Childlessness in India PDF

Childlessness and Its Consequences in
India: Levels, Patterns and

Differentials
Usha Ram
Department of Public Health and Mortality Studies

International Institute for Population Sciences
Govandi Station Road, Deonar
Mumbai 400 088
INDIA September 2006
International Institute for Population Sciences
Telephone: +91-22-2556 3254/5/6 (O)

+91-22-2558 9045 (D)
Fax. +91-22-2556 3257 (O)
E-mail: usharam@iips.net
Assistant Research Officers
Mr. Avishek Hazra
Mr. Sandip Chakravorty

Contents
Chapters Page No.
Acknowledgement i
Executive Summary ii - viii
1 Background of the Study 1-8
1.1 Introduction and Review of Literatures
1.2 Objectives
1.3 Measurements of Childlessness
1.4 Data Sources
2 Levels of Childlessness: International and Indian Scenario 9-17
2.1 International variability in levels of Childlessness circa
1980
2.2 Marital Childlessness in India: 1981-2001
2.3 Changes in Marital Childlessness in India: 1981-2001
2.4 Rural-Urban Differentials in Marital Childlessness in
India: 1981-2001
3 Levels, Patterns and Variations in Childlessness in states of India 18-30
3.1 Levels of General Marital Childlessness Rate
Unadjusted
3.2 Levels of Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rate
Unadjusted
3.3 Changes in Levels of Age Specific Marital Childlessness:
1981-2001
3.4 Rural-Urban Differentials in Age Specific Marital
Childlessness: 1981-2001
Tables for Chapter 3 31-37
4 Socio-Economic Differentials in Levels of Childlessness 38-86
4.1 Religion and Childlessness
4.2 Education and Childlessness
4.3 Economic Activity Status and Childlessness
4.4 Caste and Childlessness
5 Levels of Childlessness: District Scenario 127-150
5.1 ASMCRU - 35-39 Years: 1981-2001
5.2 ASMCRU - 40-44 Years: 1981-2001
5.3 ASMCRU - 45-49 Years: 1981-2001
5.4 Spatial Pattern of Incidence of Childlessness at the
district level: 1981-2001
6 Factors Affecting and Consequences of Childlessness on women 160-169
6.1 Factors Affecting Childlessness
6.2 Consequences of Childlessness on Women
References 178-182
Appendices
Appendix 1 183-185
Appendix 2 186-196
Appendix 3 197-276
Appendix 4 277-276
i
Acknowledgement
The present research report, entitled Childlessness and Its Consequences in India:
Levels, Patterns and Differentials, is the outcome of the joint efforts of the
members of the project team spread over two years period. The International
Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai provided the financial support for the
present research. During the project period, I received support from a number of
persons at the Institute and take this opportunity to pay my gratitude to all of
them. I take this opportunity to thank Prof. F. Ram, Director and Sr. Professor,
IIPS for his support in guidance provided in finalizing this report. I also take this
opportunity to thank Late Prof. P N Mari Bhat, Director and Sr. Professor for his
keen interest in the work for this project and providing with valuable suggestions
not only for this project but in all my endeavours at the Institute. I would also like
to thank Prof. T.K. Roy, Director (Retd.) of the Institute for his support and
encouragement during the initial stages of the work. I take this opportunity to
thank the administrative staff of the Institute for their help at various stages of
work. Smt. Vasanti Ramakrishnan, Ag. Registrar and Account Officer deserves
special mention for extending their full cooperation at various stages.
I would specifically like put on record my sincere thank and gratitudes to the
reviewers of the draft report. Their suggestions and comments help me finalize the
report immensely.
I had good fortune to have very committed persons in the project research team
who worked very hard. I acknowledge their contribution and sincerely thank all of
them. The kind of dedication and commitment shown by Mr. Avishek Hazra and Mr.
Sandip Chakravorty for the project even after they left the project to join as the
Research Scholars at the Institute is greatly appreciated. I would be failing in my
duty if I do not specifically mention the contribution of Ms. Smita J. Kharat who
handled the marathon task of entering census data and its validation meticulously.
The timely and invaluable support of Mr. Kaushlendra Kumar, Ms. Anita Chahande
and Mr. Sanjay Kumar Patil in making the maps in GIS is highly appreciated.
Usha Ram
ii
Executive Summary
If being a mother is synonymous with being a woman, then failure to become a mother constitutes not fully
achieving the status of ‘woman’. Desire for motherhood is inevitable and almost universal. Historically as
well as traditionally, motherhood for women has been seen as natural. Until very recently, all over the world,
construction of feminine identity was typically synonymous with motherhood. Nevertheless, in most
developing countries like ours there has not been any notable change as far as the desire for motherhood is
considered. Infertility or the inability to have children on the other hand affects both men and women of
reproductive age in all parts of the world. Infertility has multiple cases and consequences depending on the
gender, sexual history, life style, society, and cultural background of the people it affects. Childless men and
women are stigmatized and are likely to be discriminated against. Often the ill effects of childlessness are far
more severe for women than they are for men. Women who fail to give a live birth are often given names
and are considered to be inauspicious. Sociologists in various cultural settings have observed that infertility
is often linked to curse, adultery or immoral behaviour, witchcraft, some activity that had angered ancestors,
the deities or anyone in the community. The childless women are subjected to the additional risks of social
discrimination in many forms (restriction on their participation in social celebrations for example), allowing
husband to remarry. These things happen irrespective of whether it childlessness is due to her being infertile
or because the husband is infertile (as matter of fact, male infertility has rarely been considered a factor in
childlessness).
Norms and social values in India favor higher fertility with marriage for females almost universal The newly
married girls in India are often given blessing by elders to beget large families and childless or lack of male
child invites prejudice and ill will. Despite this, the problem of childlessness has been largely overlooked in
favor of research and promotion of family planning. Infertility research has been neglected both as a health
problem and as subject for social science research as in the past few decades greater amount of emphasis is
placed on controlling the unwanted fertility. The population scientists' world over have paid more emphasis
on trying to understand the dynamics of fertility and somehow ignored the important issue of childlessness
to a greater extent and the Indian demographic community is no exception to this. As a result very little
work has been carried out in the past on this important aspect. Thus there is need to explore this rarely
explored phenomenon. In some of the regions infertility is found to be widespread and its prevalence
reaching such proportions that it can well be considered as a public health problem affecting the life of the
whole society (WHO 1991). In its extreme, infertility, compounded by pregnancy wastage, infant and child
mortality, may lead to depopulation, which poses serious threat to the social and economic development of
the region.
Objectives
The specific objectives of the present study are to examine the:
1. Levels and changes in childlessness in India, states and districts.
2. Differentials in the prevalence of childlessness by selected socio-economic and demographic
characteristics of the women (at national and state level).
3. Geographical patterns of childlessness across districts of India.
4. Factors affecting childlessness in India
5. Consequences of childlessness on marital disruption and Gender based violence on women.
iii
Measurement of childlessness
Demographic studies usually measure infertility in the following two-ways: Childlessness at the end of the
reproductive life or the absence of recent live births or pregnancies. The childlessness rates in the present
analysis are computed based on all 'Zero Parity' ever married women as given in the Census of India.
Following two indicators have been used:
1. General Marital Childlessness Rate (GMCR):
GMCR = (L / M) * K ……………………(1)
2. Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rate (ASMCR):

ASMCRi = (Li / Mi ) * K ……………………(2)
Where: L and Li = Number of ever-married women in the age group 15-44 years and ith age group with no
children ever born to them respectively
M and Mi = Total population of ever-married women in the in the age group 15-44 years and ith
age group respectively
Data Sources
The data for the present study has primarily been taken from the Census of India, 2001, 1991 and 1981 and
the National Family Health Surveys, 1998-99 (NFHS II) conducted by the International Institute for
Population Sciences, Mumbai.
Findings: Levels and Trends
1. There exists international variability in the levels of Childlessness as the comparison of the general
childlessness rate (GCR) for 14 countries selected indicate that countries such as Guatemala, Costa Rica
and Nepal had higher levels of childlessness (GCR of over 20%) while it was less than 10% for Malaysia,
Thailand, Philippines and Tunisia. In the remaining seven countries including India, the GCR varied
between 10 to 20%.
2. The patterns of age specific childlessness rate (ASCR) reveal that the adolescent women aged 15-19 years
had highest levels of childlessness which declines rapidly until age 30-34 and somewhat stabilizes
through the remaining three age groups of the reproductive span.
3. The analysis of zero parity women from the census show that 13 % of ever-married Indian women aged
15-49 were childless in 1981, which increased to nearly 16% in 2001. The rural urban data indicates that
the levels of childlessness were higher in rural areas compared to urban (13% and 11% respectively).
However, the census 2001 data does not show any rural-urban difference in GCR for India as the it was
about the same for both areas at 16%.
4. The childlessness levels for married adolescents have apparently gone up during 1981-2001; about half of
the married adolescents aged 15-19 years were childless in 1981 which increased to over 70 % during
2001. The levels continue to decline for the subsequent ages, however, the levels being mildly higher in
2001 for older ages (35-39 or older) at about 4% in 1981 and 6% in 2001.
5. The state level analysis indicates a mean value of GMCR for the period 1981 was about nearly 12 %
(SD=5.39) in the rural areas and about 11 % (SD=4.89) in the urban areas. The corresponding figures for
2001 have risen to 14.58 % ((SD=2.72) and 15.28 % (SD=2.72) respectively, reduction in the standard
deviation indicates convergence across states as far as the GCR levels are concerned.
6. In the rural areas of southern states, Kerala has indicated GMCR of less than 15 % in 2001 whereas it was
about 18% in Tamil Nadu. Among northern Hindi speaking states, the GMCR was lowest in Madhya
iv
Pradesh (15%) and ranged between 17 to 20% in Bihar, Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan; a level much higher
than the most southern states. The GMCR in the remaining states varied between about 11-15 %.
7. In the urban areas, Kerala once again indicated lowest GMCR in 2001 among the southern states. In
Andhra Pradesh, GMCR was over 21 %. In northern states the level of GNCR in urban areas varied
between 14-18 %. In case of the remaining states, it ranged between 11-16%.
8. The shape of the age patterns of childlessness in the states is similar to that observed at the national level.
The percentage of childless rural adolescent aged 15-19 in 2001 varied from about 58% in West Bengal to
75% in Uttar Pradesh and Gujarat. For most of the states, the levels decline substantially (to less than half
the levels observed for adolescents) in all the states among women aged 20-24 and continued to decline
through ages 30-34 at 3 to 8% in rural areas and 5 to 9 % in the urban areas and have stabilized after age
34.
9. The data indicates that over the past two decades, the levels of childlessness in the age groups 40-44 and
45-49 have increased considerably in many states (by over 4-5 % points in rural and urban Karnataka and
urban Tamil Nadu and West Bengal, urban Andhra Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh and rural Tamil Nadu, for
example).
10. The data on rural-urban differentials reveal that the incidence of childlessness for ever married women in
the reproductive age groups are higher in the rural areas and the gaps are wide for all ages, and are even
more visible at the older ages in 2001 as compared to the previous censuses. The data further indicates
that the rural-urban gaps have widened more in all 4 of the southern states, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan,
Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Haryana, Punjab and Himachal Pradesh.
It is important to remind here that such high increase in the childlessness and also the fact that the levels of
childlessness are higher in rural areas as compared to the urban areas, raises many concerns in view of the
fact that the voluntary childless in India and its state is said to virtually non-existent.
Religion and Childlessness

1. In comparison to Hindu, Muslim and Christians in India in 1981 had lower levels of childlessness; in
1981, GMCR was by over 13% for Hindu compared to about 12 % and 9 % for Muslim and Christian
respectively. By 2001, the GMCR turned quite similar for all the groups.
2. At the state level, the ratio of Muslim GMCR to Hindu varied from a lowest of 0.86 in Madhya Pradesh
and 0.88 in Uttar Pradesh to as high as 1.28 in Kerala in 1981. The gaps between the two groups have
bridged for many states as the corresponding range for 2001 narrowed down to 0.94 Uttar Pradesh and
0.95 in Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Orissa to 1.21 in Andhra Pradesh. The GMCR was lower for
Muslim women in 10 states in 1981 and in 5 states in 2001. Not only the number of states reduced but
also the gap between the two groups of women too narrowed down (with ratios coming closer to unity).
3. The relative differentials in GMCRs have been wider for Hindu-Christian women in comparison to what
was observed for Hindu-Muslim women. With the only exception of West Bengal, the value of ratio for
the Christian women was below unity in all other 14 states in 1981 and have not only exceeded unity for
10 states but also the values to are quite high (1.02 in Tamil Nadu to 1.38 in Himachal Pradesh).
4. At the national level, childlessness was higher for Hindu women in 1981 for all ages. For 2001 the rates
were lower for Muslim women until age 29, after which, the rates turned higher for them. Differentials
in ASMCRs, in general are wide between Hindu-Christian than what was observed for Hindu-Muslim
and the gaps have further widened in the recent times (the levels being usually higher for the Christian
women in majority of the states, more so in the northern states of Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan,
Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra and Karnataka).
v
Women's Education and Childlessness

1. The GMCR for Indian women increases with an increase in the educational status of the women
(from illiterate to graduate and above) during period under analysis (gaps being as high as by over 7
% points for those with graduate and higher education in 2001).
2. The GMCR has shown increasing trend over time at a much faster pace for better educated women,
for example, the GMCR for women who have completed matric or higher schooling increased by
more than 6 % points during 1981-2001.
3. At the state level, GMCRU has dramatically changed in Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan,
Uttar Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Haryana amongst illiterate women (with a change of 6% points or
more) whereas it remained somewhat similar in Bihar, Punjab, Himachal Pradesh and Orissa. In
case of women who have completed less than middle schooling the change was again rapid in
Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh and Haryana (by 7-11 % points).
4. The differentials in GMCRs by educational states of the women are substantially larger for all four
southern states in 2001 whereas they are relatively smaller in Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan.
Among the highly educated women (those with graduation or more), GMCR changed by over 10 to
20% points in Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra and West Bengal and between 5 to 10 % in
Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Rajasthan, Himachal Pradesh, Orissa and Haryana.
5. In 2001, almost all of the states had indicated higher levels of ASMCRU for women with matric or
higher education (especially those who have completed graduation or higher) compared to non-
literate women.
6. In Kerala, the ASMCR was higher for women who have completed matric or higher education and
were younger (aged below 35 years) in comparison to the illiterate whereas for women aged 35
years or older, it was relatively higher among illiterate women.
Women's Economic Activity Status and Childlessness
1. In 1981 GMCR for Indian women who were reported as main worker was higher by nearly 2 %
points and by one-half percent points for marginal workers as compared to those who reported as
non-worker. In terms of percentages, the GMCR for was higher by about 13 % for main workers by
about 11 % for marginal workers as compared to non-workers. However, this scenario revered by
1991 as the GMCR became less by nearly 4 % and 10 % respectively for main workers and
marginal workers as compared to those observed for non-workers.
2. During 1981, in comparison to the non-workers, the GMCR was lower for main workers in Kerala,
Bihar and Madhya Pradesh while reverse was true for rest of the other states. In case of marginal
workers, the GMCR in 1981 was higher for marginal workers in Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana
and Himachal Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa and West Bengal while in the remaining states it was
higher for the non-workers. In 1991, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra had
lower GMCR for main workers whereas in other states it was higher for the non-workers.
3. At the national level, ratio of ASMCR of main workers to non-workers was above unity at all ages
in 1981 while in 1991 it was below unity for women aged 15-24 years and above unity for those
aged 25 years or older. The gaps between the two groups of women widened with age during 1981
and 1991, however, the gaps being narrower for young adolescent women below age 20 in most of
the states for both main and marginal workers (levels being usually higher for economically active
women).
vi
Caste and Childlessness

1. At the national level, the GMCRU has increased for three-groups of women over time, more rapidly
for those from general castes followed by SC women whereas for ST women it increased marginally
(to about 16% for ST women, about 13% each for SC and Non-SC/ST women). The GMCRU in
1981 was higher for SC women as compared to ST women in all states except Karnataka, Rajasthan
and Punjab (the difference was substantial in a few states like Himachal Pradesh, Orissa, Andhra
Pradesh, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu -by about 8 to 17 %).
2. For SC women GMCRU in 2001 was higher in Bihar, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Uttar
Pradesh (18-19%) followed by Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Gujarat (14 to
16%). In other states it ranged between 11 to 13%.
3. For the ST women, GMCRU was lowest at 12% in Himachal Pradesh and 13-14% in Gujarat,
Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh. On the other hand, it was observed at as high as 23% in Tamil
Nadu and 18-19% in Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh.
4. For non-SC/ST women, the GMCRU in 2001 was highest in Tamil Nadu followed by Bihar and
Uttar Pradesh (18-19%) whereas it was lowest in Himachal Pradesh (11%). In other states like
Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan and Gujarat, it was around 16-17%.
5. In 2001, there were 7 states where GMCRU for SC women was high. When ST women are
compared with the non-SC/ST women, the GMCRUs were lower for the ST women in Bihar,
Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat and Maharashtra while in other states it was higher for them. In
most of the states, these differentials in this regard are wider between ST and Non-SC/ST women as
compared to those observed for SC and Non SC/ST women.
6. At the national level, the ASMCRUs were relatively higher for SC women aged 25 years and older
in 1981 and at all ages in 2001. It is also noted that in 2001 the differences between the two groups
of women widen with age until 39 and began to bridge thereafter. The largest gap was observed at
age 35-39 (40 %) followed by 36 % in the age group 30-34 years in 2001.
7. For ST women, the ASMCRU was higher for them as compared to the Non-SC/ST women at all
ages during 1981 and the differences were substantial. However, by 2001, the ASMCRU for ST
women was observed to be lower than that of the Non-SC/ST women for ages below 35 years and
higher thereafter.
8. The ASMCRUs for SC women was lower than the Non-SC/ST women for a number of states in
1981 whereas this scenario has reversed in 2001 (with more states having higher ASMCRU for SC
women as compared to non-SC/ST women). The gap between SC and Non-SC/ST women has been
unusually wide in Uttar Pradesh and Orissa and West Bengal. The ASMCRU in 2001 was relatively
lower for young ST women in southern states, northern states (except Bihar) and Western states of
Gujarat and Maharashtra whereas reverse was true for the older women (beyond age 30 years). In
other states (Himachal Pradesh, Orissa and West Bengal), the ASMCRU was higher for the ST
women as compared to the Non-SC/ST women for all age groups.
Levels of Childlessness: District Scenario

1. Majority of the districts in India fall into medium levels of the childlessness (MPD) as about 64%
and 75% of the districts had 2.51 to 7.50% women in the age group 35-39 who were childless in
1981 and 2001 respectively. There were nearly 28 % of the districts with low levels of childlessness
(LPD) in 1981, which came down to just 3 % in 2001, indicating a sharp reduction. Of note is also
the fact that share of high prevalence districts (HPD) was a little over 4 % in 1981 which increased
to nearly 22 % in 2001. It may thus be said that at the national level there has been dramatic shift in
the position of districts from low prevalence to high prevalence.
2. Out of the total 115 low prevalence districts in 1981, 27 came from undivided Uttar Pradesh
followed by Karnataka (19 districts), Maharashtra (11 districts), West Bengal (10 districts) and
Arunachal Pradesh (9 districts). In other words, two-thirds of the LPD districts are from these five
states. In 2001, of the 18 low prevalence districts, 11 were from Haryana, 6 from Rajasthan, 2 from
Manipur and one from Himachal Pradesh. It is interesting to note that all the districts in Karnataka,
vii
Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya and Mizoram belonged to LPD group in 1981. Further, in West
Bengal and Himachal Pradesh they accounted for about two-thirds of the total districts and about
half of them in the undivided Uttar Pradesh, Kerala.
3. In case of the 262 medium prevalence districts in 1981, 39 were from undivided Madhya Pradesh,
28 from the undivided Uttar Pradesh and 26 each from Rajasthan and undivided Bihar. The data
further reveals that all of the districts in Gujarat, Rajasthan and Tamil Nadu had medium levels of
childlessness in 1981. Somewhat similar observations may also be made for 2001.
4. Coming to the high prevalence group, it may be noted that of the 18 such districts in 1981, 7 were
from Andhra Pradesh, 4 from undivided Madhya Pradesh, 3 from Orissa, 2 from Manipur and one
from undivided Uttar Pradesh. As may be noted, not only the number of the districts in the state in
this group has increased over time (in 2001) but also many districts from all parts of the country
have joined this group. For example, the number of districts in Andhra Pradesh in the HPD group
increased from 7 in 1981 to 16 in 2001, from one to 8 in Jammu and Kashmir, from 3 to 8 in Orissa,
from one to 15 in undivided Uttar Pradesh and from 2 to 8 in Manipur.
Factors affecting childlessness in India

1. The results reveal that the likelihood of childlessness (at the significance level of one per cent) is
closely associated with place of residence, religion, caste, standard of living index, her educational
status, age at marriage, body mass index (BMI), substance use and experience of any sexually
transmitted infection.
2. The likelihood of childlessness is 28 per cent higher among rural woman as compared to their
counterparts living in the urban areas. Likewise, SC and ST women are more likely to be childless
as compared to the Non-SC/ST women. The differentials are more evident with regards to the
education and BMI; likelihood of a illiterate woman being childless is 43% less than a woman who
had completed higher education and similarly women whose BMI is less than 18.5 or greater than
25 are 20 and 54 %, respectively, less likely to be childless as compared to those whose BMI is
between 18.5 to 25.0.
3. Women who have experienced any sexually transmitted infections have 21 per cent higher chances
of being childless as compared to those who have not experienced any reproductive morbidity.
Consequences of Childlessness
A: Childlessness and Marital Disruption
The analysis indicates that the percentages of women who were divorced/separated/disserted were notably
higher for those who were childless as compared to those who have any child(ren) both at national as well as
regional levels and also for both younger and older women. The relationship between childlessness and
marital disruption is apparently far more serious and stronger for the older women as compared to the
younger women. At the national level, for example, about 5% of the childless women aged 15-29 were
divorced/separated/deserted compared to less than 3% among those with children. Similarly, among women
aged 30-49, over 29% of childless women were divorced/separated/deserted as against of about 8% among
those with children. This clearly indicates that the atrocities in terms of marital disruption have been more
severe among childless women as compared to the women who have children. This is quite logical in the
sense that in situations where woman fail to have a child the families may give some more time to the
woman and wait before taking the final plunge.
Similar observations are also made in different regions of the country. As a matter of fact the gaps actually
widen up much more in some regions. More women residing in the southern region, for example, suffer
marital disruption as compared to their counterparts with children. Among older women, the gaps were wide
for all regions in general and for women in west, south and east regions in particular. Over 36% of childless
women aged 30-49 years and about 6% of them in the age group 15-29 years living in southern states were
divorced/separated/disserted in comparison to 11 and less than 4%, respectively, among those with children.
viii
It may be recalled from our earlier discussion that the levels of childlessness are much higher in southern
states of Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. Not only this, there are many districts in these two states where
more than 10% of the women in 2001 were childless. Among the younger women, the gap between childless
women and those with children in terms of percentages of divorced/separated/disserted is once again notable
in western (6% compared to 3%) and central regions (over 4% compared to 2%).
B: Childlessness and domestic Violence perpetrated by husband and in-laws
The findings suggest that at all India level, proportion of women who reported experiencing domestic
violence perpetrated by their husbands and/or in-laws was over 23% among those women aged 30-49 years
who were childless as compared to 21% among those who had children. At the regional level, the results are
similar, nonetheless, it is noted that higher proportion of childless women living in northern region reported
that they were beaten by their husbands/in-laws as compared to their counterparts with children (16% versus
12%). Similarly, about 27 per cent of the older childless women in central region reported violence as
against of less than 23 per cent among those with children. Thus the more childless women than those with
children had reported experiencing domestic atrocities perpetrated by spouse and/or in-laws.
C: Childlessness and Total Fertility Rate
The analysis indicates that the fertility levels are lower in the districts wherever childlessness incidence is
higher. The distribution of districts by fertility levels and levels of childlessness reveals that the share of
districts with low fertility increases with the increase in the percentages of childless women; share of district
with below replacement level fertility was less than 5% among districts with less than 2.5% childless women
aged 35-49 which increased over 17% among those with 2.51 to 5.00% childless women to further nearly
29% among those with 5.01 to 7.5 % childlessness. In contrast, share of districts in below replacement is
over 44% among districts with 7.51 – 10.00% childless and had risen to over 56% for districts with more
than 10% childlessness. The share of districts with TFR of more than 4 declines with the increase in the
levels of childlessness.
Childlessness in India 1
Chapter 1
Background of the Study
1.1 Introduction and Review of Literatures
If being a mother is synonymous with being a woman, then failure to become a mother constitutes
not fully achieving the status of ‘woman’. The significance of this for women who do not have
children cannot be underestimated (Gillespie 1999). Desire for motherhood is inevitable and
almost universal. Historically as well as traditionally, motherhood for women has been seen as
natural. Until very recently, all over the world, construction of feminine identity was typically
synonymous with motherhood. Nevertheless, in most developing countries like ours there has not
been any notable change as far as the desire for motherhood is considered. Typically, both
pregnancy and birth are widely associated with rituals that transform a woman from the
impotence or childlessness to motherhood, from being a young wife to a mature woman with the
enhanced social status that is conferred upon mothers in many societies (Homans 1982). Infertility
or the inability to have children on the other hand affects both men and women of reproductive
age in all parts of the world. Infertility has multiple cases and consequences depending on the
gender, sexual history, life style, society, and cultural background of the people it affects (Wright
2003). Childless men and women are stigmatized and are likely to be discriminated against
(Runganga et. al. 2001; Nene et. al. 2002).
The available literature demonstrates that it is the women who bear major burden of infertility
(Abbey et. al. 1991; Greil et. al. 1988; Inhorn 1994b; Inhorn and Van Balen 2001; Stanton et. al.
1991; Van Balen and Trimbos-Kemper 1993). This burden may include blame for reproductive
failing, emotional distress resulting in anxiety, depression, frustration, grief, and fear (Greil 1997),
marital duress leading to abandonment, divorce, or polygamy; stigmatization and community
ostracism; and in many cases bodily taxing, even life threatening forms of medical intervention.
In most of the developing countries, infertile women’s suffering is exacerbated by strong
pronatalist norms mandating motherhood (Inhorn 2003). The prestige and status of women within
family often is related directly to their fertility and childlessness can sometimes lead to loss of
status (Senanayake 1986). For the individuals, infertility imposes profound emotional and social
stress, in turn evoking feelings of denial, anger, grief and guilt, especially among women (IPPF
1984). Besides the strain of the personal failure, sometimes a tragedy, the infertile couple is often
exposed to a variety of family and social pressures (WHO 1991a). Children are considered as
necessity for care and maintenance in old ages. Even in the developed countries where social
support system is very strong, children are expected to provide much of the care for the aging
parents (Shah 2004).
Infertility can be considered in terms of primary and secondary infertility. Primary infertility is
infertility when a woman never conceives whereas in secondary infertility she has conceived once
but not subsequently despite efforts to become pregnant. The etiology of infertility again varies
from region to region and from one population to another. Worldwide about 8-12 per cent of the
couples are infertile or the inability to conceive a child at some point during their reproductive
lives (Reproductive Health Outcome 1999). The estimates show that worldwide anatomical,
genetic endocrinological (or immunological factors) cause about 5 per cent of the infertile couples
(WHO 1991b). Generally speaking, involuntary infertility is related to conditions that are
preventable in nature (Rowe 1999) such as sexually transmitted diseases, infections and parasitic
diseases, iatrogenic health care practices and exposure to toxic substances (either in the diet or
environment).
Typically infertility is seen as a woman’s problem whereas the literature clearly indicates that it
can happen because of either of the spouse or both, however, the blame is often attributed on
women particularly in the developing countries (Pearce 1999). Although the women usually get
blame if the couple fails to have child, male factors explain about one-third of all infertility
(Population Reports 1983). There are a few studies which show that 30 to 45 per cent of the
infertility in various populations is due to male infertility (Inhorn 2003; Garner 1997; William
1998; Webb 1999; Mohamood et. al. 2005). Although men contribute to couple infertility almost,
the blame often comes on women (Balen 2001). This may be so as pregnancy, breastfeeding and
childrearing primarily come under domains of the women’s world and thus fertility is also
assumed to be an issue exclusive to the experience of women only (Webb 1999). As a matter of
fact, socially it is worse to be childless in developing countries (Van Balen and Vissar 1997) since
it poses several risks for the women themselves and their relations with their husband, relatives
and neighbors (Inhorn 1996). As a family health problem threatening family survival,
childlessness is a neglected family planning ingredient. Sub-fertility or infertility in the
developing countries means social victimization and persisting barrenness means destitution for
the woman (Gerbstorm 1980). Callen (1985) stated that the individuals are judged differently
according to their fertility status. In various literatures, childlessness has been referred as a
tragedy.
Most common preventable causes of infertility among both men and women is infection. Pelvic
inflammatory diseases in women, due to sexually transmitted infections and other infections,
account for more than half of all female infertility in many regions (Population Reports 1983). In
some areas infection related infertility is so widespread that it not only constitute a personal
problem but also a public health challenge. Kemkes-Grottenthaler (2003) suggested that some
women may choose to postpone motherhood as they may give more preference to education
and/or career. This at the end for many women may inevitably end up ‘involuntary childlessness’.
The social consequences of childlessness are varied from personal (e.g. sadness and jealousy, fear
of divorce) and social (e.g. lack of practical support and exclusion from certain social events and
ceremonies) (Gerrits and Hardon 2001) and they differ substantially from one population to
another population and over time for same population. The blame for childlessness is most often
cast at women (Parkin 1973). A study in northern Rajasthan (Singh et al (1996) revealed that rude
and insensitive behaviour of neighbors or relatives was reported more often by women as
compared to husbands. Childlessness in some cases may actually be the cause for the
abandonment by husband or ostracization by their social groups (Anonymous 1991; Okonofua et
al. 1997), divorce and remarriage by husband (Okonofua et al. 1997; Bumpass and Sweet 1972;
Manmohan 1955), physical and mental abuse neglect and economic deprivation (Okonofua et al.
1997). In a study in Bangladesh, Papreen et al (2000) found that infertility places woman at risks
of social and familial displacements and it is she who bears maximum burden of it. Another study
in Bangladesh, Ahmed (1987) found that the divorce rates were strongly (and positively)
associated with childlessness. Similarly in Nigeria it has been found that if a wife does not bear
many children, the husband has a reason to seek another wife and live polygamously (Okonofua
et al. 1997). In the same study over 95 per cent of the men and women respondent told that they
would pity a childless man. Many believe that a man without children would not be remembered
and his branch of the family would end (WHO 1995). Isley (1979) found that in Africa, persistent
childlessness for two or more years could lead to marital instability, infidelity and sexual
promiscuity. He further found that the childlessness for longer than five years could actually lead
to separation and/or divorce. Bumpass and Sweet (1972) found that the childless couples have
higher probability of separation or divorce as compared to those who have children. Unisa (2000)
observed that disharmony of marriage was more evident among childless couples and childless
women experienced violence from their husbands. Veevers (1973) concluded that rather than
marital status per se parenthood is the important variable affecting person's prediction towards
suicide. He further stated that childlessness seems to predispose towards suicide. William (1998)
found that adverse effect of childlessness on men could actually vary from marital disharmony to
loss of masculinity, competence and control which in turn could lead to frustration resulting in
recklessness, abandonment and of expected men responsibilities and other self destructive
behavior. Psychologically and emotionally, infertility has crippling effect on couples including
suffering with feelings of guilt, anger, depression and loss of self esteem (Malhlstedt 1985). This
may be more serious when the treatment duration is prolonged. Pepperell and Mcbain (1985)
found that prior to the treatment couples with normal sexual functions may sometimes develop
decreased coital frequency, orgasmic dysfunction, absence of ovulation etc. They further noted
that the suicide rate among childless couples was double the level among those who had children.
Bhatt and Bhatt (2002) found that a male partner is often emotionally disturbed if he has erectile
dysfunction.
Often the ill effects of childlessness are far more severe for women than they are for men. In
many societies, those women who fail to give a live birth are often given names and are
considered to be inauspicious. Sociologists in various cultural settings have observed that
infertility is often linked to curse, adultery or immoral behaviour, witchcraft (Greil 1991; Pearce
1999), some activity that had angered ancestors, the deities or anyone in the community (Pearce
1999). Not only this, they are subjected to the additional risks of social discrimination in many
forms. For example, in some populations childless women are kept away from social celebrations
in the family or society. In some other populations, childlessness is the reason enough for the
husband to remarry. It is important to specify here that all this happen to the woman irrespective
of whether it is due to her being infertile or because the husband is infertile. In fact, male
infertility has rarely been considered a factor in childlessness (Ford 1951-52).
The desire for children is nearly universal and hence most part of the childlessness is thus
involuntary (Martinson 1970, p. 314). Hence majority of the childless couples are not that way by
choice (Bell 1971; Freedman et. al. 1959; Whelpton et. al. 1966). There are various causes of sub-
fecundity, including genetic factors, psychopathology, disease, nutritional deficiencies, and
environmental factors (Poston and Trent 1982b, Poston and Trent 1984)1. Given the normative
context that supports medium to high fertility in many developing countries, one would expect
most married women to want to have children (Poston et. al. 1982a). The analysis of the data from
the World Fertility Survey for the developing countries revealed that most of the childlessness in
the developing countries was involuntary childlessness (Poston et. al. 1982a; Poston and Trent
1982b and Poston et. al. 1983). It was further observed that among childless women aged 40 years
and above, virtually all of the childlessness was involuntary and the great majority of the
permanent childlessness among all childless women is involuntary (Poston et. al. 1982a).
Involuntary childlessness is essentially a social status and a social psychological condition,
brought about as a consequence of infertility (Matthews and Matthews 1986). Involuntary
childlessness can and does often become a tragedy for many couples. The conflux of personal,
interpersonal, social and religious expectations brings a sense of failure, loss and exclusion to
those who are infertile (Rutstein and Shah 2004). Further, involuntary childlessness is mainly due
to sub-fecundity, that is, the diminishing capacity to reproduce (McFalls 1979a). Fear of social
ridicule and stigmatization often leads to strained relationship in childless couples; one partner
may seek to blame the other (Widge 2004).
The issue becomes even more important in view of the fact that in many developing countries, the
available medical facilities are inadequate. It has been found that in many developing countries
the medical treatment is available to the upper classes only and many women seek help from
traditional healers (Van Balen and Vissar 1997). For example, in Africa, infertility is usually
attributed to a defect on the part of the female partner and most traditional remedies are directed
toward women (Imperato 1977).
India is characterized by pronatalist norms and social values that favor higher fertility. Females in
India are almost universally married and marry early (Jain 1975) and newly married girls in India
are often given blessing by elders to beget large families and childless or lack of male child
invites prejudice and ill will (Gandotra and Pandey 1979). Generally speaking, in India too there
is a great deal of social stigma attached to childless couples. According to Meade (1979), along
with lack of industrialization, low educational standard, limited mass communication, cultural
factors such as universal and early marriage and childlessness as a social disgrace are important
factors affecting population explosion in India. Khan et. al. (2001) found that like other parts of
1
The genetic causes of infertility include factors such as chromosome abnormalities, certain types of
anaemia, red blood cells incompatibilities between the mates and metabolic abnormalities. Psychological
factors include blockages of the fallopian tubes and an acidic uterine environment. Psychopathological
causes factors include psychoses, alcoholism, drug abuse, cigarette smoking and psychic stress. Diseases
found to be affecting sub-fecundity are: tuberculosis, malaria, African sleeping sickness, leprosy, venereal
disease, Chagas disease, smallpox, filariasis etc. Female circumcision in many African countries has an
impact on sub-fecundity levels through health hazards associated with the practice. Nutritional deficiencies
involve the effects of famine and malnutrition. The environmental factors include such causes as radiation
exposure, toxic chemical exposure, and occupational hazards. The detail discussion on the factors
associated with sub-fecundity may be seen in McFalls 1979a and 1979b; Guest 1978 and International
Fertility Research Program 1980)
the world, in India too, it is woman who gets the blame if she fails to reproduce. This happen
irrespective of the fact whether the causes are related to men or women.
Despite this, the problem of childlessness has been largely overlooked in favor of research and
promotion of family planning (IPPF 1982). 2 As a matter of fact, infertility research has been
neglected both as a health problem and as subject for social science research. In the past few
decades greater amount of emphasis is placed on controlling the unwanted fertility while
infertility has hardly received any attention (Menken 1985). The population scientists world over
have paid more emphasis on trying to understand the dynamics of fertility and somehow ignored
the important issue of childlessness to a greater extent (the Indian demographic community is no
exception to this). As a result very little work has been carried out in the past on this important
aspect. This is evident from the fact that there are very few publications available on the subject,
particularly in the Indian context 3, 4 . To quote from Veevers (1971) “most of the studies on
fertility differentials in various populations have concentrated towards average number of births
forgetting the issue of likelihood of a woman in a particular social group of being unable to have
birth at the first place”. In the words of Jejeebhoy (1998) 'the general thrust of both programme
and research has been on correlates of high fertility and its regulation rather than the context of
infertility, its causes and consequences It may not thus be wrong to say that the fertility levels of
any population are very much influenced by the levels of childlessness (both voluntary and
involuntary) in the population and it plays an important role in determining both levels and
differentials of fertility (Roberts 1972). The evidence in the past has suggested that the decline in
impaired fertility leads to an increase in the total fertility rate (Larsen 1996).
To our mind, there may be two factors that could lead to such scanty (little) emphasis (neglect) on
this issue. Firstly, in India fertility levels continue to be higher and therefore both researchers as
well as the policy makers are focusing all their efforts in trying to understand the dynamics of
fertility so as to be able to identify the factors responsible for the persistent higher fertility levels.
This cannot be overlooked since reducing the continuing higher levels of fertility is the top
priority of Indian government and the policy makers. Secondly, there is paucity of data on
childlessness. Whatever may be the reasons, the fact remains that there is huge gap on the
research related to childlessness and time has come that childlessness finds its place in the subject.
It may be emphasized here that the correct assessment of the future needs of various services-
housing, education, health care, demand for various consumer goods etc. would be as much
influenced by the levels of childlessness (both in terms of capacity and desire to reproduce) as the
fertility levels. Hence, to be able to do more accurate assessment of the future requirements of
various goods and services there is urgent need to undertake more and more research to
understand the dynamics of both childlessness and fertility. However, in the recent years
infertility has received considerable international attention (Bonnar et al. 1984; Belsey 1978;
Leridon 1979) but its worldwide extent has never been systematically described.
Besides this, there is need to explore this rarely explored phenomenon. In some of the regions
infertility is found to be widespread and its prevalence reaching such proportions that it can well
be considered as a public health problem affecting the life of the whole society (WHO 1991). In
2
It is surprising to note that the issues related to the childlessness do not find any place in either National
Population Policy- 2000 document or recently declared National Health Policy- 2002. As a matter of fact
there has been no mention of childlessness in any of the past population policy document.
3
For example, the literature search on POPLINE (December 2001) yields a total of 629 publications when
the search is executed for ‘childlessness’ as the key word as against of 78059 publications when the search
is executed for ‘fertility’ as the key word. Further, the number of publications drastically comes down to
222 when the search is executed for ‘childlessness and developing countries’ as against of 35654 for
‘fertility and developing countries’. Similarly the number of publication comes down to only 16 when the
search is executed for ‘childlessness and India’ as against of 5109 for ‘fertility and India’. However, the
number of publications on childlessness shows a rising trend over time (as the number of publications
increased from a mere of 4 during 1951-60 to 17 during 1961-70, 143 during 1971-80 and 311 during 1981-
90). Nevertheless, in the last decade (that is 1991-2000) there were only 154 publications dealing with
childlessness globally.
4
To be honest it is probably not right to blame the Indian demographers for not showing their interest in the
issues. In fact as a student of demography I hardly remember any emphasis on this aspect during the entire
two years course.
its extreme, infertility, compounded by pregnancy wastage, infant and child mortality, may lead to
depopulation, which poses serious threat to the social and economic development of the region.
The level and patterns of infertility apparently vary widely, (Belsey 1978; WHO1975; Belsey
1976; Sherris and Fox 1983) depending on the prevalence of 'core' infertility (biological variation
in chromosomal, congenital, and endochronological abnormalities) and acquired infertility
(geographic variation in infectious, environmental and occupational factors). The World Health
Organization (1997) has estimated that globally there are about 60 to 80 million couples with
unwanted infertility. Globally, between 8 to 12 per cent of couples experience some form of
infertility during their reproductive lives. It is important to note that the incidence levels in some
of the African countries are even higher to the level of 20 to 30 per cent (Erickson and Brunette
1996). The level, underlying causes and contributing factors of infertility clearly vary from one
country to another and even from one locality to another. To the major part (55 per cent and
above), infertility is the consequence of sexually transmitted diseases or of complications suffered
during post partum or post abortion period (particularly illegal induced abortion), all of this
infertility to a large extent is preventable (WHO 1991a). It may further be mentioned that only in
about 5 per cent of couples, the causes of infertility are attributable to anatomical, genetic,
endochronological or immunological factors etc.
1.2 Objectives
In the light of above background it was decided to take up the present research. The specific
objectives of the present study are to examine the:
1. Levels and changes in childlessness in India, states and districts.
2. Differentials in the prevalence of childlessness by selected socio-economic and
demographic characteristics of the women (at national and state level).
3. Geographical patterns of childlessness across districts of India.
4. Factors affecting childlessness in India
5. Consequences of childlessness on marital disruption and Gender based violence on
women.
1.3 Measurement of childlessness

Estimates of the magnitude of primary and secondary infertility are often imprecise because they
are based either on demographic data or health service statistics (WHO 1991). Since demographic
data only provides estimates of primary infertility and do not always distinguish between
voluntary and involuntary infertility or unknown fertility. Hospital or clinic base data on the other
hand do not indicate the prevalence of the problem unless all couples under study suffering from
involuntary use their services. Any reliable estimate of prevalence of infertility would need
identification of all couples with primary or secondary infertility regardless of whether they seek
health service care for the same or not. Such data can be obtained with the help of community
based sample surveys. In the absence of such surveys, prevalence of infertility can be measured
by direct indicators like primary and secondary infertility or indirect indicators such as
childlessness.
There appears to be lack of global agreement on pragmatic definitions of important indicators or
concepts related to infertility that further limit the comparability of data. While it is clear that
infertility, childlessness or sterility all refer to the inability of couples to conceive or bear children
when desired, there tends to be some variation in the specific definitions adopted by clinicians,
epidemiologists and demographers. Variations in the definitions of childlessness largely occur in
(a) the reference period used to establish infertility, and (b) in the classification of women who
have experienced pregnancy but not a live birth. Just to give an example, medically infertility is
defined as the failure to achieve a pregnancy after one year of regular unprotected intercourse
with the same partner (Kiser 1964). WHO (1991a and 1991b) defines infertility as the failure to
conceive despite two years of cohabitation and exposure to pregnancy. This definition adopted by
the WHO drawn by the Scientific Group on the Epidemiology of Infertility has used two-years as
the reference period for this purpose. However many studies adopt their own definitions.
Clinicians for example, have used one year of unsuccessful efforts to conceive as the criterion for
infertility. A community-based study in Egypt conducted by the Egyptian Fertility Care Society
(EFCS 1984) has used this definition. The Handbook of Women’s Health (Rosenfeld 2001)
defines infertility as the inability of a sexually active couple desiring pregnancy to achieve so
even after a period of one year.
In contrast, community surveys measure infertility in terms of childlessness (Vassen, 1984,
Farley, 1988), despite the fact that there is some difference between the two. The complexity of
these issues is often not well recognized or acted upon. There is a difference between sterility (the
inability to conceive or to impregnate), infertility (the inability to produce a live birth) and
childlessness (not having a living child) (Boerma and Mgalla 1999). Medically, a couple is
defined as infertile if pregnancy has not occurred within one or two years of unprotected
intercourse (WHO 1975). Demographic studies often define a couple as infertile if the woman
reports no pregnancy or live births within a certain number of years of unprotected intercourse –
usually the past one, two or five years.
Childlessness is defined as the proportion of couples who fail to have a live birth at the time of
interview despite cohabitating for at least five years in the absence of conception, breastfeeding or
postpartum amenorrhoea (that is exposed to the risk of pregnancy). Thus according to this
definition, unlike a couple with primary infertility, a childless couple also includes those who
have successfully conceived but failed to deliver a live birth. These studies have also referred all
couples with difficulty in bearing a second or higher order birth, despite usually five years of
exposure as in the definition above as secondary sterility. Both primary and secondary sterility put
together are referred as involuntary childlessness/infertility.
The five-year reference period has typically been used in many community-based studies but not
necessarily in the demographic surveys. In demographic surveys, in addition to the voluntary
infertility (that is contraception) some factors like postpartum sexual abstinence, breast-feeding
customs and practices, long-term separation of husband and wife too are taken into consideration.
Primary infertility (sometimes also referred to as primary sterility) may be defined as couples who
have never conceived despite cohabitation and exposure to pregnancy (not contracepting) for a
period of two years. Secondary infertility (also known as secondary sterility) on the other hand is
defined as 'following a previous pregnancy if a couple despite cohabitation and exposure to
pregnancy (in the absence of contraception, breastfeeding or postpartum amenorrhoea) fails to
conceive for a period of two years'. Using demographic data WHO (1991) connotes primary
infertility and childlessness to women who never became pregnant, had no live birth, no child
born, and even no child surviving first year or no child alive (p. 7). It is important to mention here
that some societies do have a custom for of adopting a child (or several children) by an infertile
woman. Often women report adopted children as their own offspring(s). This can lead to lowering
the reported rate of infertility. Further in cases where women are divorced or when marriage never
takes effect because of childlessness, we may actually under estimate the extent of infertility if
only married women are included in the study.
Estimation of secondary infertility using demographic data is difficult since it may occur at any
time in a woman’s life. In a community based study it is only through direct questioning that we
may be able to establish whether the woman had attempted to have more children or not. 'Only
one child' must be seen as a very rough approximation of the same. Further this may lead to both
under or over estimation of the secondary infertility depending on contraceptive behaviour and the
desired number of children.
Although there are several studies carried out so far on the issue of infertility however they all
have their own limitations (WHO 1991). We discuss them in very brief here. Clinical infertility
studies are the prime source for determining the etiology of infertility but they do not indicate the
prevalence of the problem in the population since it is almost impossible to reach all affected
couples in the service areas. Epidemiological infertility research may provide the prevalence of
both primary and secondary infertility in the community and at the same time may also be helpful
in providing some clues or explanation for the causes of infertility status. However such studies
are seldom carried out. Fertility surveys often cover range of aspects relevant to infertility and can
provide good indicative and qualitative data such as on contraceptive behaviour. However, for the
most part, the data is presented as demographic information and has to be used with its inherent
limitations. Demographic surveys or census can only provide rough indirect measurements of
primary infertility (childlessness) or 'only one child' as an imprecise indicator of secondary

infertility. Often such data has to be relied upon failing more specific studies and therefore has to
be interpreted in the light of its constraints. Demographic studies usually measure infertility in the
following two-ways:
1. Childlessness at the end of the reproductive life, or

2. The absence of recent live births or pregnancies.
Another term that is sometimes found in the literature (Bogue 1969) is called 'completed
childlessness rates. Some of the researchers while analyzing the data related to childlessness have
focused exclusively on the women in the last years of the reproductive lives (that is women in the
forties, particularly in the late forties). These rates have been termed as 'completed childlessness
rates'.
The incidence of permanent childlessness among females may be measured in various ways.
Cruijsen and Van de (1986) have examined the validity of conventional as well as more recently
developed methods of measuring the childlessness in a population. From their analysis they
concluded that, on the whole, among the conventional methods of measuring the incidence of
permanent childlessness female birth generations provide fairly accurate estimates. They further
pointed out that for a period of changing timing of first birth, the traditionally used methods
measuring the incidence of permanent childlessness among synthetic female birth generations
produce a significant under or overestimation of the ultimate proportion of the childless women
currently in the middle of their reproductive years. The incidence of childlessness measured by
the means of births registration systems of fertility surveys produce inaccurate estimates as they
suffer from selective incompleteness. They further emphasize that it is difficult to distinguish
between voluntary and involuntary childlessness as many of the women can be categorized in
either group depending on the definition chosen.
Poston and Gu (1983) analyzed the data on childlessness in the developing countries from two
sources- national census and world fertility survey. They concluded that the census based rates on
childlessness in the developing countries may be less problematic than the WFS based rates and
perhaps more reflective of the true levels of childlessness in these countries. Cates et al. (1984)
examined the prevalence of infertility using two measures namely; childlessness at older
reproductive ages and the absence of recent pregnancies in sexually active couples from the data
from WFS and Census. Based on their analysis they concluded that the data based on these two
measures is erroneous for many reasons. Pathak and Unisa (1993) examined the childlessness in
India using parity progression ratios estimated from the children ever born data.
Before discussing the details of the indices use for measuring the levels of childlessness in the
context of present work, we would like to mention following points:
1. The analysis focuses on the General and Age Specific Childlessness Rates
2. The childlessness at ages 35-39, 40-44 and 45-49 years is considered as an
approximation of primary infertility5.
3. In the present analysis we have used primary infertility and childlessness as
synonymous and do not attempt to study voluntary and involuntary childlessness
separately.
The childlessness rates in the present analysis are based on the census data on number of children
ever born to the ever-married women in India (Registrar General of India 1991). For this purpose,
all 'Zero Parity' ever married women are considered as childless. In other words, we have defined
childlessness as the proportion of ever-married women who have never experienced any fertile
pregnancy or those who failed to have a live birth at the time census was conducted.
Symbolically, the General Marital Childlessness Rate (GMCR) and Age Specific Marital
Childlessness Rate (ASMCR)may be presented as:
5
The WHO (1991) used age cohorts 25-29 and 40-44 as groups indicative of the level of infertility in the
population. The cohort 25-29 corresponds to the age of highest fertility when in all parts of the world a
woman has normally married and conceived at least once. The cohort 40-44 is chosen to represent the end
of the reproductive age, and may therefore reflect both primary (no child ever born) and secondary
infertility (only one child born).
GMCR = (L / M) * K ……………………(1)
ASMCRi = (Li / Mi ) * K ……………………(2)
Where:
L and Li = Number of ever-married women in the age group 15-44 years and ith age
group with no children ever born to them respectively
M and Mi = Total population of ever-married women in the in the age group 15-44
years and ith age group respectively
K = Constant factor
In the past, this measure has been used by a number of researchers to study the levels and
differentials of childlessness in different populations (Poston and Trent 1982; Poston 1988;
Poston and Rogers 1988, Poston and El-Badry 1976; Rao 1987; Poston 1987; Poston et. al. 1985;
Vemuri 1986; Mitra 1966). The present analysis as mentioned before, uses data from the 1981
and 1991 censuses of India. El-Badry (1961) found that most of the census reports on children
ever born data are probably correct but the data is exposed to several potential sources of errors.
Beside the drawbacks on account of such as age misreporting, undercount of women, non-
reporting of live births resulting in death, recall lapse error for older women etc. the children ever
born data from the census also suffer from an additional error of enumerators failure to record
'zero' answer appropriately on the census schedule. This eventually misleads to the tabulation of
the women's answer as 'zero children ever born' to that as ‘parity not given or not stated’ resulting
in the error in the childlessness data (El-Badry 1961). Since majority of the women put in the
category of parity not given (or not stated) are actually childless, the rates of childlessness based
on the data not taking these errors into consideration would be downwardly biased.
El-Badry (1961) analyzed the data for a number of countries and found out that there exists a
nearly linear relationship between the proportion of the ‘parity not given’ and corresponding
proportions tabulated as childless. Based on this, he proposed a technique for estimating the
proportion of childless women who have been wrongly placed in the category of 'parity not
stated'. Palloni (1981) later modified the method. Vemuri (1987) adjusted the data on the
proportion of childless women for India using the two methods and found that the estimated
proportions from the two techniques do not differ much. In view of this, in the present analysis we
have only estimated the proportions of childless by using El-Badry’s method (El-Badry 1961).
It is important to bring out to the notice of the readers that when we apply El-Badry method at the
national and state level for different census we encountered many problems. During the course of
our calculation we found that the adjusted rates for some of the units turn negative and in other
cases they become lower than the unadjusted rates. For example, for the state of Meghalaya, the
adjusted rates for urban areas turned negative. Similarly the adjusted rates for rural Mizoram were
substantially higher than the unadjusted rates (the difference between the two being more than 10
per cent points for all age groups). However, due to these operational problems we decided to
restrict our analysis for unadjusted rates only. Nevertheless, for the national level analysis we
would provide both unadjusted and adjusted levels of childlessness, but our focus would be
around the unadjusted rates. In addition to this, it may also be mentioned that the results of 2001
census do not provide any data on women who did not state their parity and hence we are unable
to make any adjustment for this period. This point would be discussed at length in the next
chapter. In view of this, we shall restrict our discussion mainly to the unadjusted rates only.
1.4 Data Sources

