hazard characteristics
identified are flow depth, flow velocity as well as
flow direction. These characteristics are used for
flood hazard zoning as well as towards identifying
the flood overlay zones which is geared towards
the reduction of risk over the different land uses in
Tarlac City.
Conceptual Framework
Theoretical Framework
Waterway networks Hydrographs and Digital Elevation 1D Modeling
and cross sections boundary conditions Model (DEM) • HMS
SCS Curve Number (Loss Method)
SCS Unit Hydrograph (Transform Method)
1D Modeling 2D Modeling
(Channel flow) (Overland flow) Muskingum-Cunge (Routing Method)
• RAS
Hazard and Risks
(Land Use and Community)
Unsteady Flow
Research Design
Population
Sampling Design/Sampling
Methods of Gathering Data
Instruments for Gathering Data
Statistical treatment
General Methodology: Qualitative vs.
Quantitative Research
The distinctions between qualitative and
quantitative researches lie on the description
and presentation of data. Under quantitative
research, the questions are how well, how much
or how accurately are the characteristics of
attributes described for a given set of data
(Fraenkel & Wallen, 1994), while qualitative
research relies mainly on narrative description.
Basic Research Designs
DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH DESIGN
CORRELATIONAL
CAUSAL-COMPARATIVE
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
THE QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
The Descriptive Research
In a descriptive research, variables are studied,
as they exist in their setting. No experimental
variables are manipulated and the main
concerns are to describe the status, profile,
incidences or occurrences of the variables. The
lack of control variables in descriptive designs
makes the results unreliable for hypothesis
testing and the results to vary from one setting to
another.
The Causal-Comparative
Research
Causal-comparative research attempts to determine the
causes or differences that already exist between or
among groups or individuals (Fraenkel and Wallen,
1993). The design compares two or more groups in
terms of a different variable that cannot be manipulated,
i.e., and high performing group versus low performing
group (Performance in the difference variable). The
research may observe that the two groups differ on
some variables to determine the reasons for their
difference.
Correlational Design
Correlational research explores the relationship
between or among variables. The variables are
studied without any attempt to control or
manipulate them. Correlation research is also
sometimes referred to as a form of descriptive
research because it describes relationship
between variables. The relationship described,
however, differs from other designs because of
the degree of relatedness established between
or among variables.
Experimental designs
Posttest Only Control Group Design
R G1 X O2
R G2 O2
Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design
R G1 O1 X O2
R G2 O1 O2
Example: Research Design
This study made use of the correlational design because it
determined the factors that are significantly related to students’
academic performance. Other factors attempted to be
correlated to academic performance were socio-economic
status and college aptitude. The study used the questionnaire
to survey the personal data and other data pertaining to socio-
economic status. Other instruments used were the Sixteen-
Personality Factor, a standardized instrument intended to
assess the personality traits of the students; High school
achievement is the weighted average of the grades, expressed
in terms of grade point average; and the College Aptitude
Test. The scores in the aptitude test were obtained from the
results of the test administered by the DHLCF Guidance Office.
The College Aptitude Test serves as a predictive of success in
the nursing course.
Population
Identification of the Population. This
specification of the population may seem
simple but it seldom is. It is important for
the researcher to anticipate decisions that
are likely to come up during the actual
sample selection.
Example
Suppose a survey is to be conducted among
State Colleges and Universities on
Environment Policies. The population of the
study would include the administrators and
students. Should only the Deans and
Students be included? Must the students
cover the high school level? What about the
canteen personnel, extension service,
research and general services units? The
respondents must be qualified to respond on the
basis of two criteria
Unit of Analysis
The sample unit is the smallest entity of
the population that will provide one
response. Sample units are usually
individuals. However, there are cases
when the sampling unit is not an
individual, it may be an institution,
organization, a household or a school.
SAMPLING DESIGN
The purpose of sampling is simply to
take a small portion of the population
to represent the whole population.
The major reason why sampling is
done is economy.
A small segment of the population
provides enough evidence about the
characteristics of a population as a
whole to draw conclusive evidences
with confidence.
Probability Versus Non
Probability Sampling
Probability sampling provides equal chances
to every single element of the population to be
included in the sampling. Samples drawn by any
of the probability sampling techniques have
statistical properties that allow the researcher to
make inferences about the population, report
confidence intervals and statistical significance.
Non-probability sampling does not use
probability in selecting the samples. The
samples are selected on the basis of
convenience. Used for qualitative researches.
Sampling Designs
Random Sampling ie. Tambiolo selection
Systematic Sampling with a Random Start.
Uses an interval added or subtracted from a
random start
Stratified Sampling. Divides a population into
strata then draws random sample from each
stratum
Cluster Sampling. Divides the population into
cluster and randomly selects samples from the
clusters.
Example:
Answering
Data
Analysis
Abedin, Sayed Joinal Hossain., (2014). “GIS Framework for Spatiotemporal Mapping of Urban
Flooding and Analyze Watershed Hydrological Response to land Cover Change.”
Published Thesis. University of Nevada. Nevada, United State of America. ProQuest
LLC, UMI Number: 1585467
Bin Abdullah, Ahmad F., (2012). A Methodology for Processing Raw LiDar Data to Support
Urban Flood Modelling Framework.” Published Dissertation. Delft University of
Technology. Delft, Netherlands. CRC Press/Balkema , ISBN 978-0-415-62475-6.
http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0021/002160/216056e.pdf
C. Internet Sources
Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board. (2014). “CLUP Guidebook: A Guide to
Comprehensive Land Use Plan Preparation”
www.hlurb.gov.ph
Appendix A
APENDICES
Appendix F
Request Letter for the Digital Terrain Model of Tarlac
Theissen Method for the Rain Gauge Stations
Note:
Rain Gauge Stations considered in the study are:
1. Tibag, Tarlac City;
2. O’Donnell, Capas, Tarlac
3. Maasin, San Clemente, Tarlac
APENDICES Appendix P
FLO2D Flood Depth Model Result
(Major Streets in Tarlac City)
Legend:
(in meters)