The data for the present study has primarily been taken from the following sources:
1. Census of India, 2001, 1991 and 1981
2. National Family Health Surveys, 1998-99 (NFHS II)
At the outset it may be mentioned that the present study deals with the childlessness of women
and not with that of men. The present analysis deals with the childlessness of ever-married
women and not that of the general women.
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Chapter 2
Childlessness Levels: Global & Indian Scenario
2.1 International Variability in Levels of Childlessness Circa 1980
In the present chapter we first compare the levels of childlessness in various countries. In the
Table 2.1 and Table 2.2 we have given the General Childlessness Rate1 (GCR) and Age Specific
Childlessness Rates2 (ASCRs) respectively for the 14 developing countries including India for the
period circa 1980 3. The countries have been selected from the list of the countries included by
Poston and Trent (1984) in their analysis. However, in the present analysis instead of taking all 65
countries as done by Poston and Trent, we have selected only 14 countries owing to availability of
data. It needs to be further specified that the proportions childless women in the tables refer to all
women (and not for the ever married women as we would have liked to do). We had to use all
women since the data on parity in the Demographic Year Book is given for all women only.
Further, in the last panel of the table 2.1 we have also given mean GCR along with standard
deviation. Again we have given two mean values, including and excluding Nepal. This is done as
the values for Nepal for all the age groups were on rather higher side. Further, in table 2.2 we
have given mean and standard deviation along with the maximum and minimum values. Once
again we have given two sets of mean and standard deviation, including and excluding Nepal.
However, in our discussion on table 2.2, we will restrict to the means and standard deviations
including Nepal.
In terms of mean, it may be noted from the table 2.1 that the mean GCR for the 14 countries circa
1980 was a little over 15 per cent (with SD = 6.75). In other words, on an average one in every six
women in the reproductive ages in these countries were childless (or failed to give a live birth
until the census date) during the period circa 1980. The mean GCR excluding Nepal works out to
be lower by almost one and half percent point. Incidentally, the GCR for India circa 1980 comes
quite close to the mean GCR (excluding Nepal). Further, of the 14 countries, GCR was well over
20 in Guatemala, Costa Rica and Nepal, indicating the at least one in every five women in the
reproductive ages in these countries failed to give a live birth by the census date. Contrary to this,
the GCR was relatively low in Malaysia, Thailand, Philippines and Tunisia (less than 10 per cent).
In the remaining seven countries including India GCR varied between 10 to 20 per cent.
Table 2.1: General Childlessness Rates (GCR) for the Selected Developing Countries, Circa
1980.
High (20+) Intermediate (10-20) Low (Below 10)
Nepal 32.15 Bangladesh 18.53 Tunisia 9.95
Costa Rica 25.06 Jamaica 18.53 Philippines 9.77
Guatemala 20.08 Peru 16.34 Thailand 8.54
India 14.35 Malaysia 7.14
Indonesia 12.65
Kuwait 12.22
Turkey 10.39
Mean GCR- Incl. Nepal 15.41 Standard Deviation 6.75
Mean GCR- Excl. Nepal 14.12 Standard Deviation 5.28
1
The General Childlessness Rate (GCR) is defined as the proportion of women with zero children ever born
to them (known as zero parity women) in the age group 15-49 years divided by the total female population
in the age group 15-49 years multiplied by 100.
2
The Age Specific Childlessness Rate (ASCRi) is defined as the proportion of women with zero children
ever born to them (known as zero parity women) in the ith age group divided by the total female population
in the ith age group multiplied by 100.
3
We actually intended to present these rates for the period circa 1990 as well. However, due to non-
availability of data for the period circa 1990 for the selected countries we had to restrict our analysis for the
period circa 1980 only.
Before we begin the analysis from table 2.2 we would like to mention that Poston and Trent
(1982) after analyzing the data for 65 countries for the period circa 1970 found that for most of
the countries, the level of ASCR generally was at its maximum among women in the age group
15-19 years and declines rapidly till 30-34 age group. However, the ASCRs after age group 30
maintain a relative stability through the remaining three age groups (that is 35-39, 40-44 and 45-
49). The present analysis too confirms to similar pattern (see Fig. 1). As may be seen, with only a
few exceptions, for almost all countries included in the analysis here, the GCR declines with an
advancement in age of the woman till 30-34 years and stabilizes thereafter (remaining more or
less similar in the ages 35-39 to 40-44 years).
The data in table 2.2 reveals that the mean ASCR for the countries (including Nepal) declined
from about 51 per cent in age groups 15-19 to just 23 per cent in the age group for 20-24 years
(lower than half the level) and further to just 11 and 7 per cent for the next two age groups (that is
25-29 and 30-34). However, it revolved around 6 per cent for the last three age groups. This
pattern is found to be true for all countries but Bangladesh, Indonesia, Jamaica and Kuwait. In
these four countries, the proportion of childless women declines till age 35-39 and then increases
marginally for the last two age groups.
The data for the individual country reveal that the ASCR for the age group 15-19 ranges from low
of 37 to 39 per cent in Malaysia, Jamaica and Thailand to about 74 per cent in Nepal followed by
India and Costa Rica (at about 57 per cent). The ASCR for the age group 20-24 varies between 11
per cent in Peru to nearly 33 per cent in Costa Rica followed by Jamaica (27 per cent), India and
Tunisia (about 24 per cent). It may be mentioned that the ASCR for India for the age group 20-24
is very close to the mean value of 22.59 per cent. In case of the age group 25-29, the ASCR varies
between a little over 6 per cent for Peru and around 8 per cent for Thailand, Turkey, Indonesia
and Malaysia to the high of 27 per cent for Nepal followed by Costa Rica (15 per cent) and
Jamaica (14 per cent). The ASCR in this age group for India is nearly 9 per cent. Further, the
ASCR in the age group 30-34 years ranges between a low of 3 to 4 per cent in Peru and Malaysia
to close to about 5 per cent in Philippines, Thailand, Tunisia and Turkey to high of about 22 per
cent in Nepal. For the remaining countries however, it varies between 6 to 9 per cent. This pattern
is expected as the fertility levels peak in the age group 20-29 for most of the developing countries
and hence the levels of childlessness in these age groups show substantial decline over the
previous age group.
Fig 2.1. Age Specific childlessness Rate (ASCR) for Selected Countries, circa 1980
GCR 80
Costa Rica '84 Bangladesh '74
70
Guatemala '81 India '81 70
Indonesia '80 Jamaica '82
60
Kuwait '80 Malaysia '80 60
Nepal '81 Peru '81
50
Philippines '80 Thailand '80 50
Tunisia '84 Turkey '80
40
40
30 30
20 20
10 10
0 0
Age group
Coming to the last three age groups, as may be seen from the table, the levels of ASCRs range
from around 2 per cent to 21 per cent in the age groups 35-39 and 40-44 and to nearly 23 per cent
in the age groups 45-49 years. Further, the highest value is observed for Nepal and lowest is
observed for Malaysia (true for all 3 age groups). The levels of ASCR in these 3 age groups are
slightly over 4 per cent for India (marginally lower than the mean value).
Table 2.2: Age Specific Childlessness Rates (ASCRs) for the Selected Developing Countries
during the Period circa 1980.
Age Specific Childlessness Rates (ASCRs)

Country Name Year 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49
Bangladesh 1974 54.39 19.54 10.94 8.89 8.54 10.29 10.37
Costa Rica 1984 57.04 32.63 15.20 8.43 6.89 6.15 6.28
Guatemala 1981 50.39 22.64 9.98 5.72 4.22 3.81 3.67
India 1981 57.05 23.62 9.17 5.44 4.29 4.49 4.43
Indonesia 1980 53.86 19.15 8.24 5.74 4.81 5.56 6.01
Jamaica 1982 39.27 26.95 14.18 7.86 5.59 6.00 6.92
Kuwait 1980 50.43 22.52 12.30 6.73 4.92 5.08 5.10
Malaysia 1980 36.95 17.89 8.28 3.63 2.11 2.04 2.19
Nepal 1981 73.82 41.69 26.59 21.92 21.47 21.48 22.74
Peru 1981 52.06 11.29 6.11 3.49 2.58 2.26 2.44
Philippines 1980 44.69 17.57 8.74 5.33 4.03 3.99 4.35
Thailand 1980 37.92 16.54 7.70 4.50 3.23 2.80 2.79
Tunisia 1984 52.76 24.44 9.98 5.19 3.58 2.96 6.46
Turkey 1980 48.83 19.86 7.61 4.44 3.59 3.48 3.59
Mean (Incl. Nepal) 50.68 22.59 11.07 6.95 5.70 5.74 6.24
SD 9.13 7.22 4.96 4.45 4.66 4.82 5.03
Maximum Value 73.82 41.69 26.59 21.92 21.47 21.48 22.74
Minimum Value 36.95 11.23 6.11 3.49 2.11 2.04 2.19
Mean (excl. Nepal) 48.90 21.13 9.88 5.80 4.49 4.53 4.97
SD 6.74 5.09 2.56 1.66 1.68 2.11 2.17
Maximum Value 57.05 32.63 15.20 8.89 8.54 10.29 10.37
Minimum Value 36.95 11.29 6.11 3.49 2.11 2.04 2.19
Note: The proportions have been calculated from the data in the Demographic Year Book of the
United Nations for 1981 and 1986.
2.2 Marital Childlessness in India: 1981-2001

It may be stated that unlike the discussion in the previous section where we have computed the
childlessness rates for all women (due to non-availability of data). However, in the subsequent
analysis for India, its state and district we would use marital childlessness rates (rates for ever
married women). Furthermore, though we have given the rates adjusted using El-Badry method4,
in our analysis we would focus on the unadjusted rates only. It may be mentioned that in the
subsequent analysis, we shall refer to the unadjusted rates as General Marital Childlessness Rate-
Unadjusted (GMCRU) Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates-Unadjusted (ASMCRU) and
those adjusted using the El-Badry Method as General Marital Childlessness Rate-Adjusted
(GMCRA) and Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates-Adjusted (ASMCRA).
4
We would like to mention here that we have decided to use the estimates of ASMCRA for 1981 carried
out by Vemuri (1987). However, during the course of comparison we felt that the results were not in the
expected direction and hence we estimated the ASMCRA for India and also adjusted them using the same
method as used by Vemuri, We found huge differences in the two estimates, particularly for the first and
second age groups. We then tried the similar exercise for some states as well and found the same. The
difference between the two estimates for India is presented in the Appendix-1.2. In view of this, for
assessing the trends in the ASMCRA and GMCRA during 1981-91 we decided to use our estimates for both
the periods.
The unadjusted and adjusted rates for India for the period 1981, 1991 and 2001 are presented in
table 2.3. Although we have presented the rates separately for rural and urban areas and for total
areas, we would be discussing the rates for rural and urban areas only since the results for rural
and total areas are quite similar. Before we start analysis we would like to bring out following
important points:
1. For the year 2001, both adjusted and unadjusted rates for all age groups are similar. This is
because in the fertility data on children ever born for the year 2001, there is no mention of
number of zero parity women at any level, whether for the country as a whole or for different
states for any of the age group and for both rural and urban areas. So we added the
distribution of women in each age group for different parity and found that the number
obtained by adding parity data adds up to the total number of married women in the age
groups meaning that all ever married women have reported correctly their parity. As a result
there was no need to adjust the zero parity women as we have done for the previous censuses.
2. If we closely examine the results of the 2001 census, proportion of childless women in 2001
is lower than that in 1991 census; nevertheless it is higher than the 1981 levels. This pattern is
observed both at the national and state level (we would discuss about state level result in
details in our next chapter).
3. In order to understand the discrepancy, we try to make cohort comparison over time. For
example women who are aged 25-29 in 1981 became aged 35-39 year in 1991 and 45-49
years in 2001. If we examine the proportion of childless women for this cohort of women
(unadjusted), we find that there were about 8.25 per cent of the women aged 25-29 years were
childless in 1981. In the year 1991, proportion of childless women (unadjusted) for the age
group 35-39 was 7.63 (lower by 0.52 per cent point as compared to the 1981 level, it is
possible as some of these women may have had a baby during 1981-91). The proportion of
childless women aged 45-49 in 2001 is 6.14 (lower by 1.49 per cent point as compared to the
1991 level). This seems to be somewhat unrealistic as it means that about one and a half per
cent of the women aged 35-39 years in 1991 moved from childless status to one or higher
parity during next ten years.
The fertility data in the District Level Household Survey (DLHS) reveals that less than 3 per cent
of the births among women aged 35-39 and 45-49 were of birth order one. Similarly the NFHS II
data reveals that about 4.5 per cent of the births among women aged 30-39 years and less than one
per cent of the births among women aged 40-49 years were of birth order one. Thus it is difficult
to understand the decline in the levels of childlessness as revealed by the census results for the
year 2001.
We first discuss the levels of childlessness as revealed by the unadjusted rates. It may be observed
from the table 2.3 that the general marital childlessness rates indicate that in 1981 about 13 per
cent of ever married Indian women aged 15-49 years were childless at the time census was
conducted. In other words it may be said that, on an average, one in every six ever-married Indian
women aged 15-49 years was childless at the time of census.
The corresponding levels for rural and urban India were a little over 13 and 11 per cent.
As general marital childlessness rates have limitation, we have also computed age specific
childlessness rates for the 7 age groups separately. The age patterns of childlessness for Indian
woman, as presented in figures Figure 2.2 reveals that the proportion of childless women declines
substantially from age 15-19 to 20-24 and further to 25-29 and somewhat stabilizes thereafter. In
other words, the shape of the age pattern of childlessness is like ‘inverted J shape’. Similar
patterns may be observed for all the period and for rural and urban areas as well. It may be
mentioned the age pattern of childlessness in India are quite similar to that observed for other
countries in the previous section.
Figure 2.2: Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rate-Unadjusted (ASMCRU), India

1981-2001.
80
70 Combined 198 1 1991 2001
U
R 60
C
M 50
S
A
40
30
20
10
Age Group
0
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49
Urban
80
Rural 80
U 70 U70
R R
C 60 C60
M M50
S 50 S
A A
40
40
30
30
20
20
10
10
0
Age Group
Age Group
0
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49
15-19 20-24 25- 29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49
The data in table 2.3 shows that for the nation as a whole, a little over 52 per cent of the ever-
married women aged 15-19 years in 1981 were childless and their share increased to over 66 per
cent during 1991 and further to over 70 per cent during 2001. The ASMCRU for the age group
20-24 years virtually halved the levels of observed for the previous age group in all the three
censuses. Although the declining trend continues in the next to age groups (30-34 and 35-39), its
pace apparently slows down, the rates reaching the levels of 5 to 9 per cent for the age group 30-
34 years. However, the levels do somewhat stabilize after age 34 years (that is for the last three
age groups) and revolved at around 4 per cent level in 1981, 8 per cent in 1991 and at 6 per cent in
2001.
If we look at the levels in the rural and urban areas separately we may find that although the levels
of ASMCRU are different, the age patterns are quite similar to the one observed for combined
areas. As a matter of fact the rural levels are very close to that observed for whole India.
However, they are a bit different for urban India. So we would here focus only urban India. The
share of marital childlessness in rural India among teenagers (15-19 years) was about 53 per cent
in 1981 and close to 70 per cent in 2001. while their share in the urban areas was 46 and 70 during
the same period. The levels of marital childlessness declined drastically for women aged 20-24
years (21 to 30 per cent in the rural areas and 20 to 36 per cent in the urban areas). The declining
trend in the ASMCRU continues in the next age group (25-29) and reached to the level of 8-13
per cent in the rural and 8-17 per cent in the urban areas. In the remaining age groups, the rates
were almost similar for both rural and urban areas at about 4 per cent or so in 1981 and 7-8 per
cent in 1991. However, the urban rates in 2001 have relatively remained on the higher side (at
about 7 per cent) as compared to the rural areas (at 6 per cent).
As mentioned before, in the table 2.3 we have also provided the adjusted childlessness rates, we
do not discuss them at length. Nevertheless, one thing is clear and that is that the patterns of
adjusted rates is quite similar to what has been discussed for unadjusted rates. The only difference
being in levels, the levels of unadjusted childlessness are apparently lower than the adjusted
childlessness rates. Further, the difference between the two rates is virtually similar across age
and for rural and urban areas. Generally speaking, the unadjusted rates are lower by about a
percent or so for all situations. This point would be discussed at length in a little while.
Table 2.3: General Marital Childlessness Rates-Unadjusted (GMCR) and Age Specific
Marital Childlessness Rates-Unadjusted (ASMCR) by Place of Residence, India
1981-2001.
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-49

Unadjusted ASMCRU GMCRU
Combined
1981 51.50 21.41 8.25 4.91 3.86 4.05 4.00 12.96
1991 66.03 28.93 12.92 9.01 7.63 7.86 7.70 17.50
2001 70.28 31.74 13.38 7.84 6.30 6.16 6.14 15.76
Rural
1981 52.56 21.72 8.28 4.92 3.85 4.01 3.95 13.44
1991 67.11 29.22 12.89 9.03 7.69 7.93 7.75 18.22
2001 70.21 30.46 12.07 7.13 5.79 5.74 5.80 15.62
Urban
1981 46.19 20.33 8.16 4.87 3.89 4.22 4.18 11.28
1991 60.69 27.98 12.99 8.93 7.45 7.63 7.54 15.35
2001 70.59 35.61 16.63 9.60 7.47 7.15 7.05 16.13
Adjusted ASMCRA GMCRA
Combined
1981 58.32 27.55 10.91 6.41 4.93 5.31 5.28 16.45
1991 67.46 30.77 13.87 9.66 8.19 8.47 8.36 18.56
2001 70.28 31.74 13.38 7.84 6.30 6.16 6.14 15.76
Rural
1981 60.58 28.26 10.98 6.47 4.98 5.32 5.28 17.23
1991 68.74 30.94 13.73 9.65 8.23 8.53 8.40 19.26
2001 70.21 30.46 12.07 7.13 5.79 5.74 5.80 15.62
Urban
1981 49.57 25.39 10.70 6.62 4.84 5.40 5.42 13.92
1991 61.82 30.35 14.42 9.89 8.27 8.50 8.48 16.66
2001 70.59 35.62 16.63 9.60 7.47 7.15 7.05 16.13
Note: The adjusted and unadjusted rates for the year 2001 are same as all ever married women reported
number of children ever born to them and thus making ‘zero parity’ women nil in the data set. The
2001 census fertility tables for India and states have not provided number of zero parity women.
When we add women at different parity together it add up to the total number of ever married
women.
2.3 Changes in Marital Childlessness in India: 1981-2001

Table 2.4a and 2.4b give the change in the GMCRU and ASMCRU during 1981-2001 both in
terms of absolute increase and percent increase for the rural and urban areas separate as well as
combined for the nation as a whole. The changes in the GMCRA and ASMCRA in terms of both
absolute terms as well as percentage change for rural and urban areas separate and combined for
the same period have been given in Appendix-1.1.
Period 1981-1991: As revealed by the data, the GMCRU for the nation as a whole has clearly
gone up by more than 2 per cent points in the 10 years during 1981-91. This is also true for rural
and urban areas separately, however, the increase is relatively more in the later as compared to the
former (by nearly 3 per cent point as against of about 2 per cent).
The change in ASMCRUs reveals that like GMCRU, they too have exhibited an upward trend in
all 7 age groups, in both rural and urban areas as well. At the outset it may be said that the
absolute change in the ASMCRU for all age groups is quite similar in both urban and rural areas
of the country. Interestingly, the absolute increase is much more among the teenagers, the
ASMCRU in the age group 15-19 increased during 1981-91 by over 14 per cent points. Similarly,
the absolute increase in ASMCRU in the age group 20-24 was by about 8 per cent points in the
same period. Such changes are very encouraging from programme perspective as it indirectly
means that relatively fewer girls have got married and had children. Nonetheless, the absolute
increase narrow down to about 4 per cent points in the remaining age groups.
Table 2.4: Trends in Adjusted Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates-Unadjusted

(ASMCRU) and the General Marital Childlessness Rates-Unadjusted (GMCRU)
and Rural-Urban Differentials in India, 1981-2001.
ASMCRU GMCRU
India 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-49
Absolute Change (ABSCHANGE 1 ) & Percent Change (PCTCHANGE2) – 1981-91
ABSCHANGE 1
Combined 14.53 7.52 4.67 4.10 3.77 3.81 3.70 4.54
Rural 14.55 7.50 4.61 4.11 3.84 3.92 3.80 4.78
Urban 14.50 7.65 4.83 4.06 3.56 3.41 3.36 4.07
PCTCHANGE2
Combined 28.21 35.12 56.61 83.50 97.67 94.07 92.50 35.03
Rural 27.68 34.53 55.68 83.54 99.74 97.76 96.20 35.57
Urban 31.39 37.63 59.19 83.37 91.52 80.81 80.38 36.08
Absolute Change (ABSCHANGE 1) & Percent Change (PCTCHANGE2) – 1991-2001
ABSCHANGE 1
Combined 4.25 2.81 0.46 -1.17 -1.33 -1.70 -1.56 -1.74
Rural 3.10 1.24 -0.82 -1.90 -1.90 -2.19 -1.95 -2.60
Urban 9.90 7.63 3.64 0.67 0.02 -0.48 -0.49 0.78
PCTCHANGE2
Combined 6.44 9.71 3.56 -12.99 -17.43 -21.63 -20.26 -9.94
Rural 4.62 4.24 -6.36 -21.04 -24.71 -27.62 -25.16 -14.27
Urban 16.31 27.27 28.02 7.50 0.27 -6.29 -6.50 5.08
ABSCHANGE 1
Combined 18.78 10.33 5.13 2.93 2.44 2.11 2.14 2.80
Rural 17.65 8.74 3.79 2.21 1.94 1.73 1.85 2.18
Urban 24.40 15.28 8.47 4.73 3.58 2.93 2.87 4.85
PCTCHANGE2
Combined 36.47 48.25 62.18 59.67 63.21 52.10 53.50 21.60
Rural 33.58 40.24 45.77 44.92 50.39 43.14 46.84 16.22
Urban 52.83 75.16 103.8 97.13 92.03 69.43 68.66 43.00
Rural - Urban Gap (R-U Gap)
Rural-Urban 3
1981 6.37 1.39 0.12 0.05 -0.04 -0.21 -0.23 2.16
1991 6.42 1.24 -0.10 0.10 0.24 0.30 0.21 2.87
2001 -0.38 -5.15 -4.56 -2.47 -1.68 -1.41 -1.25 -0.51
A. ASMCRU (for the ith age group)
1
defined as: 1981-1991: ASMCRU (1991) – ASMCRU (1981)
1991-2001: ASMCRU (2001) – ASMCRU (1991)
1981-2001: ASMCRU (2001) – ASMCRU (1981)
2
defined as: 1981-1991: [ASMCRU(1991) - ASMCRU(1981)] / ASMCRU(1981) * 100
1991-2001: [ASMCRU(2001) - ASMCRU(1991)] / ASMCRU(1991) * 100
1981-2001: [ASMCRU(2001) - ASMCRU(1981)] / ASMCRU(1981) * 100
3
defined as: ASMCRU (Rural) - ASMCRU (Urban)
B. GMCRU
1
defined as: 1981-1991: GSMCRU (1991) – GSMCRU (1981)
1991-2001: GSMCRU (2001) – GSMCRU (1991)
1981-2001: GSMCRU (2001) – GSMCRU (1981)
2
defined as: 1981-1991: [GSMCRU(1991) - GSMCRU(1981)] / GSMCRU(1981) * 100
1991-2001: [GSMCRU(2001) - GSMCRU(1991)] / GSMCRU(1991) * 100
1981-2001: [GSMCRU(2001) - GSMCRU(1981)] / GSMCRU(1981) * 100
3
defined as: GSMCRU (Rural) - GSMCRU (Urban)
Now let us examine the change in the childlessness rates in terms of percentage changes. As may
be seen, the GMCRU for India increased by nearly 35 per cent during the 10 years period (1981-
91), at about similar pace for both urban and rural areas. In case of ASMCRUs, two observations
may be made. Firstly, the percent change was faster at the older ages (that is age 30 onwards) as
compared to the younger ages. Secondly, the pace of change was slightly faster in the urban areas
as compared to the rural areas for the younger ages whereas for older ages it was quite similar in
both areas. It may be reminded here that the levels of childlessness per se are much lower at the
older ages than they are at the younger ages (before age 29 years). For example, during 1981-91,
proportion of childless women in the age group 15-19 years increased by about 28 per cent in
rural areas and 31 per cent in the urban areas. Similarly, it increased by 34 and 38 per cent in the
next age group in rural and urban areas respectively. In case of ages beyond 30 years, the per cent
increase was over 80 per cent or higher.
Period 1991-2001: As mentioned before, the change in proportion of childless women in

reproductive ages as revealed during 1991-2001 are somewhat not clear since for most age groups
they show that the levels of childlessness for the country have over the past decades. Thus we
would not really pay much attention to this as before coming to any concrete conclusion one has
to examine the quality of data over two censuses. Nevertheless few broad observations may be
made. In absolute sense, the level of GMCRU in urban India has gone up by about one per cent
point during the decade while for rural India they it has come down by nearly 3 per cent points. In
other words, it may be said that in comparison to 1991, more less in India rural women in the
reproductive ages remained childless during 2001 whereas in urban it was other way around. As
may be seen from the absolute change in ASMCRUs, most of the change comes from the younger
women (15-24 years). It may be pointed out that, like previous decade, the proportion of young
women remaining childless at the time of census increased in terms of absolute change in the
nineties as well (by about 3 and 10 per cent points in the age group 15-19 and one and 8 per cent
in the age group 20-24 years in rural and urban areas respectively. However, in the remaining age
groups proportion of childless women had reduced during the nineties. This phenomenon is very
difficult to explain as we do not see any major changes that may have occurred in India with
regards to availability and accessibility of medical technological advancements which may have
helped childless women to attain motherhood at such late stage of their lives.
Period 1981-2001: The data on the changes in the levels of marital childlessness during two
decades of 1981-2001 too is presented in the same table 2.4. As may be seen, the proportion of
childlessness women in India in its absolute sense has gone up for all ages and for both rural and
urban areas. The GMCRU for India during the past two decades of the last century increased by
nearly 2 per cent points in rural areas and by as much as 5 per cent points in urban areas. In case
of five-year age groups too it exhibited positive change for all ages, however, the increase being
more rapid in the urban areas as compared to the rural areas of the country. In rural India, the
ASMCRU increased by about one-fifth in the age group 15-19 years and by about one-tenth in the
age group 20-24 years. The increase was by about 4 per cent points in the age group 25-29 years.
For other ages too, however, it increased by about 2 per cent points or so. In case of urban areas,
the absolute increase was about 24, 15 and 8 per cent points in them age group 15-19, 20-24 and
25-29 years respectively. In terms of percentage change, it may be said that, the pace of change
apparently was faster in the advance ages as compared to the younger ages, although the
difference was not as wide as observed during the eighties.
2.4 Rural-Urban Differentials in Marital Childlessness: 1981-2001

As seen before, levels of general marital childlessness apparently were higher in the rural India
(13, 18 and 16 per cent in 1981, 1991 and 2001 respectively) as compared to the urban India
during the 1981 (11, 15 and 16 per cent in 1981, 1991 and 2001 respectively. This means, that
more rural women in the reproductive ages in India are childless as compared to their urban
counterparts. The last panel of the table gives difference between proportion childless women
rural and urban women. The differences have been obtained by subtracting urban rates from the
rural. One thing that comes out very clearly from the data on this front is that, on the whole,
relatively larger proportions of the rural ever-married women aged 15-49 years were childless as
compared to their urban counterparts. The rural urban gaps have widened during 1981-91 from 2
per cent points to 3 per cent points and then narrowing down to less than one per cent point in
2001. With regards to the ASMCRUs, although there are no clear patterns, couple of broad
observations may be made. Firstly, the rural-urban differences in this matter were substantially
large for the teenagers (15-19 years) throughout the period 1981 and 1991 while reverse were true
for the period 2001. Secondly, in 1981, relatively lower proportion of rural women aged 35 years
or more are childless as compared to their urban counterparts. Contrary to this, proportion of
childless women is higher in rural areas as against of urban areas for ages below 35 years
(although the differences are nominal) and the gaps are notably wide for the first age group (that
is 15-19 years). Thirdly, in contrast to what was observed in 1981, in 1991 the proportion of
childless women was higher in rural areas for all age groups but 25-29 years. Lastly, the most
recent census has revealed that the proportion of childless women is higher in all ages in the urban
areas as compared to the rural areas. Further, the rural-urban differences are far more visible in
the age groups 20-24 and 25-29).
The important features of the Tables 2.3 and 2.4 may be summarized as below:
1. On the whole, incidence of childlessness in rural India has increased during 1981-91
and then has though declined marginally in the last decade but has remained much
higher than the 1981 level. However, in case of urban areas, the incidence of overall
childlessness has consistently gone up in the last three censuses.
2. The childlessness rates are highest in the age group 15-19 and decline rapidly
subsequently until age 30-34 years and stabilize thereafter. This is true for both rural
and urban areas as well throughout the time period under analysis.
3. The ASMCRU in India have increased during 1981-91 and 1991-2001 for ages 15-19
and 20-24 years in both rural and urban areas and for ages 25-29 and 30-34 years in
urban areas. For the remaining ages, the levels have gone up during the eighties but
came down in the nineties, more so in the rural areas.
4. In absolute terms, the change in ASMCRU has been sharper for the younger ages
(particularly 15-19 age group whereas it is slower at the older ages.
5. The data on rural-urban differentials reveal that the incidence of childlessness for ever
married women in the reproductive age groups are higher in the rural areas of the
country and the gaps are quite notable for the first and second age groups. The rural-
urban differences were wider in the age groups 20-24 and 25-29 during 2001. As a
matter of fact, even at the older ages, the rural-urban gaps more visible during 2001
as compared to the previous censuses.
Chapter 3
Levels, Patterns and Variations in
Childlessness in States of India
In the present chapter we discuss levels, trends of and differentials in childlessness across
states of India during 1981, 1991 and 2001. The analysis has been done for all 29 states and
union territories for 1981, 31 for 1991 and 35 for the year 2001. However to make the
discussion more compact and meaningful, the discussion is restricted to 15 major states of
the country. Nevertheless, the data for other states and union territories is presented in the
Appendices 3.2 and 3.3. Before we begin our analysis we would also like to bring to the
notice of the reader following:
1. We have presented data for rural and urban areas only as the results for combined areas
as quite similar to those of the rural areas and the discussion revolves around rural and
urban areas only. This has been done to make the table more compact.
2. In the present section, we have used unadjusted childlessness rates only. The rationale
for choosing the unadjusted rates over adjusted rates remains same as mentioned in the
previous chapter. Nonetheless, we have presented estimated values of the coefficients
for ‘a’ and ‘b’ from the El-Badry method for each state separately for 1981 and 1991 in
the appendix 2.4 and appendix 2.5 respectively for each unit and rural and urban areas
separately.
3. For better understanding, in the subsequent analysis we have grouped states into five
zones as described below:
a. Zone A: Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu
b. Zone B: Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh
c. Zone C: Gujarat and Maharashtra
d. Zone D: Haryana, Punjab and Himachal Pradesh
e. Zone E: Orissa and West Bengal
4. In the tables we have provided time series data for the three time periods, we would
discuss the results for mainly 1981 and 2001. This has been decided in view of the fact
that the data on childless from 1991 are often not consistent with data from 1981 or
2001 census. For example, in some times the levels of GMCRU as per 1991 census
seem to be unrealistically high (24 per cent in Bihar and Uttar Pradesh). Also the levels
show substantial increase in the GMCRU in Orissa and West Bengal during 1981-1991.
It is thus decided to base our discussion on changes in the levels using 1981 and 2001
census results only.
We begin our discussion with the means and standard deviation for the unadjusted Age
Specific Marital Childlessness Rates (ASMCRUs) and General Marital Childlessness Rate
(GMCRU) for rural and urban areas separately and as well as jointly for the year 1981, 1991
and 2001. The results of the same have been presented in table 3.1. In the same table we have
also provided the minimum and maximum values of the ASMCRUs and GMCRU. The number
of states/union territories for which data refers is also presented in the same table. It is evident
from the table 3.1 that there exist wide variations in the levels of the childlessness across states
of India. This is true for all the age groups included in the analysis here.
3.1 Levels of General Marital Childlessness Rate Unadjusted (GMCRU)
The mean value of GMCRU for the period 1981 was about nearly 12 per cent (SD=5.39) in the
rural areas and about 11 per cent (SD=4.89) in the urban areas. The corresponding figures for
2001 have risen to 14.58 per cent ((SD=2.72) in the rural areas and 15.28 per cent (SD=2.72)
in the urban areas. The increase in the mean values of the childlessness indicates that on the
whole, the relatively higher proportion of the women in the reproductive ages remain childless
as compared those in 1981. Further, the data also suggests that the increase in the GMCRU is
far more rapid in the urban areas as compared to the rural areas. At the same time reduction in
the standard deviation of the GMCRU indicates that the levels of childlessness across states are
converging, that is, the levels of childlessness across states are apparently narrowing down
over time in both the rural and urban areas.
Table 3.2 and Figure 3.1 give unadjusted general marital childlessness rates for rural and urban
areas for the period 1981-2001. Although we have given the GMCRU for two age groups in
the table (that is 15-44 and 15-49 years) we would be discussing only the later age group. As
may be noted, in the rural areas the GMCRU ranged from a low of less than 3 per cent in
Karnataka to about 18 per cent in Andhra Pradesh among the southern states. The comparison
between southern states and four backward northern states reveals that the levels of GMCRU
during 1981 were relatively lower in the former states. Amongst the four backward northern
states, the GMCRU was low at about 10 per cent in Uttar Pradesh whereas in Bihar, Madhya
Pradesh and Rajasthan it ranged between 17 to 22 per cent, a level much higher than the most
southern states. In the other states, the GMCRU varied from about 9 per cent Maharashtra,
Himachal Pradesh and West Bengal to nearly 19 per cent in Gujarat and Haryana. The level of
GMCRU was about 12-13 per cent in Punjab and Orissa.
Coming to the urban areas, like rural areas, Karnataka had lowest levels of GMCRU in the
urban areas in 1981 (less than 3 per cent) whereas in the remaining 3 states it ranged between 9
per cent in Kerala to over 17 per cent in Andhra Pradesh. The levels of GMCRU was relatively
lower in Uttar Pradesh (at about 8 per cent), 15-16 per cent in Bihar and Madhya Pradesh and
19 per cent in Rajasthan. For Gujarat, Haryana and Orissa, the levels were on the higher side
(between 12-17 per cent). Interestingly, the levels of GMCRU in 1981 were higher in the urban
areas of southern states as compared to the urban areas of the northern states which is reverse
of what was observed in case of the rural areas. Further, the levels of urban GMCRU were
relatively lower in the states of Maharashtra, Punjab, Himachal Pradesh and West Bengal
remained around 6-8 per cent.
Over time (during 1981-2001), the levels of GMCRU have apparently gone up in most states in
rural and urban areas, though at a varying pace. Nevertheless, there are a few states where the
levels have come down. For example, amongst southern states, the levels have gone up in all
states in both rural and urban areas with the exception of rural Andhra Pradesh where it has
come down by about one and a half per cent point. Karnataka has registered an increase by
about 12 to 14 per cent points in GMCRU in rural and urban areas that is highest in Indian
states. Kerala on the other hand experienced an increase of about 5 per cent points in the
GMCRU. In case of Tamil Nadu, increase is higher in the rural areas (by over 3 per cent
points) as compared to the urban areas (less than a per cent). The rural areas of Madhya
Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat and Haryana have recorded reduction in GMCRU by about 4 to 6
per cent points whereas it has increased in the rural Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Maharashtra,
Himachal Pradesh and West Bengal (by 3 to 8 per cent points). In case of urban areas, states
like Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Punjab and West Bengal have recorded increase by about 7-
10 per cent points in GMCRU. On the other hand there are states where the increase has been
in the range of 2-4 per cent points (Rajasthan, Punjab and Himachal Pradesh). At the same time
there are states that have indicated decline in urban GMCRU during this period (Madhya
Pradesh, Gujarat and Haryana).
Figure 3.1: General Marital Childlessness Rate for 15-49 years, 1981-2001
GMCR
30
1981 1991 2001
Rural
25
20
15
10
0
AP KN KL TN BH MP RJ UP GJ MH HY PN HP OR WB IND
GMCR
30
Urban 1981 1991 2001
25
20
15
10
0
3.2 Levels of Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rate Unadjusted (ASMCRU)

Tables 3.3a, 3.3b and 3.3c respectively give the levels of ASMCRU for rural and urban areas
for the period 1981, 1991 and 2001 respectively. At the outset we may say that the emerging
patterns for the ASMCRUs at the state level are somewhat similar to what was observed at the
national level. It is interesting to note that the convergence in the levels of childlessness across
states is observed at the older ages in both rural and urban areas, more so in case of former.
The age patterns of the childlessness have also been presented in figures 3.2 and 3.3 for rural
and urban areas separately for the period 1981 and 2001 for the major states.
Age Patterns of Marital Childlessness: 1981
The data in table 3.3a indicates that the proportion of childless women declines substantially
from age 15-19 years to the next age group that is 20-24 years for all the states (also see figure
3.2 for the same). However, the decline varies from one state to another. Amongst the major
states, the proportion of childless women in the age group was relatively higher in Gujarat,
Rajasthan Haryana, Madhya Pradesh and Jammu Kashmir (70 to 82 per cent in the rural areas
and around 65 to 74 per cent in the urban areas). On the other hand, it was substantially lower
in the southern state of Karnataka (with only 10 per cent of the childless adolescents) followed
by Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Himachal Pradesh and West Bengal in rural (35 to 45 per cent)
and urban areas (25 to 42 per cent).
The ASMCRU for the age group 20-24 years virtually halved the levels observed for the
adolescents in all the states ranging between a low of about 4 per cent in rural and urban
Karnataka to as high as 34 and 37 per cent in rural and urban Gujarat respectively. Although
the declining trend continues in the subsequent age groups until 35-39 age groups, its pace
apparently slows down, the rates reaching the levels of 3 to 7 per cent for the age group 30-34
years for rural areas and to 4 to 9 per cent in the urban areas in most of the states. The
corresponding ranges for the age group 35-39 years are 2-7 per cent in both rural and urban
areas. The levels appear to have short of stabilized after age 34 years (that is for the last three
age groups) as the percent of childless women hardly changes beyond this age for majority of
the states.
Fig. 3.2: ASMCRU, 1981
Rural Urban
90 Andhra Pradesh 90 Andhra Prades h

Karnataka
80 80 Karnatak a
Kerala Kerala
70 Tamil Nadu 70
T amil Nadu
60 60
50 50
40 40
30 30
20 20
10 10
0 0
Fig. 3.2: ASMCRU, 1981 contd.
Rural Urban
90 Bihar 90 Bihar
80 Madhya Pradesh
80 Madhya Pradesh
Rajas than Rajast han
70 70 Uttar Prades h
Ut tar Pradesh
60 60
50 50
40 40
30 30
20 20
10 10
0 0
90 Gujarat
80 90 G uja rat
70 Maharashtra 80 Maharas htra
60 70
50
60
40
50
40
30 30
20 20
10 10
0 0
90 O rissa
90 Orissa
80 80
West Bengal 70 Wes t Bengal
70
60 60
50 50
40 40
30 30
20 20
10 10
0 0
90 Haryana 90 Haryana
80 Punjab 80 P unjab
70 Himachal Pradesh 70 Himac hal Pradesh
60 60
50 50
40 40
30 30
20
20
10
10
0
0
Age Patterns of Marital Childlessness: 2001
The data on the levels of childlessness by ages for the period 2001 are presented in table 3.3c
for rural and urban areas for major states (please also see figure 3.3). At the outset, it may be
noted that the shape of the age patterns of childlessness in the states of India has remained
somewhat similar to that observed in 1981 for almost all of the states and rural and urban areas.
Nevertheless, there are changes with respect to the proportion of childless women by age
groups. As may be seen, the proportion of childless rural adolescent women varied from about
58 per cent in West Bengal to 77 per cent in Uttar Pradesh and Gujarat. The corresponding
range in the urban areas was relatively narrow, 62 per cent in West Bengal to 77 per cent in
Gujarat and Punjab. Like previous period, the levels decline substantially in all the states in the
next age group (20-24 years, less than half the levels of the adolescents group) and continue
decline through the age group 30-34 years (reaching to 3-8 per cent in rural areas and 5 to 9 per
cent in the urban areas for most of the states). After age 34 year, the levels of childlessness
seem to maintain a relative stability through the remaining three age groups i.e., 35-39, 40-44
and 45-49. As a matter of fact, the proportion of childless women is quite similar in the age
groups 40-44 and 45-49 years for most of the states and this is true for both rural and urban
areas.
Fig. 3.3: ASMCRU, 2001
ASMCR
ASMCR
Rural 90
Urban
90 Andhra Pradesh
Karnataka 80
80 Andhra Pradesh
Kerala 70 Karnataka
70 Tamil Nadu Kerala
60
60 Tamil Nadu
50
50
40
40
30
30
20
20
10 10
0 0
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49
90 90
80 80
Bihar
70 Bihar 70 Madhya Pradesh
Rajasthan
60 Madhya Pradesh 60
Uttar Pradesh
50 Rajasthan 50
40 Uttar Pradesh 40
30 30
20 20
10 10
0 0
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49
Fig. 3.3: ASMCRU, 2001 contd…

Rural
90 Urban
90
80
80
70
70
Gujarat 60 Gujarat
60
Maharashtra 50 Maharashtra
50
40 40
30 30
20 20
10 10
0 0
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49
90 90
80 80
70 70
60 Orissa 60 Orissa
50 West Bengal 50 West Bengal
40 40
30 30
20 20
10 10
0 0
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49
90
90
80
Haryana 80
Haryana
70 70
Punjab Punjab
60 60
Himachal Pradesh Himachal Pradesh
50 50
40 40
30 30
20 20
10 10
0 0
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49
So, from the above discussion it is apparent that there exists variability across states in each of
the age specific marital childlessness rates. However, within a state, the seven ASMCRUs
follow a particular pattern. The pattern holds true for each state though the levels of the
ASMCRUs vary considerably. On the whole, the incidence of childlessness is more in rural
areas compare to urban areas and there are no substantial differences in childlessness rates
between rural and urban areas.
3.3 Changes in Levels of Age Specific Marital Childlessness: 1981-2001
Table 3.4 gives the absolute change in the proportion of childless women during 1981 to 2001
for major states for rural and urban areas separately for each age group. For the convenience of
the readers, we have presented the same in the figure 3.4 for rural and urban areas respectively
for states in each of the five zones.
The absolute change in the ASMCRU has been obtained by deducting the levels of 1981 from
that of the 2001. With respect to the direction of change, on the whole, the levels of
childlessness have increased in almost all of the states during the reference period. However,
there are a few cases where it has actually gone down. For example, the levels of childlessness
in Rajasthan have come down considerably in 2001 in all age groups in rural areas and in the
last four age groups in urban areas. For example, the value of ASMCRU for the age group 15-
19 years in 2001 was lower by almost 5 per cent points as compared to 1981. Like Rajasthan,
the levels of childlessness have also reduced in age groups 25-29 to 45-49 in rural Madhya
Pradesh and in the age groups 35-39 to 45-49 in urban Madhya Pradesh. Similarly, in Haryana
the levels have come down in all groups but 45-49 years in the rural areas and in then age
groups 40-44 and 45-49 years in the urban areas. In case of Gujarat, the levels have come down
in age groups 15-19 to 25-29 years in the rural areas and in the age groups 40-44 and 45-49
years in the urban areas.
With respect to the magnitude of change, it may be noted from the same table that there are
wide variations from state to state and from one age group to another in both rural and urban
areas. Nevertheless, a few important observations may be made. Obviously in terms of
absolute change, the changes are more rapid in the younger ages as compared to the older ages.
State of Karnataka has recorded an unusual increase in the ASMCRU for all age groups both in
rural and urban areas as the levels for 15-19 age groups increased by over 53 per cent points in
rural and 59 per cent points in the urban areas. Similarly, the ASMCRU has increased by about
24 and 31 per cent points in the same period in the age group 20-24 and by 10 and 16 per cent
in the age group 25-29 in rural and urban areas respectively. In the other age groups too the
increase is substantial (in the range of 5-7 per cent in rural areas and 6-9 per cent in the urban
areas. Other states that have shown tremendous increase in the ASMCRU are Uttar Pradesh,
Maharashtra and Himachal Pradesh. Such an increase in a matter of two decades seems to be
unrealistic and hence needs a proper investigation and raises many issues on the quality of
data. An interesting feature emerging from the data in this table is that southern states have
recorded greater increase in the ASMCRUs as compared to the northern or eastern states and
this is true in both rural and urban areas.
The data further indicates that over the past two decades, the levels of childlessness in the last
age groups have also increased considerably in many states. For example, it has increased by
over 5 per cent points in rural and urban Karnataka and urban areas of Tamil Nadu and West
Bengal. Similarly, it has increased by 4 per cent points or more in the urban areas of Andhra
Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh and rural areas of Tamil Nadu. There are other states too that have
experienced an increase by about 2-3 per cent points in the ASMCRU for the age group 45-49
years (rural areas of Kerala, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra and West Bengal and urban
areas of Kerala and Maharashtra for example). It is important to remind here that such high
increase in the childlessness raises many concerns in view of the fact that the voluntary
childless in India and its state is said to virtually non-existent. We would examine these issues
at a greater length later in our analysis on causes and consequences of childlessness.
Fig. 3.4: Change in the levels of ASMCRUs, 1981-2001
Urban
Rural
55 55
Andhra Pradesh Andhra Pradesh
45 Karnataka 45 Karnataka
Kerala Kerala
35 Tamil Nadu 35 Tamil Nadu
25 25
15 15
5 5
-5 -5
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49
-15 -15
55 55
Bihar Bihar
45 Madhya Pradesh 45 Madhya Pradesh
Rajasthan Rajasthan
Uttar Pradesh 35 Uttar Pradesh
35
25 25
15 15
5 5
-5 -5
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49
-15 -15
Fig. 3.4: Change in the levels of ASMCRUs, 1981-2001 contd…
Urban
Rural
55 55
Gujarat Gujarat
45 45
Maharashtra Maharashtra
35 35
25 25
15 15
5 5
-5 -5
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49
-15 -15
55 55
Orissa Orissa
45 45
West Bengal West Bengal

35 35
25 25
15 15
5 5
-5 -5
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49
-15 -15
55 55
Haryana Haryana
45 45
Punjab Punjab
35 Himachal Pradesh 35 Himachal Pradesh
25 25
15 15
5 5
-5 -5
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49
-15 -15
3.4 Rural-Urban Differentials in Age Specific Marital Childlessness: 1981-2001

Table 3.5 gives differentials in incidence of childlessness by place of residence for the states
for the period 1981 and 2001 by age groups. The difference in the levels has been obtained by
deducting the urban levels from the rural and the same is also presented in figure 3.5. As may
be noticed from the data in the upper panel of the table, in 1981 the adolescent childlessness
was not only higher in the rural areas as compared to the urban areas in almost all states except
Punjab but also the differences were quite wide in some of the cases. For example, the
childlessness among rural adolescents in West Bengal was higher by nearly 13 per cent points
as compared to their urban counterparts. Similarly, it was higher by about 8 to 9 per cent points
in the rural adolescents of Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra and Orissa followed
by Haryana and Madhya Pradesh (6 per cent points or so). The rural-urban differences in
adolescent childlessness in Andhra Pradesh are Kerala are relatively narrower (4-5 per cent)
whereas in Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Bihar they are virtually non-existent. The rural-urban
difference continue to be relatively higher in the next age group (that is 20-24 years) in
Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh and Orissa (2-3
per cent points) whereas in case of other states they are somewhat similar in both the areas. By
the next age group, the rural and urban levels have somewhat converged as the difference
between the two areas have reduced to less than one per cent points in majority of the
instances, at least in absolute terms.
Interestingly, data in panel two of the table for 2001 reveals very different scenario than what
was observed for 1981. As a matter of fact the scenario has completely changed as far as the
rural-urban differentials in childlessness are concerned (with the difference turning negative for
many more states and for most of the age groups than observed in 1981). In other words, as
against of what was observed in 1981, the levels of childlessness in 2001 were higher in the
urban areas as compared to the rural areas for a number of states (10 states out of 15 states
included in the analysis in the first age groups and 14 out of 15 states for 20-24 age group and
all states for age groups 25-29 to 40-44 years).
The data further reveals that the extent of rural-urban differentials too has widened during the
past two decades for most of the states in age groups 20 to 35 years). For example, the urban
ASMCR was higher by more than 4 per cent points in as many as 13 states in the age group 20-
24 years and in 11 states in the age group 25-29 years. Likewise in the age groups 30-34 years
there were 7 states where urban ASMCRU was higher than 2 to 7 per cent points than their
counterparts. It may be pointed out that the difference of this magnitude is huge as the levels of
childlessness in these age groups tend to be of lower order as compared to younger ages. It
may further be pointed out the rural-urban gaps have apparently widened more in all 4 of the
southern states, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Haryana,
Punjab and Himachal Pradesh.
Fig. 3.5: Rural-Urban in ASMCRUs

1981 2001
15 15
Andhra Pradesh Andhra Pradesh

10 10
Karnataka Karnataka
Kerala Kerala
Tamil Nadu 5 Tamil Nadu
5
0 0
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49
-5 -5
-10 -10
-15 -15
15 15
Bihar Bihar
10 10
Madhya Pradesh Madhya Pradesh
Rajasthan Rajasthan
5 Uttar Pradesh 5 Uttar Pradesh
0 0
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49
-5 -5
-10 -10
-15 -15
15 15
10 Gujarat 10 Gujarat
Maharashtra Maharashtra
5 5
0 0
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49
-5 -5
-10 -10
-15 -15
Fig. 3.5: Rural-Urban in ASMCRUs contd…

2001
1981
15 15
10 Orissa 10 Orissa
West Bengal West Bengal

5 5
0 0
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49
-5 -5
-10 -10
-15 -15
15 15
10 Haryana 10 Haryana
Punjab Punjab
5 Himachal Pradesh 5 Himachal Pradesh
0 0
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49
-5 -5
-10 -10
-15 -15
Table 3.1: Means and Standard Deviations for the Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates -
Unadjusted (ASMCRU) and General Marital Childlessness Rate - Unadjusted
(GMCRU) for States and Union Territories of India by Residence, 1981-2001.
Age group
Value 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-49
Combined – 1981 (N=29)
Mean 49.99 20.78 7.75 4.44 3.49 3.64 3.52 11.49
SD 20.59 9.20 3.49 2.16 1.77 1.96 1.89 5.30
Maximum 79.73 36.00 13.62 8.63 7.02 8.09 8.09 21.46
Minimum 5.33 1.93 1.01 0.67 0.58 0.59 0.63 1.26
Rural – 1981 (N=29)
Mean 50.63 20.79 7.63 4.41 3.52 3.65 3.53 11.83
SD 20.88 9.27 3.52 2.15 1.81 2.02 1.88 5.39
Maximum 81.54 37.03 13.67 8.57 7.15 8.03 8.02 22.04
Minimum 5.04 1.76 0.93 0.62 0.54 0.54 0.53 1.18
Urban – 1981 (N=29)
Mean 46.66 20.19 7.80 4.42 3.35 3.60 3.58 10.65
SD 19.51 8.92 3.55 2.32 1.84 2.10 2.03 4.89
Maximum 74.09 33.66 13.53 8.87 7.05 8.35 8.38 19.14
Minimum 7.07 2.71 1.37 0.91 0.78 0.60 0.93 1.69
Mean 63.92 29.19 14.04 10.12 8.61 8.89 8.71 16.94
SD 8.56 5.49 5.05 4.97 4.73 4.99 4.97 4.54
Maximum 76.14 40.80 24.29 21.40 21.01 22.78 22.42 27.17
Minimum 41.43 17.68 6.81 4.15 3.12 2.87 2.75 9.22
Rural – 1991 (N=31)
Mean 64.17 28.92 13.64 10.02 8.52 8.90 8.61 17.17
SD 8.56 6.04 5.68 5.41 5.15 5.34 5.29 4.68
Maximum 77.13 43.22 26.42 23.38 22.56 23.87 23.30 28.76
Minimum 42.16 17.40 6.36 3.92 3.23 2.96 1.67 9.40
Urban – 1991 (N=31)
Mean 62.28 29.32 14.54 9.84 8.31 8.53 8.25 15.92
SD 9.09 5.30 4.41 4.30 3.94 4.19 4.06 4.17
Maximum 73.34 38.94 27.12 22.73 20.49 18.98 19.77 25.50
Minimum 39.68 18.16 7.47 4.51 3.11 2.87 2.82 8.91
Mean 69.28 31.86 13.80 8.03 6.15 5.90 5.69 14.79
SD 5.35 5.29 3.83 2.87 2.31 2.22 2.14 2.49
Maximum 76.76 44.12 24.47 16.25 12.34 11.20 10.98 19.56
Minimum 58.41 22.38 7.44 3.46 2.52 2.35 2.38 10.57
Rural – 2001 (N=35)
Mean 68.67 30.48 12.59 7.47 5.80 5.61 5.49 14.58
SD 6.07 5.92 4.28 3.03 2.40 2.29 2.18 2.72
Maximum 79.01 45.58 25.13 16.50 12.95 11.43 11.22 20.54
Minimum 57.69 19.90 6.23 3.01 2.24 2.12 2.18 10.51
Urban – 2001 (N=35)
Mean 70.68 35.23 16.34 9.22 6.86 6.45 6.18 15.28
SD 4.18 4.32 3.50 3.01 2.49 2.51 2.45 2.72
Maximum 77.06 47.19 23.85 15.60 12.11 12.33 12.56 22.20
Minimum 61.22 27.37 10.32 4.49 3.09 2.81 2.56 11.13
Table 3.2: General Marital Childlessness Rates (GMCRU) for India and States, 1981.
RURAL-15-44 URBAN - 15-44 2001-1981

1981 1991 2001 1981 1991 2001 Rural Urban
Andhra Pradesh 18.90 18.94 17.23 18.24 17.50 22.38 1.67 4.14
Karnataka 2.89 14.76 15.32 2.72 16.12 18.10 -12.43 15.38
Kerala 10.15 14.13 14.88 9.90 13.60 15.87 -4.73 5.97
Tamil Nadu 15.54 15.77 18.66 15.88 13.68 21.31 -3.12 5.43
Bihar 18.40 25.62 20.25 17.02 22.19 17.80 -1.85 0.78
Madhya Pradesh 20.80 20.55 16.36 17.64 18.96 15.05 4.44 -2.59
Rajasthan 23.99 21.24 18.22 20.62 17.81 15.81 5.77 -4.81
Uttar Pradesh 10.81 25.72 19.66 8.29 22.77 19.05 -8.85 10.76
Gujarat 20.55 19.32 16.37 18.45 17.07 17.22 4.18 -1.23
Maharashtra 9.31 10.13 13.96 6.50 9.48 15.06 -4.65 8.56
Haryana 20.42 16.72 12.69 15.80 13.44 12.53 7.73 -3.27
Punjab 12.68 13.50 13.72 13.88 13.55 15.63 -1.04 2.25
Himachal Pradesh 9.02 13.27 11.54 7.67 11.24 12.19 -2.52 4.52
Orissa 15.00 19.48 14.63 12.96 17.12 14.49 0.37 1.53
West Bengal 9.48 15.65 12.80 6.40 16.23 16.89 -3.32 10.49
India 14.58 19.44 16.81 12.07 16.20 17.31 -2.23 5.24
RURAL-15-49 URBAN - 15-49 2001-1981
1981 1991 2001 1981 1991 2001 Rural Urban
Andhra Pradesh 17.75 17.84 16.26 17.33 16.68 21.34 -1.49 4.01
Karnataka 2.70 13.85 14.26 2.57 15.28 16.88 11.56 14.31
Kerala 9.20 13.16 13.56 9.05 12.67 14.47 4.36 5.42
Tamil Nadu 14.40 14.92 17.55 14.80 13.01 20.10 3.15 5.30
Bihar 16.94 24.17 20.25 15.97 21.12 16.35 3.31 0.38
Madhya Pradesh 19.26 19.27 15.19 16.56 17.93 13.93 -4.07 -2.63
Rajasthan 22.04 19.60 16.77 19.14 16.68 14.56 -5.27 -4.58
Uttar Pradesh 9.93 24.20 18.20 7.77 21.82 17.72 8.27 9.95
Gujarat 18.87 17.88 15.06 17.28 16.10 15.99 -3.81 -1.29
Maharashtra 8.57 9.40 13.03 6.07 8.91 13.96 4.46 7.89
Haryana 18.56 15.55 11.71 14.50 12.61 11.50 -6.85 -3.00
Punjab 11.49 12.36 12.54 12.27 12.65 14.36 1.05 2.09
Himachal Pradesh 8.33 12.37 10.51 7.08 10.45 11.13 2.18 4.05
Orissa 13.96 18.29 13.61 12.35 16.44 13.50 -0.35 1.15
West Bengal 8.77 14.74 12.00 5.99 15.39 15.73 3.23 9.74
India 13.44 18.22 15.62 11.28 15.35 16.13 2.18 4.85
Table 3.3a: Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates-Unadjusted (ASMCRU) for India and
States, 1981.
Age Group
State/India 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49
RURAL
Andhra Pradesh 58.41 25.25 11.68 8.57 7.02 8.03 8.02
Karnataka 10.59 4.31 1.73 1.20 0.93 1.02 1.06
Kerala 51.12 19.17 6.72 3.78 2.74 2.74 2.58
Tamil Nadu 62.10 28.77 11.52 7.42 5.76 6.46 6.55
Bihar 60.82 27.61 11.47 5.92 3.99 3.57 3.23
Madhya Pradesh 70.45 25.72 9.75 6.10 5.18 5.54 5.64
Rajasthan 79.90 32.28 10.79 5.83 4.33 4.34 4.04
Uttar Pradesh 36.77 15.21 5.77 3.39 2.68 2.68 2.63
Gujarat 81.54 37.03 11.66 5.93 4.61 4.57 4.62
Maharashtra 35.41 14.62 5.48 3.34 2.70 2.80 2.75
Haryana 72.46 26.94 7.73 3.48 2.68 2.43 2.16
Punjab 59.44 27.74 9.22 4.47 3.15 3.15 2.92
Himachal Pradesh 44.51 12.58 3.24 2.32 2.23 2.73 2.78
Orissa 58.54 24.06 9.73 6.38 5.31 5.75 5.75
West Bengal 37.60 12.27 4.53 2.65 2.05 2.17 2.33
India 52.56 21.72 8.28 4.92 3.85 4.01 3.95
URBAN
Andhra Pradesh 54.82 25.25 12.28 8.87 7.05 8.35 8.38
Karnataka 9.65 4.30 1.91 1.25 0.93 1.19 1.12
Kerala 46.31 20.09 8.16 4.07 3.19 3.36 3.23
Tamil Nadu 61.48 28.43 12.47 7.66 5.92 6.32 6.28
Bihar 60.02 27.34 11.40 6.77 5.24 5.41 5.23
Madhya Pradesh 64.63 26.11 10.13 6.42 5.22 5.84 5.99
Rajasthan 72.21 29.27 10.17 5.87 4.62 4.83 4.86
Uttar Pradesh 27.93 13.22 5.68 3.60 3.02 3.16 3.18
Gujarat 74.09 33.66 12.90 7.32 5.84 6.24 6.52
Maharashtra 27.80 11.23 4.42 2.62 2.14 2.41 2.27
Haryana 66.24 29.39 8.99 4.36 2.91 3.06 2.92
Punjab 59.50 28.47 10.17 5.23 3.81 3.61 3.33
Orissa 50.38 21.07 8.58 6.01 5.02 6.22 6.02
West Bengal 25.03 10.95 5.18 2.91 2.48 2.39 2.47
India 46.19 20.33 8.16 4.87 3.89 4.22 4.18
Table 3.3b: Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates-Unadjusted (ASMCRU) for India and
States, 1991.
Age Group
State/India 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49
RURAL
Andhra Pradesh 61.27 25.88 12.16 9.02 7.50 8.42 8.22
Karnataka 55.48 24.03 10.27 7.34 6.25 6.62 6.04
Kerala 65.40 27.45 11.59 7.74 6.36 6.51 5.74
Tamil Nadu 55.52 26.32 12.89 9.97 8.53 9.28 9.30
Bihar 73.20 37.05 18.56 12.65 10.82 10.71 10.44
Madhya Pradesh 70.62 26.95 11.40 7.71 6.85 7.47 7.63
Rajasthan 72.08 30.99 10.75 5.79 4.47 4.46 4.29
Uttar Pradesh 75.37 35.50 17.58 12.60 11.03 10.95 11.04
Gujarat 77.13 36.60 12.66 7.38 5.94 5.82 5.67
Maharashtra 42.16 17.40 6.36 4.38 3.78 3.81 3.75
Haryana 71.90 26.53 7.69 3.92 3.25 3.05 2.93
Punjab 65.43 31.32 10.32 5.04 3.86 3.74 3.54
Orissa 66.95 32.98 14.91 10.74 9.15 9.70 9.08
West Bengal 57.82 21.77 9.89 7.43 6.30 6.28 5.92
India 67.11 29.22 12.89 9.03 7.69 7.93 7.75
URBAN
Andhra Pradesh 59.92 26.51 12.45 9.18 7.53 8.36 8.38
Karnataka 56.78 27.24 13.70 9.23 7.49 7.87 7.29
Kerala 62.26 28.56 12.78 7.52 6.13 5.98 5.83
Tamil Nadu 47.33 22.94 12.05 9.28 7.68 7.84 7.69
Bihar 69.40 35.16 18.11 12.89 10.72 11.32 11.36
Madhya Pradesh 68.91 30.15 13.52 9.23 7.52 8.13 7.94
Rajasthan 69.00 29.39 10.83 6.33 4.87 4.96 5.15
Uttar Pradesh 69.50 35.17 19.00 14.48 13.13 13.15 13.21
Gujarat 73.34 34.59 13.15 8.01 6.49 6.60 6.61
Maharashtra 39.68 18.16 7.47 4.69 3.72 3.81 3.56
Haryana 68.53 28.88 9.82 4.75 3.84 3.48 3.59
Punjab 64.35 31.11 11.32 6.22 5.19 4.90 4.75
Orissa 60.74 30.05 14.47 11.17 9.28 10.11 10.34
West Bengal 56.21 27.53 15.13 10.58 8.63 8.28 8.31
India 60.69 27.98 12.99 8.93 7.45 7.63 7.54
Table 3.3c: Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates-Unadjusted (ASMCRU) for India and
States, 2001.
Age Group
State/India 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49
RURAL
Andhra Pradesh 60.84 26.88 12.48 8.80 7.46 8.15 8.42
Karnataka 63.64 28.58 12.65 8.05 6.22 6.62 6.29
Kerala 70.30 33.33 14.93 7.84 5.93 5.51 5.30
Tamil Nadu 68.81 34.19 16.63 11.67 9.98 10.48 10.44
Bihar 73.82 36.09 14.44 7.85 5.89 5.52 5.62
Madhya Pradesh 73.24 27.07 8.55 4.76 3.99 3.95 4.07
Rajasthan 75.32 28.55 8.59 4.47 3.40 3.29 3.29
Uttar Pradesh 76.51 35.06 13.93 7.89 6.06 5.59 5.52
Gujarat 76.65 35.11 11.51 6.06 4.68 4.33 4.42
Maharashtra 70.88 28.16 9.62 5.86 5.05 5.46 5.52
Haryana 67.80 23.46 6.23 3.01 2.24 2.12 2.18
Punjab 74.49 34.59 11.78 5.80 4.35 3.80 3.61
Orissa 66.64 31.73 13.25 7.47 5.91 5.80 5.88
West Bengal 57.69 19.90 8.10 5.23 4.56 4.88 4.72
India 70.21 30.46 12.07 7.13 5.79 5.74 5.80
URBAN
Andhra Pradesh 68.25 36.84 20.24 14.34 11.93 12.33 12.56
Karnataka 69.08 35.14 17.63 10.42 7.71 7.73 7.49
Kerala 74.22 37.36 17.52 9.26 6.81 6.15 6.00
Tamil Nadu 72.86 39.66 21.25 14.48 12.11 12.09 11.71
Bihar 69.74 35.92 16.79 9.21 6.40 5.69 5.44
Madhya Pradesh 71.17 32.28 12.92 6.55 4.79 4.58 4.49
Rajasthan 72.54 32.43 11.66 5.55 4.05 3.77 3.76
Uttar Pradesh 73.92 39.26 18.82 11.13 8.57 7.88 7.64
Gujarat 77.06 39.71 15.66 8.36 6.28 5.99 6.05
Maharashtra 71.08 33.11 14.26 7.50 5.52 5.47 5.21
Haryana 70.02 31.01 10.32 4.49 3.09 2.81 2.81
Punjab 76.33 38.91 15.86 7.98 5.96 5.31 5.13
Orissa 66.07 33.92 15.37 8.09 5.99 5.84 5.88
West Bengal 61.82 31.28 17.36 10.95 8.67 8.31 7.66
India 70.59 35.61 16.63 9.60 7.47 7.15 7.05
Table 3.4: Absolute change in the Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates-Unadjusted
(ASMCRU) during 1981-2001.
Absolute Change = ASMCRU (2001) - ASMCRU (1981)

State/India 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49
Rural
Andhra Pradesh 2.43 1.63 0.80 0.23 0.44 0.12 0.40
Karnataka 53.05 24.27 10.92 6.85 5.29 5.60 5.23
Kerala 19.18 14.16 8.21 4.06 3.19 2.77 2.72
Tamil Nadu 6.71 5.42 5.11 4.25 4.22 4.02 3.89
Bihar 13.00 8.48 2.97 1.93 1.90 1.95 2.39
Madhya Pradesh 2.79 1.35 -1.20 -1.34 -1.19 -1.59 -1.57
Rajasthan -4.58 -3.73 -2.20 -1.36 -0.93 -1.05 -0.75
Uttar Pradesh 39.74 19.85 8.16 4.50 3.38 2.91 2.89
Gujarat -4.89 -1.92 -0.15 0.13 0.07 -0.24 -0.20
Maharashtra 35.47 13.54 4.14 2.52 2.35 2.66 2.77
Haryana -4.66 -3.48 -1.50 -0.47 -0.44 -0.31 0.02
Punjab 15.05 6.85 2.56 1.33 1.20 0.65 0.69
Orissa 8.10 7.67 3.52 1.09 0.60 0.05 0.13
West Bengal 20.09 7.63 3.57 2.58 2.51 2.71 2.39
India 17.65 8.74 3.79 2.21 1.94 1.73 1.85
Urban
Andhra Pradesh 13.43 11.59 7.96 5.47 4.88 3.98 4.18
Karnataka 59.43 30.84 15.72 9.17 6.78 6.54 6.37
Kerala 27.91 17.27 9.36 5.19 3.62 2.79 2.77
Tamil Nadu 11.38 11.23 8.78 6.82 6.19 5.77 5.43
Bihar 9.72 8.58 5.39 2.44 1.16 0.28 0.21
Madhya Pradesh 6.54 6.17 2.79 0.13 -0.43 -1.26 -1.50
Rajasthan 0.33 3.16 1.49 -0.32 -0.57 -1.06 -1.10
Uttar Pradesh 45.99 26.04 13.14 7.53 5.55 4.72 4.46
Gujarat 2.97 6.05 2.76 1.04 0.44 -0.25 -0.47
Maharashtra 43.28 21.88 9.84 4.88 3.38 3.06 2.94
Haryana 3.78 1.62 1.33 0.13 0.18 -0.25 -0.11
Punjab 16.83 10.44 5.69 2.75 2.15 1.70 1.80
Orissa 15.69 12.85 6.79 2.08 0.97 -0.38 -0.14
West Bengal 36.79 20.33 12.18 8.04 6.19 5.92 5.19
India 24.40 15.28 8.47 4.73 3.58 2.93 2.87
Table 3.5: Rural-Urban differentials in Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates-Unadjusted

(ASMCRU) 1981-2001.
Difference = Rural – Urban

State/India 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49
1981
Andhra Pradesh 3.59 0.00 -0.60 -0.30 -0.03 -0.32 -0.36
Karnataka 0.94 0.01 -0.18 -0.05 0.00 -0.17 -0.06
Kerala 4.81 -0.92 -1.44 -0.29 -0.45 -0.62 -0.65
Tamil Nadu 0.62 0.34 -0.95 -0.24 -0.16 0.14 0.27
Bihar 0.80 0.27 0.07 -0.85 -1.25 -1.84 -2.00
Madhya Pradesh 5.82 -0.39 -0.38 -0.32 -0.04 -0.30 -0.35
Rajasthan 7.69 3.01 0.62 -0.04 -0.29 -0.49 -0.82
Uttar Pradesh 8.84 1.99 0.09 -0.21 -0.34 -0.48 -0.55
Gujarat 7.45 3.37 -1.24 -1.39 -1.23 -1.67 -1.90
Maharashtra 7.61 3.39 1.06 0.72 0.56 0.39 0.48
Haryana 6.22 -2.45 -1.26 -0.88 -0.23 -0.63 -0.76
Punjab -0.06 -0.73 -0.95 -0.76 -0.66 -0.46 -0.41
Himachal Pradesh 2.44 -3.45 -2.19 0.20 0.29 0.75 0.75
Orissa 8.16 2.99 1.15 0.37 0.29 -0.47 -0.27
West Bengal 12.57 1.32 -0.65 -0.26 -0.43 -0.22 -0.14
India 6.37 1.39 0.12 0.05 -0.04 -0.21 -0.23
2001
Andhra Pradesh -7.41 -9.96 -7.76 -5.54 -4.47 -4.18 -4.14
Karnataka -5.44 -6.56 -4.98 -2.37 -1.49 -1.11 -1.20
Kerala -3.92 -4.03 -2.59 -1.42 -0.88 -0.64 -0.70
Tamil Nadu -4.05 -5.47 -4.62 -2.81 -2.13 -1.61 -1.27
Bihar 4.08 0.17 -2.35 -1.36 -0.51 -0.17 0.18
Madhya Pradesh 2.07 -5.21 -4.37 -1.79 -0.80 -0.63 -0.42
Rajasthan 2.78 -3.88 -3.07 -1.08 -0.65 -0.48 -0.47
Uttar Pradesh 2.59 -4.20 -4.89 -3.24 -2.51 -2.29 -2.12
Gujarat -0.41 -4.60 -4.15 -2.30 -1.60 -1.66 -1.63
Maharashtra -0.20 -4.95 -4.64 -1.64 -0.47 -0.01 0.31
Haryana -2.22 -7.55 -4.09 -1.48 -0.85 -0.69 -0.63
Punjab -1.84 -4.32 -4.08 -2.18 -1.61 -1.51 -1.52
Himachal Pradesh -1.54 -7.00 -5.26 -1.71 -0.67 -0.31 0.21
Orissa 0.57 -2.19 -2.12 -0.62 -0.08 -0.04 0.00
West Bengal -4.13 -11.38 -9.26 -5.72 -4.11 -3.43 -2.94
India -0.38 -5.15 -4.56 -2.47 -1.68 -1.41 -1.25
Chapter 4
Socio-Economic Differentials in Levels of
Childlessness
This chapter discusses the differentials in the levels of childlessness in Indian states by a few
selected socio-economic characteristics of the women such as education, religion, caste and
economic activity status etc. The discussion like previous chapters is based on the general and
age specific marital childlessness rates (GMCRU and ASMCRU) for the period 1981-2001.
Before we come to our analysis it may be a good idea to provide general profile of the states
with respect to these variables and hence in the table 4.1 we have given share of the population
by these selected characteristics in the total population of the state. For economic activity status
of the women, we have given share of percentage of the female main and marginal workers in
the total female population of the state. Further this information is provided for the year 2001
only. Accordingly, first three columns of the table 4.1 gives percentage of Muslim, Christian
and Other religion populations in the total population of the state in 2001. Likewise, next two
columns give percentage of SC and ST population in the total population of the state. The next
two columns give percentage of main and marginal workers in the total female population of
the state. The last column of the table gives the percentage of the literate females aged 7 years
and above.
The results of the 2001 census of India reveal that the Muslim comprises of about 13 per cent
of the country’s total population while Christians comprise of a little over 2 per cent of the
population. The remaining about 84 per cent of the country’s population belonged to Hindu
and other religions such as Sikhs, Jains and Buddhists etc. There are great variations across
states when it comes to the composition of the population by religion. There are a few states
where share of Muslim population is relatively higher. For example, Muslims constitute about
a quarter of the state total population in West Bengal and Kerala followed by Uttar Pradesh and
Bihar (17-18 per cent) and Karnataka, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat and Rajasthan (9-
12 per cent). In case of other states, their share is relatively low (6 per cent or less). With
respect to Christian population, it is noted that, like Muslim population, Kerala has highest
share of Christian population in the state (19 per cent) followed by Tamil Nadu (6 per cent).
The share of Christian population was between one to two percent in Andhra Pradesh,
Karnataka, Maharashtra and Orissa. In case of other states, their share was less than one
percent. Thus it is interesting to note that proportional share of Christian population is slightly
higher in four southern states. Likewise, share of Muslim population too is fairly high in the
southern states.
At the outset it may be noted that the variations in the share of SC and ST populations across
state are relatively lower as compared to that observed by religion. Punjab followed by
Himachal Pradesh and West Bengal (23-28 per cent). For most states, the share of SC
population ranged between 15-20 per cent. Nevertheless there were a few states where their
share was 10 per cent or less (Maharashtra, Kerala and Gujarat). The variations in ST
population are however more across states, the share being highest in Orissa (22 per cent)
followed by Madhya Pradesh (20 per cent). Rajasthan and Gujarat also have fairly large
proportion of ST population (13 and 15 per cent respectively). In case of other states, their
share was between 4-9 per cent in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Himachal Pradesh, West
Bengal and Maharashtra while it was one per cent or less in Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Bihar and
Uttar Pradesh.
In 2001, about one-quarter of the Indian females were engaged in some economic activity or
the other (nearly 15 per cent were main workers1 and about 11 per cent marginal workers2).
The levels of main workers ranged from a low of just 6 per cent in Uttar Pradesh and 9 per cent
in Bihar, Orissa and West Bengal to as high as over 24-25 per cent in Andhra Pradesh, Tamil
Nadu and Maharashtra and about 21 per cent in Karnataka and Himachal Pradesh. It is
interesting to note that the relatively more women in Himachal Pradesh, Rajasthan, Madhya
Pradesh, Orissa, Haryana and Gujarat were working as marginal workers (ranging between 14
to 23 per cent) whereas it is on the lower side for states like Kerala (less than 5 per cent) and
Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Punjab and West Bengal (7 to 9 per cent). Kerala
is the most progressive state in India, especially in the field of social and demographic
parameters. This can be reflected in the levels of female literacy rates in 2001. As may be
noted, over 87 per cent of the females aged 7 years or older in Kerala were literate, a level
much higher than the national average and far ahead of all other states in the country. Some of
the other states where female literacy levels are relatively better off are Maharashtra, Himachal
Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Punjab. In these states about 64 to 67 per cent of the females were
literate in 2001. Contrary to this, the levels of female literacy continue to be on the lower side
for northern states of Bihar, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh with over half of the female
population being illiterate. Further, only about half of the females were literate in Madhya
Pradesh and Orissa. In other state the levels were moderate.
Before coming to the findings of our analysis we would like to points following points to the
benefit of the readers:
1. The differentials in the present analysis have been studied for the period 1981 through
2001.
2. The differentials have been studied for the major states of India only and for the
combined, rural and urban areas separately in terms of General Marital Childlessness
Rates Unadjusted (GMCRUs). However, for Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates
Unadjusted (ASMCRUs) we have restricted our analysis only for the combined areas.
3. In order to examine differentials in the levels of childlessness we have selected a few of
the socio-economic characteristics (namely four - religion, caste, education and
economic activity status of the women) for which time series data is available for the
period 1981 to 2001.
4. To examine the differentials, the variables have been categorized in broad categories.
For example, differentials by caste have been studied in three groups of Scheduled
Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Other Castes (from now onwards we would refer to them
as SC, ST and Others respectively). Similarly, education differentials have been studied
1
The census of India (2001) defines a person as main workers if s/he has participated in any economically
productive activity for six months or more during the last one year.
2
The census of India (2001) defines a person as marginal workers if s/he has participated in any economically
productive activity for less than six months during the last one year.
by classifying the women as illiterate, literate but below middle, middle completed by
below matric, matric completed but below graduate and those who have completed
graduate and above. The religious differentials have been studied by classifying the
women in four groups of Hindu, Muslim, Christian and Other religions. Similarly,
economic differentials have been studied by classifying the women in three categories
of main workers, marginal workers and non-workers
5. The reference category for studying the differentials has been taken as Hindu for
religion, illiterate for education, Other Castes for caste and non-workers for economic
activity.
6. In the tables in the present chapter we have only used absolute difference in the level of
childlessness rates from the reference category. The data on the actual levels of
childlessness by place of residence and age groups have been provided in the
Appendix-3A for major states as well as other States and Union Territories for the
period 1981-2001.
7. For the convenience of the readers, we would discuss one variable at a time.
At the outset we would like to mention that the age patterns of childlessness for different socio-
economic group is quite similar to that observed at the gross levels and hence we shall not be
discussing this in the present chapter (the unadjusted age specific marital childlessness rate
follow a particular pattern, the rates being at their maximum for the adolescents ever married
women and declining rapidly through the 30-34 years and stabilizing thereafter).
4.1 Religion and Childlessness
Inter-state Variations in GMCRU by Religion: 2001: Table 4.2a through 4.2c give levels of
General Marital Childlessness Rate Unadjusted for India and major states by religion (Hindu,
Muslim, Christian and Other religions) for the period 1981, 1991 and 2001 for combined, rural
and urban areas respectively. Although we have given the rates separately for the combined
areas, we would focus our discussion for rural and urban areas only as done in the previous
chapters (this would also be maintained while discussing the differentials by other
characteristics as well). As may be noted from the table 4.2b and Figure 4.1, at the national
level, GMCRU in 1981 was relatively higher for rural Hindu women followed by the Muslim
women (about 14 and 12 per cent respectively) and was lowest for the Christian women (9 per
cent). In 2001 the levels have risen for all four groups of women (to nearly 16 per cent for
Hindu and Muslim and 15 per cent for Christian women and to 14 per cent for other religion
women. The scenario was more or less similar in the urban areas; nevertheless, the levels were
relatively low as compared to the rural areas. About 12 and 11 per cent of Hindu and Muslim
women living in the urban India were childless in 1981 and their share increased to 16 and 17
per cent respectively in 2001. Surprisingly, levels of GMCRU have apparently increased much
faster between Christian and other religious groups during this period (from about 9 to 18 per
cent for Christian women and from 10 to over 14 per cent for women from other religions.
The data in table 4.2b and Figure 4.1 also reveal that during the GMCRU during 2001 for the
Hindu rural women are highest in Bihar (19 per cent) followed by Uttar Pradesh (18 per cent).
Further, about one in every six Hindu women of the reproductive ages in rural areas of Andhra
Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Gujarat were childless at the time of
2001 census. The levels of GMCRU were relatively lower for Hindu rural women in Himachal
Pradesh, West Bengal and Haryana (at about 10 to 11 per cent). Now coming to the Muslim
women, the GMCRU is highest in Tamil Nadu at over 19 per cent followed by Bihar,
Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and Andhra Pradesh (ranging between 16 to 18 per cent. The
GMCRU is relatively lower in the rural Muslim women in Haryana, Punjab, Himachal
Pradesh, Orissa and West Bengal at about 12-13 per cent. In case of Christian women, the data
reveals that the GMCRU is highest in the states of Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Bihar and
Andhra Pradesh (16-17 per cent). The rates are relatively lower for the rural Christian women
in Gujarat (10 per cent) and Kerala and Rajasthan at 12 per cent or so.
Figure 4.1: GMCRU by religion of women, 1981 & 2001
Coming to the urban areas it may be noted from the data in the table 4.2c that among the Hindu
women the levels of GMCRU were highest in Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu as almost one
in every five Hindu women in the reproductive ages in the state reported as childless at the
time of 2001 census. The levels were also high for urban Hindu women in Uttar Pradesh,
Karnataka, Bihar and West Bengal where about 16 to 18 per cent of the married Hindu women
living in the urban areas were childless during 2001. On the other hand, the levels were
relatively on the lower side for the urban Hindu women in Himachal Pradesh and Haryana
where about 11 per cent of the reproductive age Hindu women were childless in 2001. With
respect to the Muslim women living in the urban areas, the data reveals that the levels were
once again highest in Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu (both southern states) with more than
one in every five women in the reproductive ages as childless in 2001. The GMCRUs for the
urban Muslim women ranged between 16 to 18 per cent in the states of Karnataka, Bihar,
Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat and West Bengal. However, it was lower in Haryana, Punjab,
Himachal Pradesh and Orissa at 12-14 per cent. Inter-state variations seem to be slightly less in
case of Christian women in the urban areas as it ranged between 13 to 19 per cent for all states
except Andhra Pradesh where almost one in every four urban Christian women in the
reproductive age was childless in 2001.
It is interesting to note that the inter-state variations in GMCRUs are greater for women
belonging to other religions (Jain, Sikhs, Buddhists and so on). As may be noted, nearly one in
every three women in the aged 15-49 years from other religions was childless in 2001 in Tamil
Nadu followed by Andhra Pradesh. Similarly, one in every five women aged 15-49 years
belonging to other religion was childless in 2001 in Kerala and West Bengal. The levels of
GMCRU were about 16-18 per cent among other religion women in Karnataka, Bihar, Uttar
Pradesh, Gujarat and Orissa.
Absolute Change in GMCRU over Time by Religion: 1981-2001

The data in table 4.3 indicates absolute change in the GMCRU during past two decades (1981-
2001) for four religious groups separately for rural and urban areas. It may be noted that the
absolute change is obtained by deducting the GMCRU 1981 from that of 2001. At the outset it
may be mentioned the data reveals no clear pattern as far as the change in the levels of
GMCRUs are concerned as the levels have gone up in some states while in others they have
declined. Likewise, the change is different in the rural and urban areas as well as for various
religions.
At the national, as may be noted from the bottom of the table, the GMCRU has increased for
all 4 religion groups in both rural and urban areas, more rapidly in the later. Further, the
increase was more rapidly among Christian women followed by Muslim women and was
slower for Hindu women. For example, the GMCRU increased by over 6 and over 8 per cent
points for rural and urban Christian Indian women respectively. Likewise, the increase was by
over 3 per cent points for the Muslim women living in the rural areas and by nearly 6.5 per
cent for the urban Muslim women. On the other hand, it increased by only about 2 per cent
points for the Hindu rural women and by less than 5 per cent points for urban Hindu women. It
is important to note that the increase in the GMCRU was more prominent in the urban areas as
compared to the rural areas for all the four groups of women in this table. It may further we
noted that at the national level, the difference between rural and urban change was more
prominent for Muslim women as compared to other groups of women.
Coming to the inter-state variations, we may mention that although we have given information
separately for rural and urban areas we shall be primarily discussing the results for the
combined areas. Further we shall focus our discussion on the comparison between Hindu,
Muslim and Christian women. As may be seen, the change has been different for various states
as some states have experienced faster increase as compared to the others for a particular
religion and vice versa. For example, the absolute change in the GMCRU indicates that the
levels have gone up in all four southern states during the period 1981-2001 for all religion
groups except Hindu women. In other words, more women in 2001 in these states reported
their status as ‘childless’ as compared to 1981. Further it is interesting to note that the levels of
childlessness have increased more rapid for Christian women followed by Muslim women and
the change is relatively low for the Hindu women. It may also be pointed put that the GMCRU
for Hindu women in Andhra Pradesh has actually come down during this period (though
negligibly). In case of the four backward northern states, the levels of GMCRU have declined
in Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan (more so among Hindu women) while they have risen in
Bihar and Uttar Pradesh (more rapidly for the Christian and Muslim women).
In case of Maharashtra, the level of GMCRU has increased more rapidly for Christian women
(by over 11 per cent points) as compared to the Muslim women (over 7 per cent points) and
Hindu women (over 5 per cent points). The levels have declined in Gujarat more rapidly for
Hindu women followed by Muslim and Christian women. In Haryana, GMCRU has reduced
by nearly 6-7 percent points for Hindu and Muslim women while it has increased by about 3
per cent points for Christian women. Punjab and Himachal Pradesh have experienced increase
in the GMCRU for all groups of women however the increase is relatively more for Christian
women. In case of West Bengal, the GMCRU for Christian women increased by over 6 per
cent points while for Hindu women it increased by over 5 per cent points. During same period,
the GMCRU for Muslim women in West Bengal increased by about 4 per cent points.
Religious Differentials in GMCRU: 1981 and 2001

Table 4.4a presents the ratio of the GMCRU of Muslims and Christians to that of the Hindu for
the period 1981 and 2001. Similarly, table 4.2b presents inter-religion differentials in
childlessness in the GMCRUs for the period 1981 and 2001. In order to understand the
differentials by religion we have taken Hindu as standard. Subsequently we have obtained the
ratios and differences in the levels of GMCRUs of the other religion from that of the Hindus.
The ratios have been obtained by dividing the GMCRU of various religions by that of Hindus.
Similarly, the differences have been obtained by subtracting GMCRUs of other religions from
that of the Hindus. Hence a value of less than one in table 4.4a would mean that the GMCRU is
higher for Hindus as compared to other religion and a value of more than one would mean that
it is higher for the other religion. Likewise a negative sign before the value of difference
between Hindu and Muslim GMCRU for example, would mean the levels are higher for later
in comparison to the former and a positive sign would mean that it is higher for Hindus. As
may be seen the results in the tables are presented for rural and urban separately as well
combined. Nevertheless we shall only discuss the results for combined areas only. It may also
be mentioned that we have presented the results of table 4.4a and 4.4b in the figures 4.2 and
4.3 respectively as well.
The data in table 4.4a and 4.4b brings out following points:
1. At the national level, in comparison to Hindu, the Muslim GMCRU was lower by about
12 per cent in 1981 while it was lower by nearly 33 per cent for Christians. By 2001 the
scenario has apparently reversed, as the GMCRU was higher by about 2 per cent for
Muslim women and by one per cent for Christian women as compared to that of the
Hindu women.
2. At the state level, the ratio of Muslim GMCRU to that of Hindu varies from a lowest of
0.86 in Madhya Pradesh and 0.88 in Uttar Pradesh to as high as 1.28 in Kerala. The
gaps between the two groups seem to have bridged for many states as the
corresponding range for 2001 narrowed down to 0.94 Uttar Pradesh and 0.95 in Bihar,
Madhya Pradesh and Orissa to 1.21 in Andhra Pradesh.
3. In 1981, the GMCRU was lower for Muslim women in 10 states whereas by 2001,
number of such states reduced to just 5. Further the gap between the two groups of
women too narrowed down (with ratios coming closer to unity).
4. The relative differentials in GMCRUs have been much wider for Hindu-Christian
women in comparison to what was observed for Hindu-Muslim women. As may be
seen, the ratios of Christian to Hindu GMCRU in 1981 ranged from as low as 0.54 for
Maharashtra (indicating the GMCRU for Christian women living in Maharashtra were
half the levels of the Hindu women living in Maharashtra). With the only exception of
West Bengal, the value of ratio for the Christian women was below unity in all other 14
states included in the analysis. However, the situation has changed considerably by
2001 as the ratios have exceeded unity for as many as 10 states. Not only the ratios
have exceeded unity but also the values to are quite high (ranging between 1.02 in
Tamil Nadu to 1.38 in Himachal Pradesh).
5. In terms of absolute difference, for the country as a whole, the general marital
childlessness rates were higher among Hindus by nearly 2 per cent points during 1981
as compared to the Muslims (the difference were relatively wider in the in the rural
areas). The data also reveal that over time Hindu-Muslim differentials in GMCRU at
the national level have now only narrowed down during 2001 but also the trend has
reversed (mainly because of the changes in the urban areas). In 2001, the GMCUR was
higher for Muslims as compared to Hindu; nevertheless, the levels continue to be more
for Hindu in rural areas. The differentials in GMCRU are more prominent between
Hindu and Christians then they were between Hindu and Muslim (particularly during
the 1981). During 1981, the GMCRU for Hindu was higher by over 4 per cent points
than that of the Christians. However, these differences have narrowed down
substantially by 2001. As a matter of fact the GMCRU for Christians was marginally
higher than that of Hindu for the nation as a whole.
6. At the state level, in 1981 the absolute difference between Hindu-Muslim women
GMCRU were notable in a few states (Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh,
Gujarat, Haryana, Orissa and Uttar Pradesh the Hindu GMCRU in these states was
higher by one to 2 per cent points or so than the Muslim GMCRU). In case of other
states the difference between the two was less than a percent.
7. Unlike Hindu-Muslim differentials, the gap between Hindu and Christians seem to be
wider for most of the states. The difference in GMCRU for Hindu-Christian was by 5
per cent points or more in states of Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Haryana and
Gujarat. The difference was by about 2-3 per cent points in Andhra Pradesh, Kerala,
Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh and Punjab.
8. The data also suggests a mix picture when it comes to the change in religious
differentials over time. As may be noted, for some states the gaps have narrowed down
over time whereas for others they have widened. Further, for some states the direction
of the difference has also altered over time (this may be indicated by the change in the
sign from positive to negative and vice versa). This observation stands true for both
Hindu-Muslim and Hindu-Christian comparisons.
9. Some of the states where Hindu-Muslim differentials in GMCRUs have widened
notably are Andhra Pradesh and Himachal Pradesh for Hindu-Muslim differentials and
Karnataka and Himachal Pradesh for Hindu-Christian differentials.
Figure 4.2: Ratios of GMCRUs across various religious groups
1.30 Ratio of Mu slim to Hindu, 1981 1.30 Ratio of Muslim to Hindu, 2001
1.20 1.20
1.10 1.10
1.00 1.00
0.90 0.90
0.80 0.80
0.70 0.70
0.60 0.60
0.50 0.50
AP KN KL TN BH MP RJ UP AP KN KL TN BH MP RJ UP
Figure 4.2: Absolute difference in GMCRUs across various religious groups
1.30 Ratio of Muslim to Hindu, 1981 1.30 Ratio of Muslim to Hindu, 2001
1.20 1.20
1.10 1.10
1.00 1.00
0.90 0.90
0.80 0.80
0.70 0.70
0.60 0.60
0.50 0.50
GJ MH HY PN HP OR WB IND GJ MH HY PN HP OR WB IND
1.40 1.40
Ratio of Christian to Hindu, 1981 1.30 Ratio of Christian to Hindu, 2001
1.30
1.20 1.20
1.10 1.10
1.00 1.00
0.90 0.90
0.80 0.80
0.70 0.70
0.60 0.60
0.50 0.50
1.40
Ratio of Christian to Hindu, 1981 Ratio of Christian to Hindu, 2001
1.30 1.40
1.20 1.30
1.10 1.20
1.10
1.00
1.00
0.90
0.90
0.80 0.80
0.70 0.70
0.60 0.60
0.50 0.50
Figure 4.3: Absolute difference in GMCRUs across various religious groups

Hindu-Muslim GMCRU, 1981 Hindu-Muslim GMCRU, 2001

2.00 2.00
0.00 0.00
-2.00 -2.00
-4.00 -4.00
Figure 4.3: Absolute difference in GMCRUs contd…
Hindu-Muslim GMCRU, 2001

Hindu-Muslim GMCRU , 1981 2.00
2.00
0.00
0.00
-2.00 -2.00
-4.00 -4.00
8.00 Hindu-Christian GMCRU, 2001

8.00 Hindu-Christian GMCRU, 1981 6.00
6.00
4.00
4.00
2.00
2.00
0.00
0.00
-2.00 -2.00
-4.00 -4.00
8.00
8.00 Hindu-Christian GMCRU, 2001
Hindu-Christian GMCRU, 1981
6.00
6.00
4.00 4.00
2.00 2.00
0.00 0.00
-2.00 -2.00
-4.00 -4.00
Religious Differentials in ASMCRU: 1981 and 2001

Table 4.5a through 4.6c give relevant data on the differentials in the age specific marital
childlessness rates (ASMCRUs) for India and selected states for the period 1981 and 2001 for
religion. In table 4.5a to 4.5c we have given the ratio of the ASMCRUs for different religions
to that of the Hindu and in tables 4.6a to 4.6c we have given absolute differences in the values
of ASMCRUs for various religions in compared to that of the Hindu. Although we have
presented both the ratios and absolute differences we shall only discuss the ratios here and that
too for the combined areas only. For the convenience of the readers, we have also presented
the finding from this in figures 4.4 for Hindu-Muslim differentials and 4.4 for Hindu-Christian
differentials. Following points emerge from the data in tables 4.5 and 4.6 (figures 4.4 and 4.5):
1. At the national level, childlessness was higher for Hindu women in 1981 for all ages
and for 2001 until age 29 years. However, after age 29 years, the rates were higher for
Muslim women in 2001.
Figure 4.4: Ratio of Muslim AMCRUs to Hindu
1.70 Ratio of Muslim to Hindu ASMCRU, 1981 1.70 Ratio of Muslim to Hindu ASMCRU, 2001
1.50 1.50
1.30 1.30
1.10 1.10
0.90 0.90
0.70 0.70
AP KN KL TN AP KN KL TN
0.50 0.50
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49
1.70 Ratio of Muslim to Hindu ASMCRU, 1981 1.70

Ratio of Muslim to Hindu ASMCRU, 2001
1.50 1.50
1.30 1.30
1.10 1.10
0.90 0.90
0.70 0.70 BH MP RJ UP
BH MP RJ UP
0.50 0.50
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49
1.50 1.50
1.30 1.30
1.10 1.10
0.90 0.90
0.70 0.70
GJ MH GJ MH
0.50 0.50
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49
1.50
1.50
1.30 1.30
1.10 1.10
0.90 0.90
0.70 0.70
HY PN HP HY PN HP
0.50 0.50
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49
1.50 1.50
1.30 OR WB IND 1.30 OR WB IND
1.10 1.10
0.90 0.90
0.70 0.70
0.50 0.50
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49
2. Amongst southern states, during 1981 childlessness was relatively more common among
Hindu women as compared to the Muslim women as the ratios exceeded unity for all the 7
age groups and for all states expect Kerala in the age group 40-44 and Karnataka in the
age group 45.49 years. However, in 2001 the levels were always higher for Muslim
women in Andhra Pradesh for ages and for Tamil Nadu at younger ages. In rest of the
instances, it continued to be higher for Hindu women.
Figure 4.5: Ratio of Christian AMCRUs to Hindu

2.60 2.60
Ratio of Christian to Hindu Ratio of Christian to Hindu ASMCRU, 2001
2.40 2.40
ASMCRU, 1981 2.20
2.20
2.00 2.00 AP KN
1.80 1.80 KL TN
AP KN
1.60 1.60
1.40 KL TN 1.40
1.20 1.20
1.00 1.00
0.80 0.80
0.60 0.60
0.40 0.40
0.20 0.20
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49
2.60 Ratio of Christian to Hindu 2.60

ASMCRU , 1981 Ratio of Christian to Hindu ASMCRU, 2001
2.20 2.20 BH MP
BH MP
RJ UP RJ UP
1.80 1.80
1.40 1.40
1.00 1.00
0.60 0.60
0.20 0.20
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49
2.60 Ratio of Christian to Hindu 2.60 Ratio of Christian to Hindu ASMCRU, 2001
2.20 ASMCRU, 1981
2.20
1.80 GJ MH
1.80
GJ MH
1.40 1.40
1.00 1.00
0.60 0.60
0.20 0.20
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49
2.60 Ratio of Christian to Hindu 2.60

ASMCRU, 1981 HY
2.20 2.20 PN
1.80 HP
HY 1.80
PN
1.40 1.40
HP
1.00 1.00
0.60 0.60 Ratio of Christian to Hindu ASMCRU, 2001
0.20 0.20
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49
Figure 4.5: Contd..

2.60 Ratio of Christian to Hindu 2.60 Ratio of Christian to Hindu
ASMCRU, 1981
2.20 ASMCRU, 2001
OR 2.20 OR
1.80 WB WB
1.80
IND IN D
1.40 1.40
1.00 1.00
0.60 0.60
0.20 0.20
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49
3. In the northern states of during 1981 Bihar and Uttar Pradesh have shown higher levels
of childlessness among Muslim women (particularly at the older ages) whereas it was
higher for Hindu women in Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan. In 2001, however, it was
higher for Muslim women for the ages beyond 25 years and higher for Hindu women in
younger ages (below 25 years) in all 4 states.
4. It is interesting to note that the levels of childlessness were higher for Hindu women at
all ages in 1981 in Maharashtra. By 2001, the scenario has changed in the state with the
ratios exceeding unity for the ages beyond 25 years indicating that the childlessness
was more common among Muslim in this group of women as compared to the Hindu
women in the state. The data for Gujarat show that the childlessness was higher for
young Hindu women whereas it was higher for Older Muslim women in 1981 as well
as in 2001.
5. In the state of Haryana and Punjab, childlessness is higher for Hindu women at younger
ages while it is higher for Muslim women at the older ages for both 1981 and 2001.
Himachal too have shown similar pattern for the period 2001. Orissa and West Bengal
have had higher levels of childlessness among Hindu women as compared to the
Muslim women at all ages and for both the periods.
6. On the whole, differentials in ASMCRUs are wider between Hindu-Muslim as
compared to what was observed between Hindu-Muslim. The gaps have further
widened in the recent times and the levels are usually higher for the Christian women in
majority of the states (more so in the northern states of Bihar, Madhya Pradesh,
Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra and Karnataka.
4.2 Education and Childlessness
Inter-state Variation in GMCRU by Education - 2001

Tables 4.7 through 4.10 contain all the relevant data on differentials by education for India and
its major states by rural-urban residence for the period 1981 to 2001. At the national level,
GMCRU indicates a gradual increase as the educational level of the women rises from about
13 per cent for illiterate women to about 15 per cent for those graduate and above in 1981. The
corresponding values for 2001 are about 14 per cent for illiterate and 21 per cent for those
graduates and above. Similar patterns are also observed for the urban and rural areas as well for
both the periods. An interesting observation from the data is that the GMCRU was almost
similar for the non-literate women living in rural areas during 1981 and 2001 whereas it rises
rapidly during 2001 for more and more educated women and relatively slower during 1981.
These may be observed more clearly from the figure 4.6 presented below:
Figure 4.6: GMCRU by education of women, 1981 & 2001

The data in table 4.7a also suggests that the levels of GMCRU show upward change with
advancement in the educational levels of the women and is true for all states but Karnataka and
Maharashtra in 1981 (the GMCRU in these two states for illiterate and graduate and above
educated women was somewhat at 3 and 7 per cent respectively). The data further reveals that
the GMCRU vary across various categories of women by education for all the states during the
period under analysis. The GMCRU for illiterate varied from a lowest of less than 3 per cent
for Karnataka to over 21 per cent for Rajasthan in 1981 and from about 7 per cent in Himachal
Pradesh and Haryana to over 17 per cent in Bihar. Likewise women with graduation or higher
education it ranged from a little over 3 per cent for Karnataka to as high as 23 per cent for
Gujarat and Rajasthan during 1981. The corresponding range for 2001 was 16 per cent in
Haryana and over 29 per cent for Tamil Nadu (also see figures 4.7 below).
Figure 4.7: GMCRU for Illiterate and Graduate and above educated women, 1981 & 2001
25.00 Illiterate 35.00 Graduate and Above
1981 30.00 1981

20.00
2001 2001
25.00
15.00
20.00
10.00 15.00
10.00
5.00
5.00
0.00
0.00
AP KN KL TN BH MP RJ UP GJ MH HY PN HP OR WB AP KN KL TN BH MP RJ UP GJ MH HY PN HP OR WB
The last columns for 2001 of tables 4.7b and 4.7c respectively give GMCRU for various
educational categories of women separately for rural and urban areas. It may be seen that the
GMCRU for rural areas was relatively high for illiterate women in Bihar, Andhra Pradesh,
Uttar Pradesh and Tamil Nadu (16 per cent or over) while it was low in Himachal Pradesh,
Punjab and Haryana (about 7-9 per cent). The corresponding GMCRU for women who have
completed graduation or above was over 20 per cent for all the states. In case of the urban
areas, it varied from a lowest of less than 9 per cent in Haryana and Himachal Pradesh for
illiterate women to over 15 per cent in Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh
whereas it ranged between 15 to 29 per cent for the women with graduation and above
education. This indicates that unlike rural areas, there prevail considerable variations across the
states as far as the GMCRU for women who have had gradation or above education.
Absolute Change in GMCRU over Time: 1981-2001
Table 4.8 and figure 4.8 give absolute change in the levels of GMCRU during 1981-2001 for
India and its states. It may be pointed out that we have obtained absolute change by subtracting
the 1981 value from that of the 2001. Thus a positive value would mean that the levels have
gone up while a negative value would indicate decline in the levels of GMCRU over the past
two-decades. One thing that is very clear from the data is there is no systematic pattern as far
as the change is concerned since for some states it increases in a few categories while in other
cases it decreases.
Figure 4.8: Absolute change in GMCRU during 1981-2001 by education of the women
(Absolute change = GMCRU 2001 – GMCRU 1981)
20.00
Illiterate
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
-5.00
-10.00
Figure 4.8 contd…
20.00
Middle but below matric
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
-5.00
-10.00
20.00
Literate but below middle
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
-5.00
-10.00
20.00
Matric but below graduate
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
-5.00
-10.00
20.00
Graduate and above
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
-5.00
-10.00
A few, but important following observations may be made:

1. At the national level, the GMCRU has increased marginally among illiterate women.
However, the increase become more and more substantial as the educational level of
women improves. For example, the GMCRU for women who had completed matric or
higher schooling increased by greater than 6 per cent points.
2. At the state level, GMCRU has dramatically changed in Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh,
Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Haryana among illiterate women (by 6 or
more per cent points) whereas it remained quite similar in Bihar, Punjab, Himachal
Pradesh and Orissa. Change was rapid in Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh and Haryana among
women who had not completed middle schooling (by 7-11 per cent points).
3. Among the highly educated women (those with graduation or more), GMCRU changed
by over 10 to 20 per cent points in Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra and West
Bengal and between 5-10 per cent in Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Rajasthan, Himachal
Pradesh, Orissa and Haryana.
4. It is further interesting to note that the GMCRU for illiterate women in Andhra Pradesh
and Orissa and women who are literate but have completed less than middle schooling
actually declined over time whereas for the women in other educational categories it
increased moderately.
Differentials in GMCRU by Education: 1981 and 2001
Tables 4.9a and 4.9b provide respectively ratio of GMCRU and absolute difference in the
GMCRU for women with various educational levels to that of the illiterate women. We have
provided the same in figures 4.9a and 4.9b respectively. With the only exception of literate but
below middle educated women in 1981, GMCRU have been higher for educated women of all
categories at the national level for 1981 and 2001 in comparison to illiterate women as the
value of ratio exceeds unity. Further, the value of the ratio increases with advancement in the
education level of the women, indicating the gaps between the two groups widened with
improvement in the educational status of the women. It may be pointed out that the increment
in the ratio with education is more rapid for the recent census (from 1.11 for literate but below
middle to 1.39 for those who have completed middle but not matric and further to 1.53 for
those who have completed matric or above education).
The major findings emerging from this at the state level are summarized below:
1. The value of ratio exceeds unity for almost all instances for all the states for both 1981
and 2001 with the exception of Andhra Pradesh (for literate but below middle in 1981),
West Bengal (for literate but below matric in 1981), Maharashtra (for middle and above
in 1981), Madhya Pradesh (for middle but below graduate in 1981) and Kerala and
Orissa (for literate but below middle in 2001).
2. As observed for nation as a whole, the values of the ratio have increased for various
educational categories in majority of the states. This indicates that the levels of
GMCRU in comparison to illiterate women have increased more rapid for the educated
women in various categories over time. For example, the value of ratios for graduate
and above women in 1981 ranged from a low of 0.99 for Maharashtra to 2.16 for
Kerala. The corresponding range for 2001 is 1.05 for Bihar to 2.78 for Himachal
Pradesh. Similar observations may also be made for other educational categories.
3. Interestingly, ratios were relatively high for southern states in 1981 particularly for
matric and above categories. In 2001 however, though the ratios have gone up in
southern states, the increment is more rapid for Haryana, Punjab, Himachal Pradesh,
Orissa and West Bengal. This clearly indicates that there exist a positive relationship in
levels of GMCRU and educational status of the women.
Figure 4.9a: Ratios of GMCRUs across various educational categories

3.00 3.00
Ratio of Literate but below Middle to Illiterate, 1981
Ratio of Literate but below Middle to Illiterate, 2001
2.60 2.60
2.20 2.20
1.80 1.80
1.40 1.40
1.00 1.00
0.60 0.60
AP KN KL TN BH MP RJ UP GJ MH HY PN HP OR WB IND AP KN KL TN BH MP RJ UP GJ MH HY PN HP OR WB IND
3.00 3.00
Ratio of Middle but below Matric to Illiterate, 1981 Ratio of Middle but below Matric to Illiterate, 2001
2.60 2.60
2.20 2.20
1.80 1.80
1.40 1.40
1.00 1.00
0.60 0.60
3.00
3.00
Ratio of Matric but below Graduate to Illiterate, 1981 Ratio of Matric but below Graduate to Illiterate, 2001
2.60 2.60
2.20 2.20
1.80 1.80
1.40 1.40
1.00 1.00
0.60 0.60
3.00 3.00
Ratio of Graduate and Above to Illiterate, 1981 Ratio of Graduate and Above to Illiterate, 2001
2.60 2.60
2.20 2.20
1.80 1.80
1.40 1.40
1.00 1.00
0.60 0.60
The data in table 4.9b and Figure 4.9b present the absolute difference in the levels of GMCRU
between educated women and the illiterate women. As mentioned, we have computed absolute
difference by subtracting the GMCRU for women in a particular educational category from
that of the illiterate women. The data is presented for 1981 and 2001 and separately for rural
and urban areas. The main finding for the combined areas as below:
1. For the country as a whole, GMCRU for illiterate women in 1981 was higher by about
half a per cent points compared to those who were literate below middle school
whereas it was relatively higher for women who had completed middle or higher levels
of education. During 2001 however, the GMCRU is consistently higher for the women
in all education categories in comparison to the illiterate, though gaps are as high as by
over 7 per cent points for those with graduate and higher education.
2. There prevails wide range of variations across states in terms of absolute gap among
illiterate and women with various educational status in 1981 and 2001 however, in
1981 they are relatively narrow for most states among less educated women and
illiterate women. As one may see from figure 4.9b, the depth of bars deepens from less
educated women to women with higher education for majority of the states (in 2001).
3. The recent data for 2001 indicates that the gaps are substantially larger for the 4
southern states in 2001 between women who have completed gradation or higher
education as compared to the illiterate women (from a difference of over 10 per cent in
Kerala to over 14 per cent in Tamil Nadu) and Himachal Pradesh and West Bengal (11-
12 per cent points). On the other hand, it was relatively of lower order for Bihar,
Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan (4 per cent points or less).
Figure 4.9b: Absolute Change

3.00 3.00
0.00 0.00
-3.00 -3.00
-6.00 -6.00
-9.00 -9.00
Absolute Difference between Illiterate minus
Literate but below Middle, 1981 Absolute Difference between Illiterate minus
-12.00 -12.00
Literate but below Middle, 2001
-15.00 -15.00
3.00 3.00
0.00 0.00
-3.00 -3.00
-6.00 -6.00
-9.00 -9.00
-12.00 Absolute Difference between Illiterate minus -12.00 Absolute Difference between Illiterate minus
Middle but below Matric, 1981 Middle but below Matric, 2001
-15.00 -15.00
Figure 4.9b: Absolute Change contd…
3.00 3.00
0.00 0.00
-3.00 -3.00
-6.00 -6.00
-9.00 -9.00
-12.00 Absolute Difference between Illiterate minus

Matric but below Graduate, 1981 -12.00
Absolute Difference between Illiterate minus
Matric but below Graduate, 2001
-15.00
-15.00
3.00 3.00 Absolute Difference between Illiterate minus

Graduate and above, 2001
0.00 0.00
-3.00 -3.00
-6.00 -6.00
-9.00 -9.00
-12.00 Absolute Difference between Illiterate minus -12.00

Graduate and above, 1981
-15.00 -15.00
Differentials in ASMCRU by Education: 1981 and 2001
Table 4.10a gives ratio of the ASMCRU for India and its states for 1981 and 2001 for the
combined areas for various educational categories of women with respect to that of the
illiterate women. Similarly, table 4.10b gives the absolute change in the ASMCRUs of the
education women in various categories from that of the illiterate women for the period 1981
and 2001. For the convenience of the reader we have also presented the same in Figure 4.10a
through 4.10d and 4.11a through 4.11d for ratios and absolute change respectively. Although it
is difficult to make any conclusive statements as the pattern emerging is uncertain, a few broad
observations may be made from the data:
1. In terms of the ratios, the value of ratio in 2001 exceeds unity for women who have
completed middle or higher education for most of the age groups (ASMCRU is
relatively higher among educated women as compared to the illiterate women).
2. With advancement in educational status of the women as well as age of the women
(until age 40 years), the gaps between the two groups of women widen. However, for
the older women (aged 40 years or older), though the gaps remains (the ratios are
greater than the unity), they tend to bridge. For example, the ratio of ASMCRU for
women who have completed graduation or higher education the value of ratio in 2001
ranged between 1.93 for women aged 20-24 years to 1.50 for women aged 35-39 years
which turns 1.28 and 1.25 for women aged 40-44 years and 45-49 years respectively.
3. At the state level, women who have completed below matric education, ASMCRU was
generally higher in 2001 in the states of Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar
Pradesh, Gujarat, Haryana and Punjab while in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala,
Tamil Nadu, Orissa, Himachal Pradesh it was higher for the illiterate women.
4. In Maharashtra and West Bengal, it was higher among women who have completed
below matric education at the younger women whereas for older women it was higher
for illiterate women.
5. Among women who have completed matric or higher education (especially those who
have completed graduation or higher), the AMSCRU was usually higher in comparison
to illiterate for almost all of the states.
6. In Kerala, the ASMCRU was higher for women who have completed matric or higher
education and were younger (aged below 35 years) in comparison to the illiterate
whereas for women aged 35 years or older, it was relatively higher among illiterate
women.
Figure 4.10a: Ratio of the ASMCRU for Literate but below Middle to illiterate, 1981 & 2001.
1.60 1981 1.60 2001

1.40 1.40
AP KN AP KN
1.20 KL TN 1.20 KL TN
1.00 1.00
0.80 0.80
0.60 0.60
0.40 0.40
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49
1.60 1981 1.60 2001
1.40 1.40 BH MP
BH MP RJ UP
1.20 RJ UP 1.20
1.00 1.00
0.80 0.80
0.60 0.60
0.40 0.40
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49
1.60 1981 1.60 2001

1.40 1.40 GJ MH HY
PN HP
1.20 1.20
1.00 1.00
0.80 0.80
0.60 GJ MH HY 0.60
PN HP
0.40 0.40
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49
1.60 2001
1.60 1981
1.40 1.40
OR WB IND 1.20 OR WB IND

1.20
1.00 1.00
0.80 0.80
0.60 0.60
0.40 0.40
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49
Figure 4.10b: Ratio of the ASMCRU for Middle but below Matric to Illiterate, 1981 & 2001
2.20 2.20
2.00 1981 2.00 2001
1.80 1.80
1.60 AP KN 1.60 AP KN
1.40 KL TN 1.40 KL TN
1.20 1.20
1.00 1.00
0.80 0.80
0.60 0.60
0.40 0.40
0.20 0.20
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49
2.20 2.20
2.00 1981 2.00 2001
1.80 1.80 MP
BH
1.60 BH MP 1.60 RJ UP
1.40 RJ UP 1.40
1.20 1.20
1.00 1.00
0.80 0.80
0.60 0.60
0.40 0.40
0.20 0.20
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49
2.20
2.00 1981 1.60 2001
GJ MH HY
1.80 GJ MH PN HP
1.40
1.60 HY PN
HP
1.40 1.20
1.20
1.00
1.00
0.80 0.80
0.60
0.60
0.40
0.20 0.40
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49
2.20 2.20
2.00 1981 2.00 2001
1.80 1.80
1.60 1.60
OR WB IND OR WB IND
1.40 1.40
1.20 1.20
1.00 1.00
0.80 0.80
0.60 0.60
0.40 0.40
0.20 0.20
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49
Figure 4.10c: Ratio of the ASMCRU for Matric but below Graduate to Illiterate, 1981 & 2001
2.20 2.20
2.00 1981 2.00 2001
1.80 1.80 AP KN
AP KN
1.60 KL TN 1.60 KL TN
1.40 1.40
1.20 1.20
1.00 1.00
0.80 0.80
0.60 0.60
0.40 0.40
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49
2.20 2.20
2.00 1981 2001
2.00
BH MP
1.80 1.80 RJ UP
1.60 BH MP 1.60
RJ UP
1.40 1.40
1.20 1.20
1.00 1.00
0.80 0.80
0.60 0.60
0.40 0.40
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49
2.20 2.20
1981
2001
2.00 2.00
1.80 1.80 GJ MH HY
PN HP
1.60 1.60
1.40 1.40
1.20 1.20
1.00 1.00
0.80 0.80
0.60 0.60
GJ MH HY PN HP
0.40 0.40
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49
2.20 2.20
2.00 1981 2.00 2001
1.80 1.80 OR WB IND
OR WB IND
1.60 1.60
1.40 1.40
1.20 1.20
1.00 1.00
0.80 0.80
0.60 0.60
0.40 0.40
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49
Figure 4.10d: Ratio of the ASMCRU for Graduate and above to Illiterate, 1981 & 2001
4.00 1981 4.00 2001

3.60 3.60
3.20 3.20 AP KN
AP KN
2.80 KL TN 2.80 KL TN
2.40 2.40
2.00 2.00
1.60 1.60
1.20 1.20
0.80 0.80
0.40 0.40
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49
4.00 1981 4.00 2001
3.60 3.60
3.20 3.20
BH MP
2.80 2.80 BH MP
RJ UP RJ UP
2.40 2.40
2.00 2.00
1.60 1.60
1.20 1.20
0.80 0.80
0.40 0.40
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49
4.00 1981 4.00 2001

3.60 3.60
3.20 GJ MH 3.20 GJ MH
HY PN
2.80 HY PN
HP 2.80
HP
2.40 2.40
2.00 2.00
1.60 1.60
1.20 1.20
0.80 0.80
0.40 0.40
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49
4.00 1981 4.00 2001
3.60 3.60
3.20 3.20
OR WB IND
OR WB IND
2.80 2.80
2.40 2.40
2.00 2.00
1.60 1.60
1.20 1.20
0.80 0.80
0.40 0.40
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49
Figure 4.11a: Absolute change of ASMCRU for literate but below middle from that of
Illiterate, 1981 & 2001
7.00 1981 7.00 2001
4.00 4.00
1.00 1.00
-2.00 -2.00
-5.00 -5.00
AP KN
-8.00 KL TN -8.00 AP KN
KL TN
-11.00 -11.00
-14.00 -14.00
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49
7.00 1981 7.00 2001

4.00 4.00
1.00 1.00
-2.00 -2.00
-5.00 -5.00
-8.00 BH MP -8.00 BH MP
RJ UP RJ UP
-11.00 -11.00
-14.00 -14.00
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49
7.00 1981 2001

6.00
4.00 3.00
1.00 0.00
-2.00 -3.00
-5.00 -6.00
GJ MH GJ MH
-8.00 -9.00
HY PN HY PN
-11.00 HP -12.00 HP
-14.00 -15.00
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49
7.00 1981 7.00 2001

4.00 4.00
1.00 1.00
-2.00 -2.00
OR
OR
-5.00 -5.00 WB
WB
IND
-8.00 IND -8.00
-11.00 -11.00
-14.00 -14.00
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49
Figure 4.11b: Absolute change of ASMCRU for middle but below matric from that of
5.00 5.00
1981 2001
2.00 2.00
-1.00 -1.00
-4.00 -4.00
-7.00 AP KN -7.00
-10.00 KL TN -10.00
AP KN
-13.00 -13.00 KL TN
-16.00 -16.00
-19.00 -19.00
-22.00 -22.00
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49
5.00
5.00 1981 2001
2.00
2.00
-1.00
-1.00
-4.00 -4.00
-7.00 -7.00
-10.00 -10.00
-13.00 -13.00
BH MP BH MP
-16.00 -16.00 RJ UP
RJ UP
-19.00 -19.00
-22.00 -22.00
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49
5.00 2001
5.00 1981 2.00
2.00
-1.00
-1.00
-4.00
-4.00
-7.00
-7.00
-10.00
-10.00
GJ MH -13.00 GJ MH
-13.00
HY PN -16.00 HY PN
-16.00
HP HP
-19.00 -19.00
-22.00 -22.00
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49
5.00 1981 5.00

2001
2.00 2.00
-1.00 -1.00
-4.00 -4.00
OR WB IND
-7.00 -7.00
-10.00 -10.00
-13.00 -13.00
-16.00 -16.00
-19.00 OR WB IND
-19.00
-22.00 -22.00
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49
Figure 4.11c: Absolute change of ASMCRU for matric but below Graduate from that of
4.00
3.00 1981 2001
0.00 0.00
-3.00
-4.00
-6.00
-8.00
-9.00
-12.00 AP KN -12.00
AP KN
-15.00 KL TN KL TN
-16.00
-18.00
-20.00
-21.00
-24.00 -24.00
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49
4.00
3.00 1981 2001
0.00 0.00
-3.00
-4.00
-6.00
-8.00
-9.00
-12.00 -12.00
-15.00
BH MP -16.00 BH MP
-18.00 RJ UP RJ UP
-20.00
-21.00
-24.00 -24.00
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49
3.00 1981 4.00

2001
0.00 0.00
-3.00
-4.00
-6.00
-9.00 -8.00
-12.00 -12.00
-15.00 GJ MH GJ MH
-16.00
-18.00 HY PN HY PN
HP -20.00 HP
-21.00
-24.00 -24.00
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49
4.00
3.00 1981 2001
0.00 0.00
-3.00
-4.00
-6.00
-8.00
-9.00
-12.00 -12.00
-15.00 OR WB IND
-16.00
-18.00 OR WB IND
-20.00
-21.00
-24.00 -24.00
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49
Figure 4.11d: Absolute change of ASMCRU for Graduate and above from that of Illiterate,
1981 & 2001
25.00 (1981 25.00

2001
15.00 15.00
5.00 5.00
-5.00 -5.00
-15.00 -15.00
-25.00 -25.00 AP KN
AP KN KL TN
-35.00 KL TN -35.00
-45.00 -45.00
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49
25.00 1981 25.00

2001
15.00 15.00
5.00 5.00
-5.00 -5.00
-15.00 -15.00
BH MP
-25.00 BH MP -25.00 RJ UP
RJ UP
-35.00 -35.00
-45.00 -45.00
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49
1981 25.00
25.00 2001
15.00
15.00
5.00 5.00
-5.00 -5.00
-15.00 -15.00
GJ MH
-25.00 GJ MH -25.00 HY PN
-35.00 HY PN -35.00 HP
HP
-45.00 -45.00
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49
25.00 25.00
1981 2001
15.00 15.00
5.00 5.00
-5.00 -5.00
-15.00 -15.00
-25.00 -25.00
OR WB IND
-35.00 OR WB IND
-35.00
-45.00
-45.00
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49
4.3 Economic Activity Status and Childlessness
Inter-state Variation in GMCRU by Economic Activity Status: 2001
Tables 4.11a to table 4.14b give relevant data on the childlessness and economic activity status
of the women. The same has also been presented in the figures 4.12 through 4.15b. As may be
noted from the data in the tables for this section, it is presented for the period 1981 and 1991 as
the 2001 census results on the same by economic activity status of the women are not yet
available to us. Thus the analysis in this section only refers to the period 1981-1991 only. The
data in table 4.11a and 4.11c (and figure 4.12 below) clearly brings out that the there prevail
differentials in the GMCRU of the women by their economic activity status during the period
under analysis. This is also true for the rural and urban areas separately as well. In 1981, the
GMCRU for the country as a whole was relatively higher for women who were economically
active (about 14 per cent for main workers and 13.60 per cent for the marginal workers) and
was lowest for the women who were economically not active (a little over 12 per cent).
Figure 4.12: GMCRU by economic activity status of women, 1981 & 1991
However, the situation reversed in 1991 as the GMCRU for India for the period 1991 was
lower for the economically active women (nearly 17 per cent for the main workers and 16 per
cent for the marginal workers) while it was 18 per cent for the women who were economically
inactive. The analysis at the state level reveals more or less similar pattern. Nonetheless we
would like to bring out following important observations for the readers:
1. The range of variation in the GMCRU is relatively wider for main workers across states
in comparison to that of the marginal workers or non-workers. For example, the
GMCRU among main workers varied from a low of about 3 per cent in Karnataka to
nearly 26 per cent in Rajasthan in 1981. The corresponding range for marginal worker
and non workers varied between 3 to 21 per cent and 2.4 to about 18 per cent in
Karnataka and Rajasthan respectively.
2. During 1991, the GMCRU for main workers and non-workers varied from a low of 9
per cent in Maharashtra to about 24-25 per cent in Bihar and Uttar Pradesh while for
marginal workers it varied between 10 to 21 per cent.
Figure 4.13: GMCRU by economic activity status of women for states, 1981 & 1991
30.00
Main-worker
25.00 1981
1991
20.00
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
AP KN KL TN BH MP RJ UP GJ MH HY PN HP OR WB
30.00
Marginal-worker
25.00
1981
20.00 1991
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
30.00 Non-worker
25.00 1981
1991
20.00
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
Table 4.12 and figure 4.14 give data on the absolute change in the GMCRU during 1981-91
for women by their economic activity status for India and states. As done before, the
absolute change in GMCRU has been obtained by subtracting 1981 GMCRU from that of
the 1981. For India as a whole, the GMCRU for main and marginal workers increased by
about 2-3 per cent points during 1981-91 whereas it increased by nearly 6 per cent points
for the non-workers.
The data also reveals that the increase has been relatively faster in the rural areas as
compared to the urban areas for the non-workers. However, among workers, increase is
comparatively faster in the urban areas.
Figure 4.14: Absolute change in GMCRU during 1981-1991 by economic activity of

the women (Absolute change = GMCRU 19911 – GMCRU 1981)
15.00
Main-worker
9.00
6.00
3.00
0.00
-3.00
-6.00
15.00
Marginal-worker
12.00
9.00
6.00
3.00
0.00
-3.00
-6.00
15.00
Non-worker
12.00
9.00
6.00
3.00
0.00
-3.00
-6.00
At the state level there are some interesting findings in terms of the absolute change in the
GMCRU. As seen, in 3 states namely Rajasthan, Gujarat and Haryana, the GMCRU has
declined for all 3 categories of the women, though at differential pace (more for the main
workers and less for the non-workers). In addition to this, the GMCRU has also declined
during 1981-1991 among main workers in Andhra Pradesh and marginal workers and non-
workers in Tamil Nadu. In rest of the other instances it has shown a positive change
(indicting higher levels for 1981) for all three categories of the women. Further, on the
whole increase is more for main workers in comparison to other 2 groups of women. It may
also be pointed that Uttar Pradesh followed by Karnataka has exhibited highest increase in
the GMCRU for all 3 groups of women, fastest among non-workers. The GMCRU in
Bihar, Orissa and West Bengal increased more rapid for main workers as compared to the
non-workers while the change was least among marginal workers.
Differentials in GMCRU by economic status of the women
Tables 4.13a and 4.13b and figures 4.15a and 4.15b give relevant information on the
differentials in GMCRU by economic activity statues of the women in terms of ratios and
absolute change for the period 1981 and 1991 for combined, rural and urban area for India and
its major states. The main findings of this table are presented below:
1. In absolute terms, the GMCRU for main worker Indian women was in 1981 was higher
by 1.65 per cent points and by 1.47 per cent points for marginal workers as compared to
the economically non-active women. Further, GMCRU for main workers in India was
higher by about 13 per cent in 1981 (see table 4.13a and figure 4.15a) while it was
higher by about 11 per cent among marginal workers as against of those who were non-
workers. However, this scenario has changed by 1991 as the GMCRU in 1991 less by
nearly 4 and 10 per cent respectively for main workers and marginal workers.
Figure 4.15a: Ratios for GMCRUs by women’s economic activity status
1.40 1.40
Main worker to non-worker, 1981 Main worker to non-worker, 1991
1.30 1.30
1.20 1.20
1.10 1.10
1.00 1.00
0.90 0.90
0.80 0.80
1.40 Marginal worker to non-worker, 1981 1.40

Marginal worker to non-worker, 1991
1.30 1.30
1.20 1.20
1.10 1.10
1.00 1.00
0.90 0.90
0.80 0.80
0.70 0.70
2. There are 3 states (namely Kerala, Bihar and Madhya Pradesh) where GMCRU was
lower for main workers as compared to the non-workers by about 6 to 15 per cent in
1981. In rest of the other states, it was higher for non-workers than the main workers by
nearly 2-3 per cent in Tamil Nadu and Gujarat to as high as 36 per cent in Himachal
Pradesh and 31-32 per cent in Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal.
3. The comparison between marginal workers and non-workers indicate that in 7 states
(Karnataka from south, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana and Himachal Pradesh from north,
Maharashtra from west and Orissa and West Bengal from east) where GMCRU in 1981
was higher for marginal workers while in the remaining states it was higher for the non-
workers.
4. In 1991, 4 states (Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra) had lower
GMCRU for main workers whereas in other states it was higher for the non-workers.
Interestingly, number of states with lower GMCRU for marginal workers increased to
from 7 in 1981 to 13 as only 2 states (Maharashtra and Orissa) in 1991 had slightly
higher GMCRU for marginal workers (by 2 and 4 per cent respectively).
Figure 4.15b: Absolute change in GMCRUs for economic activity status
4.00
Non-worker - main worker 1981 4.00
Non-worker - main worker 1991
3.00
3.00
2.00
2.00
1.00
1.00
0.00
0.00
-1.00
-2.00 -1.00
-3.00 -2.00
-4.00 -3.00
-5.00 -4.00
-6.00 -5.00
Non-worker - marginal worker 1981 4.00 Non-worker - marginal worker 1991

4.00
3.00 3.00
2.00 2.00
1.00 1.00
0.00 0.00
-1.00 -1.00
-2.00 -2.00
-3.00 -3.00
-4.00 -4.00
-5.00 -5.00
Differentials in GMCRU by Occupation of the women
We here discuss general marital childlessness in India by various occupational categories of the
women (data not shown). The GMCRU for agricultural laborers it was lowest in Maharashtra
(9.0) and was highest in Bihar (over 25 per cent). Among other bigger states, the GMCRU for
agricultural laborers was also on the higher side in Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh,
Tamil Nadu, Orissa and Andhra Pradesh (16 to 24 per cent). In the cultivators, the GMCRU is
once again highest in Bihar (over 24 per cent) and lowest in Maharashtra (nearly 9 per cent).
Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Orissa and Andhra Pradesh also have
relatively higher level of GMCRU for cultivators (15 to 24 per cent). Uttar Pradesh has highest
GMCRU for manual workers and other states where it is relatively high are Bihar, Rajasthan,
Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Orissa and Andhra Pradesh (15 to 25 per cent). However,
GMCRU is lowest in Maharashtra (10 per cent) among manual workers. Amongst non-manual
workers, GMCRU is highest in Uttar Pradesh (25 per cent) followed by Bihar, Rajasthan,
Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Orissa and Andhra Pradesh (14 to 20 per cent) whereas it is
lowest in Maharashtra (9 per cent).
Differentials in ASMCRU by Economic Activity Status: 1981 and 2001
Tables 4.14a and 4.14b and figures 4.16a, 4.16b, 4.17a and 4.17b respectively give ratio and
absolute change in the ASMCRUs for India and its states for 1981 and 1991 by economic
activity status of the women by place of residence. Major points emerging are as follows:
1. At the national level, ratio of ASMCRU of main workers to that of the non-workers was
above unity at all ages in 1981 while in 1991 it was below unity for women aged 15-24
years and above unity for those aged 25 years or older. Further, the gaps between the two
groups of women widened with an advancement in age of the women for both in 1981
and 1991. It may also be pointed that over time, the gaps have narrowed apparently down
between the two groups of women at all ages, more rapidly for younger women.
2. Relatively speaking, differentials have been of lower order for young women (aged
below 20 years) for most of the states for both main and marginal workers, the levels
being usually higher for economically active women as against of the non-working
women.
3. The differentials by economic status of the women have also narrowed down for most of
the states at all ages over time as the value of the ratios are usually lower in 2001 as
compared to those for 1981.
4. The scenario is mixed at the state level. Nevertheless, in 1981 the ASMCRU for women
aged 25 years or older who were main workers in West Bengal was more than double the
level that of the non-workers. Likewise the ASMCRU in 1981 for main workers in Uttar
Pradesh and Punjab was twice the level of non-worker for ages 30-34 years and older.
5. The ASMCRU for main worker in Punjab and West Bengal was nearly twice the level of
non-workers in 2001 whereas in other states it was relatively less.
6. Contrary to this, the gaps between marginal workers and non-workers have been very less
for most of the states both in 1981 and 2001 (especially in case of the later). Not only
this, unlike what was observed for main workers, the ASMCRUs for marginal workers
have relatively lower than that of the non-workers for a number of states for women at all
ages in general in 2001.
Figure 4.16a: Ratio of ASMCRU for Main Worker to Non Worker, 1981 & 1991
2.60 1981 2.60 1991
2.40 2.40
2.20 AP KN 2.20 AP KN
KL TN KL TN
2.00 2.00
1.80 1.80
1.60 1.60
1.40 1.40
1.20 1.20
1.00 1.00
0.80 0.80
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49
2.60 1981 2.60 1991

2.40 2.40
BH MP
2.20 RJ UP 2.20 BH MP
RJ UP
2.00 2.00
1.80 1.80
1.60 1.60
1.40 1.40
1.20 1.20
1.00 1.00
0.80 0.80
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49
2.60 2.60 1991

1981
2.40 2.40
GJ
GJ
2.20 2.20
MH MH
2.00 2.00 HY
HY
1.80 PN 1.80 PN
HP 1.60 HP
1.60
1.40 1.40
1.20 1.20
1.00 1.00
0.80 0.80
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49
2.60 2.60 1991

1981
2.40 2.40
OR 2.20
2.20
OR
WB
2.00 2.00 WB
IND
1.80 1.80 IND
1.60 1.60
1.40 1.40
1.20 1.20
1.00 1.00
0.80 0.80
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49
Figure 4.16b: Ratio of ASMCRU for Marginal Worker to Non Worker, 1981 & 1991
1.60 1.60
1981 1991
1.40 1.40
1.20 1.20
1.00 1.00
0.80 0.80
0.60 0.60
AP KN
KL TN AP KN
0.40 0.40 KL TN
0.20 0.20
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49
1.60 1981 1.60 1991
1.40 1.40
BH MP BH MP
1.20 RJ UP 1.20 RJ UP
1.00 1.00
0.80 0.80
0.60 0.60
0.40 0.40
0.20 0.20
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49
1.60 1991
1.60 1981
1.40 1.40
1.20 1.20
1.00 1.00
0.80 0.80
0.60 0.60 GJ MH
GJ MH HY PN
HY PN HP
0.40 0.40
HP
0.20 0.20
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49
1.60 1.60 1991

1981
1.40 1.40
1.20 1.20
1.00 1.00
0.80 0.80
OR WB
0.60 IND 0.60 OR WB
IND
0.40 0.40
0.20 0.20
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49
Figure 4.17a: Absolute change in ASMCRU for Main Worker to Non Worker, 1981 &
1991 (AMMCRU main worker – ASMCRU non worker)
1981 1991
12.00 12.00
8.00 8.00
AP KN
KL TN AP KN
4.00 4.00
KL TN
0.00 0.00
-4.00 -4.00
-8.00 -8.00
-12.00 -12.00
-16.00 -16.00
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49
1981 12.00
1991
12.00
8.00 BH MP 8.00
RJ UP BH MP
4.00 4.00 RJ UP
0.00 0.00
-4.00 -4.00
-8.00 -8.00
-12.00 -12.00
-16.00 -16.00
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49
1981 1991
12.00 12.00
8.00 8.00 GJ MH
GJ MH
HY PN HY PN
4.00 HP 4.00 HP
0.00 0.00
-4.00 -4.00
-8.00 -8.00
-12.00 -12.00
-16.00 -16.00
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49
1981 1991
12.00 12.00
8.00 8.00
OR WB IND
4.00 4.00 OR WB IND
0.00 0.00
-4.00 -4.00
-8.00 -8.00
-12.00 -12.00
-16.00 -16.00
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49
Figure 4.17b: Absolute change in ASMCRU for Marginal Worker to Non Worker, 1981
& 1991 (AMMCRU main worker – ASMCRU non worker)
1981 1991
6.00 6.00
2.00 2.00
-2.00 -2.00
-6.00 -6.00
AP KN
KL TN
-10.00 -10.00
AP KN
-14.00 KL TN -14.00
-18.00 -18.00
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49
1981 1991
6.00 6.00
2.00 2.00
-2.00 -2.00
-6.00 -6.00
BH MP
-10.00 -10.00 RJ UP
BH MP
RJ UP
-14.00 -14.00
-18.00 -18.00
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49
1981 1991
6.00 6.00
2.00 2.00
-2.00 -2.00
-6.00 -6.00
GJ MH GJ MH
-10.00 HY PN HY PN
-10.00
HP HP
-14.00 -14.00
-18.00 -18.00
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49
1981 1991
6.00 6.00
2.00 2.00
-2.00 -2.00
-6.00 -6.00 OR WB IND

OR WB IND
-10.00 -10.00
-14.00 -14.00
-18.00 -18.00
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49
4.4 Caste and Childlessness

Inter-state Variation in GMCRU by Caste: 2001
In this section we discuss levels and differentials in childlessness in Indian states by caste of
the women. For this we have considered SC, ST and Non-SC/ST to understand the
differentials. Accordingly tables 4.15a through 4.18b and figures 4.18 through 4.24b give all
relevant information with respect to childlessness and caste differentials for India and its states
for the period 1981-2001.
As may be noticed from the table 4.15a and 4.15b and the figures 4.18 below, at the national
levels the GMCRU in 1981 was relatively higher for ST women (14.47 per cent) followed by
the SC women (13.22 per cent) and was least for the Non-SC/ST women (12.74 per cent).
However, in 2001 it was observed at slightly lower than 16 per cent for all three groups of
women. In other words, the GMCRU in 2001 was apparently more or less similar for all three-
caste groups of the women at least at the national level. Similar observations may also be made
for the rural and urban India. The data also suggest that the
Figure 4.18: GMCRU by caste of the women, 1981-2001
The data further reveals that the levels of GMCRU at the national have increased for three-
groups of women, more rapidly for those belonging to other castes followed by SC women
whereas for ST women the increase only marginal. This stands true for the rural and urban
areas of the country as well. It is interesting to note that unlike national level, there prevail
differentials in the levels of GMCRU by caste of the women at the sub-national level. This my
be noted from clearly from the figure 4.19 on the next page. The points emerging at the state
level in this regards are as follows:
1. The GMCRU for SC women in 2001 was relatively higher in Bihar, Tamil Nadu,
Andhra Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh (18-19 per cent) followed by Karnataka, Kerala,
Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Gujarat (14 to 16 per cent). In other states it ranged
between 11 to 13 per cent.
2. For the ST women, GMCRU was observed to be lowest at 12 per cent in Himachal
Pradesh and 13-14 per cent in Gujarat, Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh. On the other
hand, it was observed at as high as 23 per cent in Tamil Nadu and 18-19 per cent in
Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh.
3. The GMCRU in 2001 for non-SC/ST women were highest for Tamil Nadu (nearly 19
per cent) followed by Bihar and Uttar Pradesh (over 18 per cent) whereas it was lowest
in Himachal Pradesh (11 per cent or so). There were other states like Andhra Pradesh,
Rajasthan and Gujarat where it was around 16-17 per cent.
Figure 4.19: GMCRU by caste of the women for States, 1981-2001

24.00 GMCRU for S C, India
1981 2001
20.00
16.00
12.00
8.00
4.00
0.00
24.00 GMCRU for ST, India 24.00 GMCRU for Non-SC/ST, India
1981 2001 1981 2001
20.00 20.00
16.00 16.00
12.00 12.00
8.00 8.00
4.00 4.00
0.00 0.00

As mentioned before, the levels of GMCRU has increased during 1981-2001 for the nation
as a whole. However, there is mix scenario when it comes to the states as it has increased
for some whereas for others it has actually reduced. Some of the points emerging from
figure 4.20 below and the data in table 4.16 are:
1. Among southern states, the GMCRU has gone up for all states except Andhra
Pradesh, which has actually witnessed decline in it during 1981-2001. Further, for
the Non-SC/ST women the increase is by almost 13 per cent points in Karnataka
and by about 5 per cent points in Kerala and Tamil Nadu. The corresponding
increase among SC and ST women is by a little over 12 per cent points in
Karnataka whereas it is about 2-3 per cent points among SC women and 6-7 per
cent among ST women in Kerala and Tamil Nadu.
2. The GMCRU for SC women in Andhra Pradesh has come down by over a percent
whereas the decline was very little for the ST women. However, non-SC/ST women
in the state experienced marginal increase in the GMCR during the period.
3. GMCRU for SC women has increased in Bihar and Uttar Pradesh (2 and 8 per cent
points respectively) whereas it has declined in Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan (4-5
per cent points). Similar pattern are also observed among ST & Non-SC/ST.
4. In the western states of Gujarat and Bihar, the GMCRU for SC women has declined
in the former (over 4 per cent points) whereas in later it has actually gone up (nearly
5 per cent points). Similarly, the GMCRU for ST women declined by about one
percent point in Gujarat whereas in Maharashtra it increased by nearly 6 per cent
points. The Non-SC/ST women experienced an increase of about 6 per cent points
in GMCRU in Maharashtra and in Gujarat it declined by about 3 per cent points.
Figure 4.20: Absolute change in GMCRU during 1981-2001 by caste of the women
(Absolute change = GMCRU 2001 – GMCRU 1981)
13.00
Schedule Caste
10.00
7.00
4.00
1.00
-2.00
-5.00
-8.00
13.00
Schedule Tribe
10.00
7.00
4.00
1.00
-2.00
-5.00
-8.00
13.00
Non-SC/ST
10.00
7.00
4.00
1.00
-2.00
-5.00
-8.00
5. Haryana has recorded decline in the GMCRU for SC and Non-SC/ST women
(about 6 per cent) while it increased in Punjab and Himachal Pradesh (about one per
cent for SC and 2-3 per cent for Non SC/ST women.
6. Orissa experienced a decline of about one per cent points in GMCRU for SC women
and negligible decline for ST women while it recoded nominal increase in it for the
Non-SC/ST women. West Bengal on the other hand showed consistent increase in
the GMCRUs for all three-groups of women, relatively faster for the Non-SC/ST
women.
Differentials in GMCRU by Caste: 1981 and 2001
Tables 4.17a and 4.17b and the figures 4.21a and 4.21b give all the relevant information
about the ratios of GMCRU for SC and ST women to that of the Non-SC/ST women. The
major points emerging from the data are:
1. There were 3 states in 1981 where GMCRU was slightly lower for SC women (by
10 per cent in Karnataka and 3 and 2 per cent in Rajasthan and Punjab
respectively) as against of the non-SC/ST women whereas in the remaining 12
states it was higher for the SC women. Further, the difference between the two
groups of women was substantial in a few states like Himachal Pradesh, Orissa,
Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu (by about 8 to 17 per cent).
2. The number of states reporting a lower GMCRU for SC women increased to 8 by
2001, nevertheless, 7 states continued to have greater GMCRU for SC women.
Interestingly, the gaps between the two groups of women seemingly bridged over
time for all states but Bihar, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and Haryana.
3. When ST women are compared with the non-SC/ST women it may be noted that in
1981 the GMCRUs were lower for the ST women in Bihar, Madhya Pradesh,
Rajasthan, Gujarat and Maharashtra while in other states it was higher for them.
The pattern was somewhat similar in 2001 as well except for Karnataka, where in
1981 ST women had relatively higher GMCRU while in 2001 they had lower
GMCRU.
Figure 4.21a: Ratios for GMCRUs for SC to Non-SC/ST women, 1981 – 2001.
1.20
1981
1.15
1.10
1.05
1.00
0.95
0.90
0.85
1.20
1.15
2001
1.10
1.05
1.00
0.95
0.90
0.85
Figure 4.21b: Ratios for GMCRUs for GMCRUs for ST women in comparison to
Non-SC/ST women, 1981 – 2001.
2.00
1981
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00
2.00
2001
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00
Figure 4.22a: Absolute difference in GMCRUs for SC women in comparison to Non-

SC/ST women, 1981 – 2001.
2.00
1981
1.00
0.00
-1.00
-2.00
-3.00
2.00
2001
1.00
0.00
-1.00
-2.00
-3.00
Figure 4.22b: Absolute difference in GMCRUs for ST women in comparison to Non-

SC/ST women, 1981 – 2001.
6.00
1981
4.00
2.00
0.00
-2.00
-4.00
-6.00
-8.00
6.00
2001
4.00
2.00
0.00
-2.00
-4.00
-6.00
-8.00
4. It may also be pointed that on the whole, in most of the states, these differentials in
this regard are wider between ST and Non-SC/ST women as compared to those
observed for SC and Non SC/ST women. Though this is largely true for 1981 and
2001, the gaps are unusually wide in 2001 in some cases. For example, the
GMCRU in Uttar Pradesh for ST women in 2001 was 78 per cent higher than that
of the Non SC/ST women. The corresponding gap in West Bengal, Himachal
Pradesh and Orissa was by 47, 40 and 29 per cent respectively.
5. In terms of absolute differentials, it may be mentioned that the gaps have been
relatively wider in West Bengal for SC women and for a number of states for ST
women (Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Orissa and West Bengal)
during 1981 and 2001 (especially for the later period).
Differentials in ASMCRU by Caste: 1981 and 2001
Tables 4.18a and 4.18b and the figures 4.23a through 4.24b give the relevant information about
the differentials in ASMCRUs by caste of the women for India and its states for the year 1981
and 2001 in terms of both ratios and absolute gap. Though there is no clear pattern emerging as
far as the differentials are concerned some broad observations may be made. These are as
follows:
1. At the national level, in terms of ratios, the ratios have been higher for the SC women
as compared to the Non-SC/ST women during 1981 and 2001 for all age groups except
15-19 and 20-24 years in 1981. In other words, the ASMCRUs was relatively higher for
SC women aged 25 years and older in 1981 and at all ages in 2001. It is also noted that
in 2001 the differences between the two groups of women widen with advancement in
the age of the women until age below 40 years and start to bridge marginally thereafter.
It may further be pointed out that the largest gap was observed at age 35-39 years (40
per cent) followed by 36 per cent in the age group 30-34 years in 2001.
2. In case of the ST women, the ASMCRU was higher for them as compared to the Non-
SC/ST women at all ages during 1981 and the differences were substantial. However,
by 2001, the ASMCRU for ST women was observed to be lower than that of the Non-
SC/ST women for ages below 35 years and higher thereafter. For example, the
ASMCRU for ST women aged 15-19 to 30-34 years in 2001 was lower by 2 to 12 per
cent as against of the Non- SC/ST women whereas it was higher by about 6 to 16 per
cent for the women aged 35-39 tears or older.
3. In contrast to what observed in terms of ratios, the gaps between SC women and Non-
SC/ST women are wider at younger ages in terms of the absolute difference both during
1981 and 2001. For example, in 2001 the ASMCRU for SC women was lower by about
5 per cent points in the age group 15-19 years followed by next three age groups (about
2 per cent points) and by about one per cent or so in the remaining age groups. Similar
observations may also be made for the ST women.
4. There is no clear pattern at the state level, nonetheless, the ASMCRUS are on the
higher side for SC women in 2001 for all states except Gujarat (where it has been lower
for the SC women). Further, for most of the states, the gaps between SC and Non-
SC/ST women widen as the age increases. This is particularly true for the recent times.
5. On the whole, the ASMCRUs for SC women was lower than the Non-SC/ST women
for a number of states in 1981 whereas this scenario has reversed in 2001 (with more
states having higher ASMCRU for Sc women as compared to non-SC/ST women.
6. The gap between SC and Non-SC/ST women has been unusually wide in Uttar Pradesh
and Orissa and West Bengal. For example, the ASMCRU for SC women aged 30 years
or older living in Uttar Pradesh were two to three times higher than that of the Non-
SC/ST women. The corresponding gap in Orissa and West Bengal was almost by
double.
7. For the ST women, the data suggests that the ASMCRU in 2001 was relatively lower
for young ST women in southern states, northern states (except Bihar) and Western
states of Gujarat and Maharashtra whereas reverse was true for the older women
(beyond age 30 years). In other states (Himachal Pradesh, Orissa and West Bengal), the
ASMCRU was higher for the ST women as compared to the Non-SC/ST women for all
age groups.
8. In Himachal Pradesh, Orissa and West Bengal, the differences between the ST and
Non-SC/ST women were relatively wider, particularly for ages beyond 30 years. For
example, the ASMCRU for the women aged 30-34 years or older was higher by about
32 to 84 per cent in Orissa for ST women as compared to the Non-SC/ST women. The
corresponding range for Himachal Pradesh was 29 to 45 per cent and Tamil Nadu from
42 to 54 per cent.
9. In absolute terms, as observed at the national level, the difference between ST and Non-
SC/ST ASMCRU was wider at the younger ages whereas reverse was true for older
ages and this was true for most of the states.
Figure 4.23a: Ratio of ASMCRU for SC women to Non-SC/ST women, 1981 & 2001
1.80 AP KN 1.80
1981 2001 AP KN
1.60 KL TN 1.60
KL TN
1.40 1.40
1.20 1.20
1.00 1.00
0.80 0.80
0.60 0.60
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49
1.80 1.80
1981 BH MP 2001
1.60 RJ UP 1.60 BH MP
1.40 1.40 RJ UP
1.20 1.20
1.00 1.00
0.80 0.80
0.60 0.60
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49
1.80 1.80
1981 2001
1.60 1.60 GJ MH
GJ MH
HY PN HY PN
1.40 HP 1.40 HP
1.20 1.20
1.00 1.00
0.80 0.80
0.60 0.60
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49
1.80
1.80 2001
1981
OR WB 1.60
1.60
IND
1.40 OR WB
1.40
IND
1.20 1.20
1.00 1.00
0.80 0.80
0.60 0.60
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49
Figure 4.23b: Ratio of ASMCRU for ST women to Non-SC/ST women, 1981 & 2001
3.40 1981 3.40 2001

3.00 3.00
AP KN
2.60 AP KN 2.60
KL TN
2.20 KL TN 2.20
1.80 1.80
1.40 1.40
1.00 1.00
0.60 0.60
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49
3.40 1981 3.40 2001

3.00 3.00
BH MP BH MP
2.60 2.60
RJ UP RJ UP
2.20 2.20
1.80 1.80
1.40 1.40
1.00 1.00
0.60 0.60
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49
3.40 1981 3.40 2001

3.00 3.00
GJ MH
2.60 2.60 GJ MH
HP
2.20 2.20 HP
1.80 1.80
1.40 1.40
1.00 1.00
0.60 0.60
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49
3.40 1981 3.40 2001

3.00 3.00
OR WB OR WB
2.60 2.60
IND IND
2.20 2.20
1.80 1.80
1.40 1.40
1.00 1.00
0.60 0.60
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49
Figure 4.24a: Absolute change in ASMCRU for SC women from Non-SC/ST women,
1981 & 2001 (ASMCRU SC – ASMCRU Non-SC/ST)
7.00 1981 7.00 2001

AP KN
5.00 AP KN
5.00
KL TN
KL TN
3.00 3.00
1.00 1.00
-1.00 -1.00
-3.00 -3.00
-5.00 -5.00
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49
7.00 1981 7.00 2001

BH MP BH MP
5.00 5.00
RJ UP RJ UP
3.00 3.00
1.00 1.00
-1.00 -1.00
-3.00 -3.00
-5.00 -5.00
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49
7.00 1981 7.00 2001 GJ MH

GJ MH
HY PN HY PN
5.00 5.00 HP
HP
3.00 3.00
1.00 1.00
-1.00 -1.00
-3.00 -3.00
-5.00 -5.00
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49
7.00 1981 7.00 2001

OR WB OR WB
5.00 5.00
IND IND
3.00 3.00
1.00 1.00
-1.00 -1.00
-3.00 -3.00
-5.00 -5.00
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49
Figure 4.24b: Absolute change in ASMCRU for ST women from Non-SC/ST women,
1981 & 2001 (ASMCRU ST – ASMCRU Non-SC/ST)
16.00
1981 16.00
2001
12.00 12.00 AP KN
8.00 8.00 KL TN
4.00 4.00
0.00 0.00
-4.00 AP KN -4.00
-8.00 KL TN -8.00
-12.00 -12.00
-16.00 -16.00
-20.00 -20.00
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49
16.00
1981 BH MP
16.00
2001
12.00 12.00 BH MP
8.00 RJ UP 8.00 RJ UP
4.00 4.00
0.00 0.00
-4.00 -4.00
-8.00 -8.00
-12.00 -12.00
-16.00 -16.00
-20.00 -20.00
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49
16.00 GJ 16.00 GJ
1981 2001
12.00 MH 12.00 MH
8.00 HP 8.00 HP
4.00 4.00
0.00 0.00
-4.00 -4.00
-8.00 -8.00
-12.00 -12.00
-16.00 -16.00
-20.00 -20.00
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49
16.00 OR 16.00 2001 OR

1981
12.00 WB 12.00 WB
8.00 IND 8.00 IND
4.00 4.00
0.00 0.00
-4.00 -4.00
-8.00 -8.00
-12.00 -12.00
-16.00 -16.00
-20.00 -20.00
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49
Table 4.1: Share of population in the total population of the state by selected characteristics for
combined areas, 2001.
Religion of the woman Caste of the woman women work Status Female
Other Literacy
India/State Muslim Christian Religions Schedule Schedule % Main % Marginal Rate
Caste Tribe workers Workers (7+)
Andhra P. 9.17 1.55 89.28 16.19 6.59 25.21 9.72 50.43
Karnataka 12.23 1.91 85.86 16.20 6.55 20.92 10.96 56.87
Kerala 24.70 19.02 56.28 9.81 1.14 10.74 4.54 87.72
Tamil Nadu 5.56 6.07 88.37 19.00 1.04 23.79 7.52 64.43
Bihar 16.53 0.06 83.40 15.72 0.91 8.76 10.07 33.12
Madhya P. 6.37 0.28 93.35 15.17 20.27 17.31 15.79 50.29
Rajasthan 8.47 0.13 91.40 17.16 12.56 16.83 16.66 43.85
Uttar Pradesh 18.50 0.13 81.38 21.15 0.06 6.10 10.18 42.22
Gujarat 9.06 0.56 90.38 7.09 14.76 14.53 13.50 57.80
Maharashtra 10.60 1.09 88.31 10.20 8.85 24.10 8.49 67.03
Haryana 5.78 0.13 94.09 19.35 NA 13.37 13.94 55.73
Punjab 1.57 1.20 97.23 28.85 NA 11.92 6.76 63.36
Himachal P. 1.97 0.13 97.91 24.72 4.02 21.08 22.61 67.42
Orissa 2.07 2.44 95.49 16.53 22.13 8.60 16.02 50.51
West Bengal 25.25 0.64 74.11 23.02 5.50 8.86 9.22 59.61
India 13.43 2.34 84.22 16.20 8.20 14.68 10.99 53.67
Table 4.2a: General Marital Childlessness Rates (GMCRU) for the age group 15-49 years by
Religion for India and States, Combined Areas, 1981-2001.
1981 1991 2001

State/India Mus- Chris- Mus- Chris- Mus- Chris-
Hindu lim tian Other Hindu lim tian Other Hindu lim tian Others
Andhra P. 17.81 16.20 15.78 36.66 17.67 16.43 15.96 15.87 17.27 20.91 19.48 25.71
Karnataka 2.69 2.50 2.32 2.96 14.39 13.67 13.03 14.44 15.06 15.36 17.40 15.94
Kerala 8.92 11.45 7.19 -36.00 12.72 15.34 10.87 15.56 13.57 15.36 12.23 19.21
Tamil Nadu 14.72 14.15 11.65 13.40 14.49 14.52 10.19 14.26 18.56 19.97 18.85 29.95
Bihar 16.99 16.68 10.65 13.46 24.15 22.81 17.30 18.59 18.65 17.66 16.47 19.45
Madhya P. 18.94 16.29 12.41 15.22 19.13 17.61 11.34 16.15 14.96 14.16 14.12 12.64
Rajasthan 21.71 21.27 15.35 14.31 19.07 19.50 17.38 13.02 16.26 17.02 13.65 16.97
Uttar P. 9.77 8.60 7.94 6.85 24.00 22.80 20.97 18.12 18.28 17.25 19.18 17.12
Gujarat 18.61 16.72 13.79 14.86 17.42 16.16 14.25 14.62 15.39 15.76 13.33 15.87
Maharashtra 7.90 7.16 4.23 7.35 9.31 8.84 9.19 8.69 13.28 14.45 15.83 13.39
Haryana 17.95 19.98 11.05 12.27 14.82 17.30 15.69 12.73 11.63 13.18 14.03 10.69
Punjab 12.09 12.86 10.33 11.49 12.56 12.50 14.35 12.36 13.74 13.95 14.35 12.79
Himachal P. 8.21 8.55 7.07 9.34 12.16 15.19 15.37 12.07 10.49 12.62 14.48 12.30
Orissa 13.77 11.74 12.22 18.45 18.13 13.96 17.08 18.88 13.57 12.86 13.98 16.49
W. Bengal 7.81 8.92 8.91 9.53 14.74 15.27 16.14 18.52 13.00 12.73 15.01 17.35
India 13.31 11.71 8.96 10.61 17.76 17.64 13.81 12.90 15.79 16.07 15.89 13.95
Table 4.2b: General Marital Childlessness Rates (GMCRU) for the age group 15-49 years by
Religion for India and States, Rural Areas, 1981-2001.
1981 1991 2001
Andhra P. 17.89 16.17 15.55 18.39 17.96 16.14 15.74 19.18 16.24 16.42 16.27 21.11
Karnataka 2.69 2.83 2.79 3.16 13.92 13.21 11.45 14.81 14.25 14.18 13.65 15.00
Kerala 8.92 11.74 6.90 5.74 12.76 16.00 10.61 18.32 13.28 15.37 11.84 17.82
Tamil Nadu 14.59 13.72 11.11 14.17 15.14 15.40 10.33 12.11 17.49 19.31 17.39 28.09
Bihar 17.09 16.84 10.47 13.34 24.55 22.93 17.46 18.74 18.92 17.66 16.37 5.42
Madhya P. 19.35 17.06 12.95 17.69 19.38 17.16 9.71 17.46 15.25 14.14 13.11 13.28
Rajasthan 22.27 21.41 12.25 14.32 19.75 19.37 16.18 13.31 16.87 17.07 11.54 11.58
Uttar P. 10.05 9.19 7.73 6.75 24.37 23.27 22.46 19.79 18.38 17.13 18.08 16.73
Gujarat 19.05 16.37 12.61 13.89 17.99 16.11 14.25 16.60 15.11 14.65 10.89 14.68
Maharashtra 8.59 8.63 4.71 8.46 9.45 9.32 8.52 8.88 12.98 14.10 13.79 12.89
Haryana 18.86 20.19 6.36 12.59 15.56 17.63 17.82 13.35 11.69 13.34 15.33 10.45
Punjab 11.65 14.25 10.44 11.42 12.32 13.90 14.09 12.32 12.68 13.72 13.93 12.45
Himachal P. 8.29 8.82 3.66 9.99 12.31 15.49 14.65 12.59 10.44 12.57 14.90 11.89
Orissa 13.93 12.17 12.31 18.75 18.35 14.34 17.09 19.07 13.59 12.14 13.82 16.49
W. Bengal 8.55 9.33 9.57 10.35 14.47 15.18 16.09 19.67 11.77 12.21 13.90 16.84
India 13.76 12.28 8.96 10.93 18.48 18.30 14.19 13.50 15.72 15.57 14.97 13.74
Table 4.2b: General Marital Childlessness Rates (GMCRU) for the age group 15-49 years by
Religion for India and States, Urban Areas, 1981-2001.
1981 1991 2001

Andhra P. 17.47 16.24 16.39 51.04 16.70 16.66 16.31 14.29 20.56 24.44 23.51 29.24
Karnataka 2.69 2.21 1.96 2.65 15.67 14.06 13.97 13.83 16.94 16.18 19.12 17.72
Kerala 8.93 10.18 8.56 NC 12.60 13.51 11.67 13.29 14.36 15.31 13.52 22.28
Tamil Nadu 15.02 14.42 12..55 12.95 13.10 13.98 9.99 15.12 20.05 20.23 19.94 30.66
Bihar 16.13 15.67 11.63 14.29 21.08 22.09 16.45 17.55 16.07 17.66 16.62 17.04
Madhya P. 16.92 15.76 11.50 12.96 18.11 17.88 13.93 15.17 13.98 14.17 14.62 11.87
Rajasthan 19.05 21.11 17.28 14.30 16.27 19.64 18.08 12.55 14.20 16.97 15.15 11.98
Uttar P. 7.98 7.30 8.01 6.98 21.97 21.84 19.97 15.70 17.80 17.50 19.97 17.78
Gujarat 17.43 17.00 14.97 15.18 16.17 16.19 14.25 14.04 15.89 16.52 16.79 16.12
Maharashtra 6.14 6.24 4.12 5.78 9.02 8.59 9.31 8.48 13.77 14.61 16.19 13.83
Haryana 14.71 16.85 13.14 11.18 12.68 14.20 14.53 10.79 11.49 12.24 13.43 11.31
Punjab 12.54 10.74 9.92 11.84 12.76 10.11 15.29 12.51 14.56 14.29 15.37 14.01
Himachal P. 7.07 6.16 9.83 7.25 10.37 12.64 16.04 10.40 10.92 12.97 13.92 13.66
Orissa 12.43 11.01 11.74 14.01 16.58 13.33 17.00 16.13 13.42 13.90 14.96 16.45
W. Bengal 5.94 6.20 6.73 6.69 15.34 15.85 16.28 13.18 15.68 15.64 18.63 20.23
India 11.58 10.55 9.16 9.77 15.43 16.35 12.99 11.55 15.99 17.02 17.57 14.39
Table 4.3: Absolute change in the General Marital Childlessness Rates (GMCRU) for the age
group 15-49 years for various religions during1981-2001.
Combined Rural Urban

Andhra P. -0.54 4.71 3.70 -10.95 -1.65 0.25 0.72 2.72 3.09 8.20 7.12 -21.80
Karnataka 12.37 12.86 15.08 12.98 11.56 11.35 10.86 11.84 14.25 13.97 17.16 15.07
Kerala 4.65 3.91 5.04 55.21 4.36 3.63 4.94 12.08 5.43 5.13 4.96 NC
Tamil Nadu 3.84 5.82 7.20 16.55 2.90 5.59 6.28 13.92 5.03 5.81 7.39 17.71
Bihar 1.66 0.98 5.82 5.99 1.83 0.82 5.90 -7.92 -0.06 1.99 4.99 2.75
Madhya P. -3.98 -2.13 1.71 -2.58 -4.10 -2.92 0.16 -4.41 -2.94 -1.59 3.12 -1.09
Rajasthan -5.45 -4.25 -1.70 2.66 -5.40 -4.34 -0.71 -2.74 -4.85 -4.14 -2.13 -2.32
Uttar P. 8.51 8.65 11.24 10.27 8.33 7.94 10.35 9.98 9.82 10.20 11.96 10.80
Gujarat -3.22 -0.96 -0.46 1.01 -3.94 -1.72 -1.72 0.79 -1.54 -0.48 1.82 0.94
Maharashtra 5.38 7.29 11.60 6.04 4.39 5.47 9.08 4.43 7.63 8.37 12.07 8.05
Haryana -6.32 -6.80 2.98 -1.58 -7.17 -6.85 8.97 -2.14 -3.22 -4.61 0.29 0.13
Punjab 1.65 1.09 4.02 1.30 1.03 -0.53 3.49 1.03 2.02 3.55 5.45 2.17
Himachal P. 2.28 4.07 7.41 2.96 2.15 3.75 11.24 1.90 3.85 6.81 4.09 6.41
Orissa -0.20 1.12 1.76 -1.96 -0.34 -0.03 1.51 -2.26 0.99 2.89 3.22 2.44
W. Bengal 5.19 3.81 6.10 7.82 3.22 2.88 4.33 6.49 9.74 9.44 11.90 13.54
India 2.48 4.36 6.93 3.34 1.96 3.29 6.01 2.81 4.41 6.47 8.41 4.62
Table 4.4a: Ratio of the General Marital Childlessness Rates (GMCRU) for the age group 15-
49 years of Different Religion to that of the Hindu religion, 1981-2001.

1981 2001 1981 2001 1981 2001
State/India Mus- Chris- Mus- Chris- Mus- Chris- Mus- Chris- Mus- Chris- Mus- Chris-
lim tian lim tian lim tian lim tian lim tian lim tian
Andhra P. 0.91 0.89 1.21 1.13 0.90 0.87 1.01 1.00 0.93 0.94 1.19 1.14
Karnataka 0.93 0.86 1.02 1.16 1.05 1.04 1.00 0.96 0.82 0.73 0.96 1.13
Kerala 1.28 0.81 1.13 0.90 1.32 0.77 1.16 0.89 1.14 0.96 1.07 0.94
Tamil Nadu 0.96 0.79 1.08 1.02 0.94 0.76 1.10 0.99 0.96 0.84 1.01 0.99
Bihar 0.98 0.63 0.95 0.88 0.99 0.61 0.93 0.87 0.97 0.72 1.10 1.03
Madhya P. 0.86 0.66 0.95 0.94 0.88 0.67 0.93 0.86 0.93 0.68 1.01 1.05
Rajasthan 0.98 0.71 1.05 0.84 0.96 0.55 1.01 0.68 1.11 0.91 1.20 1.07
Uttar P. 0.88 0.81 0.94 1.05 0.91 0.77 0.93 0.98 0.91 1.00 0.98 1.12
Gujarat 0.90 0.74 1.02 0.87 0.86 0.66 0.97 0.72 0.98 0.86 1.04 1.06
Maharashtra 0.91 0.54 1.09 1.19 1.00 0.55 1.09 1.06 1.02 0.67 1.06 1.18
Haryana 1.11 0.62 1.13 1.21 1.07 0.34 1.14 1.31 1.15 0.89 1.07 1.17
Punjab 1.06 0.85 1.02 1.04 1.22 0.90 1.08 1.10 0.86 0.79 0.98 1.06
Himachal P. 1.04 0.86 1.20 1.38 1.06 0.44 1.20 1.43 0.87 1.39 1.19 1.27
Orissa 0.85 0.89 0.95 1.03 0.87 0.88 0.89 1.02 0.89 0.94 1.04 1.11
W. Bengal 1.14 1.14 0.98 1.15 1.09 1.12 1.04 1.18 1.04 1.13 1.00 1.19
India 0.88 0.67 1.02 1.01 0.89 0.65 0.99 0.95 0.91 0.79 1.06 1.10
Table 4.4b: Differentials in the General Marital Childlessness Rates (GMCRU) for the age
group 15-49 years for various religions during1981-2001.
Hindu-Muslim: 1981 Hindu-Muslim: 2001 Hindu-Christian: 1981 Hindu- Christian: 2001

State/India Comb. Rural Urban Comb. Rural Urban Comb. Rural Urban Comb. Rural Urban
Andhra P. 1.61 1.72 1.23 -3.64 -0.18 -3.88 2.03 2.34 1.08 -2.21 -0.03 -2.95
Karnataka 0.19 -0.14 0.48 -0.30 0.07 0.76 0.37 -0.10 0.73 -2.34 0.60 -2.18
Kerala -2.53 -2.82 -1.25 -1.79 -2.09 -0.95 1.73 2.02 0.37 1.34 1.44 0.84
Tamil Nadu 0.57 0.87 0.60 -1.41 -1.82 -0.18 3.07 3.48 2.47 -0.29 0.10 0.11
Bihar 0.31 0.25 0.46 0.99 1.26 -1.59 6.34 6.62 4.50 2.18 2.55 -0.55
Madhya P. 2.65 2.29 1.16 0.80 1.11 -0.19 6.53 6.40 5.42 0.84 2.14 -0.64
Rajasthan 0.44 0.86 -2.06 -0.76 -0.20 -2.77 6.36 10.02 1.77 2.61 5.33 -0.95
Uttar P. 1.17 0.86 0.68 1.03 1.25 0.30 1.83 2.32 -0.03 -0.90 0.30 -2.17
Gujarat 1.89 2.68 0.43 -0.37 0.46 -0.63 4.82 6.44 2.46 2.06 4.22 -0.90
Maharashtra 0.74 -0.04 -0.10 -1.17 -1.12 -0.84 3.67 3.88 2.02 -2.55 -0.81 -2.42
Haryana -2.03 -1.33 -2.14 -1.55 -1.65 -0.75 6.90 12.50 1.57 -2.40 -3.64 -1.94
Punjab -0.77 -2.60 1.80 -0.21 -1.04 0.27 1.76 1.21 2.62 -0.61 -1.25 -0.81
Himachal P. -0.34 -0.53 0.91 -2.13 -2.13 -2.05 1.14 4.63 -2.76 -3.99 -4.46 -3.00
Orissa 2.03 1.76 1.42 0.71 1.45 -0.48 1.55 1.62 0.69 -0.41 -0.23 -1.54
W. Bengal -1.11 -0.78 -0.26 0.27 -0.44 0.04 -1.10 -1.02 -0.79 -2.01 -2.13 -2.95
India 1.60 1.48 1.03 -0.28 0.15 -1.03 4.35 4.80 2.42 -0.10 0.75 -1.58
Table 4.5a: Ratio of the Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates Unadjusted (ASMCRU) by
age group by Religion to that of the Hindus for India and States, 1981 and 2001.
State/India 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Ratio of Muslim to Hindu: 1981
Andhra P. 0.93 0.97 0.96 0.98 0.90 0.95 0.93
Karnataka 0.94 0.88 0.84 0.81 0.83 0.83 1.04
Kerala 0.95 0.73 0.70 0.88 0.93 1.03 0.94
Tamil Nadu 0.93 0.85 0.84 0.89 0.81 0.89 0.83
Bihar 0.97 1.01 1.10 1.11 1.06 1.03 1.01
Madhya P. 0.87 0.92 0.95 0.99 0.91 0.94 0.95
Rajasthan 0.92 0.90 0.93 0.92 0.98 1.03 0.95
Uttar Pradesh 0.87 0.89 1.01 1.06 1.03 1.04 1.00
Gujarat 0.88 0.92 1.03 1.25 1.32 1.35 1.27
Maharashtra 0.89 0.85 0.90 0.92 0.89 0.90 0.90
Haryana 0.92 0.97 1.14 1.46 1.07 1.08 0.99
Punjab 0.92 0.87 1.08 0.94 1.63 1.68 1.15
Himachal P. 0.87 0.88 1.02 0.76 0.75 0.50 0.59
Orissa 0.85 0.70 0.73 0.76 0.72 0.93 0.76
West Bengal 0.99 0.99 0.93 1.00 0.89 0.86 0.85
India 0.84 0.85 0.91 0.92 0.86 0.83 0.82
Ratio of Muslim to Hindu: 2001
Andhra P. 1.09 1.20 1.28 1.33 1.32 1.26 1.22
Karnataka 1.01 0.96 0.91 0.93 0.95 0.94 0.95
Kerala 0.88 0.72 0.67 0.81 0.91 0.96 0.91
Tamil Nadu 1.00 1.00 0.99 1.01 0.98 0.95 0.94
Bihar 0.99 1.01 1.05 1.09 1.08 1.10 1.08
Madhya P. 0.93 1.01 1.13 1.20 1.20 1.18 1.07
Rajasthan 0.95 0.97 1.04 1.11 1.14 1.11 1.10
Uttar Pradesh 0.94 0.97 1.05 1.11 1.09 1.10 1.06
Gujarat 0.96 0.95 1.08 1.25 1.30 1.34 1.33
Maharashtra 0.96 0.98 1.02 1.11 1.09 1.08 1.05
Haryana 0.96 0.81 0.75 0.91 0.95 1.06 1.05
Punjab 0.96 0.81 0.80 0.91 0.94 0.98 1.05
Himachal P. 0.99 0.89 0.96 1.16 1.13 1.07 1.02
Orissa 0.95 0.89 0.87 0.90 0.87 0.97 0.90
West Bengal 0.93 0.82 0.71 0.77 0.79 0.85 0.89
India 0.94 0.94 0.99 1.06 1.05 1.05 1.00
Table 4. 5b: Difference in Levels of Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates Unadjusted
(ASMCRU) by age group by Religion for India and States, Combined Areas, 1981
and 2001.
State/India 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Ratio of Christian to Hindu: 1981
Andhra P. 0.87 0.90 1.00 0.93 0.83 0.95 0.92
Karnataka 1.01 1.17 1.28 0.94 0.77 0.74 1.01
Kerala 1.01 1.10 0.96 0.65 0.61 0.59 0.60
Tamil Nadu 1.01 1.01 0.98 0.82 0.71 0.66 0.67
Bihar 0.92 0.99 1.00 1.05 0.89 0.82 0.86
Madhya P. 0.90 1.09 1.16 0.71 0.74 0.84 0.84
Rajasthan 0.89 1.00 1.54 1.53 1.03 1.04 0.72
Uttar Pradesh 0.75 0.88 1.50 1.68 1.38 1.52 1.47
Gujarat 0.94 0.93 1.12 1.09 1.04 1.09 1.05
Maharashtra 0.57 0.82 0.98 0.71 0.73 0.57 0.65
Haryana 0.72 0.77 0.91 1.11 2.36 1.02 2.21
Punjab 0.96 0.83 0.88 0.85 1.08 0.92 0.21
Himachal P. 0.85 0.91 2.52 1.03 2.23 0.00 0.48
Orissa 0.95 0.99 1.01 0.95 0.98 0.97 0.86
West Bengal 1.18 1.40 1.29 1.72 1.75 1.00 1.12
India 0.86 0.97 1.00 0.89 0.81 0.81 0.78
Ratio of Christian to Hindu: 1981
Andhra P. 1.02 1.14 1.33 1.33 1.26 1.21 1.18
Karnataka 1.13 1.39 1.61 1.39 1.31 1.12 1.14
Kerala 1.12 1.21 1.16 0.87 0.79 0.74 0.70
Tamil Nadu 1.13 1.21 1.22 1.05 0.99 0.92 0.89
Bihar 1.00 1.02 1.44 1.42 1.36 1.32 1.40
Madhya P. 0.92 1.27 1.97 1.82 1.44 1.48 1.16
Rajasthan 0.86 1.12 2.01 1.53 1.74 1.56 1.65
Uttar Pradesh 0.98 1.12 1.52 1.61 1.65 1.56 1.60
Gujarat 0.91 0.90 1.31 1.30 1.18 1.16 1.05
Maharashtra 1.05 1.41 2.15 1.87 1.57 1.29 1.24
Haryana 1.12 1.65 2.58 2.65 1.71 1.70 2.05
Punjab 0.99 0.94 0.93 0.95 1.01 1.03 0.95
Himachal P. 0.98 0.98 1.52 1.51 2.05 2.81 2.41
Orissa 0.99 0.96 0.99 1.07 1.16 1.21 1.25
West Bengal 1.04 1.22 1.34 1.35 1.25 1.18 1.33
India 1.01 1.22 1.49 1.39 1.30 1.22 1.16
Table 4. 5c: Difference in Levels of Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates Unadjusted
and 2001.
State/India 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Ratio of Other Religion to Hindu: 1981
Andhra P. 0.94 1.16 1.16 0.91 1.29 0.92 0.86
Karnataka 1.20 1.08 1.26 1.15 0.98 0.92 1.23
Kerala 0.00 1.16 -25.53 1.56 0.67 0.12 1.10
Tamil Nadu 1.00 0.95 0.67 0.84 1.07 0.88 0.79
Bihar 0.85 0.91 1.08 1.31 1.54 1.57 1.58
Madhya P. 0.96 1.13 0.87 0.96 0.92 1.20 1.17
Rajasthan 0.88 0.90 0.83 0.79 0.87 0.74 0.95
Uttar Pradesh 0.85 1.03 1.02 0.91 0.77 0.85 0.70
Gujarat 0.92 1.14 1.38 1.09 1.10 1.21 1.39
Maharashtra 0.99 0.94 0.93 0.92 0.91 0.96 0.82
Haryana 0.90 1.05 1.13 1.11 0.99 0.99 0.75
Punjab 1.03 1.02 1.04 0.97 1.00 1.07 1.05
Himachal P. 1.13 1.84 2.11 1.53 1.34 1.37 1.08
Orissa 0.95 1.18 1.45 1.87 2.07 1.82 2.01
West Bengal 1.05 1.32 1.59 1.86 1.77 1.70 1.60
India 0.90 1.06 1.00 0.88 0.85 0.90 0.78
Ratio of Other Religion to Hindu: 1981
Andhra P. 1.14 1.46 1.72 1.83 1.84 1.73 1.76
Karnataka 1.05 1.10 1.03 1.03 1.02 1.07 1.13
Kerala 0.99 1.06 1.35 1.66 1.65 1.89 1.81
Tamil Nadu 1.17 1.52 1.72 1.75 1.80 1.60 1.73
Bihar 1.00 1.07 1.21 1.30 1.38 1.58 1.46
Madhya P. 1.00 1.20 1.35 1.26 1.22 1.18 1.19
Rajasthan 0.95 0.97 1.05 1.12 1.15 1.12 1.12
Uttar Pradesh 1.00 1.07 1.16 1.18 1.20 1.19 1.14
Gujarat 1.01 1.35 1.59 1.49 1.45 1.33 1.34
Maharashtra 1.01 1.08 1.13 1.08 1.00 0.94 0.93
Haryana 1.03 1.21 1.27 1.25 1.19 1.05 1.00
Punjab 1.01 0.95 0.90 0.91 0.90 0.89 0.88
Himachal P. 1.02 1.18 1.51 1.69 1.46 1.47 1.25
Orissa 0.99 0.95 1.07 1.35 1.48 1.62 1.70
West Bengal 1.07 1.29 1.39 1.52 1.54 1.56 1.55
India 1.01 1.08 1.04 0.96 0.92 0.87 0.86
Table 4. 6a: Difference in Levels of Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates Unadjusted
and 2001.
State/India 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Hindu – Muslim : 1981
Andhra P. 4.30 0.77 0.47 0.21 0.68 0.38 0.58
Karnataka 0.61 0.53 0.28 0.24 0.16 0.19 -0.04
Kerala 2.44 5.54 2.29 0.51 0.23 -0.08 0.17
Tamil Nadu 4.05 4.46 1.92 0.85 1.11 0.70 1.14
Bihar 1.77 -0.29 -1.13 -0.62 -0.26 -0.10 -0.02
Madhya P. 9.07 2.09 0.47 0.07 0.45 0.36 0.26
Rajasthan 6.12 3.09 0.71 0.49 0.11 -0.14 0.19
Uttar Pradesh 4.58 1.65 -0.03 -0.22 -0.08 -0.12 0.00
Gujarat 10.01 2.90 -0.34 -1.53 -1.55 -1.71 -1.35
Maharashtra 3.84 2.04 0.51 0.26 0.29 0.27 0.26
Haryana 6.07 0.80 -1.14 -1.65 -0.19 -0.20 0.02
Punjab 4.76 3.70 -0.79 0.29 -2.09 -2.12 -0.45
Himachal P. 5.93 1.55 -0.05 0.56 0.56 1.35 1.11
Orissa 8.74 7.08 2.58 1.52 1.48 0.38 1.39
West Bengal 0.45 0.10 0.32 0.01 0.25 0.33 0.36
India 8.31 3.37 0.77 0.39 0.55 0.71 0.74
Hindu – Muslim : 1981
Andhra P. -5.45 -5.66 -4.01 -3.31 -2.72 -2.38 -2.07
Karnataka -0.59 1.19 1.23 0.63 0.31 0.42 0.34
Kerala 8.94 10.31 5.54 1.63 0.60 0.24 0.56
Tamil Nadu 0.08 -0.18 0.18 -0.07 0.25 0.58 0.69
Bihar 1.00 -0.45 -0.67 -0.73 -0.45 -0.52 -0.45
Madhya P. 4.86 -0.24 -1.24 -1.02 -0.84 -0.73 -0.31
Rajasthan 3.38 0.98 -0.35 -0.54 -0.51 -0.38 -0.35
Uttar Pradesh 4.29 1.02 -0.69 -0.92 -0.59 -0.57 -0.36
Gujarat 2.86 1.87 -1.03 -1.68 -1.53 -1.64 -1.59
Maharashtra 2.62 0.64 -0.27 -0.70 -0.47 -0.46 -0.28
Haryana 2.99 4.85 1.87 0.31 0.13 -0.13 -0.12
Punjab 3.28 7.02 2.86 0.60 0.32 0.08 -0.24
Himachal P. 0.64 3.48 0.39 -0.66 -0.41 -0.21 -0.07
Orissa 3.22 3.66 1.83 0.79 0.74 0.16 0.57
West Bengal 3.99 4.19 3.23 1.68 1.29 0.89 0.64
India 4.04 1.78 0.19 -0.45 -0.30 -0.28 -0.03
and 2001.
State/India 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Hindu – Christian : 1981
Andhra P. 7.66 2.57 -0.03 0.59 1.19 0.40 0.64
Karnataka -0.09 -0.76 -0.51 0.08 0.22 0.28 -0.01
Kerala -0.26 -1.98 0.28 1.48 1.20 1.27 1.19
Tamil Nadu -0.74 -0.17 0.23 1.37 1.70 2.26 2.17
Bihar 4.99 0.28 -0.05 -0.31 0.44 0.69 0.46
Madhya P. 7.00 -2.24 -1.55 1.82 1.35 0.92 0.94
Rajasthan 8.75 -0.12 -5.81 -3.15 -0.12 -0.19 1.17
Uttar Pradesh 8.92 1.86 -2.87 -2.29 -1.03 -1.42 -1.29
Gujarat 5.18 2.46 -1.41 -0.55 -0.20 -0.42 -0.23
Maharashtra 14.66 2.52 0.11 0.90 0.69 1.18 0.93
Haryana 20.14 6.25 0.74 -0.38 -3.72 -0.04 -2.85
Punjab 2.57 4.80 1.12 0.74 -0.25 0.24 2.33
Himachal P. 6.57 1.15 -5.05 -0.07 -2.70 2.68 1.42
Orissa 2.75 0.35 -0.07 0.30 0.12 0.16 0.78
West Bengal -6.40 -4.72 -1.39 -1.93 -1.65 0.00 -0.30
India 7.40 0.60 -0.02 0.55 0.75 0.79 0.91
Hindu – Christian : 1981
Andhra P. -1.51 -3.97 -4.70 -3.25 -2.20 -1.89 -1.68
Karnataka -8.57 -11.95 -8.79 -3.47 -2.08 -0.81 -0.95
Kerala -9.35 -7.73 -2.65 1.13 1.37 1.59 1.78
Tamil Nadu -8.88 -7.42 -4.14 -0.60 0.08 0.93 1.22
Bihar -0.04 -0.68 -6.34 -3.30 -2.14 -1.74 -2.20
Madhya P. 6.01 -7.63 -9.24 -4.23 -1.84 -1.93 -0.67
Rajasthan 10.43 -3.49 -9.40 -2.49 -2.65 -1.91 -2.21
Uttar Pradesh 1.78 -4.22 -7.61 -5.13 -4.23 -3.34 -3.57
Gujarat 6.60 3.60 -4.00 -1.99 -0.93 -0.76 -0.26
Maharashtra -3.52 -12.23 -13.11 -5.59 -2.94 -1.58 -1.28
Haryana -7.87 -16.44 -11.69 -5.61 -1.78 -1.63 -2.50
Punjab 0.76 2.32 1.00 0.36 -0.05 -0.14 0.24
Himachal P. 1.13 0.70 -4.69 -2.07 -3.37 -5.86 -4.84
Orissa 0.87 1.23 0.16 -0.50 -0.95 -1.23 -1.46
West Bengal -2.57 -5.17 -3.77 -2.53 -1.50 -1.08 -1.91
India -0.82 -7.08 -6.49 -3.04 -1.90 -1.33 -0.99
Table 4. 6c: Difference in Levels of Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates Unadjusted
and 2001.
State/India 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Hindu – Other Religion : 1981
Andhra P. 3.58 -4.03 -1.89 0.78 -2.08 0.66 1.17
Karnataka -2.11 -0.35 -0.47 -0.19 0.02 0.09 -0.25
Kerala 51.67 -3.32 NC -2.36 1.03 2.72 -0.29
Tamil Nadu -0.07 1.58 3.90 1.25 -0.41 0.78 1.42
Bihar 9.21 2.45 -0.86 -1.80 -2.20 -2.11 -1.98
Madhya P. 2.59 -3.47 1.31 0.22 0.43 -1.11 -0.97
Rajasthan 9.43 3.31 1.87 1.26 0.57 1.15 0.23
Uttar Pradesh 5.33 -0.41 -0.11 0.31 0.64 0.41 0.81
Gujarat 6.50 -5.01 -4.58 -0.54 -0.48 -1.02 -1.95
Maharashtra 0.33 0.86 0.35 0.25 0.22 0.11 0.48
Haryana 6.93 -1.37 -1.03 -0.38 0.02 0.02 0.60
Punjab -1.48 -0.44 -0.37 0.16 0.00 -0.23 -0.14
Himachal P. -5.57 -10.67 -3.68 -1.21 -0.74 -0.98 -0.22
Orissa 2.90 -4.20 -4.34 -5.45 -5.57 -4.71 -5.76
West Bengal -1.83 -3.86 -2.82 -2.31 -1.69 -1.60 -1.45
India 5.14 -1.34 0.04 0.59 0.61 0.40 0.90
Hindu – Other Religion : 1981
Andhra P. -8.61 -13.35 -10.30 -8.26 -7.06 -6.59 -7.05
Karnataka -3.25 -3.14 -0.47 -0.26 -0.12 -0.49 -0.85
Kerala 0.39 -2.17 -5.77 -5.78 -4.26 -5.41 -4.84
Tamil Nadu -11.78 -18.88 -13.27 -9.68 -8.74 -6.76 -8.05
Bihar -0.09 -2.70 -3.03 -2.34 -2.21 -3.16 -2.52
Madhya P. 0.03 -5.56 -3.36 -1.33 -0.93 -0.74 -0.80
Rajasthan 3.42 0.94 -0.50 -0.57 -0.55 -0.42 -0.40
Uttar Pradesh 0.10 -2.39 -2.37 -1.47 -1.30 -1.15 -0.84
Gujarat -0.62 -13.01 -7.62 -3.30 -2.32 -1.57 -1.68
Maharashtra -0.92 -2.41 -1.49 -0.51 0.01 0.35 0.38
Haryana -2.04 -5.26 -1.99 -0.84 -0.48 -0.12 -0.01
Punjab -0.88 1.97 1.46 0.64 0.50 0.51 0.52
Himachal P. -1.57 -5.52 -4.57 -2.80 -1.48 -1.53 -0.85
Orissa 0.62 1.52 -0.93 -2.65 -2.85 -3.58 -4.05
West Bengal -4.45 -6.81 -4.37 -3.73 -3.24 -3.42 -3.15
India -0.93 -2.57 -0.51 0.30 0.50 0.77 0.88
Table 4.7a: General Marital Childlessness Rates (GMCRU) for the age group 15-49 years by Education for
India and States, Combined Areas, 1981-2001.
Literate but Middle but below Matric but below Graduate and
State/India Illiterate
below middle matric graduate above
1981
Andhra P. 17.88 15.11 18.24 20.59 23.93
Karnataka 2.75 2.97 3.12 3.34 3.27
Kerala 6.62 8.18 11.74 12.68 14.28
Tamil Nadu 13.82 15.11 15.62 17.79 22.46
Bihar 16.62 17.47 17.75 21.29 18.15
Madhya P. 18.47 20.72 19.96 18.14 19.16
Rajasthan 21.38 21.62 22.50 22.57 23.24
Uttar Pradesh 9.26 11.22 11.69 12.33 12.25
Gujarat 16.18 19.34 25.22 22.86 24.79
Maharashtra 7.61 8.27 7.53 6.84 7.53
Haryana 16.87 21.29 21.97 20.27 20.30
Punjab 10.05 13.76 15.61 17.82 19.51
Himachal P. 6.92 11.47 13.22 11.52 9.83
Orissa 13.69 13.68 14.81 14.54 15.62
West Bengal 8.85 7.98 8.72 9.43 10.37
India 12.97 12.41 13.03 14.01 14.66
1991
Andhra P. 17.20 16.41 19.73 22.34 23.59
Karnataka 13.44 13.84 15.89 18.29 20.91
Kerala 10.75 10.08 14.62 16.73 18.53
Tamil Nadu 14.34 13.78 14.39 14.42 16.82
Bihar 23.29 24.96 24.66 30.20 28.52
Madhya P. 18.12 21.60 24.35 21.58 20.64
Rajasthan 18.69 20.47 20.82 19.83 18.81
Uttar Pradesh 23.08 25.06 27.94 28.87 24.21
Gujarat 15.87 17.74 21.05 21.53 20.89
Maharashtra 7.97 9.44 11.61 11.25 12.03
Haryana 13.13 18.41 19.83 19.03 16.15
Punjab 10.68 12.29 15.55 17.11 15.47
Himachal P. 9.93 12.38 19.22 18.86 14.75
Orissa 17.90 16.90 19.74 21.99 22.75
West Bengal 14.33 14.10 16.15 18.48 21.51
India 17.60 15.82 17.77 19.38 19.31
2001
Andhra P. 15.28 16.83 21.42 25.64 27.89
Karnataka 12.39 14.30 19.86 20.97 23.29
Kerala 10.47 8.76 14.10 17.60 20.54
Tamil Nadu 14.96 17.36 21.25 24.50 29.11
Bihar 17.31 20.34 24.10 22.74 18.10
Madhya P. 12.51 17.61 21.10 19.57 16.71
Rajasthan 13.89 21.01 21.90 22.15 17.55
Uttar Pradesh 15.70 20.13 23.84 26.29 22.56
Gujarat 11.89 16.57 20.39 20.14 21.41
Maharashtra 10.10 11.99 17.72 18.50 18.80
Haryana 7.57 14.27 17.50 17.80 15.56
Punjab 9.54 10.96 15.14 18.94 17.81
Himachal P. 6.95 7.59 11.83 18.32 19.31
Orissa 12.84 11.79 17.50 18.28 21.19
West Bengal 10.68 12.63 14.87 18.99 21.93
India 13.71 15.19 19.00 20.99 20.93
Table 4.7b: General Marital Childlessness Rates (GMCRU) for the age group 15-49 years by Education for
India and States, Rural Areas, 1981-2001.
1981
Andhra P. 17.92 15.41 19.94 22.08 26.52
Karnataka 2.59 3.02 3.49 4.21 5.41
Kerala 6.70 8.32 11.65 13.18 15.71
Tamil Nadu 13.77 15.89 17.26 18.93 22.28
Bihar 16.68 18.46 19.39 23.87 17.81
Madhya P. 18.80 23.82 24.25 22.37 21.44
Rajasthan 21.79 25.78 29.92 28.80 23.04
Uttar Pradesh 9.54 12.90 15.32 18.54 16.91
Gujarat 16.17 22.22 30.61 27.64 29.91
Maharashtra 8.04 9.97 9.22 9.67 9.01
Haryana 17.43 26.63 29.68 26.94 26.32
Punjab 9.98 15.09 18.96 21.80 25.67
Himachal P. 6.97 11.90 14.66 12.89 10.48
Orissa 13.71 14.47 16.95 17.85 18.03
West Bengal 8.55 8.85 11.28 13.46 13.33
India 13.29 13.48 15.22 17.24 17.57
1991
Andhra P. 17.46 17.42 22.79 27.04 29.63
Karnataka 13.14 13.99 17.66 21.49 24.59
Kerala 10.91 10.30 14.90 17.28 20.36
Tamil Nadu 14.62 14.76 16.49 17.14 19.64
Bihar 23.49 26.45 27.27 35.30 33.80
Madhya P. 18.34 23.91 30.18 26.81 24.75
Rajasthan 19.07 24.53 28.35 28.50 23.02
Uttar Pradesh 23.27 26.62 32.05 36.71 29.70
Gujarat 16.14 19.89 25.34 28.13 28.77
Maharashtra 8.03 10.36 13.82 14.91 14.50
Haryana 13.35 21.48 25.95 27.87 23.34
Punjab 10.31 12.73 17.63 21.41 21.36
Himachal P. 9.98 12.59 20.41 21.68 18.23
Orissa 17.97 17.26 21.65 26.60 27.58
West Bengal 14.26 14.35 17.08 20.93 25.21
India 17.99 16.85 20.27 24.30 24.45
2001
Andhra P. 14.73 16.57 21.40 24.77 25.34
Karnataka 12.10 14.58 21.03 22.43 25.01
Kerala 10.27 8.64 14.10 17.66 21.64
Tamil Nadu 14.37 17.31 22.42 26.01 29.43
Bihar 17.46 21.28 25.51 23.92 18.05
Madhya P. 12.81 19.26 24.92 24.36 19.08
Rajasthan 14.19 23.20 27.28 30.22 22.38
Uttar Pradesh 15.83 21.14 25.74 30.16 27.21
Gujarat 11.73 18.18 22.27 22.53 24.84
Maharashtra 9.90 12.42 19.71 21.58 20.39
Haryana 7.47 15.38 19.94 21.63 20.55
Punjab 8.98 10.73 15.70 20.77 23.22
Himachal P. 6.88 7.59 12.00 19.55 23.43
Orissa 12.87 12.05 18.56 20.10 23.90
West Bengal 10.27 12.36 14.50 19.35 23.46
India 13.82 15.76 20.31 22.94 23.33
Table 4.7b: General Marital Childlessness Rates (GMCRU) for the age group 15-49 years by Education for
India and States, Urban Areas, 1981-2001.
1981
Andhra P. 17.72 14.58 16.97 19.99 23.55
Karnataka 2.49 2.42 2.60 2.95 2.99
Kerala 6.11 7.51 12.06 11.44 12.68
Tamil Nadu 13.98 14.16 14.59 17.31 22.49
Bihar 15.95 14.30 14.60 19.32 18.21
Madhya P. 16.22 16.24 17.76 17.18 18.94
Rajasthan 18.99 17.80 19.74 21.32 23.26
Uttar Pradesh 7.24 7.54 7.96 9.55 11.56
Gujarat 16.20 15.59 21.44 20.89 24.15
Maharashtra 6.02 5.69 6.04 6.09 7.41
Haryana 13.38 12.63 16.02 17.50 19.57
Punjab 10.32 11.10 12.82 15.97 18.49
Himachal P. 5.55 6.41 7.38 9.13 9.48
Orissa 13.45 9.66 10.52 12.19 14.98
West Bengal 5.78 4.93 5.97 7.47 9.65
India 11.17 10.41 10.86 12.58 14.21
1991
Andhra P. 15.99 14.88 17.01 19.98 22.30
Karnataka 14.67 13.52 14.65 16.92 20.42
Kerala 10.08 9.37 13.84 15.57 16.64
Tamil Nadu 13.23 12.36 12.63 13.02 16.05
Bihar 20.84 19.90 18.69 23.44 26.09
Madhya P. 16.73 17.69 19.87 19.93 20.12
Rajasthan 16.52 16.02 16.79 17.52 18.31
Uttar Pradesh 21.76 21.15 20.79 22.61 23.03
Gujarat 14.92 14.77 17.62 18.36 19.74
Maharashtra 7.80 7.94 9.55 10.04 11.73
Haryana 11.86 11.49 12.77 13.59 15.13
Punjab 12.13 11.09 12.68 13.65 14.22
Himachal P. 8.70 9.25 10.94 11.41 12.52
Orissa 17.13 14.85 14.80 17.14 20.13
West Bengal 14.68 13.43 15.02 17.39 20.85
India 15.45 13.68 14.59 16.34 18.23
2001
Andhra P. 17.96 17.50 21.45 26.33 28.68
Karnataka 13.55 13.77 18.47 20.05 22.97
Kerala 11.47 9.19 14.09 17.44 19.05
Tamil Nadu 16.52 17.42 20.23 23.70 29.04
Bihar 14.79 14.51 17.63 19.55 18.15
Madhya P. 10.91 13.04 16.50 17.24 16.36
Rajasthan 12.17 15.05 15.97 18.03 16.73
Uttar Pradesh 14.85 16.56 18.72 21.67 21.13
Gujarat 12.46 14.20 18.63 18.66 20.74
Maharashtra 10.60 11.29 15.77 16.74 18.53
Haryana 8.01 10.96 12.81 14.05 14.52
Punjab 11.33 11.63 14.11 16.98 16.61
Himachal P. 8.51 7.48 10.01 12.10 14.79
Orissa 12.57 10.33 13.87 15.28 19.45
West Bengal 12.87 13.50 15.50 18.74 21.57
India 13.19 13.80 16.87 19.29 20.26
Table 4. 8: Absolute change in the General Marital Childlessness Rates (GMCRU) for the age
group 15-49 years for various educational groups during1981-2001.
Combined
Andhra P. -2.60 1.72 3.18 5.05 3.96
Karnataka 9.64 11.33 16.74 17.63 20.02
Kerala 3.85 0.58 2.36 4.92 6.26
Tamil Nadu 1.14 2.25 5.63 6.71 6.65
Bihar 0.69 2.87 6.35 1.45 -0.05
Madhya P. -5.96 -3.11 1.14 1.43 -2.45
Rajasthan -7.49 -0.61 -0.60 -0.42 -5.69
Uttar Pradesh 6.44 8.91 12.15 13.96 10.31
Gujarat -4.29 -2.77 -4.83 -2.72 -3.38
Maharashtra 2.49 3.72 10.19 11.66 11.27
Haryana -9.30 -7.02 -4.47 -2.47 -4.74
Punjab -0.51 -2.80 -0.47 1.12 -1.70
Himachal P. 0.03 -3.88 -1.39 6.80 9.48
Orissa -0.85 -1.89 2.69 3.74 5.57
West Bengal 1.83 4.65 6.15 9.56 11.56
India 0.74 2.78 5.97 6.98 6.27
Rural
Andhra P. -3.19 1.16 1.46 2.69 -1.18
Karnataka 9.51 11.56 17.54 18.22 19.60
Kerala 3.57 0.32 2.45 4.48 5.93
Tamil Nadu 0.60 1.42 5.16 7.08 7.15
Bihar 0.78 2.82 6.12 0.05 0.24
Madhya P. -5.99 -4.56 0.67 1.99 -2.36
Rajasthan -7.60 -2.58 -2.64 1.42 -0.66
Uttar Pradesh 6.29 8.24 10.42 11.62 10.30
Gujarat -4.44 -4.04 -8.34 -5.11 -5.07
Maharashtra 1.86 2.45 10.49 11.91 11.38
Haryana -9.96 -11.25 -9.74 -5.31 -5.77
Punjab -1.00 -4.36 -3.26 -1.03 -2.45
Himachal P. -0.09 -4.31 -2.66 6.66 12.95
Orissa -0.84 -2.42 1.61 2.25 5.87
West Bengal 1.72 3.51 3.22 5.89 10.13
India 0.53 2.28 5.09 5.70 5.76
Urban
Andhra P. 0.24 2.92 4.48 6.34 5.13
Karnataka 11.06 11.35 15.87 17.10 19.98
Kerala 5.36 1.68 2.03 6.00 6.37
Tamil Nadu 2.54 3.26 5.64 6.39 6.55
Bihar -1.16 0.21 3.03 0.23 -0.06
Madhya P. -5.31 -3.20 -1.26 0.06 -2.58
Rajasthan -6.82 -2.75 -3.77 -3.29 -6.53
Uttar Pradesh 7.61 9.02 10.76 12.12 9.57
Gujarat -3.74 -1.39 -2.81 -2.23 -3.41
Maharashtra 4.58 5.60 9.73 10.65 11.12
Haryana -5.37 -1.67 -3.21 -3.45 -5.05
Punjab 1.01 0.53 1.29 1.01 -1.88
Himachal P. 2.96 1.07 2.63 2.97 5.31
Orissa -0.88 0.67 3.35 3.09 4.47
West Bengal 7.09 8.57 9.53 11.27 11.92
India 2.02 3.39 6.01 6.71 6.05
Table 4.9a: Ratio of General Marital Childlessness Rates (GMCRU) for the age group 15-
49 years for various educational groups to that of the Illiterates, 1981-2001.
1981 2001
Ratio Ratio Ratio Ratio Ratio Ratio Ratio
Ratio
Literate Middle Matric but Graduate Literate Middle Matric but
State/ Graduate
but < but < < graduate & above but < but < < graduate
India & above to
middle to matric to to to middle to matric to to
Illiterate
Illiterate Illiterate Illiterate Illiterate Illiterate Illiterate Illiterate
Combined
Andhra P. 0.85 1.02 1.15 1.34 1.10 1.40 1.68 1.83
Karnataka 1.08 1.13 1.21 1.19 1.15 1.60 1.69 1.88
Kerala 1.24 1.77 1.92 2.16 0.84 1.35 1.68 1.96
Tamil Nadu 1.09 1.13 1.29 1.63 1.16 1.42 1.64 1.95
Bihar 1.05 1.07 1.28 1.09 1.18 1.39 1.31 1.05
Madhya P. 1.12 1.08 0.98 1.04 1.41 1.69 1.56 1.34
Rajasthan 1.01 1.05 1.06 1.09 1.51 1.58 1.59 1.26
Uttar Pradesh 1.21 1.26 1.33 1.32 1.28 1.52 1.67 1.44
Gujarat 1.20 1.56 1.41 1.53 1.39 1.71 1.69 1.80
Maharashtra 1.09 0.99 0.90 0.99 1.19 1.75 1.83 1.86
Haryana 1.26 1.30 1.20 1.20 1.89 2.31 2.35 2.06
Punjab 1.37 1.55 1.77 1.94 1.15 1.59 1.99 1.87
Himachal P. 1.66 1.91 1.66 1.42 1.09 1.70 2.64 2.78
Orissa 1.00 1.08 1.06 1.14 0.92 1.36 1.42 1.65
West Bengal 0.90 0.99 1.07 1.17 1.18 1.39 1.78 2.05
India 0.96 1.00 1.08 1.13 1.11 1.39 1.53 1.53
Rural
Andhra P. 0.86 1.11 1.23 1.48 1.12 1.45 1.68 1.72
Karnataka 1.17 1.35 1.63 2.09 1.20 1.74 1.85 2.07
Kerala 1.24 1.74 1.97 2.34 0.84 1.37 1.72 2.11
Tamil Nadu 1.15 1.25 1.37 1.62 1.20 1.56 1.81 2.05
Bihar 1.11 1.16 1.43 1.07 1.22 1.46 1.37 1.03
Madhya P. 1.27 1.29 1.19 1.14 1.50 1.95 1.90 1.49
Rajasthan 1.18 1.37 1.32 1.06 1.63 1.92 2.13 1.58
Uttar Pradesh 1.35 1.61 1.94 1.77 1.34 1.63 1.91 1.72
Gujarat 1.37 1.89 1.71 1.85 1.55 1.90 1.92 2.12
Maharashtra 1.24 1.15 1.20 1.12 1.25 1.99 2.18 2.06
Haryana 1.53 1.70 1.55 1.51 2.06 2.67 2.90 2.75
Punjab 1.51 1.90 2.18 2.57 1.19 1.75 2.31 2.59
Himachal P. 1.71 2.10 1.85 1.50 1.10 1.74 2.84 3.41
Orissa 1.06 1.24 1.30 1.32 0.94 1.44 1.56 1.86
West Bengal 1.04 1.32 1.57 1.56 1.20 1.41 1.88 2.28
India 1.01 1.15 1.30 1.32 1.14 1.47 1.66 1.69
Rural
Andhra P. 0.97 1.04 1.18 1.20 0.97 1.19 1.47 1.60
Karnataka 1.23 1.97 1.87 2.08 1.02 1.36 1.48 1.70
Kerala 1.01 1.04 1.24 1.61 0.80 1.23 1.52 1.66
Tamil Nadu 0.90 0.92 1.21 1.14 1.05 1.22 1.43 1.76
Bihar 1.00 1.09 1.06 1.17 0.98 1.19 1.32 1.23
Madhya P. 0.94 1.04 1.12 1.22 1.20 1.51 1.58 1.50
Rajasthan 1.04 1.10 1.32 1.60 1.24 1.31 1.48 1.37
Uttar Pradesh 0.96 1.32 1.29 1.49 1.12 1.26 1.46 1.42
Gujarat 0.95 1.00 1.01 1.23 1.14 1.50 1.50 1.66
Maharashtra 0.94 1.20 1.31 1.46 1.07 1.49 1.58 1.75
Haryana 1.08 1.24 1.55 1.79 1.37 1.60 1.75 1.81
Punjab 1.15 1.33 1.65 1.71 1.03 1.25 1.50 1.47
Himachal P. 0.72 0.78 0.91 1.11 0.88 1.18 1.42 1.74
Orissa 0.85 1.03 1.29 1.67 0.82 1.10 1.22 1.55
West Bengal 0.93 0.97 1.13 1.27 1.05 1.20 1.46 1.68
India 0.97 1.04 1.18 1.20 1.05 1.28 1.46 1.54
Table 4.9b: Differentials in the General Marital Childlessness Rates (GMCRU) for the
age group 15-49 years for various educational groups during1981-2001.
1981 2001
Ratio Ratio Ratio Ratio Ratio Ratio Ratio
Ratio
Literate Middle Matric but Graduate Literate Middle Matric but
State/ Graduate
but < but < < graduate & above but < but < < graduate
India & above to
middle to matric to to to middle to matric to to
Illiterate
Illiterate Illiterate Illiterate Illiterate Illiterate Illiterate Illiterate
Combined
Andhra P. 2.77 -0.36 -2.71 -6.05 -1.55 -6.14 -10.36 -12.61
Karnataka -0.22 -0.37 -0.59 -0.52 -1.91 -7.47 -8.58 -10.90
Kerala -1.56 -5.12 -6.06 -7.66 1.71 -3.63 -7.13 -10.07
Tamil Nadu -1.29 -1.80 -3.97 -8.64 -2.40 -6.29 -9.54 -14.15
Bihar -0.85 -1.13 -4.67 -1.53 -3.03 -6.79 -5.43 -0.79
Madhya P. -2.25 -1.49 0.33 -0.69 -5.10 -8.59 -7.06 -4.20
Rajasthan -0.24 -1.12 -1.19 -1.86 -7.12 -8.01 -8.26 -3.66
Uttar Pradesh -1.96 -2.43 -3.07 -2.99 -4.43 -8.14 -10.59 -6.86
Gujarat -3.16 -9.04 -6.68 -8.61 -4.68 -8.50 -8.25 -9.52
Maharashtra -0.66 0.08 0.77 0.08 -1.89 -7.62 -8.40 -8.70
Haryana -4.42 -5.10 -3.40 -3.43 -6.70 -9.93 -10.23 -7.99
Punjab -3.71 -5.56 -7.77 -9.46 -1.42 -5.60 -9.40 -8.27
Himachal P. -4.55 -6.30 -4.60 -2.91 -0.64 -4.88 -11.37 -12.36
Orissa 0.01 -1.12 -0.85 -1.93 1.05 -4.66 -5.44 -8.35
West Bengal 0.87 0.13 -0.58 -1.52 -1.95 -4.19 -8.31 -11.25
India 0.56 -0.06 -1.04 -1.69 -1.48 -5.29 -7.28 -7.22
Rural
Andhra P. 2.51 -2.02 -4.16 -8.60 -1.84 -6.67 -10.04 -10.61
Karnataka -0.43 -0.90 -1.62 -2.82 -2.48 -8.93 -10.33 -12.91
Kerala -1.62 -4.95 -6.48 -9.01 1.63 -3.83 -7.39 -11.37
Tamil Nadu -2.12 -3.49 -5.16 -8.51 -2.94 -8.05 -11.64 -15.06
Bihar -1.78 -2.71 -7.19 -1.13 -3.82 -8.05 -6.46 -0.59
Madhya P. -5.02 -5.45 -3.57 -2.64 -6.45 -12.11 -11.55 -6.27
Rajasthan -3.99 -8.13 -7.01 -1.25 -9.01 -13.09 -16.03 -8.19
Uttar Pradesh -3.36 -5.78 -9.00 -7.37 -5.31 -9.91 -14.33 -11.38
Gujarat -6.05 -14.44 -11.47 -13.74 -6.45 -10.54 -10.80 -13.11
Maharashtra -1.93 -1.18 -1.63 -0.97 -2.52 -9.81 -11.68 -10.49
Haryana -9.20 -12.25 -9.51 -8.89 -7.91 -12.47 -14.16 -13.08
Punjab -5.11 -8.98 -11.82 -15.69 -1.75 -6.72 -11.79 -14.24
Himachal P. -4.93 -7.69 -5.92 -3.51 -0.71 -5.12 -12.67 -16.55
Orissa -0.76 -3.24 -4.14 -4.32 0.82 -5.69 -7.23 -11.03
West Bengal -0.30 -2.73 -4.91 -4.78 -2.09 -4.23 -9.08 -13.19
India -0.19 -1.93 -3.95 -4.28 -1.94 -6.49 -9.12 -9.51
Rural
Andhra P. 3.14 0.75 -2.27 -5.83 0.46 -3.49 -8.37 -10.72
Karnataka 0.07 -0.11 -0.46 -0.50 -0.22 -4.92 -6.50 -9.42
Kerala -1.40 -5.95 -5.33 -6.57 2.28 -2.62 -5.97 -7.58
Tamil Nadu -0.18 -0.61 -3.33 -8.51 -0.90 -3.71 -7.18 -12.52
Bihar 1.65 1.35 -3.37 -2.26 0.28 -2.84 -4.76 -3.36
Madhya P. -0.02 -1.54 -0.96 -2.72 -2.13 -5.59 -6.33 -5.45
Rajasthan 1.19 -0.75 -2.33 -4.27 -2.88 -3.80 -5.86 -4.56
Uttar Pradesh -0.30 -0.72 -2.31 -4.32 -1.71 -3.87 -6.82 -6.28
Gujarat 0.61 -5.24 -4.69 -7.95 -1.74 -6.17 -6.20 -8.28
Maharashtra 0.33 -0.02 -0.07 -1.39 -0.69 -5.17 -6.14 -7.93
Haryana 0.75 -2.64 -4.12 -6.19 -2.95 -4.80 -6.04 -6.51
Punjab -0.78 -2.50 -5.65 -8.17 -0.30 -2.78 -5.65 -5.28
Himachal P. -0.86 -1.83 -3.58 -3.93 1.03 -1.50 -3.59 -6.28
Orissa 3.79 2.93 1.26 -1.53 2.24 -1.30 -2.71 -6.88
West Bengal 0.85 -0.19 -1.69 -3.87 -0.63 -2.63 -5.87 -8.70
India 0.76 0.31 -1.41 -3.04 -0.61 -3.68 -6.10 -7.07
Table 4. 10a: Ratio of Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates Unadjusted (ASMCRU) for
various Educations for India and States, 1981-2001.
State/India 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Literate but below Middle / Illiterate: 1981
Andhra P. 0.88 0.74 0.67 0.66 0.70 0.74 0.78
Karnataka 1.10 1.08 1.00 0.91 0.87 0.89 0.78
Kerala 1.06 0.97 0.83 0.73 0.71 0.66 0.79
Tamil Nadu 1.00 0.94 0.85 0.75 0.74 0.73 0.73
Bihar 0.96 0.87 0.77 0.76 0.80 0.91 0.98
Madhya P. 0.98 0.87 0.81 0.86 0.88 0.97 1.01
Rajasthan 0.95 0.87 0.78 0.94 1.04 1.13 1.32
Uttar Pradesh 1.01 0.99 0.91 0.95 1.01 1.08 1.22
Gujarat 1.05 1.00 0.86 0.83 0.88 0.93 1.62
Maharashtra 0.96 0.88 0.76 0.76 0.81 0.79 0.87
Haryana 1.05 1.05 0.90 0.92 0.95 1.12 1.07
Punjab 1.11 1.11 0.94 0.92 0.93 0.82 0.87
Himachal P. 1.13 1.07 0.74 0.62 0.66 0.60 0.65
Orissa 0.97 0.85 0.58 0.61 0.52 0.66 0.78
West Bengal 0.97 0.79 0.63 0.66 0.74 0.75 0.79
India 0.94 0.87 0.75 0.75 0.76 0.80 0.85
Literate but below Middle / Illiterate: 2001
Andhra P. 1.04 0.95 0.87 0.85 0.85 0.81 0.80
Karnataka 1.11 1.05 1.02 0.95 0.92 0.82 0.81
Kerala 1.02 0.85 0.80 0.73 0.71 0.67 0.72
Tamil Nadu 1.12 1.08 1.03 0.95 0.95 0.88 0.87
Bihar 1.04 1.04 1.03 1.03 1.01 0.94 0.86
Madhya P. 1.11 1.15 1.10 1.05 1.04 1.00 0.96
Rajasthan 1.07 1.10 1.03 0.99 0.99 0.98 0.97
Uttar Pradesh 1.09 1.10 1.07 1.06 1.09 1.06 1.01
Gujarat 1.13 1.18 1.15 1.06 1.02 1.00 0.99
Maharashtra 1.12 1.09 0.99 0.91 0.87 0.80 0.78
Haryana 1.15 1.16 1.13 1.10 1.13 1.13 1.10
Punjab 1.22 1.12 1.01 0.99 0.99 0.97 0.98
Himachal P. 1.15 1.06 0.88 0.78 0.69 0.59 0.60
Orissa 1.05 1.00 0.89 0.75 0.68 0.58 0.53
West Bengal 1.08 0.97 0.91 0.88 0.84 0.79 0.76
India 1.04 0.98 0.95 0.94 0.93 0.89 0.85
Table 4. 10a contd….
State/India 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Middle but below Metric / Illiterate: 1981
Andhra P. 0.93 0.81 0.70 0.67 0.66 0.71 0.72
Karnataka 1.06 1.05 0.90 0.87 0.83 0.81 0.68
Kerala 1.18 0.98 0.91 0.68 0.66 0.71 0.81
Tamil Nadu 1.01 0.88 0.83 0.69 0.71 0.68 0.75
Bihar 0.97 0.84 0.69 0.64 0.80 0.85 1.06
Madhya P. 0.98 0.98 0.80 0.79 0.74 0.70 0.84
Rajasthan 0.95 0.95 0.83 1.09 0.94 0.94 1.28
Uttar Pradesh 0.98 1.01 0.92 1.03 1.09 1.22 1.14
Gujarat 1.07 1.03 0.84 0.81 0.69 0.82 2.07
Maharashtra 0.91 0.84 0.66 0.62 0.64 0.53 0.24
Haryana 1.03 1.18 1.14 1.07 0.87 1.24 1.24
Punjab 1.19 1.18 1.07 0.98 0.95 0.97 0.88
Himachal P. 1.22 1.35 0.82 0.63 0.59 0.83 0.57
Orissa 0.94 0.76 0.51 0.44 0.39 0.46 0.63
West Bengal 0.99 0.96 0.79 0.84 0.82 0.85 0.89
India 0.91 0.86 0.71 0.68 0.68 0.72 0.76
Middle but below Metric / Illiterate: 2001
Andhra P. 1.15 1.02 0.97 0.97 0.96 0.88 0.90
Karnataka 1.20 1.09 1.08 1.00 0.96 0.86 0.89
Kerala 1.14 0.95 0.80 0.64 0.61 0.53 0.60
Tamil Nadu 1.18 1.14 1.12 1.01 0.98 0.87 0.86
Bihar 1.04 1.08 1.12 1.13 1.10 0.98 0.91
Madhya P. 1.12 1.26 1.30 1.21 1.11 0.97 0.91
Rajasthan 1.07 1.22 1.24 1.19 1.15 1.03 1.06
Uttar Pradesh 1.11 1.14 1.14 1.16 1.20 1.15 1.11
Gujarat 1.16 1.28 1.27 1.16 1.14 1.12 1.14
Maharashtra 1.22 1.19 1.09 0.99 0.89 0.79 0.76
Haryana 1.19 1.26 1.31 1.35 1.31 1.30 1.26
Punjab 1.33 1.24 1.15 1.11 1.21 1.16 1.23
Himachal P. 1.32 1.32 0.99 0.72 0.71 0.68 0.63
Orissa 1.13 1.07 0.94 0.77 0.70 0.58 0.56
West Bengal 1.24 1.27 1.25 1.17 1.05 0.90 0.89
India 1.10 1.09 1.07 1.04 1.01 0.92 0.89
State/India 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Matric but below Graduate / Illiterate: 1981
Andhra P. 1.05 1.08 1.01 0.91 0.93 0.93 1.04
Karnataka 1.07 1.29 1.35 1.07 1.07 1.02 1.12
Kerala 1.24 1.73 1.50 0.90 0.85 0.82 1.21
Tamil Nadu 1.09 1.08 1.09 0.91 0.96 0.75 0.90
Bihar 1.05 1.08 0.92 0.92 0.97 1.20 1.44
Madhya P. 1.04 1.21 1.10 0.92 0.90 0.82 0.89
Rajasthan 1.00 1.11 1.17 1.18 1.44 1.47 1.82
Uttar Pradesh 1.09 1.20 1.20 1.18 1.37 1.31 1.59
Gujarat 1.09 1.13 1.16 1.13 1.21 1.29 2.88
Maharashtra 0.87 0.91 0.84 0.73 0.82 0.70 0.83
Haryana 1.02 1.36 1.37 1.30 1.32 1.20 1.44
Punjab 1.22 1.42 1.39 1.25 1.17 1.28 1.59
Himachal P. 1.19 1.68 1.52 0.82 0.86 0.64 0.91
Orissa 0.94 0.95 0.67 0.58 0.59 0.97 0.41
West Bengal 1.08 1.40 1.37 1.16 1.38 0.98 1.10
India 1.01 1.14 1.06 0.91 0.94 0.85 1.00
Matric but below Graduate / Illiterate: 2001
Andhra P. 1.28 1.39 1.31 1.27 1.35 1.21 1.22
Karnataka 1.29 1.42 1.40 1.23 1.19 0.98 1.03
Kerala 1.32 1.31 1.11 0.74 0.64 0.58 0.66
Tamil Nadu 1.31 1.36 1.35 1.17 1.14 0.97 0.98
Bihar 1.02 1.09 1.18 1.24 1.24 1.15 1.01
Madhya P. 1.18 1.59 1.65 1.50 1.33 1.20 1.11
Rajasthan 1.13 1.55 1.51 1.38 1.34 1.25 1.29
Uttar Pradesh 1.14 1.37 1.39 1.46 1.51 1.45 1.43
Gujarat 1.20 1.45 1.42 1.28 1.23 1.22 1.23
Maharashtra 1.30 1.47 1.37 1.14 1.00 0.84 0.83
Haryana 1.29 1.63 1.63 1.59 1.52 1.43 1.42
Punjab 1.38 1.54 1.48 1.35 1.31 1.33 1.35
Himachal P. 1.38 1.85 1.55 1.07 0.99 0.82 0.86
Orissa 1.22 1.29 1.15 0.85 0.75 0.66 0.65
West Bengal 1.43 2.08 2.03 1.73 1.59 1.29 1.32
India 1.18 1.38 1.37 1.28 1.21 1.09 1.06
State/India 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Graduate and Above / Illiterate: 1981
Andhra P. 1.16 1.80 1.87 1.36 1.42 1.16 1.57
Karnataka 1.23 1.87 1.77 1.13 1.26 0.78 1.14
Kerala 0.39 2.69 2.57 1.26 1.02 0.75 1.68
Tamil Nadu 1.38 1.76 2.09 1.39 1.31 1.19 1.76
Bihar 0.94 1.42 1.45 1.25 1.44 1.61 1.90
Madhya P. 1.07 1.67 1.67 1.34 1.11 1.34 1.33
Rajasthan 1.09 1.51 1.78 1.80 1.92 1.90 2.26
Uttar Pradesh 1.07 1.56 1.70 1.69 1.80 2.14 3.06
Gujarat 0.96 1.60 1.99 1.51 1.48 1.62 2.93
Maharashtra 0.99 1.34 1.46 1.02 0.87 0.92 1.21
Haryana 0.93 1.78 1.95 1.38 1.50 1.88 2.10
Punjab 1.54 1.72 1.87 1.42 2.03 2.93 1.84
Himachal P. 1.14 2.07 3.06 1.00 1.46 1.19 0.89
Orissa 1.10 1.45 1.34 0.78 0.83 0.83 1.78
West Bengal 1.09 2.21 2.39 1.67 1.91 1.69 1.98
India 1.01 1.60 1.68 1.18 1.15 1.12 1.41
Graduate and Above / Illiterate: 2001
Andhra P. NA 2.17 2.40 1.86 1.74 1.61 1.67
Karnataka NA 2.25 2.63 1.82 1.56 1.23 1.31
Kerala NA 2.05 1.84 1.01 0.73 0.60 0.66
Tamil Nadu NA 2.03 2.22 1.62 1.50 1.29 1.26
Bihar NA 1.20 1.66 1.61 1.52 1.37 1.28
Madhya P. NA 2.08 2.95 1.98 1.53 1.42 1.35
Rajasthan NA 1.92 2.54 1.75 1.59 1.46 1.63
Uttar Pradesh NA 1.62 2.12 1.91 1.81 1.75 1.68
Gujarat NA 1.93 2.44 1.89 1.66 1.62 1.59
Maharashtra NA 2.24 2.77 1.67 1.25 0.96 0.97
Haryana NA 2.46 3.58 2.36 1.93 1.58 1.56
Punjab NA 1.97 2.42 1.73 1.49 1.37 1.49
Himachal P. NA 2.68 3.74 1.90 1.48 1.19 1.01
Orissa NA 1.81 2.02 1.39 1.06 0.94 0.92
West Bengal NA 3.15 4.03 2.73 2.27 1.83 1.85
India NA 1.93 2.38 1.77 1.50 1.28 1.25
(ASMCRU) for various Educational categories for India and States, 1981-
2001.
State/India 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Illiterate – Literate but below Middle: 1981
Andhra P. 7.12 6.95 4.08 3.15 2.21 2.17 1.85
Karnataka -1.00 -0.35 0.00 0.11 0.12 0.12 0.24
Kerala -2.87 0.47 1.18 1.28 1.01 1.20 0.63
Tamil Nadu 0.13 1.86 1.78 1.98 1.62 1.88 1.82
Bihar 2.46 3.60 2.71 1.50 0.85 0.36 0.07
Madhya P. 1.44 3.28 1.90 0.87 0.62 0.17 -0.08
Rajasthan 3.79 3.99 2.32 0.33 -0.16 -0.58 -1.30
Uttar Pradesh -0.45 0.21 0.53 0.17 -0.04 -0.22 -0.59
Gujarat -4.11 -0.05 1.64 1.09 0.60 0.38 -2.00
Maharashtra 1.50 1.68 1.36 0.81 0.51 0.60 0.34
Haryana -3.79 -1.29 0.77 0.29 0.14 -0.30 -0.17
Punjab -6.20 -2.67 0.52 0.37 0.22 0.58 0.40
Himachal P. -5.57 -0.77 0.88 0.95 0.80 1.11 0.98
Orissa 1.95 3.79 4.47 2.74 2.73 2.05 1.28
West Bengal 1.01 2.58 1.79 0.97 0.57 0.58 0.52
India 2.87 2.77 2.13 1.30 0.95 0.85 0.63
Illiterate – Literate but below Middle: 1981
Andhra P. -2.50 1.44 1.67 1.51 1.30 1.77 1.88
Karnataka -6.24 -1.33 -0.27 0.41 0.51 1.26 1.31
Kerala -1.33 4.39 3.03 2.91 2.57 2.86 2.06
Tamil Nadu -7.50 -2.60 -0.52 0.60 0.51 1.37 1.47
Bihar -3.03 -1.33 -0.36 -0.23 -0.08 0.34 0.80
Madhya P. -7.36 -3.68 -0.83 -0.24 -0.14 -0.01 0.17
Rajasthan -5.35 -2.79 -0.24 0.03 0.05 0.07 0.10
Uttar Pradesh -6.50 -3.15 -0.87 -0.44 -0.55 -0.34 -0.03
Gujarat -9.08 -5.61 -1.61 -0.39 -0.12 -0.02 0.04
Maharashtra -7.49 -2.10 0.08 0.54 0.70 1.19 1.29
Haryana -8.84 -3.27 -0.72 -0.29 -0.29 -0.26 -0.22
Punjab -13.70 -3.46 -0.14 0.07 0.05 0.11 0.08
Himachal P. -9.09 -1.19 0.85 0.94 1.12 1.60 1.59
Orissa -3.05 -0.03 1.41 2.03 2.12 2.85 3.25
West Bengal -4.16 0.66 0.77 0.73 0.86 1.26 1.36
India -2.46 0.51 0.62 0.43 0.40 0.68 0.94
Table 4. 10b contd….
State/India 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Illiterate – Middle but below matric: 1981
Andhra P. 3.85 5.00 3.76 3.01 2.54 2.40 2.30
Karnataka -0.61 -0.21 0.17 0.16 0.16 0.21 0.36
Kerala -8.39 0.36 0.60 1.49 1.18 1.04 0.56
Tamil Nadu -0.52 3.41 2.07 2.49 1.77 2.16 1.73
Bihar 1.94 4.53 3.71 2.21 0.84 0.57 -0.22
Madhya P. 1.54 0.58 1.99 1.31 1.39 1.67 0.91
Rajasthan 4.14 1.66 1.80 -0.51 0.28 0.25 -1.15
Uttar Pradesh 0.56 -0.14 0.46 -0.11 -0.23 -0.59 -0.38
Gujarat -5.29 -1.06 1.92 1.25 1.58 0.89 -3.44
Maharashtra 3.11 2.33 1.88 1.28 0.98 1.33 2.03
Haryana -2.12 -4.68 -1.07 -0.24 0.36 -0.59 -0.55
Punjab -10.54 -4.53 -0.63 0.07 0.15 0.10 0.37
Himachal P. -9.39 -4.12 0.61 0.94 0.96 0.48 1.20
Orissa 3.43 5.87 5.27 3.88 3.48 3.30 2.17
West Bengal 0.18 0.44 1.04 0.45 0.40 0.35 0.26
India 4.85 3.10 2.45 1.68 1.29 1.19 0.99
Illiterate – Middle but below matric: 2001
Andhra P. -8.69 -0.48 0.38 0.28 0.30 1.07 0.90
Karnataka -11.66 -2.51 -0.99 0.02 0.25 1.03 0.75
Kerala -8.17 1.49 2.91 3.95 3.44 4.01 2.95
Tamil Nadu -11.19 -4.20 -1.83 -0.07 0.21 1.51 1.56
Bihar -2.84 -2.91 -1.68 -0.95 -0.56 0.09 0.52
Madhya P. -8.54 -6.47 -2.44 -0.98 -0.42 0.13 0.37
Rajasthan -5.27 -5.78 -2.00 -0.86 -0.53 -0.10 -0.20
Uttar Pradesh -7.88 -4.75 -1.90 -1.23 -1.17 -0.85 -0.60
Gujarat -11.43 -8.54 -2.80 -0.98 -0.69 -0.56 -0.68
Maharashtra -13.46 -4.61 -0.84 0.07 0.59 1.25 1.42
Haryana -11.34 -5.25 -1.71 -1.00 -0.66 -0.63 -0.55
Punjab -20.78 -6.78 -1.51 -0.63 -0.89 -0.64 -0.84
Himachal P. -19.62 -6.89 0.05 1.20 1.05 1.24 1.49
Orissa -8.09 -2.06 0.85 1.85 2.00 2.88 3.05
West Bengal -13.07 -5.19 -2.12 -1.02 -0.28 0.61 0.63
India -7.01 -2.68 -0.85 -0.31 -0.06 0.51 0.71
State/India 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Illiterate – Matric but below graduate: 1981
Andhra P. -3.20 -2.06 -0.08 0.81 0.51 0.58 -0.35
Karnataka -0.73 -1.21 -0.61 -0.09 -0.07 -0.02 -0.13
Kerala -10.81 -12.23 -3.40 0.48 0.51 0.63 -0.62
Tamil Nadu -5.33 -2.37 -1.12 0.76 0.25 1.72 0.68
Bihar -2.98 -2.21 0.92 0.51 0.14 -0.77 -1.49
Madhya P. -2.82 -5.46 -0.98 0.48 0.52 1.01 0.64
Rajasthan -0.18 -3.50 -1.82 -1.03 -1.91 -2.05 -3.35
Uttar Pradesh -3.29 -2.97 -1.14 -0.62 -1.01 -0.85 -1.56
Gujarat -7.29 -4.49 -1.97 -0.84 -1.08 -1.48 -6.04
Maharashtra 4.40 1.23 0.88 0.92 0.48 0.84 0.46
Haryana -1.57 -9.46 -2.86 -1.08 -0.86 -0.49 -1.01
Punjab -12.71 -10.61 -3.49 -1.14 -0.55 -0.92 -1.80
Himachal P. -8.17 -7.94 -1.79 0.44 0.32 1.01 0.25
Orissa 3.25 1.21 3.59 2.91 2.34 0.21 3.48
West Bengal -2.81 -4.86 -1.78 -0.45 -0.84 0.04 -0.24
India -0.68 -3.06 -0.51 0.47 0.26 0.61 0.02
Illiterate – Matric but below graduate: 2001
Andhra P. -16.57 -10.42 -4.10 -2.62 -2.96 -1.93 -2.10
Karnataka -17.21 -11.06 -4.84 -1.91 -1.23 0.11 -0.21
Kerala -18.81 -9.03 -1.61 2.85 3.15 3.64 2.51
Tamil Nadu -19.19 -11.13 -5.51 -2.09 -1.45 0.38 0.25
Bihar -1.18 -3.28 -2.56 -1.82 -1.36 -0.79 -0.07
Madhya P. -12.20 -14.51 -5.27 -2.37 -1.33 -0.79 -0.46
Rajasthan -9.46 -14.73 -4.26 -1.70 -1.15 -0.83 -0.96
Uttar Pradesh -10.16 -12.28 -5.13 -3.53 -3.07 -2.54 -2.40
Gujarat -14.33 -13.74 -4.46 -1.70 -1.14 -1.00 -1.10
Maharashtra -18.54 -11.40 -3.49 -0.87 -0.02 0.94 1.02
Haryana -17.39 -12.55 -3.42 -1.68 -1.13 -0.89 -0.91
Punjab -23.53 -14.99 -4.88 -1.95 -1.36 -1.28 -1.31
Himachal P. -23.30 -18.23 -3.83 -0.32 0.05 0.72 0.56
Orissa -14.07 -8.58 -1.92 1.19 1.67 2.28 2.40
West Bengal -22.94 -20.46 -8.67 -4.31 -3.16 -1.72 -1.82
India -12.01 -10.84 -4.37 -2.00 -1.28 -0.55 -0.39
State/India 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Illiterate – Graduate and above: 1981
Andhra P. -9.65 -21.07 -10.85 -3.29 -3.10 -1.37 -4.75
Karnataka -2.30 -3.60 -1.34 -0.16 -0.25 0.24 -0.15
Kerala 27.94 -28.07 -10.80 -1.24 -0.07 0.87 -2.03
Tamil Nadu -23.43 -21.90 -13.16 -3.13 -1.91 -1.28 -5.13
Bihar 3.60 -11.79 -5.34 -1.57 -1.86 -2.30 -3.07
Madhya P. -4.75 -17.33 -6.71 -2.13 -0.59 -1.94 -1.90
Rajasthan -7.33 -16.32 -8.35 -4.65 -4.00 -3.94 -5.15
Uttar Pradesh -2.61 -8.22 -4.01 -2.35 -2.17 -3.09 -5.46
Gujarat 3.28 -21.04 -11.87 -3.34 -2.44 -3.14 -6.22
Maharashtra 0.44 -4.85 -2.59 -0.08 0.36 0.23 -0.56
Haryana 4.88 -20.33 -7.29 -1.39 -1.35 -2.22 -2.53
Punjab -30.80 -18.18 -7.69 -1.91 -3.39 -6.30 -2.56
Himachal P. -6.03 -12.46 -7.03 0.00 -1.07 -0.54 0.32
Orissa -6.07 -11.17 -3.67 1.52 0.96 1.06 -4.59
West Bengal -3.19 -14.71 -6.78 -1.92 -2.03 -1.61 -2.39
India -0.39 -13.05 -5.81 -0.93 -0.59 -0.51 -1.67
Illiterate – Graduate and above: 2001
Andhra P. NA -31.36 -18.65 -8.46 -6.25 -5.60 -6.31
Karnataka NA -33.11 -19.66 -6.72 -3.66 -1.65 -2.09
Kerala NA -30.80 -12.52 -0.11 2.41 3.40 2.51
Tamil Nadu NA -31.61 -19.28 -7.58 -5.28 -3.28 -2.92
Bihar NA -6.89 -9.18 -4.60 -2.94 -1.99 -1.57
Madhya P. NA -26.71 -15.80 -4.66 -2.13 -1.67 -1.43
Rajasthan NA -24.69 -12.93 -3.40 -2.04 -1.53 -2.08
Uttar Pradesh NA -20.38 -14.91 -7.03 -4.85 -4.20 -3.84
Gujarat NA -28.26 -15.22 -5.52 -3.25 -2.89 -2.81
Maharashtra NA -30.27 -16.55 -4.22 -1.34 0.21 0.17
Haryana NA -28.90 -14.06 -3.85 -2.01 -1.21 -1.21
Punjab NA -27.14 -14.52 -4.10 -2.14 -1.43 -1.83
Himachal P. NA -36.14 -19.20 -3.88 -1.75 -0.74 -0.04
Orissa NA -24.29 -13.45 -3.21 -0.43 0.43 0.54
West Bengal NA -40.88 -25.42 -10.25 -6.83 -4.89 -4.76
India NA -26.82 -16.15 -5.62 -2.98 -1.73 -1.56
Table 4. 11: General Marital Childlessness Rates (GMCRU) for the age group 15-49 years
by Economic Activity Status for India and States, 1981-2001.
1981 1991
State/India Main Marginal Main Marginal Non
Non Workers
Workers Workers Workers Workers Workers
Combined
Andhra P. 19.48 15.74 16.37 18.51 15.82 16.74
Karnataka 2.99 3.05 2.41 14.00 12.46 14.92
Kerala 8.24 7.32 9.64 11.91 10.10 13.56
Tamil Nadu 14.81 13.65 14.46 15.34 13.31 13.63
Bihar 15.25 14.10 17.41 24.76 20.45 23.99
Madhya P. 18.23 17.60 19.44 17.86 17.80 20.43
Rajasthan 25.68 19.52 21.03 20.78 17.71 18.73
Uttar Pradesh 12.22 9.39 9.31 24.29 20.55 24.03
Gujarat 19.03 16.99 18.49 17.49 16.79 17.35
Maharashtra 8.18 9.51 6.97 9.02 9.57 9.34
Haryana 20.32 18.16 17.35 15.17 13.87 14.87
Punjab 13.47 10.39 11.73 12.87 10.70 12.48
Himachal P. 10.09 7.80 7.44 12.54 11.68 12.28
Orissa 15.07 14.18 13.35 20.37 18.04 17.33
West Bengal 10.31 8.15 7.81 18.91 13.50 14.34
India 13.90 13.60 12.25 16.88 16.18 18.01
Rural
Andhra P. 19.49 15.67 16.01 18.62 15.78 16.96
Karnataka 2.97 2.99 2.41 13.71 12.46 14.60
Kerala 8.24 7.35 9.72 12.08 10.09 13.76
Tamil Nadu 14.70 13.58 14.29 15.45 13.35 14.67
Bihar 15.26 14.08 17.62 24.75 20.46 24.53
Madhya P. 18.37 17.70 20.81 17.88 17.84 22.15
Rajasthan 26.33 19.59 21.79 21.12 17.77 20.01
Uttar Pradesh 12.38 9.49 9.67 24.03 20.51 24.74
Gujarat 19.44 17.11 19.29 17.76 16.88 18.79
Maharashtra 8.38 9.60 8.38 8.98 9.65 10.58
Haryana 21.86 18.26 18.23 15.83 13.93 15.76
Punjab 13.92 10.43 11.51 13.13 10.56 12.40
Himachal P. 10.21 7.81 7.48 12.61 11.72 12.65
Orissa 15.06 14.20 13.59 20.30 18.08 17.65
West Bengal 10.58 8.79 8.53 18.46 13.52 14.11
India 14.14 13.72 12.67 17.03 16.25 19.44
Urban
Andhra P. 19.40 17.05 16.90 17.52 16.55 16.49
Karnataka 3.12 3.97 2.41 15.57 12.59 15.26
Kerala 8.06 7.01 9.34 11.35 10.18 13.07
Tamil Nadu 15.44 14.49 14.67 14.71 12.98 12.64
Bihar 15.25 15.03 16.06 24.77 19.62 20.83
Madhya P. 16.46 14.68 16.63 17.64 16.69 18.02
Rajasthan 19.69 16.83 19.16 17.48 15.87 16.62
Uttar Pradesh 10.62 6.35 7.63 26.89 21.50 21.47
Gujarat 16.82 13.52 17.40 15.95 14.11 16.16
Maharashtra 6.74 8.07 5.90 9.28 8.44 8.84
Haryana 13.20 12.10 14.63 12.27 11.24 12.65
Punjab 12.99 9.53 12.24 12.58 14.51 12.65
Himachal P. 6.75 6.62 7.17 11.08 9.26 10.37
Orissa 15.18 13.08 11.88 21.30 15.69 15.79
West Bengal 8.98 2.14 5.82 21.15 12.76 14.86
India 12.05 10.84 11.17 15.78 14.52 15.30
Table 4.12: Absolute change in the General Marital Childlessness Rates (GMCRU) for the
age group 15-49 years for various economic activity status during1981-1991.

State/ Main Marginal Non Main Marginal Non Main Marginal Non
India Worker Worker Worker Worker Worker Worker Worker Worker Worker
Andhra P. -0.97 0.08 0.37 -0.87 0.11 0.95 -1.88 -0.50 -0.41
Karnataka 11.01 9.41 12.51 10.74 9.47 12.19 12.45 8.62 12.85
Kerala 3.67 2.78 3.92 3.84 2.74 4.04 3.29 3.17 3.73
Tamil Nadu 0.53 -0.34 -0.83 0.75 -0.23 0.38 -0.73 -1.51 -2.03
Bihar 9.51 6.35 6.58 9.49 6.38 6.91 9.52 4.59 4.77
Madhya P. -0.37 0.20 0.99 -0.49 0.14 1.34 1.18 2.01 1.39
Rajasthan -4.90 -1.81 -2.30 -5.21 -1.82 -1.78 -2.21 -0.96 -2.54
Uttar Pradesh 12.07 11.16 14.72 11.65 11.02 15.07 16.27 15.15 13.84
Gujarat -1.54 -0.20 -1.14 -1.68 -0.23 -0.50 -0.87 0.59 -1.24
Maharashtra 0.84 0.06 2.37 0.60 0.05 2.20 2.54 0.37 2.94
Haryana -5.15 -4.29 -2.48 -6.03 -4.33 -2.47 -0.93 -0.86 -1.98
Punjab -0.60 0.31 0.75 -0.79 0.13 0.89 -0.41 4.98 0.41
Himachal P. 2.45 3.88 4.84 2.40 3.91 5.17 4.33 2.64 3.20
Orissa 5.30 3.86 3.98 5.24 3.88 4.06 6.12 2.61 3.91
West Bengal 8.60 5.35 6.53 7.88 4.73 5.58 12.17 10.62 9.04
India 2.98 2.58 5.76 2.89 2.53 6.77 3.73 3.68 4.13
Table 4.13a: Ratio of the General Marital Childlessness Rates (GMCRU) for the age group
15-49 years for various economic activity groups to that of the Non-Workers,
1981-2001.

Ratio of Ratio of Ratio of Ratio of Ratio of Ratio of
State/India Main worker Marginal Main worker Marginal Main worker Marginal
to Non- worker to to Non- worker to to Non- worker to
worker Non-worker worker Non-worker worker Non-worker
1981
Andhra P. 1.19 0.96 1.22 0.98 1.15 1.01
Karnataka 1.24 1.27 1.23 1.24 1.29 1.65
Kerala 0.85 0.76 0.85 0.76 0.86 0.75
Tamil Nadu 1.02 0.94 1.03 0.95 1.05 0.99
Bihar 0.88 0.81 0.87 0.80 0.95 0.94
Madhya P. 0.94 0.91 0.88 0.85 0.99 0.88
Rajasthan 1.22 0.93 1.21 0.90 1.03 0.88
Uttar Pradesh 1.31 1.01 1.28 0.98 1.39 0.83
Gujarat 1.03 0.92 1.01 0.89 0.97 0.78
Maharashtra 1.17 1.36 1.00 1.15 1.14 1.37
Haryana 1.17 1.05 1.20 1.00 0.90 0.83
Punjab 1.15 0.89 1.21 0.91 1.06 0.78
Himachal P. 1.36 1.05 1.36 1.04 0.94 0.92
Orissa 1.13 1.06 1.11 1.04 1.28 1.10
West Bengal 1.32 1.04 1.24 1.03 1.54 0.37
India 1.13 1.11 1.12 1.08 1.08 0.97
1991
Andhra P. 1.11 0.95 1.10 0.93 1.06 1.00
Karnataka 0.94 0.84 0.94 0.85 1.02 0.83
Kerala 0.88 0.74 0.88 0.73 0.87 0.78
Tamil Nadu 1.13 0.98 1.05 0.91 1.16 1.03
Bihar 1.03 0.85 1.01 0.83 1.19 0.94
Madhya P. 0.87 0.87 0.81 0.81 0.98 0.93
Rajasthan 1.11 0.95 1.06 0.89 1.05 0.95
Uttar Pradesh 1.01 0.86 0.97 0.83 1.25 1.00
Gujarat 1.01 0.97 0.95 0.90 0.99 0.87
Maharashtra 0.97 1.02 0.85 0.91 1.05 0.95
Haryana 1.02 0.93 1.00 0.88 0.97 0.89
Punjab 1.03 0.86 1.06 0.85 0.99 1.15
Himachal P. 1.02 0.95 1.00 0.93 1.07 0.89
Orissa 1.18 1.04 1.15 1.02 1.35 0.99
West Bengal 1.32 0.94 1.31 0.96 1.42 0.86
India 0.94 0.90 0.88 0.84 1.03 0.95
Table 4.13b: Differentials in the General Marital Childlessness Rates (GMCRU) for the age
group 15-49 years for various economic activity groups during1981-2001.

Non-worker Non-worker Non-worker
State/India Non-worker minus Non-worker minus Non-worker minus
minus Main Marginal minus Main Marginal minus Main Marginal
worker worker worker worker worker worker
1981
Andhra P. -3.11 0.63 -3.48 0.34 -2.50 -0.15
Karnataka -0.58 -0.64 -0.56 -0.58 -0.71 -1.56
Kerala 1.40 2.32 1.48 2.37 1.28 2.33
Tamil Nadu -0.35 0.81 -0.41 0.71 -0.77 0.18
Bihar 2.16 3.31 2.36 3.54 0.81 1.03
Madhya P. 1.21 1.84 2.44 3.11 0.17 1.95
Rajasthan -4.65 1.51 -4.54 2.20 -0.53 2.33
Uttar Pradesh -2.91 -0.08 -2.71 0.18 -2.99 1.28
Gujarat -0.54 1.50 -0.15 2.18 0.58 3.88
Maharashtra -1.21 -2.54 0.00 -1.22 -0.84 -2.17
Haryana -2.97 -0.81 -3.63 -0.03 1.43 2.53
Punjab -1.74 1.34 -2.41 1.08 -0.75 2.71
Himachal P. -2.65 -0.36 -2.73 -0.33 0.42 0.55
Orissa -1.72 -0.83 -1.47 -0.61 -3.30 -1.20
West Bengal -2.50 -0.34 -2.05 -0.26 -3.16 3.68
India -1.65 -1.35 -1.47 -1.05 -0.88 0.33
1991
Andhra P. -1.77 0.92 -1.66 1.18 -1.03 -0.06
Karnataka 0.92 2.46 0.89 2.14 -0.31 2.67
Kerala 1.65 3.46 1.68 3.67 1.72 2.89
Tamil Nadu -1.71 0.32 -0.78 1.32 -2.07 -0.34
Bihar -0.77 3.54 -0.22 4.07 -3.94 1.21
Madhya P. 2.57 2.63 4.27 4.31 0.38 1.33
Rajasthan -2.05 1.02 -1.11 2.24 -0.86 0.75
Uttar Pradesh -0.26 3.48 0.71 4.23 -5.42 -0.03
Gujarat -0.14 0.56 1.03 1.91 0.21 2.05
Maharashtra 0.32 -0.23 1.60 0.93 -0.44 0.40
Haryana -0.30 1.00 -0.07 1.83 0.38 1.41
Punjab -0.39 1.78 -0.73 1.84 0.07 -1.86
Himachal P. -0.26 0.60 0.04 0.93 -0.71 1.11
Orissa -3.04 -0.71 -2.65 -0.43 -5.51 0.10
West Bengal -4.57 0.84 -4.35 0.59 -6.29 2.10
India 1.13 1.83 2.41 3.19 -0.48 0.78
Table 4. 14a: Ratio of the Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates Unadjusted (ASMCRU)
by age group by Economic Activity Status to that of the Non-Workers for
India and States, 1981 and 1991.
State/India 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Ratio of Main Workers / Non Worker: 1981
Andhra P. 1.15 1.25 1.34 1.36 1.38 1.32 1.28
Karnataka 1.27 1.39 1.44 1.55 1.42 1.36 1.46
Kerala 1.00 1.15 1.50 1.56 1.35 1.30 1.36
Tamil Nadu 1.05 1.15 1.25 1.24 1.21 1.18 1.27
Bihar 0.96 1.01 1.11 1.18 1.20 1.21 1.20
Madhya P. 1.00 1.08 1.24 1.31 1.33 1.30 1.31
Rajasthan 1.08 1.20 1.45 1.58 1.65 1.56 1.57
Uttar Pradesh 1.32 1.41 1.55 1.83 2.08 2.16 2.22
Gujarat 1.01 1.06 1.12 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.15
Maharashtra 1.18 1.29 1.42 1.32 1.27 1.08 1.18
Haryana 1.04 1.05 1.49 1.46 1.55 1.58 1.63
Punjab 1.00 1.13 1.70 2.02 2.18 2.58 2.43
Himachal P. 1.10 1.02 1.92 1.45 1.56 1.64 1.76
Orissa 1.06 1.30 1.60 1.63 1.63 1.57 1.52
West Bengal 1.08 1.42 2.11 2.41 2.63 2.58 2.53
India 1.35 1.17 1.37 1.50 1.55 1.58 1.62
Ratio of Main Workers / Non Worker: 1991
Andhra P. 1.04 1.10 1.24 1.24 1.27 1.25 1.24
Karnataka 0.99 1.02 1.03 1.15 1.08 1.11 1.12
Kerala 0.98 1.10 1.36 1.45 1.36 1.29 1.34
Tamil Nadu 1.06 1.18 1.26 1.30 1.31 1.27 1.26
Bihar 0.99 1.05 1.22 1.29 1.43 1.42 1.36
Madhya P. 0.96 0.95 1.03 1.11 1.13 1.12 1.12
Rajasthan 1.03 1.10 1.30 1.36 1.45 1.38 1.40
Uttar Pradesh 1.00 1.03 1.20 1.35 1.34 1.33 1.35
Gujarat 0.98 1.03 1.11 1.13 1.17 1.12 1.19
Maharashtra 1.00 0.98 1.07 1.13 1.14 1.08 1.13
Haryana 0.96 0.96 1.28 1.50 1.53 1.77 1.83
Punjab 0.80 1.08 1.66 1.59 2.05 1.64 1.90
Himachal P. 0.95 0.82 1.00 1.28 1.37 1.38 1.44
Orissa 0.98 1.08 1.46 1.46 1.59 1.56 1.59
West Bengal 1.06 1.24 1.59 1.83 1.99 1.93 2.02
India 0.93 0.95 1.09 1.15 1.18 1.18 1.19
Table 4. 14a Contd...
State/India 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Marginal Workers / Non Worker: 1981
Andhra P. 1.06 1.03 0.97 0.93 0.93 0.92 0.88
Karnataka 1.38 1.32 1.25 1.38 1.23 1.33 1.41
Kerala 1.01 1.00 1.06 1.04 1.15 0.96 1.18
Tamil Nadu 1.00 0.99 0.96 0.94 0.92 0.94 1.01
Bihar 0.95 0.85 0.86 0.87 0.80 0.84 0.87
Madhya P. 0.99 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.02 0.95 0.92
Rajasthan 1.01 1.01 0.98 0.92 0.89 0.85 0.84
Uttar Pradesh 1.26 1.10 0.91 0.80 0.83 0.89 0.79
Gujarat 1.01 0.98 0.86 0.58 0.80 0.83 0.81
Maharashtra 1.38 1.39 1.41 1.33 1.35 1.12 1.18
Haryana 1.03 0.91 0.90 0.67 0.66 0.78 0.63
Punjab 0.89 0.88 0.74 0.82 0.74 0.87 0.82
Himachal P. 1.02 0.90 0.82 1.04 1.14 1.25 1.30
Orissa 1.02 1.13 1.32 1.26 1.34 1.23 1.23
West Bengal 0.98 1.08 1.26 1.24 1.23 1.03 0.93
India 1.43 1.14 1.10 1.09 1.10 1.09 1.09
Marginal Workers / Non Worker: 1991
Andhra P. 1.02 0.95 0.97 0.93 0.93 0.95 0.95
Karnataka 1.00 0.91 0.76 0.75 0.75 0.77 0.79
Kerala 0.97 0.91 0.90 1.01 1.01 0.99 0.92
Tamil Nadu 1.05 1.03 0.96 0.91 0.99 0.92 0.97
Bihar 0.95 0.88 0.88 0.83 0.88 0.87 0.84
Madhya P. 0.96 0.89 0.87 0.86 0.95 0.92 0.91
Rajasthan 1.01 1.01 0.99 0.88 0.94 0.89 0.81
Uttar Pradesh 0.98 0.92 0.85 0.83 0.82 0.80 0.82
Gujarat 1.01 1.00 0.93 0.89 0.87 0.84 0.83
Maharashtra 1.08 0.99 0.89 1.00 1.06 0.98 1.01
Haryana 0.97 0.86 0.84 0.76 0.70 0.71 0.69
Punjab 0.89 0.88 0.94 0.79 0.80 0.67 0.37
Himachal P. 0.98 0.87 0.80 0.91 1.06 1.03 1.09
Orissa 0.97 0.99 1.10 1.09 1.18 1.09 1.13
West Bengal 1.00 0.90 0.86 0.85 0.94 0.83 0.90
India 0.98 0.93 0.86 0.82 0.85 0.82 0.82
Table 4. 14b: Ratio of the Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates Unadjusted (ASMCRU)
by age group by Economic Activity Status to that of the Non-Workers for
India and States, 1981 and 1991.
State/India 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Non Worker – Main Workers : 1981
Andhra P. -8.17 -5.80 -3.56 -2.69 -2.31 -2.28 -2.04
Karnataka -2.50 -1.47 -0.67 -0.54 -0.33 -0.33 -0.41
Kerala -0.25 -2.84 -3.17 -1.88 -0.88 -0.79 -0.87
Tamil Nadu -3.15 -4.17 -2.71 -1.66 -1.12 -1.11 -1.57
Bihar 2.53 -0.18 -1.21 -1.06 -0.81 -0.77 -0.68
Madhya P. -0.29 -1.98 -2.14 -1.69 -1.49 -1.48 -1.60
Rajasthan -6.36 -6.12 -4.48 -3.17 -2.65 -2.34 -2.27
Uttar Pradesh -10.90 -5.83 -3.04 -2.65 -2.67 -2.85 -2.97
Gujarat -1.02 -2.20 -1.50 -0.94 -0.77 -0.74 -0.78
Maharashtra -5.40 -3.41 -1.78 -0.85 -0.59 -0.20 -0.42
Haryana -3.12 -1.28 -3.82 -1.67 -1.49 -1.46 -1.46
Punjab 0.22 -3.71 -6.58 -4.57 -3.76 -4.87 -4.19
Himachal P. -4.27 -0.26 -2.98 -0.90 -1.03 -1.38 -1.62
Orissa -3.45 -6.75 -5.04 -3.42 -2.83 -2.87 -2.66
West Bengal -2.73 -4.80 -4.66 -3.31 -2.95 -2.97 -3.13
India -14.38 -3.51 -2.78 -2.16 -1.83 -2.01 -2.14
Non Worker – Main Workers : 1991
Andhra P. -2.66 -2.49 -2.60 -1.95 -1.82 -1.83 -1.75
Karnataka 0.32 -0.42 -0.31 -1.14 -0.54 -0.77 -0.74
Kerala 1.45 -2.73 -4.09 -3.10 -2.04 -1.72 -1.80
Tamil Nadu -2.99 -4.23 -3.04 -2.63 -2.26 -2.17 -2.08
Bihar 1.04 -1.68 -3.93 -3.53 -4.36 -4.19 -3.61
Madhya P. 2.62 1.58 -0.41 -0.88 -0.87 -0.90 -0.87
Rajasthan -2.03 -3.03 -3.05 -2.05 -1.89 -1.63 -1.72
Uttar Pradesh 0.10 -1.03 -3.56 -4.37 -3.82 -3.58 -3.82
Gujarat 1.25 -0.99 -1.42 -1.01 -1.04 -0.75 -1.12
Maharashtra 0.08 0.36 -0.48 -0.55 -0.48 -0.31 -0.45
Haryana 2.78 1.22 -2.26 -1.99 -1.74 -2.28 -2.40
Punjab 13.43 -2.44 -6.89 -3.14 -4.27 -2.51 -3.37
Himachal P. 3.63 4.98 -0.02 -1.14 -1.34 -1.63 -1.95
Orissa 1.23 -2.70 -6.16 -4.48 -4.64 -4.79 -4.72
West Bengal -3.39 -5.41 -6.22 -6.23 -6.07 -5.67 -5.92
India 4.54 1.33 -1.10 -1.36 -1.33 -1.36 -1.40
Table 4. 14b Contd...
State/India 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Non Worker - Marginal Workers: 1981
Andhra P. -3.33 -0.76 0.26 0.49 0.41 0.56 0.86
Karnataka -3.50 -1.20 -0.39 -0.38 -0.18 -0.30 -0.37
Kerala -0.31 -0.04 -0.40 -0.14 -0.37 0.11 -0.45
Tamil Nadu -0.28 0.32 0.43 0.41 0.42 0.36 -0.03
Bihar 2.97 4.19 1.65 0.74 0.80 0.60 0.45
Madhya P. 0.68 -0.05 -0.12 -0.13 -0.11 0.26 0.39
Rajasthan -1.08 -0.28 0.24 0.42 0.44 0.64 0.65
Uttar Pradesh -9.07 -1.47 0.48 0.63 0.43 0.28 0.52
Gujarat -0.70 0.72 1.67 2.70 1.03 0.84 1.00
Maharashtra -11.51 -4.59 -1.74 -0.87 -0.77 -0.30 -0.42
Haryana -2.39 2.40 0.75 1.22 0.92 0.54 0.86
Punjab 6.42 3.47 2.41 0.82 0.84 0.39 0.53
Himachal P. -0.73 1.34 0.58 -0.07 -0.25 -0.54 -0.64
Orissa -1.06 -2.91 -2.65 -1.40 -1.52 -1.17 -1.16
West Bengal 0.76 -0.88 -1.09 -0.57 -0.41 -0.05 0.15
India -17.49 -2.83 -0.73 -0.37 -0.32 -0.33 -0.31
Non Worker - Marginal Workers: 1991
Andhra P. -0.94 1.18 0.37 0.56 0.47 0.40 0.38
Karnataka 0.19 2.32 2.76 1.92 1.65 1.55 1.34
Kerala 1.65 2.49 1.09 -0.04 -0.04 0.07 0.43
Tamil Nadu -2.46 -0.72 0.48 0.81 0.08 0.62 0.25
Bihar 3.73 4.36 2.12 2.02 1.21 1.30 1.64
Madhya P. 2.59 3.11 1.62 1.11 0.35 0.57 0.64
Rajasthan -0.53 -0.38 0.12 0.70 0.26 0.48 0.80
Uttar Pradesh 1.46 2.91 2.59 2.16 1.96 2.24 2.01
Gujarat -0.40 0.12 0.92 0.84 0.76 0.97 1.00
Maharashtra -3.34 0.18 0.72 -0.02 -0.21 0.09 -0.02
Haryana 2.27 3.94 1.33 0.98 1.00 0.87 0.91
Punjab 7.47 3.71 0.66 1.11 0.79 1.30 2.37
Himachal P. 1.55 3.82 1.51 0.39 -0.23 -0.13 -0.40
Orissa 1.83 0.40 -1.41 -0.90 -1.46 -0.79 -1.04
West Bengal -0.26 2.32 1.51 1.14 0.35 1.01 0.56
India 1.08 1.95 1.80 1.61 1.10 1.35 1.30
Table 4. 15: General Marital Childlessness Rates (GMCRU) for the age group 15-49 years by
Caste for India and States, Rural Areas, 1981-2001.
1981 1991 2001

State/ Non- Non- Non-
SC ST SC ST SC ST
India SC/ST SC/ST SC/ST
Combined
Andhra P. 19.70 18.20 17.21 19.27 18.70 17.09 18.11 18.00 17.49
Karnataka 2.41 3.04 2.69 12.58 12.72 14.73 14.71 15.07 15.26
Kerala 9.59 10.12 9.11 15.76 18.65 12.65 13.93 17.47 13.73
Tamil Nadu 15.39 16.85 14.28 17.95 20.25 13.27 18.07 22.90 18.77
Bihar 17.17 14.19 17.05 24.76 21.93 23.81 19.34 18.55 18.34
Madhya P. 19.62 18.48 18.63 20.96 20.40 17.93 15.55 13.89 15.00
Rajasthan 21.04 21.08 21.63 20.82 22.53 17.83 16.32 16.01 16.28
Uttar Pradesh 9.64 16.94 9.54 25.09 20.46 23.39 17.58 18.32 18.24
Gujarat 19.62 14.23 19.03 18.85 16.67 17.23 15.31 13.24 15.84
Maharashtra 8.50 7.38 7.73 14.26 15.76 7.72 13.34 12.99 13.48
Haryana 17.94 NA 17.63 14.66 0.00 14.85 12.18 NA 11.53
Punjab 11.58 NA 11.76 13.74 0.00 11.96 12.70 NA 13.35
Himachal P. 9.09 10.84 7.77 12.88 14.28 11.84 10.42 11.89 10.55
Orissa 14.73 16.19 12.58 17.82 18.81 17.81 13.58 16.04 12.69
West Bengal 8.29 11.38 7.72 17.54 21.92 13.19 11.78 16.03 13.20
India 13.22 14.47 12.74 19.57 19.13 16.84 15.61 15.45 15.82
Rural
Andhra P. 19.81 18.10 17.25 19.63 18.72 17.31 17.53 17.86 15.77
Karnataka 2.44 3.00 2.74 12.66 12.72 14.22 14.10 14.84 14.23
Kerala 9.67 10.05 9.12 15.65 18.68 12.75 13.75 17.59 13.47
Tamil Nadu 15.52 16.75 14.00 18.13 20.59 13.79 17.46 23.60 17.44
Bihar 17.09 14.03 17.25 24.93 22.13 24.23 19.52 18.65 20.45
Madhya P. 19.73 18.44 19.53 21.43 20.48 18.05 15.89 13.88 15.56
Rajasthan 20.97 21.02 22.57 21.13 22.58 18.48 16.51 16.02 17.01
Uttar Pradesh 9.78 17.09 9.96 25.15 20.44 23.91 17.64 18.24 18.37
Gujarat 20.20 14.15 19.99 19.55 16.58 18.10 14.89 13.12 15.68
Maharashtra 9.30 7.44 8.68 14.89 16.14 7.36 13.46 12.99 12.98
Haryana 18.08 NA 18.69 14.80 NA 15.75 12.27 NA 11.57
Punjab 11.31 NA 11.57 13.56 NA 11.82 12.26 NA 12.67
Himachal P. 9.18 10.86 7.83 13.01 14.29 12.00 10.40 11.82 10.47
Orissa 14.68 16.16 12.79 17.91 18.92 18.11 13.56 16.08 12.54
West Bengal 8.55 11.53 8.53 17.10 21.77 12.58 11.36 15.94 11.84
India 13.36 14.56 13.31 20.00 19.27 17.60 15.61 15.45 15.64
Urban
Andhra P. 19.04 19.70 17.09 17.44 18.45 16.55 20.98 19.72 21.42
Karnataka 2.27 3.37 2.59 12.30 12.75 15.77 16.51 16.34 16.95
Kerala 9.01 13.87 9.05 16.24 18.03 12.40 14.77 14.50 14.45
Tamil Nadu 14.83 17.72 14.78 17.24 17.70 12.41 19.51 18.96 20.19
Bihar 18.05 16.70 15.65 22.88 19.20 20.99 16.64 16.51 16.32
Madhya P. 19.11 19.44 15.95 19.21 18.86 17.64 14.50 14.06 13.83
Rajasthan 21.35 22.78 18.61 19.57 21.47 15.98 15.56 15.83 14.34
Uttar Pradesh 8.39 12.69 7.67 24.64 20.75 21.40 17.16 18.96 17.80
Gujarat 18.43 15.23 17.25 17.72 17.60 15.89 15.91 14.47 16.05
Maharashtra 6.73 6.84 5.99 13.14 12.88 8.24 13.16 13.02 14.08
Haryana 17.16 NA 14.04 14.05 NA 12.37 11.87 NA 11.44
Punjab 12.66 NA 12.17 14.42 NA 12.24 13.98 NA 14.45
Himachal P. 7.43 9.45 6.98 10.90 13.83 10.30 10.76 14.42 11.17
Orissa 15.25 16.74 11.25 17.02 16.85 16.26 13.70 15.23 13.28
West Bengal 6.41 7.85 5.90 19.97 24.60 14.42 14.02 17.42 15.98
India 12.50 12.99 11.07 17.64 17.30 14.96 15.63 15.42 16.22
Table 4. 16: Absolute change in the General Marital Childlessness Rates (GMCRU) for the
age group 15-49 years for various Caste groups during1981-2001.

State/ Non- Non- Non-
India SC ST SC ST SC ST
SC/ST SC/ST SC/ST
Combined
Andhra P. -1.59 -0.20 0.28 -2.28 -0.24 -1.48 1.94 0.02 4.33
Karnataka 12.30 12.03 12.57 11.66 11.84 11.49 14.24 12.97 14.36
Kerala 4.34 7.35 4.62 4.08 7.54 4.35 5.76 0.63 5.40
Tamil Nadu 2.68 6.05 4.49 1.94 6.85 3.44 4.68 1.24 5.41
Bihar 2.17 4.36 1.29 2.43 4.62 3.20 -1.41 -0.19 0.67
Madhya P. -4.07 -4.59 -3.63 -3.84 -4.56 -3.97 -4.61 -5.38 -2.12
Rajasthan -4.72 -5.07 -5.35 -4.46 -5.00 -5.56 -5.79 -6.95 -4.27
Uttar Pradesh 7.94 1.38 8.70 7.86 1.15 8.41 8.77 6.27 10.13
Gujarat -4.31 -0.99 -3.19 -5.31 -1.03 -4.31 -2.52 -0.76 -1.20
Maharashtra 4.84 5.61 5.75 4.16 5.55 4.30 6.43 6.18 8.09
Haryana -5.76 NA -6.10 -5.81 NA -7.12 -5.29 NA -2.60
Punjab 1.12 NA 1.59 0.95 NA 1.10 1.32 NA 2.28
Himachal P. 1.33 1.05 2.78 1.22 0.96 2.64 3.33 4.97 4.19
Orissa -1.15 -0.15 0.11 -1.12 -0.08 -0.25 -1.55 -1.51 2.03
West Bengal 3.49 4.65 5.48 2.81 4.41 3.31 7.61 9.57 10.08
India 2.39 0.98 3.08 2.25 0.89 2.33 3.13 2.43 5.15
Table 4.17a: Ratio of the General Marital Childlessness Rates (GMCRU) for the age group
15-49 years for various caste groups for India and States,1981-2001.

State/India SC / Non ST/Non- SC / Non ST/Non- SC / Non ST/Non-
SCST SCST SCST SCST SCST SCST
1981
Andhra P. 1.14 1.06 1.15 1.05 1.11 1.15
Karnataka 0.90 1.13 0.89 1.09 0.88 1.30
Kerala 1.05 1.11 1.06 1.10 1.00 1.53
Tamil Nadu 1.08 1.18 1.11 1.20 1.00 1.20
Bihar 1.01 0.83 0.99 0.81 1.15 1.07
Madhya P. 1.05 0.99 1.01 0.94 1.20 1.22
Rajasthan 0.97 0.97 0.93 0.93 1.15 1.22
Uttar Pradesh 1.01 1.78 0.98 1.72 1.09 1.65
Gujarat 1.03 0.75 1.01 0.71 1.07 0.88
Maharashtra 1.10 0.95 1.07 0.86 1.12 1.14
Haryana 1.02 NA 0.97 NA 1.22 NA
Punjab 0.98 NA 0.98 NA 1.04 NA
Himachal P. 1.17 1.40 1.17 1.39 1.06 1.35
Orissa 1.17 1.29 1.15 1.26 1.36 1.49
West Bengal 1.07 1.47 1.00 1.35 1.09 1.33
India 1.04 1.14 1.00 1.09 1.13 1.17
2001
Andhra P. 1.04 1.03 1.11 1.13 0.98 0.92
Karnataka 0.96 0.99 0.99 1.04 0.97 0.96
Kerala 1.01 1.27 1.02 1.31 1.02 1.00
Tamil Nadu 0.96 1.22 1.00 1.35 0.97 0.94
Bihar 1.05 1.01 0.95 0.91 1.02 1.01
Madhya P. 1.04 0.93 1.02 0.89 1.05 1.02
Rajasthan 1.00 0.98 0.97 0.94 1.09 1.10
Uttar Pradesh 0.96 1.00 0.96 0.99 0.96 1.07
Gujarat 0.97 0.84 0.95 0.84 0.99 0.90
Maharashtra 0.99 0.96 1.04 1.00 0.93 0.92
Haryana 1.06 NA 1.06 NA 1.04 NA
Punjab 0.95 NA 0.97 NA 0.97 NA
Himachal P. 0.99 1.13 0.99 1.13 0.96 1.29
Orissa 1.07 1.26 1.08 1.28 1.03 1.15
West Bengal 0.89 1.21 0.96 1.35 0.88 1.09
India 0.99 0.98 1.00 0.99 0.96 0.95
Table 4.17b: Absolute Difference in the General Marital Childlessness Rates (GMCRU)
for the age group 15-49 years for various caste for India and States, 1981-
2001.
Non SC/ST – SC: 1981 Non SC/ST – SC: 2001

State/India
Comb Rural Urban Comb Rural Urban
Andhra P. -2.49 -2.56 -1.95 -0.62 -1.76 0.44
Karnataka 0.28 0.30 0.32 0.55 0.13 0.44
Kerala -0.48 -0.55 0.04 -0.20 -0.28 -0.32
Tamil Nadu -1.11 -1.52 -0.05 0.70 -0.02 0.68
Bihar -0.12 0.16 -2.40 -1.00 0.93 -0.32
Madhya P. -0.99 -0.20 -3.16 -0.55 -0.33 -0.67
Rajasthan 0.59 1.60 -2.74 -0.04 0.50 -1.22
Uttar Pradesh -0.10 0.18 -0.72 0.66 0.73 0.64
Gujarat -0.59 -0.21 -1.18 0.53 0.79 0.14
Maharashtra -0.77 -0.62 -0.74 0.14 -0.48 0.92
Haryana -0.31 0.61 -3.12 -0.65 -0.70 -0.43
Punjab 0.18 0.26 -0.49 0.65 0.41 0.47
Himachal P. -1.32 -1.35 -0.45 0.13 0.07 0.41
Orissa -2.15 -1.89 -4.00 -0.89 -1.02 -0.42
West Bengal -0.57 -0.02 -0.51 1.42 0.48 1.96
India -0.48 -0.05 -1.43 0.21 0.03 0.59
Non SC/ST – ST: 1981 Non SC/ST – ST: 2001
Andhra P. -0.99 -0.85 -2.61 -0.51 -2.09 1.70
Karnataka -0.35 -0.26 -0.78 0.19 -0.61 0.61
Kerala -1.01 -0.93 -4.82 -3.74 -4.12 -0.05
Tamil Nadu -2.57 -2.75 -2.94 -4.13 -6.16 1.23
Bihar 2.86 3.22 -1.05 -0.21 1.80 -0.19
Madhya P. 0.15 1.09 -3.49 1.11 1.68 -0.23
Rajasthan 0.55 1.55 -4.17 0.27 0.99 -1.49
Uttar Pradesh -7.40 -7.13 -5.02 -0.08 0.13 -1.16
Gujarat 4.80 5.84 2.02 2.60 2.56 1.58
Maharashtra 0.35 1.24 -0.85 0.49 -0.01 1.06
Haryana NA NA NA NA NA NA
Punjab NA NA NA NA NA NA
Himachal P. -3.07 -3.03 -2.47 -1.34 -1.35 -3.25
Orissa -3.61 -3.37 -5.49 -3.35 -3.54 -1.95
West Bengal -3.66 -3.00 -1.95 -2.83 -4.10 -1.44
India -1.73 -1.25 -1.92 0.37 0.19 0.80
Table 4.18a: Ratio of the Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates Unadjusted (ASMCRU)
by age group by Caste for India and States, 1981 and 2001.
State/India 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

SC / Non SC/ST s: 1981
Andhra P. 1.06 1.19 1.23 1.25 1.18 1.12 1.09
Karnataka 0.84 0.81 0.84 0.95 0.87 1.00 0.94
Kerala 0.99 0.98 1.10 1.27 1.33 1.29 1.15
Tamil Nadu 0.96 1.00 1.06 1.11 1.09 1.03 0.99
Bihar 0.94 0.98 1.04 1.08 1.05 0.97 0.94
Madhya P. 0.99 0.99 1.04 1.10 1.05 1.06 1.07
Rajasthan 0.97 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.91 0.92 0.86
Uttar Pradesh 0.99 0.93 0.96 0.98 0.97 1.00 0.99
Gujarat 1.01 0.98 0.87 0.86 0.83 0.83 0.87
Maharashtra 0.98 0.94 0.96 1.07 1.06 0.98 0.82
Haryana 0.96 0.90 0.87 0.89 0.89 0.86 0.92
Punjab 0.93 0.88 0.83 0.83 0.87 0.83 0.85
Himachal P. 0.90 0.84 1.17 1.64 1.69 1.65 1.49
Orissa 0.97 1.07 1.25 1.35 1.35 1.23 1.10
West Bengal 0.98 0.96 0.92 0.97 0.93 0.99 0.94
India 0.96 0.95 1.00 1.05 1.05 1.02 0.99
SC / Non SC/ST s: 2001
Andhra P. 1.03 1.16 1.24 1.15 1.11 0.98 0.96
Karnataka 1.02 1.04 1.13 1.11 1.18 1.06 1.04
Kerala 0.94 1.05 1.06 1.14 1.03 0.72 0.83
Tamil Nadu 0.95 0.99 1.03 1.23 1.26 1.06 1.25
Bihar 0.89 0.90 1.03 1.26 1.23 1.20 1.13
Madhya P. 0.96 1.09 1.27 1.33 1.39 1.32 1.29
Rajasthan 0.98 1.02 1.13 1.14 1.10 0.99 0.99
Uttar Pradesh 1.54 1.48 1.76 2.42 3.07 3.49 3.21
Gujarat 0.81 0.76 0.84 0.94 0.95 0.90 0.92
Maharashtra 0.87 0.84 0.92 1.03 1.04 1.04 0.98
Haryana NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Punjab NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Himachal P. 1.14 1.40 1.62 1.77 1.74 1.47 1.40
Orissa 1.06 1.23 1.53 1.69 1.77 1.63 1.47
West Bengal 1.12 1.53 1.84 1.93 1.91 1.58 1.52
India 1.09 1.10 1.24 1.36 1.40 1.31 1.28
Table 4. 18a Contd...
State/India 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

ST / Non SC/ST: 1981
Andhra P. 1.03 1.16 1.24 1.15 1.11 0.98 0.96
Karnataka 1.02 1.04 1.13 1.11 1.18 1.06 1.04
Kerala 0.94 1.05 1.06 1.14 1.03 0.72 0.83
Tamil Nadu 0.95 0.99 1.03 1.23 1.26 1.06 1.25
Bihar 0.89 0.90 1.03 1.26 1.23 1.20 1.13
Madhya P. 0.96 1.09 1.27 1.33 1.39 1.32 1.29
Rajasthan 0.98 1.02 1.13 1.14 1.10 0.99 0.99
Uttar Pradesh 1.54 1.48 1.76 2.42 3.07 3.49 3.21
Gujarat 0.81 0.76 0.84 0.94 0.95 0.90 0.92
Maharashtra 0.87 0.84 0.92 1.03 1.04 1.04 0.98
Himachal P. 1.14 1.40 1.62 1.77 1.74 1.47 1.40
Orissa 1.06 1.23 1.53 1.69 1.77 1.63 1.47
West Bengal 1.12 1.53 1.84 1.93 1.91 1.58 1.52
India 1.09 1.10 1.24 1.36 1.40 1.31 1.28
ST / Non SC/ST: 2001
Andhra P. 0.95 0.92 0.90 0.94 1.03 1.05 1.11
Karnataka 0.92 0.88 0.86 0.92 0.98 1.04 1.05
Kerala 0.97 0.93 1.09 1.48 1.54 1.52 1.42
Tamil Nadu 0.93 0.97 1.01 1.19 1.28 1.36 1.50
Bihar 0.96 1.00 1.10 1.15 1.32 1.32 1.28
Madhya P. 0.92 0.82 0.80 0.92 1.06 1.09 1.24
Rajasthan 0.96 0.93 0.95 1.05 1.11 1.14 1.15
Uttar Pradesh 0.85 0.85 0.90 1.08 1.13 1.24 1.30
Gujarat 0.85 0.75 0.77 0.95 1.04 1.08 1.11
Maharashtra 0.90 0.81 0.77 0.88 0.98 1.02 1.13
Himachal P. 0.96 0.91 1.04 1.29 1.34 1.30 1.45
Orissa 0.99 1.01 1.09 1.32 1.50 1.68 1.84
West Bengal 1.04 1.14 1.18 1.22 1.26 1.27 1.32
India 0.94 0.88 0.90 0.98 1.06 1.10 1.16
Table 4.18b: Absolute Difference in Levels of Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates
Unadjusted (ASMCRU) by age group by Caste for India and States, 1981
and 2001.
State/India 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Non SC/ST – SC: 1981
Andhra P. -3.18 -4.59 -2.56 -2.03 -1.25 -0.95 -0.70
Karnataka 1.75 0.83 0.29 0.06 0.12 0.00 0.06
Kerala 0.43 0.47 -0.70 -1.00 -0.91 -0.80 -0.39
Tamil Nadu 2.21 0.06 -0.75 -0.82 -0.50 -0.20 0.04
Bihar 3.72 0.62 -0.42 -0.47 -0.19 0.13 0.22
Madhya P. 0.46 0.38 -0.36 -0.59 -0.25 -0.32 -0.37
Rajasthan 2.51 2.11 0.72 0.41 0.40 0.36 0.60
Uttar Pradesh 0.46 1.07 0.25 0.08 0.07 0.01 0.04
Gujarat -0.97 0.74 1.65 0.90 0.87 0.86 0.67
Maharashtra 0.62 0.78 0.22 -0.21 -0.16 0.06 0.47
Haryana 2.85 2.73 1.09 0.41 0.31 0.36 0.18
Punjab 4.54 3.50 1.72 0.84 0.44 0.59 0.47
Himachal P. 4.44 2.15 -0.53 -1.24 -1.27 -1.47 -1.18
Orissa 1.81 -1.58 -2.07 -1.79 -1.47 -1.13 -0.49
West Bengal 0.73 0.50 0.37 0.07 0.14 0.02 0.15
India 2.17 1.12 0.04 -0.26 -0.17 -0.07 0.05
Non SC/ST – SC: 2001
Andhra P. -1.55 -3.99 -2.65 -1.26 -0.75 0.13 0.34
Karnataka -0.25 -0.16 -0.24 -0.13 -0.17 -0.06 -0.04
Kerala 2.80 -1.04 -0.42 -0.54 -0.08 0.79 0.46
Tamil Nadu 3.22 0.43 -0.31 -1.66 -1.46 -0.37 -1.61
Bihar 6.89 2.86 -0.30 -1.51 -0.91 -0.73 -0.43
Madhya P. 2.58 -2.19 -2.46 -1.83 -1.85 -1.66 -1.51
Rajasthan 1.20 -0.53 -1.42 -0.81 -0.42 0.05 0.04
Uttar Pradesh -19.39 -7.25 -4.43 -4.86 -5.68 -6.83 -5.98
Gujarat 15.25 8.82 1.97 0.38 0.25 0.51 0.43
Maharashtra 4.30 2.15 0.41 -0.09 -0.11 -0.10 0.04
Himachal P. -6.49 -5.21 -1.97 -1.49 -1.36 -1.06 -0.96
Orissa -3.28 -5.23 -4.40 -3.58 -3.28 -3.08 -2.42
West Bengal -4.30 -6.26 -3.81 -2.42 -1.90 -1.25 -1.21
India -4.73 -2.20 -1.91 -1.68 -1.47 -1.24 -1.10
Table 4. 18b Contd...
State/India 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Non SC/ST – ST: 1981
Andhra P. 1.29 0.00 0.12 0.21 0.22 0.26 0.11
Karnataka 5.04 4.30 2.23 0.92 0.42 0.04 -0.27
Kerala 1.59 2.24 -0.18 -1.57 -1.09 -1.07 -1.09
Tamil Nadu 3.42 3.90 2.31 1.06 0.74 0.32 -0.14
Bihar 1.11 2.21 1.29 0.72 0.24 -0.04 -0.56
Madhya P. 1.50 2.21 1.59 0.82 0.52 0.50 0.30
Rajasthan 2.58 2.25 1.13 0.42 0.33 0.27 0.17
Uttar Pradesh 2.03 3.26 2.20 1.41 1.07 0.80 0.51
Gujarat -0.69 0.03 0.55 0.60 0.61 0.64 0.75
Maharashtra 3.48 2.99 1.61 0.61 0.34 0.23 0.18
Haryana 0.39 0.82 0.94 0.56 0.49 0.40 0.30
Punjab 3.67 3.99 2.28 1.33 1.25 1.18 1.04
Himachal P. 6.41 7.09 2.63 0.42 -0.02 -0.50 -0.81
Orissa 3.24 1.75 0.52 -0.22 -0.46 -0.81 -1.07
West Bengal 2.53 4.21 3.19 2.12 1.64 1.34 1.15
India 2.68 3.26 1.89 0.98 0.62 0.41 0.14
Non SC/ST – ST: 2001
Andhra P. 3.36 2.45 1.42 0.65 -0.23 -0.43 -1.00
Karnataka 5.32 3.93 2.10 0.77 0.17 -0.26 -0.36
Kerala 2.41 2.25 -1.39 -3.86 -3.23 -2.87 -2.27
Tamil Nadu 4.88 1.23 -0.28 -2.50 -3.10 -4.03 -5.48
Bihar 2.72 0.18 -1.49 -1.23 -1.90 -1.75 -1.54
Madhya P. 5.93 5.25 2.07 0.41 -0.27 -0.36 -0.96
Rajasthan 3.35 2.05 0.46 -0.25 -0.41 -0.48 -0.52
Uttar Pradesh 11.27 5.41 1.59 -0.70 -0.86 -1.49 -1.83
Gujarat 11.71 9.71 3.14 0.38 -0.20 -0.40 -0.55
Maharashtra 7.17 5.87 2.81 0.82 0.13 -0.11 -0.67
Himachal P. 3.15 2.94 -0.43 -1.24 -1.10 -0.95 -1.45
Orissa 0.99 -0.31 -1.25 -2.22 -2.65 -3.37 -4.07
West Bengal -2.39 -3.27 -1.96 -1.59 -1.58 -1.67 -1.84
India 4.25 3.82 1.44 0.15 -0.36 -0.61 -0.96
Chapter 5
Levels of Childlessness: District Scenario
In the present chapter we discuss the levels and variations in the childlessness at the district
level. The main purpose of the analysis in this chapter is to highlight geographical
variations in the levels of childlessness at the district level and also to understand whether
there is any clustering pattern (in terms of geographical clustering) with regard to the
childlessness incidence. We would try to see if the childlessness incidence has any pattern
in terms of topography of the area. For example, levels of childlessness are higher around
the coastal line or in the plane areas. Similarly, the levels of childlessness are high in
southern states or the states in other regions of north, west or east. It is important to
understand that the population living in a particular geographical condition experience
lower or higher chances of childlessness. Thus the prime focus of the analysis in this
chapter is to assess the geographical pattern of incidence of childlessness. Further, we
would also examine whether the pattern have changed over the period of past 20 years
during 1981 to 2001 using data from the respective censuses. It may be brought to the
notice of the readers that the same information has also been obtained for the year 1991 but
has not been included in the analysis here. In the analysis in the past sections we noticed
that 1991 census results on this variable were substantially different in comparison to the
1981 and 2001 data and hence it was decided to restrict the analysis for the 1981 and 2001
only.
It is important to mention that though we have presented the data in this chapter in tabular
form we would be presenting a lot of maps so as to make it easy for the readers to
understand the geographical pattern of the levels of childlessness. The maps have been
prepared using GIS software. Like previous chapter, here too the analysis is carried out
separately for rural and urban areas.
It may also be pointed out that in this chapter we have restricted to the age groups of 35-39,
40-44 and 45-49 years. It is argued that in the absence of voluntary childlessness, almost all
women would become mother before age 35 years, more so in the developing countries
such as ours where motherhood is placed right at the top in the social ladder. It may safely
be argued that in India, voluntary childless is almost non-existent as it is highly unlikely
that a woman would wait beyond age 35 years to begin reproduction1. Thus the levels of
childlessness in the age group 35-39, 40-44 and 45-49 years may be considered as the
reflection of the levels of involuntary childlessness (or permanent sterility) in India. This is
also supported by the fact that the levels of childlessness become more or less stable for the
ages beyond 35 years. We have thus presented the distribution of districts by the level of
childlessness among women aged 35-39, 40-44 and 45-49 years during 1981 and 2001 in
1
The data on distribution of birth by Birth Order and Age of the Woman from the DLHS-RCH reveals that
less than 3 percent of the births to the women aged 35-39 and 40-44 years are of order one.
the tables 5.1A through 5.3C for combined, rural and urban areas respectively. In addition
to this, in order to bring out the geographical clustering we have also presented the same in
maps. Further in the Appendix – 4.1 we have presented the names of the districts that have
childlessness rate of 10 percent or higher. At the outset it may be mentioned that there
were 395 districts in the country in 1981 that increased to 593 in 2001. We would like to
bring out following points regarding the data:
1. For some of the districts data is not available and 'NG' indicates the same in the
table.
2. '--' in the table means that there are no districts in that particular category.
3. Some of the districts may not have any rural population as they are fully urbanized.
Likewise some districts may not have any urban areas. In such cases, total of
districts in low, medium and high childless categories may be short of the total
number of districts in the states in tables referring to rural and urban areas. The
name of the districts where such situation prevails has been provided below the
tables in the footnotes.
Before we begin the analysis we would like to mention that for better understanding we
would like to classify the districts in the following 3 broad categories on the basis of
percentages of childless women:
Type of category Percentage of the childless women

Group I: Low Prevalence Districts (LPD) Up to 2.50 per cent
Group II: Medium Prevalence Districts (MPD) 2.51 to 7.50 per cent
Group III: High Prevalence Districts (HPD) Greater than 7.50 per cent
5.1 ASMCRU - 35-39 YEARS: 1981-2001
The last row of the table 5.1A and Figure 5.1 clearly reveal that at the all India level,
majority of the districts fall into group II (MPD, that is, medium levels of the childlessness)
during both the period under analysis. As may be noted about 64 per cent and 75 per cent
of the districts had 2.51 to 7.50 percent childless women in the age group 35-39 years in
1981 and 2001 respectively. Further, in 1981 there were nearly 28 per cent of the districts
in group I (LPD) with low levels of childlessness which came down to just 3 per cent in
2001, indicating a sharp reduction. It is surprising to note that the percentages of the share
of high prevalence districts (Group III, HPD) was a little over 4 per cent in 1981 which
increased to nearly 22 per cent in 2001. Thus it may be said that at the national levels there
have been dramatic shift in position of the districts from low prevalence to high prevalence.
The distribution of the districts across states and Union Territories (UTs) reveals that
following points:
1. Out of the total 115 low prevalence districts in 1981, 27 came from undivided Uttar
Pradesh followed by Karnataka (19 districts), Maharashtra (11 districts), West
Bengal (10 districts) and Arunachal Pradesh (9 districts). In other words, two-thirds
of the LPD districts are from these five states. Contrary to this, out of the 18 low
prevalence districts in 2001, 11 were from Haryana, 6 from Rajasthan, 2 from
Manipur and one from Himachal Pradesh. It is interesting to note that all the
districts in Karnataka, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya and Mizoram belonged to

LPD group in 1981. Further, in West Bengal and Himachal Pradesh they accounted
for about two-thirds of the total districts and about half of them in the undivided
Uttar Pradesh, Kerala.
Figure 5.1: Distribution of districts by levels of childless women in the age group
35-39 years, India 1981-2001.
80.00
70.00 1981 2001 63.59 75.21 Combined
60.00
50.00
40.00
27.91
30.00 21.58
20.00
10.00 3.04 4.37
0.00
LPD MP D HPD
80.00 Rural 80.00

70.00 74.37 70.00
Urban 69.98
60.00 60.92
60.00 63.11
50.00 50.00
40.00 28.88 40.00
26.84
30.00 30.00 23.79
19.34
20.00 20.00
4.72 4.85 1.35 5.58
10.00 10.00
0.00 0.00
LPD MPD HP D LPD MP D HPD
2. In case of the 262 medium prevalence districts in 1981, 39 were from undivided
Madhya Pradesh, 28 from the undivided Uttar Pradesh and 26 each from Rajasthan
and undivided Bihar. The data further reveals that all of the districts in Gujarat,
Rajasthan and Tamil Nadu had medium levels of childlessness in 1981. Somewhat
similar observations may also be made for 2001.
3. Coming to the high prevalence group, it may be noted that of the 18 such districts in
1981, 7 were from Andhra Pradesh, 4 from undivided Madhya Pradesh, 3 from
Orissa, 2 from Manipur and one from undivided Uttar Pradesh. As may be noted,
not only the number of the districts in the state in this group has increased over time
(in 2001) but also many districts from all parts of the country have joined this
group. For example, the number of districts in Andhra Pradesh in the HPD group
increased from 7 in 1981 to 16 in 2001, from one to 8 in Jammu and Kashmir, from
3 to 8 in Orissa, from one to 15 in undivided Uttar Pradesh and from 2 to 8 in
Manipur.
5.2 ASMCRU - 40-44 YEARS: 1981-2001
The last row of the table 5.2A and Figure 5.2 provide the relevant information. It may be
clearly noted that at the national level, majority of the districts fall into MPD group during
both the period under analysis. As seen over 60 per cent of the districts in 1981 and nearly
three-fourth in 2001 fell in this category. In other words, the percentages of childless
women aged 40-44 years in these districts ranged between 2.5 to 7.5 per cent. Further, there
were nearly 27 per cent of the districts in the country in 1981 where proportion of childless
women aged 40-44 years was 2.5 per cent or less. This proportion came down to just 5 per
cent in 2001. Interestingly, share of districts in high prevalence category rose from less
than 9 per cent in 1981 to nearly 21 per cent in 2001. It is thus noted that at the national
levels there has been dramatic reduction in the share of low prevalence districts whereas
their share has substantially gone up in both medium and high prevalence categories.
40-44 years, India 1981-2001.
80.00 1981 Combined

60.44
60.00 2001 74.37
40.00 26.94
20.58
20.00 5.06 8.5
0.00
LPD MPD HPD
80.00 80.00
70.00 Rural 58.25 72.17 70.00 Urban 61.4 73.01
60.00 60.00
50.00 50.00
40.00 27.67 40.00
30.00 30.00 23.06 22.6
19.23
20.00 8.74 20.00 9.22
4.08 2.7
10.00 10.00
0.00 0.00
LPD MPD HPD LPD MPD HPD
The data on the distribution of the districts across low, medium and high categories
presented in tables 5.2 bring out following:
1. It is interesting to note that all the districts of Karnataka, Meghalaya, Mizoram and
8 out of 9 districts in Arunachal Pradesh belonged to the low prevalence category in
1981. Out of the total 111 low prevalence districts in 1981, 30 belonged to the
undivided Uttar Pradesh, 19 to Karnataka, 11 to Maharashtra, 10 to West Bengal
and 8 to Arunachal Pradesh (comprising for about three-fourth of all the districts in
the category). In 2001, out of the total 30 districts in this category, 15 were from
Haryana, 8 from Rajasthan, 3 from Himachal Pradesh and one each from Andaman
and Nicobar Island and Delhi.
2. In the medium category, there were 249 districts in 1981 and 441 in 2001. The
major contributors of the districts in this category in 1981 were undivided Madhya
Pradesh (36), undivided Bihar and Rajasthan (26 each), undivided Uttar Pradesh
(24), Gujarat (19), Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu (15 each), Jammu and Kashmir
(13) and Punjab (12). The pattern is quite similar for 2001 as far as the allocation of
districts in this category across states is concerned.
3. As mentioned before, number of districts in the high prevalence category has
undergone dramatic change over 1981-2001. As seen from the data with respect to
the share of districts across states, out of the 35 high prevalence districts in 1981, 15
belonged to Andhra Pradesh, 7 to undivided Madhya Pradesh and 4 to Orissa. There
were 2 districts each in undivided Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh and Manipur
and one each in Jammu Kashmir, Tamil Nadu and Andaman Nicobar Island where
the levels of childlessness among women aged 40-44 years was higher.
4. The number of districts in the high prevalence category, as noted before, has
increased tremendously to 122 by 2001. Of all the high prevalence districts in 2001,
30 belong to Tamil Nadu, 19 to Andhra Pradesh and 8 to Karnataka (all southern
states with relatively better socio-economic and demographic indicators otherwise).
Further, amongst the eastern smaller states of the country, all 7 districts of
Meghalaya, 7 out of 9 districts in Manipur, 6 out of 8 in Nagaland and 10 out of 23
districts in Assam had higher levels of childlessness. There were 8 districts in Uttar
Pradesh and 7 in Orissa which belonged to high prevalence category.
5.3 ASMCRU - 45-49 YEARS: 1981-2001
The last row of the table 5.3A and figure 5.3 below clearly reveals that about 30 per cent of
the districts in the country in 1981 had 2.5 per cent or fewer women aged 45-49 years who
were childless. The proportion of such districts drastically reduced to less than 5 per cent in
2001. It may further be noted that about 58 and 75 per cent of the districts in the country in
1981 and 2001 respectively fell into medium category. However, the share of districts in
high prevalence category rose sharply from nearly 8 per cent in 1981 to as high as 21 per
cent in 2001. This indicates that the incidence of childlessness in the country has deepened
in many parts of the country over time.
The data on state scenario on this may be summarized in the following points:
1. Out of the total 122 low prevalence districts in 1981, 31 were from undivided Uttar
Pradesh, 18 from Karnataka and 12 from Maharashtra. In Karnataka, 18 out of 19
districts had low prevalence levels of childlessness. Likewise, all districts in
Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya and Mizoram had low levels of childlessness in this
age group. In 2001, of the 29 low prevalence districts, 14 were from Haryana, 9
from Rajasthan, 3 from Himachal Pradesh, 2 from Delhi and one from Andaman
Nicobar Island.
2. At the outset it may be pointed out that in 2001 all the districts in Gujarat, Punjab,
Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Chhatisgarh, Uttaranchal, Himachal Pradesh, Mizoram,
Pondicherry, Sikkim, Daman Diu, Tripura, Delhi, Chandigarh, Dadra Nagar Haveli
and Lakshadweep had medium levels of childless in 2001. The share of districts
across states in the medium prevalence category is quite similar to that observed for
the previous age group (majority of the districts coming from undivided Madhya
Pradesh (65 in 2001), Uttar Pradesh (61 in 2001) and Bihar (46 in 2001). Further a
sizeable proportion of districts from Maharashtra (34), Gujarat (25), Karnataka (24)
and Rajasthan (26) in 2001 belonged to this category.
45-49 years, India 1981-2001.
80.00
1981 Combined
58.01 74.53
60.00 2001
40.00 29.61
20.57
20.00 4.89 8.01
0.00
LPD MPD HPD
80.00 80.00
70.00 Rural 73.02 70.00 Urban 60.44 75.05
56.31
60.00 60.00
50.00 50.00
40.00 30.58 40.00
30.00 30.00 22.82 20.57
19.06
20.00 6.41 20.00
7.77 9.95
10.00 10.00 2.19
0.00 0.00
LPD MPD HPD LPD MPD HPD
3. Coming to the low prevalence category, it may be noticed that there were 18 and
128 districts in 1981 and 2001 respectively in this category. Of these 18 districts in
1981, 7 were from Andhra Pradesh, 4 from undivided Madhya Pradesh, 3 from
Orissa, 2 from Manipur and one each from Jammu Kashmir and undivided Uttar
Pradesh. An important point emerging from this table is that in 2001, all districts in
Tamil Nadu (30), Meghalaya (7) and Goa (2) fell in high prevalence category.
Similarly, 8 out of 9 districts in Manipur and 7 out of 8 districts in Nagaland fell in
high prevalence category. A sizeable proportion of districts in some other states like
Andhra Pradesh (16 out of 23, 70 per cent), Jammu Kashmir (8 out of 14, 57 per
cent), Assam (10 out of 23, 43 per cent), Orissa (8 out of 30, 27 per cent) and Uttar
Pradesh (15 out of 70, 21 per cent) fell in high prevalence category.
5.4 Spatial pattern of incidence of childlessness at the district level: 1981-2001
As mentioned before, for the better understanding of the reader, we have provided names
of the districts that have 10 per cent or higher levels of childlessness in Appendix 4.1. The
information has been provided for the period 1981, 1991 and 2001 state wise for the age
groups 35-39, 40-44 and 45-49 years separately for combined, rural and urban areas along
with the actual levels. Also we have presented the geographic scenario of the districts with
respect to the incidence of childlessness for the country and the same has been included
here (see Map 5.1 to Map 5.18 below). The purpose of presenting the same on the maps is
the fact that when we carry out our analysis based on the simple distribution of the units (as
done above) we fail to understand the geographical patterns. Plotting the units help us
understand the geographic scenario more effectively. We have once again presented the
maps for the age groups 40-44 and 45-49 years of women for 1981 through 2001. In the
maps we have presented data for following 6 categories:
Category Level of childlessness Category Level of childlessness

(% of childless women) (% of childless women)
I 00.00 per cent* IV 5.01 – 7.50 per cent
II 0.00 – 2.50 per cent V 7.51 – 10.00 per cent
III 2.51 – 5.00 per cent VI More than 10.00 per cent
Note: * also includes districts for which data is not available.
MAP 5.1
MAP 5.2
MAP 5.3
MAP 5.4
MAP 5.5
MAP 5.6
MAP 5.7
MAP 5.8
MAP 5.9
MAP 5.10
MAP 5.11
MAP 5.12
MAP 5.13
MAP 5.14
MAP 5.15
MAP 5.16
MAP 5.17
MAP 5.18
Table 5.1A: Distribution of Districts by the levels of ASMCRU for women aged 35-
39 years, Combined Areas, 1981-2001.
Childless Levels: 1981 Childless Levels: 2001 No. of Districts

States / UTs
Low Medium High Low Medium High 1981 2001
Andhra P. -- 16 7 -- 7 16 23 23
Bihar -- 33 4 37
5 26 -- 31
Jharkhand -- 13 3 18
Gujarat -- 19 -- -- 25 -- 19 25
Haryana 4 8 -- 11 8 -- 12 19
Jammu & K -- 13 1 -- 6 8 14 14
Karnataka 19 -- -- -- 24 3 19 27
Kerala 6 6 -- -- 14 -- 12 14
Madhya P. -- 45 -- 45
2 39 4 45
Chhatisgarh -- 20 -- 16
Maharashtra 11 15 -- -- 34 1 26 35
Orissa -- 10 3 -- 22 8 13 30
Punjab 1 11 -- -- 17 -- 12 17
Rajasthan -- 26 -- 6 26 -- 26 32
Tamil Nadu -- 16 -- -- -- 30 16 30
Uttar P. -- 55 15 70
27 28 1 56
Uttarnchal -- 6 -- 13
W. Bengal 10 6 -- -- 15 3 16 18
A&N Island 1 1 -- -- 1 1 2 2
Arunachal P. 9 -- -- -- 11 2 9 13
Himachal P. 7 5 -- 1 11 -- 12 12
Manipur 1 3 2 -- 1 8 6 9
Meghalaya 5 -- -- -- -- 7 5 7
Mizoram 3 -- -- -- 8 -- 3 8
Nagaland 3 4 -- -- 1 7 7 8
Pondicherry 1 3 -- -- 4 -- 4 4
Sikkim -- 4 -- -- 4 -- 4 4
Goa -- 1 -- -- -- 2 1 2
Daman Diu -- 2 -- -- 2 -- 2 2
Assam NG NG NG -- 13 10 10 23
Tripura NG NG NG -- 15 -- 3 4
Delhi NG NG NG -- 3 -- 1 9
Chandigarh NG NG NG -- 1 -- 1 1
DN Haveli NG NG NG -- 1 -- 1 1
Lakshadweep NG NG NG -- 1 -- 1 1
INDIA N 115 262 18 18 446 128 412 593
% (27.91) (63.59) (4.37) (3.04) (75.21) (21.58) (100.0) (100.0)
Note: NG stands for not given as data are not available.
Table 5.1B: Distribution of Districts by the levels of ASMCRU for women aged 35-
39 years, Rural Areas, 1981-2001.

States / UTs
Andhra P. -- 15 7 -- 11 11 23 23
Bihar -- 34 3 37
6 25 -- 31
Gujarat -- 19 -- -- 25 -- 19 25
Haryana 3 9 -- 16 3 -- 12 19
Jammu & K -- 13 1 -- 6 8 14 14
Karnataka 19 -- -- - 25 2 19 27
Kerala 6 6 -- -- 14 -- 12 14
Madhya P. -- 45 -- 45
3 38 4 45
Chhatisgarh -- 14 2 16
Maharashtra 11 14 -- -- 33 -- 26 35
Orissa -- 9 4 -- 22 8 13 30
Punjab 1 11 -- -- 17 -- 12 17
Rajasthan -- 26 -- 8 24 -- 26 32
Tamil Nadu -- 15 -- -- 1 28 16 30
Uttar P. -- 60 10 70
29 25 2 56
W. Bengal 11 4 -- -- 15 2 16 18
A&N Island 1 1 -- -- 1 1 2 2
Arunachal P. 9 -- -- -- 11 2 9 13
Himachal P. 7 5 -- 1 11 -- 12 12
Manipur 1 3 2 -- 1 8 6 9
Meghalaya 5 -- -- -- -- 7 5 7
Mizoram 3 -- -- -- 8 -- 3 8
Nagaland 3 4 -- -- 1 7 7 8
Pondicherry 1 2 -- -- 2 -- 4 4
Sikkim -- 4 -- -- 4 -- 4 4
Goa -- 1 -- -- -- 2 1 2
Daman Diu -- 2 -- 1 1 -- 2 2
Assam NG NG NG -- 15 8 10 23
Delhi NG NG NG 2 5 -- 1 9
INDIA N 119 251 20 28 441 115 412 593
% (28.88) (60.92) (4.85) (4.72) (74.37) (19.34) (100.0) (100.0)
Note:
1. NG stands for not given as data are not available.
2. 1981: No rural area in Hyderabad (Andhra Pradesh), Greater Bombay district (Maharashtra), Madras
(Tamil Nadu), Calcutta (West Bengal) and Yanam (Pondicherry).
3. 2001: No rural area in Hyderabad (Andhra Pradesh), Mumbai (Suburban) and Mumbai (Maharashtra),
Chennai (Tamil Nadu), Kolkatta (West Bengal), Mahe & Yanam (Pondicherry) and New Delhi and Delhi
Central districts.
Table 5.1C: Distribution of Districts by the levels of ASMCRU for women aged 35-
39 years, Urban Areas, 1981-2001.
States / UTs
Andhra P. -- 13 10 -- 5 18 23 23
Bihar -- 31 6 37
-- 31 -- 31
Gujarat -- 18 -- -- 22 2 19 25
Haryana 3 9 -- 5 14 -- 12 19
Jammu & K 2 11 1 -- 7 7 14 14
Karnataka 19 -- -- -- 19 8 19 27
Kerala 1 10 -- -- 11 3 12 14
Madhya P. -- 45 -- 45
4 35 6 45
Maharashtra 13 13 -- -- 34 1 26 35
Orissa -- 11 2 -- 27 3 13 30
Punjab 1 11 -- -- 15 2 12 17
Rajasthan 1 25 -- 1 31 -- 26 32
Tamil Nadu -- 16 -- -- -- 30 16 30
Uttar P. -- 37 33 70
20 35 1 56
W. Bengal 9 7 -- -- 12 6 16 18
A&N Island 1 -- -- -- 1 -- 2 2
Arunachal P. 5 -- -- 1 8 3 9 13
Himachal P. 7 3 -- 1 9 -- 12 12
Manipur 1 3 2 -- -- 5 6 9
Meghalaya 5 -- -- -- 3 4 5 7
Mizoram 3 -- -- -- 7 -- 3 8
Nagaland 5 1 -- -- 2 6 7 8
Pondicherry 1 3 -- -- 4 -- 4 4
Sikkim 1 2 1 1 2 1 4 4
Goa -- 1 -- -- -- 2 1 2
Daman Diu -- 2 -- -- 2 -- 2 2
Assam NG NG NG -- 7 16 10 23
Tripura NG NG NG -- 3 1 3 4
INDIA N 102 260 23 9 415 159 412 593
% (24.75) (63.11) (5.58) (1.52) (69.98) (26.81) (100.0) (100.0)
Note: 1. NG stands for not given as data are not available.
2. 1981: No Urban areas Dang (Gujarat), Wayanad (Kerala), Nicobar (Andaman & Nicobar
Island), East Kameng, Upper Subansiri, Dibang Valley and Tirap districts (Arunachal Pradesh),
Lahul Spiti and Kinnaur districts (Himachal Pradesh) and Phek (Nagaland).
3. 2001: No Urban areas in Dangs (Gujarat), Senapati, Tamenglong, Churachandpur and Ukhrul
(Manipur), Upper Siang (Arunachal Pradesh), and Lawngtlai (Mizoram), Lahul & Spiti and
Kinnaur (Himachal Pradesh) and Nicobar (Andaman & Nicobar Island).

States / UTs
Andhra P. -- 8 15 -- 4 19 23 23
Bihar -- 36 1 37
5 26 -- 31
Gujarat -- 19 -- -- 25 -- 19 25
Haryana 5 7 -- 15 4 -- 12 19
Jammu & K -- 13 1 -- 9 5 14 14
Karnataka 19 -- -- -- 19 8 19 27
Kerala 4 8 -- -- 14 -- 12 14
Madhya P. 2 43 -- 45
2 36 7 45
Maharashtra 11 15 -- -- 35 -- 26 35
Orissa -- 9 4 -- 23 7 13 30
Punjab -- 12 -- -- 17 -- 12 17
Rajasthan -- 26 -- 8 24 -- 26 32
Tamil Nadu -- 15 1 -- -- 30 16 30
Uttar P. -- 62 8 70
30 24 2 56
W. Bengal 10 6 -- -- 15 3 16 18
A&N Island 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 2 2
Arunachal P. 8 1 -- -- 10 3 9 13
Himachal P. 3 7 2 3 9 -- 12 12
Manipur 1 3 2 -- 2 7 6 9
Meghalaya 5 -- - -- -- 7 5 7
Mizoram 3 -- -- -- 8 -- 3 8
Nagaland 3 4 -- -- 2 6 7 8
Pondicherry 1 3 -- -- 4 -- 4 4
Sikkim -- 4 -- -- 4 -- 4 4
Goa -- 1 -- -- 2 -- 1 2
Daman Diu -- 2 -- -- 2 -- 2 2
Assam NG NG NG -- 13 10 10 23
INDIA N 111 249 35 30 441 122 412 593
% (26.94) (60.44) (8.50) (5.06) (74.37) (20.58) (100.0) (100.0)
Table 5.2B: Distribution of Districts by the levels of ASMCRU for women aged 40-44
years, Rural Areas, 1981-2001.

States / UTs
Andhra P. -- 7 15 -- 6 16 23 23
Bihar -- 36 1 37
5 26 -- 31
Gujarat -- 19 -- 1 24 -- 19 25
Haryana 6 6 -- 18 1 -- 12 19
Jammu & K -- 13 1 -- 8 6 14 14
Karnataka 19 -- -- -- 20 7 19 27
Kerala 7 5 -- -- 14 -- 12 14
Madhya P. 2 43 -- 45
2 36 7 45
Maharashtra 11 14 -- -- 33 -- 26 35
Orissa -- 9 4 -- 22 8 13 30
Punjab 1 11 -- -- 17 -- 12 17
Rajasthan -- 26 -- 11 21 -- 26 32
Tamil Nadu -- 14 1 -- -- 29 16 30
Uttar P. -- 66 4 70
30 23 3 56
W. Bengal 10 5 -- -- 15 2 16 18
A&N Island 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 2 2
Arunachal P. 8 1 -- -- 10 3 9 13
Himachal P. 2 8 2 3 9 -- 12 12
Manipur 1 3 2 -- 2 7 6 9
Meghalaya 5 -- -- -- -- 7 5 7
Mizoram 3 -- -- 1 7 -- 3 8
Nagaland 2 5 -- -- 2 6 7 8
Pondicherry 1 2 -- -- 2 -- 4 4
Sikkim -- 4 -- -- 4 -- 4 4
Goa -- 1 -- -- 2 -- 1 2
Daman Diu -- 2 -- 1 1 -- 2 2
Assam NG NG NG -- 16 7 10 23
Chandigarh NG NG NG 1 -- -- 1 1
INDIA N 114 240 36 42 428 114 412 593
% (27.67) (58.25) (8.74) (4.08) (72.17) (19.23) (100.0) (100.0)
Note:
1. 1981: No rural area in Hyderabad (Andhra Pradesh), Greater Bombay district (Maharashtra),
Madras (Tamil Nadu), Calcutta (West Bengal) and Yanam (Pondicherry).
2. 1981: Assam, Delhi, Tripura, Chandigarh, Dadra & Nagar Haveli & Lakshadweep data are not
available.
3. 2001: No rural area in Hyderabad (Andhra Pradesh), Mumbai (Suburban) and Mumbai
(Maharashtra), Chennai (Tamil Nadu), Kolkatta (West Bengal), Mahe & Yanam (Pondicherry)
and New Delhi and Delhi Central districts.

States / UTs
Andhra P. -- 6 17 -- 3 20 23 23
Bihar -- 33 4 37
1 30 -- 31
Gujarat -- 16 2 -- 23 1 19 25
Haryana 4 8 -- 8 11 -- 12 19
Jammu & K 2 10 2 -- 7 7 14 14
Karnataka 18 1 -- -- 18 9 19 27
Kerala 3 8 -- -- 12 2 12 14
Madhya P. 1 44 -- 45
4 33 8 45
Maharashtra 8 17 1 -- 35 -- 26 35
Orissa 1 8 4 -- 27 3 13 30
Punjab 1 11 -- -- 17 -- 12 17
Rajasthan 1 25 -- 3 29 -- 26 32
Tamil Nadu -- 15 1 -- -- 30 16 30
Uttar P. -- 50 20 70
15 40 1 56
Uttarnchal 1 11 1 13
W. Bengal 8 8 -- -- 14 4 16 18
A&N Island -- 1 -- -- 1 -- 2 2
Arunachal P. 5 -- -- 1 9 2 9 13
Himachal P. 8 2 -- 1 9 -- 12 12
Manipur 1 3 2 -- 1 4 6 9
Meghalaya 5 -- -- -- 3 4 5 7
Mizoram 3 -- -- -- 6 1 3 8
Nagaland 5 1 -- -- 2 6 7 8
Pondicherry 1 3 -- -- 4 -- 4 4
Sikkim 1 3 -- 1 3 -- 4 4
Goa -- 1 -- -- 2 -- 1 2
Daman Diu -- 2 -- -- 1 1 2 2
Assam NG NG NG -- 9 14 10 23
INDIA N 95 253 38 16 433 134 412 593
% (23.06) (61.40) (9.22) (2.70) (73.01) (22.60) (100.0) (100.0)
Note:
1. 1981: No Urban areas Dang (Gujarat), Wayanad (Kerala), Nicobar (Andaman & Nicobar Island), East
Kameng, Upper Subansiri, Dibang Valley and Tirap districts (Arunachal Pradesh), Lahul Spiti and Kinnaur
districts (Himachal Pradesh) and Phek (Nagaland).
2. 1981: Assam, Delhi, Tripura, Chandigarh, Dadra & Nagar Haveli and Lakshadweep data are not available.
3. 2001: No Urban areas in Nicobar (Andaman & Nicobar Island), Upper Siang (Arunachal Pradesh), Lahul
Spiti and Kinnaur (Himachal Pradesh), Senapati, Tamenglong, Churachandpur and Ukhrul (Manipur), Dangs
(Gujarat) and Lawngtlai (Mizoram).

States / UTs
Andhra P. -- 7 16 -- 4 19 23 23
Bihar -- 36 1 37
7 24 -- 31
Gujarat -- 18 1 -- 25 -- 19 25
Haryana 7 5 -- 14 5 -- 12 19
Jammu & K -- 13 1 -- 11 3 14 14
Karnataka 18 1 -- -- 19 8 19 27
Kerala 6 6 -- -- 14 -- 12 14
Madhya P. -- 45 -- 45
3 35 7 45
Maharashtra 12 14 -- -- 35 -- 26 35
Orissa -- 10 3 -- 20 10 13 30
Punjab 1 11 -- -- 17 -- 12 17
Rajasthan 3 23 -- 9 23 -- 26 32
Tamil Nadu -- 15 1 -- -- 30 16 30
Uttar P. -- 63 7 70
31 23 2 56
W. Bengal 9 7 -- -- 15 3 16 18
A&N Island 1 1 -- 1 -- 1 2 2
Arunachal P. 9 -- -- -- 8 5 9 13
Himachal P. 3 8 1 3 9 -- 12 12
Manipur 1 3 2 -- 2 7 6 9
Meghalaya 5 -- -- -- -- 7 5 7
Mizoram 3 -- -- -- 8 -- 3 8
Nagaland 2 5 -- -- 3 5 7 8
Pondicherry 1 3 -- -- 4 -- 4 4
Sikkim -- 4 -- -- 4 -- 4 4
Goa -- 1 -- -- 2 -- 1 2
Daman Diu -- 2 -- -- 2 -- 2 2
Assam NG NG NG -- 15 8 10 23
INDIA N 122 239 33 29 442 122 412 593
% (29.61) (58.01) (8.01) (4.89) (74.53) (20.57) (100.0) (100.0)
Table 5.3B: Distribution of Districts by the levels of ASMCRU for women aged 45-
49 years, Rural Areas, 1981-2001.

States / UTs
Andhra P. -- 8 14 -- 5 17 23 23
Bihar -- 36 1 37
9 22 -- 31
Gujarat -- 18 1 -- 25 -- 19 25
Haryana 10 2 -- 18 1 -- 12 19
Jammu & K -- 13 1 -- 11 3 14 14
Karnataka 18 1 -- -- 21 6 19 27
Kerala 6 6 -- -- 14 -- 12 14
Madhya P. -- 44 1 45
3 36 6 45
Maharashtra 10 15 -- -- 33 -- 26 35
Orissa -- 10 3 -- 20 10 13 30
Punjab 1 11 -- 1 16 -- 12 17
Rajasthan 4 22 -- 10 22 -- 26 32
Tamil Nadu -- 14 1 -- -- 29 16 30
Uttar P. -- 66 4 70
32 21 3 56
W. Bengal 9 6 -- -- 15 2 16 18
A&N Island 1 1 -- 1 -- 1 2 2
Arunachal P. 8 1 -- -- 8 5 9 13
Himachal P. 3 8 1 3 9 -- 12 12
Manipur 1 3 2 -- 2 7 6 9
Meghalaya 5 -- -- -- -- 7 5 7
Mizoram 3 -- -- -- 8 -- 3 8
Nagaland 2 5 -- -- 5 3 7 8
Pondicherry 1 2 -- -- 2 -- 4 4
Sikkim -- 4 -- -- 4 -- 4 4
Goa -- 1 -- -- 2 -- 1 2
Daman Diu -- 2 -- -- 2 -- 2 2
Assam NG NG NG -- 17 6 10 23
INDIA N 126 232 32 38 433 113 412 593
% (30.58) (56.31) (7.77) (6.41) (73.02) (19.06) (100.0) (100.0)
Note:
1. 1981: No rural area in Hyderabad (Andhra Pradesh), Greater Bombay district (Maharashtra), Madras (Tamil
Nadu), Calcutta (West Bengal) and Yanam (Pondicherry).
2. 1981: Assam, Delhi, Tripura, Chandigarh, Dadra & Nagar Haveli & Lakshadweep data are not available.
3. 2001: No rural area in Hyderabad (Andhra Pradesh), Mumbai (suburban) and Mumbai (Maharashtra),
Chennai (Tamil Nadu), Kolkatta (West Bengal), Mahe & Yanam (Pondicherry) and New Delhi & Delhi
Central (Delhi).
States / UTs Childless Levels: 1981 Childless Levels: 2001 No. of Districts
Andhra P. -- 6 17 -- 2 21 23 23
Bihar -- 36 1 37
-- 29 2 31
Gujarat -- 16 2 -- 23 1 19 25
Haryana 4 8 -- 7 12 -- 12 19
Jammu & K -- 13 1 -- 10 4 14 14
Karnataka 19 -- -- -- 19 8 19 27
Kerala 3 8 -- -- 13 1 12 14
Madhya P. 1 44 -- 45
1 35 9 45
Maharashtra 9 17 -- -- 35 -- 26 35
Orissa 2 8 3 1 26 3 13 30
Punjab 4 8 -- -- 17 -- 12 17
Rajasthan 1 24 1 3 29 -- 26 32
Tamil Nadu -- 15 1 -- -- 30 16 30
Uttar P. -- 51 19 70
16 38 2 56
Uttarnchal -- 10 3 13
W. Bengal 8 7 1 -- 15 3 16 18
A&N Island -- 1 -- -- 1 -- 2 2
Arunachal P. 5 -- -- -- 8 4 9 13
Himachal P. 6 4 -- 1 9 -- 12 12
Manipur 1 3 2 -- 1 4 6 9
Meghalaya 5 -- -- -- 2 5 5 7
Mizoram 3 -- -- -- 7 -- 3 8
Nagaland 5 -- 1 -- 3 5 7 8
Pondicherry 1 3 -- -- 4 -- 4 4
Sikkim 1 3 -- -- 2 2 4 4
Goa -- 1 -- -- 2 -- 1 2
Daman Diu -- 2 -- -- 2 -- 2 2
Assam NG NG NG -- 13 10 10 23
INDIA N 94 249 41 13 445 122 412 593
% (22.82) (60.44) (9.95) (2.19) (75.05) (20.57) (100.0) (100.0)
Note:
1. 1981: No Urban areas in Dang (Gujarat), Wayanad (Kerala), Nicobar (Andaman & Nicobar Island), East
Kameng, Upper Subansiri, Dibang Valley and Tirap districts (Arunachal Pradesh), Lahul Spiti and
Kinnaur districts (Himachal Pradesh) and Phek (Nagaland).
1. 1981: Assam, Delhi, Tripura, Chandigarh, Dadra Nagar Haveli and Lakshadweep data are not available.
2. 2001: No Urban areas in Nicobar (Andaman & Nicobar Island), Upper Siang (Arunachal Pradesh),
Lahul Spiti and Kinnaur (Himachal Pradesh), Senapati, Tamenglong, Churachandpur and Ukhrul
(Manipur), Dangs (Gujarat) and Lawngtlai (Mizoram).
Chapter 6
Factors affecting and Consequences of

childlessness on women
In the present section we attempt to understand various dimensions of childlessness in
India and its states using data from the National Family Health Survey conducted during
1998-99 by the IIPS, Mumbai (referred as NFHS II). This has been done in view of the
fact that the NFHS data gives us greater scope to undertake in-depth analysis on the issue
in comparison to the census data (which we have used in our analysis so far). This is
possible because in case of NFHS we have access to individual data file. This allows us
to carry out tabulation as per or need which is not possible from the census data. Thus in
the present section we try to throw in-depth light on the levels and differentials of
childlessness by a number of characteristics at the national and state level. Although there
are obvious advantages of the NFHS data over census data, there are some limitations as
well. First and foremost, the sample size in NFHS has a clear limitation to undertake the
analysis of childless women in the conventional five-year age groups. As a result of this,
we have computed the childlessness rates for the two groups of women- younger and
older women (women aged 15-29 years and 30-49 years respectively). Also as we have
noted in the previous sections the levels of childlessness more or less stabilize by age 30
years. Further, the levels of childlessness at ages beyond 30 years may be taken as the
indicator of the levels of infertility in the population such as ours. It may be worth to
remind that here too we have considered all zero parity women at the time of survey as
childless.
Before coming to the discussion on factors associated with the childlessness we would
like to present a very brief discussion on the levels and differentials of childlessness
among the women in the reproductive ages as emerged from the NFHS data (with
emphasis on the variables for which differentials could not be studied from the census
data). Table 6.1 provides levels of childlessness for the women aged 15-29, 30-49 and
15-49 years for India and its states for the period 1998-99. In the same table we have also
provided the same for regions of the country as a whole. For better understanding, the
states have been classified into six regions of East, West, North, South, Central and
Northeast regions and the details of the states under each of the region are provided in the
footnote below the table. In addition to the percentages of the childless women, we have
also given the total number of women in each of the category on which our analysis is
based. As may be noted from the table, the General Marital Childlessness Rate (GMCR)
for the nation as a whole is 11 per cent (in other words, about over one in every 10
women in the reproductive ages surveyed in NFHS in India were childless at the time of
survey). It may be recalled that the corresponding figure for 2001 from census data was
about 16 per cent. Among major states, the GMCR ranged from low levels of about 7-8
per cent in Haryana and Punjab to nearly 13 per cent in Bihar followed by about 12 per
cent in Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh. IN case of other smaller
states, it was observed at 12 percent in Himachal Pradesh and 9-10 per cent in Arunachal
Pradesh and Tripura and between 4-8 percent for rest of the other states. At the regional
level (see lower panel of the table) the GMCR was relatively higher in central and east
regions (at 12 per cent) followed by west and south regions and are lowest in the north
and northeastern regions.
The data also revealed that the levels of childlessness are higher among younger women
as compared to the older women (which is obvious and have also been noted in the
analysis based on the census data presented in the previous sections). It is interesting to
point out that the percentage of childlessness among women aged 15-29 years is
relatively higher for Bihar and Uttar Pradesh (at 22 per cent) in comparison to other
states. This becomes very important in view of the fact that the age at marriage for
females is very low in these two state and the same time values attached to motherhood
are probably stronger in comparison to any other states. In case of women aged 30-49
years, the GMCR among major states varied from a lowest of close to 2 per cent in
Haryana, Punjab and Rajasthan to 4 per cent or higher in Andhra Pradesh, Assam,
Maharashtra, Orissa and Tamil Nadu. Interestingly, south (at 4 per cent), west (at 3.8 per
cent) and northeast (at 3.5 per cent) regions have exhibited higher levels of GMCR for
older women as compared to about 2 per cent in northern region and central regions.
It may be noticed from the table 6.2 that the levels of GMCR does not show any variation
by economic status of the household as measured by Standard of Living Index (SLI) foe
all women, however, less percentage of younger women from poor household were
childless (17 percent) as compared to those either from medium or higher socio-economic
strata (20 per cent). The scenario has reversed completely for older women, childlessness
levels being higher for women from low SLI households (4 per cent) as compared to
those from medium or high SLI households (3 per cent). The percentages of childless
women increased notably from less than 10 per cent among illiterate women to over 15
per cent among those who had completed secondary education. This increase is steeper
among young women (from about 17 per cent among illiterate to nearly 25 per cent
among those who had completed higher education. With respect to age at marriage of the
women, the levels are apparently higher for those marrying later than age 18 years
(nearly 15 per cent) as compared to those marrying at very young ages (less than 7 per
cent for those marrying before age 15 years). These differences are much wider for
younger women; only 11 per cent of women who married before age 15 years were
childless which increased to over 27 per cent among those who married after age 18
years. It may also be observed that the incidence of childlessness is higher for those who
had experienced sexually transmitted infection (nearly 12 per cent) as compared those
who did not experience any sexually transmitted infection (about 10 per cent).
The analysis of data on the differentials in childlessness at the regional levels presented in
Table 6.3a through 6.3c for women aged 15-29 years, 30-49 years and 15-49 years
respectively (also see figures 6.1 and 6.2). The patterns emerging are rather unclear and
mix. However, the data reveals that there prevail wide variations in the levels of
childlessness by socio-economic characteristics at least for some of the indicators at the
regional level. For example, among young women aged 15-29 years, the levels of
childless were substantially higher among women in high SLI households (23-24 per
cent) compared to those in other regions (19-22 percent). Similarly, the levels of childless
among young women reporting substance use is notably higher in west and south regions
as compared to other regions (17 per cent versus 9-12 per cent). In the east, western and
central regions, higher percentage of the young women who experienced any sexually
transmitted infection were childless (21-22 per cent) as compared to those in other
regions (18-20 per cent).
Among the older women aged 30-49 years it may be seen from table 6.3b that relatively
higher proportion of women from low SLI households in west and south regions were
childless (5 per cent) as compared to those in other regions (2-3 per cent). Likewise, in
levels of childlessness were higher for women from high SLI households in east, west
and northeast regions (about 5 percent) compared to those in other regions (2-3 per cent).
Four to five per cent of women who reported substance use in south and central regions
were childless (5 per cent) as compared to those in other regions (1 per cent in east, 2 per
cent in northeast, for example). On the other hand, the differentials by reproductive
morbidity status were wider among women in western region (5 per cent among those
who experienced any sexually transmitted infection compared to 3 per cent among those
who did not experience any sexually transmitted infection).
Figures 6.1: Percentages of women aged 15-29 years who were childless at the time
of survey by regions of India, 1998-99.
Figures 6.1 contd…..
Figures 6.2: Percentages of women aged 30-49 years who were childless at the time
of survey by regions of India, 1998-99.
Figures 6.2 contd…..
6.1 Factors Affecting Childlessness
Tables 6.4 presents the results of the logistic regression analysis for India separately for
three groups of women aged 15-24 years, 30-49 years and 15-49 years respectively. In
the final table here we have presented the results for one model only. However, in our
analysis we ran three different models wherein in the first model we have considered
variables such as woman’s place of residence, her religion, caste, educational and
standard of living index of the household only. In the second model in addition to these
variables, we also introduced woman’s age at marriage. In the final model we also added
variables such as her body mass index (for nutrition status), substance abuse and
experience of any reproductive morbidity by the woman. The analysis based on these
three different models suggests that the relationship of the independent variables with that
of the dependent variable did not change with respect to the common variables in all
three models. In other words, inclusion of additional variable did not alter the association
between childlessness and independent variables that were common in various models.
This is observed for all the three age groups considered here. As a result of this it was
decided to present the results based on the more exhaustive model which include all these
variables. Further, although we have presented the results for three groups of women
separately, we focus our discussions only for all women aged 15-49 years of age. At the
outset it may be noted that all the independent variables included in the analysis have
emerged as an important factor as far as the childlessness is concerned. This is true for all
three categories of the women considered in the present analysis.
The results in table 6.4 clearly reveal that the likelihood of childlessness (at the
significance level of one per cent) is closely associated with place of residence, religion,
caste, standard of living index, her educational status, age at marriage, body mass index
(BMI), substance use and experience of any sexually transmitted infection. It may be
pointed out that the likelihood of childlessness is 28 per cent higher among rural woman
as compared to their counterparts living in the urban areas. Likewise, SC and ST women
are more likely to be childless as compared to the Non-SC/ST women (7 and 26 per cent
respectively). The differentials in this respect are more evident with regards to the
education and BMI. For example, likelihood of a illiterate woman being childless is 43
per cent less than a woman who had completed higher education. Those women whose
BMI is less than 18.5 or greater than 25 are 20 and 54 per cent, respectively, less likely to
be childless as compared to those whose BMI is between 18.5 to 25.0. The data further
suggests that the likelihood of childlessness is more than double for the women who
marry later than 18 years of age as compared to those who marry before reaching age 15
years. Further, likelihood of childlessness is about 69 per cent more for the women who
marry between ages 15 to 18 years as compared to those who marry before reaching age
15 years. Women who have experienced any sexually transmitted infections have 21 per
cent higher chances of being childless as compared to those who have not experienced
any reproductive morbidity.
6.2 Consequences of Childlessness on women
In the present analysis an attempt is also made to examine the consequences of

childlessness on the lives of the woman. As mentioned before, the NFHS data provide
information on the current marital status of the women and incidence of domestic
violence in the past 12 months prior to the survey date. We understand that this data may
not be able to through the light on the nature of relationship of these variables with that of
the childlessness as it fails to provide information on the exact reason for marriage
dissolution (in case of marital status) and/or incidence of gender based violence.
However, in spite of this limitation we have used this data to understand the consequence
of childlessness on martial disruption and gender based violence. Thus our results need to
be understood in this context. It may further be pointed out that because of the sample
size concerns we have presented analysis of this for the six regions of the country. The
regions have been created on the lines suggested by the NFHS and the list of states falling
in the region is presented below:
Region Names of the States

East Orissa, Bihar and West Bengal
West Maharashtra, Goa and Gujarat
North Jammu & Kashmir, Rajasthan, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab and Haryana
South Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Karnataka
Central Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh
Northeast Tripura, Assam, Meghalaya, Manipur, Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh,
Nagaland and Sikkim
Table 6.5 and 6.6 give percentages of women who have experienced gender based
violence and were divorced/separated/deserted at the time of survey separately for those
women who were childless and those who were not. This has been presented for the
period 1998-99 for India and its six regions as described earlier. In addition to this, we
have also examined the interrelationship between levels of childlessness on the levels of
fertility as measured by total fertility rate (TFR). This relationship has been examined at
the district level. For this we have used the percentages of the childless women in the age
group 35-49 years. Ram et. al. (2005) have estimated the vital statistics at the district
level using census 2001 data for all the districts in India. For fertility levels at the district
level we have used their estimates of TFR. The results obtained of the cross tabulation
between the two variables have been presented in table 6.7.
A. Childlessness and Marital Disruption
Before coming to the discussion we would like to mention that we have presented the
analysis here once again for younger and older women. The data in table 6.5 and Figure
6.3 below give the percentages of women who were divorced/separated/deserted at the
time of survey separately for childless and those with child(ren) for India and its regions
by broad ages of the women (younger and older women). The results are very clear.
Whether it is national level or regional levels or younger and older women, percentages
of women who were divorced/separated/disserted were notably higher for those who
were childless as compared to those who have any child(ren). The impact of childless on
the marital disruption is apparently far more serious for the older women as compared to
the younger women. This is quite logical in the sense that in situations where woman fail
to have a child the families may give some more time to the woman and wait before
taking the final plunge.
At the national level, for example, about 5 per cent of the young women aged 15-29 years
who were childless were divorced/separated/deserted as against of just less than 3 per
cent among those with children. Among the older women aged 30-39 years, over 29 per
cent women were divorced/separated/deserted among those who were childless as against
of about 8 per cent among those with children. This clearly indicates that the atrocities in
terms of marital disruption have been more severe among childless women as compared
to the women who have children.
Figures 6.3: Percentages of divorced/deserted women by their childlessness status,

1998-99.
Figures 6.3 contd…
Similar observations are also made in different regions of the country. As a matter of fact
the gaps actually widen up much more in some regions. More women residing in the
southern region, for example, suffer marital disruption as compared to their counterparts
with children. Among older women, the gaps were wide for all regions in general and for
women in west, south and east regions in particular. Over 36 per cent of the childless
women aged 30-49 years and about 6 per cent of them in the age group 15-29 years living
in southern states were divorced/separated/ disserted in comparison to 11 and less than 4
per cent, respectively, among those with children. It may be recalled from our earlier
discussion that the levels of childlessness are much higher in southern states of Andhra
Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. Not only this, there are many districts in these two states where
more than 10 per cent of the women in 2001 were childless. Among the younger women,
the gaps between childless women and those with children in terms of percentages of
divorced/separated/disserted is once again notable in western (6 per cent as against of 3
per cent) and central regions (over 4 per cent as against of 2 per cent).
B. Childlessness and domestic Violence perpetrated by husband and in-laws

At the outset we would like to mention that the relationship between childlessness and
experience of domestic violence perpetrated by husband and in-laws in our analysis has
not emerged in the expected direction for younger women. As may be seen from the data
in table, the percentages of women who experienced violence perpetrated by husband and
in-laws among young women is consistently high for those with children as compared to
those without any child. This is true for country as a whole and also for six regions
individually. We do not have any explanation for this. In view of this, we discuss the
results for older women only.
As may be noted from the data in table 6.6 and Figure 6.4, at the all India level, the
proportion of women reportedly were beaten by the husbands and in-laws as was over 23
per cent among childless women aged 30-49 years as compared to 21 per cent those who
have children and for the women who had children. At the regional level, the results are
similar, nonetheless, it may be noted that higher proportion of older childless women
from the north region reported that they were beaten by their husbands/in-laws as
compared to their counterparts with children (16 per cent versus 12 per cent). Similarly,
about 27 per cent of the older childless women in central region reported violence as
against of less than 23 per cent among those with children.
Figures 6.4: Percentages of women aged 30-49 years who reported experiencing
domestic violence perpetrated by husband/in-laws by their childlessness
status, 1998-99.
C: Childlessness and Total Fertility Rate
At the outset we may mention that the correlation coefficient between percentage of
childless women and TFR is –0.302 (significant at the 0.01 level) indicating that the
fertility levels are lower in the districts wherever childlessness incidence is higher. The
distribution of districts by fertility levels for various levels of childlessness in table 6.7
reveals that the proportional share of districts with low fertility increases with the
increase in the percentages of childless women. For example, the share of district with
below replacement level fertility was less than 5 per cent among districts with less than
2.5 per cent childless women aged 35-49 years which increased over 17 per cent among
those with 2.51 to 5.00 per cent childless women to further nearly 29 per cent among
those with 5.01 to 7.5 per cent childlessness. Further, the share of districts in below
replacement is over 44 per cent among districts with 7.51 – 10.00 per cent childless and
rises to over 56 per cent in case of districts with more than 10 per cent childlessness. On
the other hand, share of districts with TFR of more than 4 declines with the increase in
the levels of childlessness. For example, TFR was more than 4.00 in over 9 per cent of
the districts. This increases to nearly 5 per cent among those with childlessness of 7.51 –
10.00 and to less than 3 per cent among those with greater than 10.00 per cent
childlessness.
Figures 6.5: Distribution of districts by levels of childlessness among women aged

35-49 years and TFR, India, 1998-99.
Table 6.1: Percentage of childless women in the age group 15-29, 30-49 and 15-49
years for States and Regions of India, 1998-99.
Proportion of childless women among all women

15-29 years 30-49 years 15-49 years
States % No. % No. % No.
States
Major states
Andhra Pradesh 19.3 4015 4.0 4061 11.6 8075
Assam 19.3 1030 4.0 1180 11.1 2209
Bihar 22.1 4693 2.6 4307 12.8 9000
Gujarat 20.5 1715 2.8 2495 10.5 4411
Haryana 15.3 767 1.5 945 7.6 1712
Karnataka 17.9 2297 3.4 2561 10.3 4859
Kerala 21.6 1109 3.8 2053 10.1 3163
Madhya Pradesh 20.0 3593 3.1 3396 11.8 6990
Maharashtra 16.9 4111 4.4 4596 10.3 8707
Orissa 18.6 1479 4.6 1725 11.0 3204
Punjab 17.9 759 1.7 1173 8.1 1931
Rajasthan 20.7 2301 2.3 2424 11.3 4726
Tamil Nadu 18.2 2584 4.4 3523 10.2 6106
Uttar Pradesh 21.9 7170 2.0 6973 12.1 14143
West Bengal 18.5 3628 3.6 4027 10.7 7655
Smaller states
Arunachal Pradesh 15.2 46 2.5 40 9.3 86
Goa 25.8 31 6.6 76 12.1 107
Himachal Pradesh 17.3 208 1.9 317 8.0 525
Jammu 14.3 294 2.1 427 7.2 722
Manipur 13.8 58 2.8 108 7.2 166
Meghalaya 7.6 79 1.3 80 4.4 159
Mizoram 11.5 23 2.7 37 6.3 63
Nagaland 13.5 52 2.9 70 7.4 122
Sikkim 16.7 18 0.0 20 7.7 39
Tripura 18.7 134 2.9 171 9.8 305
New Delhi 17.9 431 2.0 690 8.1 1121
Regions#
East 20.3 9800 3.3 10058 11.7 19859
West 18.1 6057 3.8 7167 10.4 13224
North 18.6 4760 2.0 5976 9.4 10737
South 19.0 10005 4.0 12198 10.7 22202
Central 21.3 10763 2.3 10369 12.0 2133
Northeast 18.0 1442 3.5 1706 10.2 3149
All India 19.6 42828 3.2 47474 11.0 90304
#
East Region: Orissa, Bihar and West Bengal;
West Region: Maharashtra, Goa and Gujarat;
North Region: Jammu & Kashmir, Rajasthan, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Delhi and Haryana;
South Region: Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Karnataka;
Central Region: Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh;
Northeast Region: Tripura, Assam, Meghalaya, Manipur, Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland and Sikkim.
Table 6.2. Percentage of childless women in the age group 15-29, 30-49 and 15-49 by
selected background characteristics for States and Regions of India, 1998-
99.
15-29 30-49 15-49

% No. of % No. of % No. of
Childless Women Childless Women Childless Women
Place of Residence of EW
Rural 19.5 33120 3.1 33540 11.3 66660
Urban 20.0 9708 3.3 13935 10.2 23643
Religion of EW
Hind 19.9 35046 3.2 38778 11.2 73824
Muslim 18.3 5729 2.5 5589 10.5 11319
Christian 18.9 875 4.8 1413 10.2 2287
Others 18.9 1177 2.7 1696 9.4 2873
Caste of EW
SC 19.1 8139 2.8 8378 10.8 16518
ST 19.4 4052 3.9 3811 11.9 7863
Others 19.8 30657 3.2 35286 10.9 65923
SLI (HH)
Low 17.8 14929 3.8 14473 10.9 29402
Medium 20.1 20075 2.9 21749 11.2 41823
High 20.0 7321 2.9 10714 10.6 18034
Education of EW
Illiterate 17.4 23042 3.2 29030 9.5 52432
Primary 20.0 8425 2.8 9120 11.1 17546
Secondary 23.4 4434 3.4 3014 15.3 7448
Higher 24.7 6562 3.6 6303 14.4 12868
Husband’s Work status
Not working 39.0 1050 5.0 1433 19.4 2483
Working 19.2 41778 3.1 46052 10.8 87821
Age at first marriage EW
Below 15 years 11.2 9788 2.8 11236 6.7 21024
15-18 years 20.7 23314 2.4 23852 11.1 47167
Greater than 18 years 27.1 9726 5.4 12386 14.7 22112
BMI of EW
Below 18.5 15.9 14585 3.3 13502 9.9 28087
18.5-25.0 21.8 22166 3.2 23035 12.3 45201
Greater than 25.0 16.8 2513 3.1 7197 6.7 9711
Substance use* of EW
User 11.8 1001 3.6 2549 5.9 3550
Non-user 19.8 41828 3.2 44926 11.2 86753
STI status of EW
Has STI 20.7 17157 3.3 17774 11.9 34931
No STI 18.9 25671 3.1 29701 10.4 55373
• Means either drink or some regularly or have done so ever.
Table 6.3a: Percentage of childless women in the age group 15-29 years by their
background characteristics for India and States, 1998-99.
Background East West North South Central Northeast
Characteristics % N % N % N % N % N % N
Place of Rural 20.3 8587 17.3 3742 18.5 3420 18.5 7282 21.2 8798 18.0 1291
residence Urban 19.9 1213 19.3 2315 18.7 1340 20.2 2722 21.6 1965 17.2 10763
Religion Hindu 20.6 7962 18.9 5038 18.7 3698 18.9 8281 21.4 9284 17.6 784
Muslim 18.3 1664 12.9 620 15.9 485 19.2 1180 20.3 1348 20.8 432
Christian 23.8 63 25.0 72 23.8 21 18.0 516 35.1 37 12.7 166
Others 27.0 111 14.0 328 19.9 557 37.0 27 16.0 94 18.0 61
Caste SC 19.7 2258 16.7 825 19.0 997 17.6 1908 21.4 1994 14.4 160
ST 21.5 985 17.5 897 21.6 315 21.5 428 19.5 1025 14.4 402
Others 20.3 6557 18.5 4336 18.2 3448 19.2 7669 21.5 7746 20.2 880
SLI Low 18.6 5059 16.0 1862 16.9 682 18.0 3494 17.6 3209 17.0 623
Medium 22.2 3732 16.8 1249 18.2 2363 18.9 4832 22.4 1714 18.5 654
High 22.2 934 23.4 5926 19.7 1675 21.4 1624 23.9 10604 18.5 124
Education Illiterate 18.7 5942 13.7 2576 16.0 2586 16.3 4543 19.0 7125 15.9 628
EW Primary 21.5 2065 18.5 1497 20.5 767 18.4 2150 22.5 1541 18.0 405
Secondary 23.0 842 22.8 785 23.0 483 19.9 1169 30.0 907 19.2 250
Higher 24.9 947 24.4 1199 22.1 924 24.6 2142 26.9 1191 23.9 159
Working Not working 37.1 310 28.6 98 38.8 121 23.9 117 49.1 369 30.6 36
Husband Working 19.7 9489 17.9 5960 18.1 4640 18.9 9889 20.3 10395 17.7 1407
Age at 1st < 15 years 10.3 2110 11.1 1442 13.1 603 11.5 2237 11.7 3209 5.4 186
Marriage 15-18 years 20.4 5742 16.9 3097 17.6 2687 19.2 5016 23.7 5958 16.5 812
EW > 18 years 30.5 1948 27.2 1517 22.7 1470 24.6 2751 31.4 1596 25.9 444
BMI <18.5 15.9 3840 14.6 2529 15.0 1304 16.9 3558 16.1 2994 17.2 360
18.5-25 23.3 5116 21.2 2909 20.6 2764 20.9 5359 22.8 5095 18.7 923
>25 21.0 447 15.0 379 13.7 402 16.0 846 19.7 390 12.0 50
$
Substance User 8.5 351 17.1 35 12.2 74 16.7 228 11.2 178 11.1 135
Use Non User 20.7 9449 18.1 6022 18.7 4687 19.0 9776 21.5 10586 18.7 1307
STI status Has STI 21.9 4159 21.4 2255 18.7 1896 20.2 3814 21.2 4229 17.8 804
No STI 19.1 5641 16.1 3802 18.5 2865 18.2 6191 21.3 6534 18.2 638
$
Substance user means either drink alcohol or smoke regularly/ever smoked.
**
Professional includes technical and managerial jobs.
Table 6.3b: Percentage of Childless Women in the age group 30-49 years by their
Place of Rural 3.2 8175 3.3 3965 2.1 3848 4.1 8374 2.3 7735 3.6 1441
residence Urban 3.7 1883 4.5 3202 1.8 2127 3.7 3823 2.4 2634 3.0 266
Religion Hindu 3.3 8365 3.8 5961 2.1 4524 4.1 9962 2.4 8900 3.8 1065
Muslim 3.1 1470 2.8 602 1.3 600 2.6 1297 1.7 1283 3.6 336
Christian 2.4 82 10.3 107 0.0 32 4.7 899 10.2 59 2.6 232
Others 7.1 141 4.0 497 1.6 819 0.0 39 1.6 126 1.4 73
Caste SC 2.5 2085 2.7 1011 2.7 1131 3.6 2171 2.3 1811 3.0 169
ST 4.8 942 4.1 869 2.3 304 3.4 326 4.5 848 2.5 521
Others 3.4 7032 4.0 5287 1.8 4541 4.0 9701 2.1 7710 4.1 1016
SLI Low 3.3 4723 4.6 1755 2.1 745 5.1 3724 2.8 2908 3.7 616
Medium 3.2 3884 3.4 3204 2.0 2728 3.6 5849 2.1 5274 3.0 849
High 3.8 1372 3.6 2065 1.9 2443 3.0 2561 2.3 2031 5.0 241
EW Primary 3.1 2006 3.0 1789 1.4 850 2.9 2790 2.8 1277 2.7 408
Secondary 3.9 491 3.6 552 3.0 396 3.9 903 2.2 462 2.8 211
Higher 4.6 871 4.3 1267 1.9 1034 3.6 1914 3.4 1042 5.6 177
Husband Working 3.3 9757 3.6 6917 2.0 5826 3.9 11791 2.3 10117 3.6 1634
Age at 1st < 15 years 3.1 2364 4.0 1668 1.7 727 3.5 3024 1.6 3247 3.9 206
Marriage 15-18 years 2.6 5578 2.5 3446 1.8 3206 3.0 5324 2.1 5488 1.9 810
EW > 18 years 5.5 2116 5.9 2052 2.4 2043 5.6 3850 4.5 1635 5.5 691
BMI <18.5 3.1 3822 3.8 2154 2.2 1300 4.3 3170 2.5 2688 3.5 367
18.5-25 3.3 4915 3.8 3317 2.1 3046 3.8 6262 2.5 4407 3.6 1088
>25 3.8 927 4.0 1379 1.5 1307 3.7 2451 1.7 999 3.0 134
Substance User$ 3.3 855 1.1 93 2.7 255 4.9 627 4.1 439 2.1 280
Use Non User 3.3 9203 3.8 7074 1.9 5720 3.9 11571 2.2 9930 3.8 1426
No STI 3.2 5957 3.1 4691 2.0 3662 4.3 8299 2.1 6184 3.4 907
$
**
Table 6.3c: Percentage of Childless Women in the age group 15-49 years by their
Place of Rural 12.0 16763 10.7 7707 9.8 7268 10.8 15657 12.4 16533 10.4 2731
residence Urban 10.0 3096 10.1 5517 8.4 3467 10.6 6545 10.6 4599 8.2 417
Religion Hindu 11.7 16327 10.7 11000 9.6 8223 10.8 18242 12.1 18184 9.6 1849
Muslim 11.2 3134 7.9 1222 7.8 1085 10.5 2477 11.3 2631 13.3 768
Christian 11.6 146 15.8 177 9.4 53 9.6 1416 19.8 96 6.8 398
Others 15.9 252 8.0 824 9.0 1376 15.2 66 7.7 221 9.0 134
Caste SC 11.4 4342 9.0 1836 10.3 2128 10.1 4079 12.3 3805 8.5 329
ST 13.3 1928 10.9 1767 12.1 620 13.7 754 12.7 1873 7.7 923
Others 11.5 13589 10.5 9623 8.9 7989 10.7 17370 11.8 15455 11.6 1898
SLI Low 11.2 9782 10.5 3617 9.2 1427 1.3 7219 10.6 6118 10.4 1239
Medium 12.6 7616 9.7 6018 9.5 5091 10.5 10682 12.7 10955 9.9 1463
High 11.3 2306 11.1 3314 9.1 4118 10.2 4186 12.2 3745 10.1 365
EW Primary 12.4 4072 9.9 3286 10.5 1618 9.6 2071 13.6 2817 10.3 813
Secondary 16.0 1333 14.9 1337 14.0 878 12.9 4056 20.6 1367 11.7 461
Higher 15.2 1818 14.1 2467 11.4 1958 14.7 22201 15.9 2232 14.3 336
Husband Working 11.4 19246 10.3 12877 9.1 10466 10.8 21680 11.4 20511 10.1 3040
Age at 1st < 15 years 6.5 4475 7.3 3110 6.8 1330 6.9 5261 6.6 6456 4.6 392
Marriage 15-18 years 11.6 11320 9.3 6545 9.0 5894 10.9 10341 13.4 11446 9.2 1622
EW > 18 years 17.5 4064 15.0 3570 10.9 3511 13.5 6600 17.8 3232 13.5 1135
BMI <18.5 9.5 7662 9.6 4684 8.6 2604 11.0 6728 9.7 5662 10.3 727
18.5-25 13.5 10031 11.9 6226 10.9 5809 11.7 11621 13.4 21646 10.6 2012
>25 9.4 1374 6.4 1758 9.2 1708 6.9 3297 6.8 5682 4.9 183
$
Substance User 4.8 1206 6.3 128 4.9 329 8.0 854 6.0 616 5.1 415
Use Non User 12.1 18652 10.4 13096 9.5 10407 10.8 21348 12.2 20516 10.9 2734
No STI 10.9 11598 12.9 8493 9.3 6527 10.2 14490 12.0 12719 9.6 1546
$
**
Table 6.4: Results of Logistic Regression for childless women aged 15-34, 35-49
and 15-49 years for all India, 1998-99.
Background Characteristics Present Age of the Woman

15-34 35-49 15-49
Place of residence
Urban®
Rural 1.191* 0.929 1.282*
Religion
Hindu ®
Muslim 0.926 0.722* 0.998
Christian 0.794 1.245*** 0.731*
Others 0.795** 0.848 0.782*
Caste
Others ®
SC 1.047 0.808*** 1.067**
ST 1.154** 1.086 1.264*
SLI
High ®
Low 1.093*** 1.697* 1.450*
Medium 1.075*** 1.214** 1.264*
Education of Women
Higher ®
Illiterate 0.851* 1.157 0.568*
Primary 0.882*** 0.972 0.664*
Secondary 1.002 1.052 0.971
Age at first Marriage
< 15 years®
15-18 years 1.982* 0.893 1.687*
>18 years 2.896* 1.984* 2.254*
BMI
18.5 - 25®
<18.5 0.710* 1.003 0.804*
>25 0.669* 1.043 0.460*
Substance Use
Not User ®
User 0.572* 1.046 0.508*
Reproductive Morbidity
Absent®
Present 1.221* 1.040 1.211*
Constant 0.121 0.021 0.076

Note: Dependent Variable: Childless (Yes =1, No=0).
®
Denotes reference category * p < 0.01 ** p < 0.05 *** p < 0.10
Table 6.5: Percentages of divorced/separated/ deserted women by their childlessness

status, 1998-99.

#
States / Regions Childless Not childless Childless Not childless Childless Not childless
4.7 2.7 29.3 8.4 8.4 6.0
All India (8414) (34414) (1510) (45965) (9925) (80378)
4.2 2.8 27.8 8.0 7.7 5.7
East (1986) (7814) (335) (9723) (2322) (17537)
6.2 3.2 31.9 9.5 11.3 6.9
West (1096) (4961) (273) (6893) (1369) (11854)
2.4 1.3 16.9 5.6 4.0 3.9
North (886) (3875) (118) (5858) (1003) (9732)
5.7 3.5 36.1 11.1 11.9 8.0
South (1897) (8107) (482) (11715) (2379) (19823)
4.3 2.1 23.1 6.0 6.1 4.2
Central (2290) (8474) (242) (10129) (2531) (18601)
5.4 4.3 20.0 10.3 8.1 7.8
North-East (260) (1183) (60) (1646) (320) (2829)
Table 6.6: Percentages of women who were beaten by their husband / in-laws since age
15 year by their childlessness status, 1998-99.
#
States / Regions Childless Not childless Childless Not childless Childless Not childless
10.9 20.0 23.4 20.5 12.8 20.3
All India (8415) (34414) (1510) (45965) (9924) (80378)
12.7 22.8 25.4 22.9 14.6 22.9
East (1987) (7814) (335) (9723) (2322) (17537)
7.7 14.9 18.2 15.1 9.8 15.0
West (1096) (4961) (274) (6893) (1370) (11855)
4.9 11.5 15.5 11.8 6.1 11.7
North (886) (3875) (118) (5858) (1004) (9732)
13.9 23.6 26.6 25.1 16.4 24.5
South (1897) (8107) (482) (11715) (2379) (19824)
11.2 21.8 26.6 22.6 12.7 22.2
Central (2291) (8473) (241) (10128) (2532) (18602)
6.9 14.5 16.4 14.5 8.8 14.5
North-East (259) (1183) (61) (1647) (320) (2830)
#
East Region: Orissa, Bihar and West Bengal; West Region: Maharashtra, Goa and Gujarat; North
Region: Jammu & Kashmir, Rajasthan, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab and Haryana; South Region: Andhra
Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Karnataka; Central Region: Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh; North-
East Region: Tripura, Assam, Meghalaya, Manipur, Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland and Sikkim
(According to NFHS).
* All values are calculated without using weight.
Table 6.7: Interrelationship between percentages of the childless women aged 35-
49 years and the levels of total fertility rate in the districts of India,
2001.
% childless TFR
women More than
aged 35-49 Below 2.1 2.1 – 3.00 3.01 – 4.00 4.00 Total
Below 2.50
2.51 – 5.00 4.5 72.7 13.6 9.1 22 (100.00)
5.01 – 7.50 17.5 33.6 40.8 8.1 223 (100.00)
7.51 – 10.00 28.7 39.0 31.4 0.9 223 (100.00)
More than 44.2 36.0 15.1 4.7 86 (100.00)
10.00 56.4 28.2 12.8 2.6 39 (100.00)
Total 27.7 37.1 30.7 4.6 593 (100.00)

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183
Appendix 1
184
Appendix 1.1: Trends in Adjusted Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates-Adjusted

(ASMCRA) and the General Marital Childlessness Rates (GMCRA) and
Rural-Urban Differentials in India, 1981-2001.
ASMCRA GMCRA
India 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-49
Absolute Change (ABSCHANGE 1) and Percent Change (PCTCHANGE2): 1981-91
ABSCHANGE 1
Combined 9.14 3.22 2.96 3.25 3.26 3.16 3.08 2.11
Rural 8.16 2.68 2.75 3.18 3.25 3.21 3.12 2.03
Urban 12.25 4.96 3.72 3.27 3.43 3.10 3.06 2.74
2
PCTCHANGE
Combined 15.67 11.69 27.13 50.70 66.13 59.51 58.33 12.83
Rural 12.10 8.71 19.83 32.92 39.68 37.90 37.32 10.94
Urban 17.43 15.63 27.80 41.71 54.44 50.32 49.84 17.39
1 2
Absolute Change (ABSCHANGE ) & Percent Change (PCTCHANGE ) – 1991-2001
ABSCHANGE 1
Combined 2.82 0.97 -0.49 -1.82 -1.89 -2.31 -2.22 -2.80
Rural 1.47 -0.48 -1.66 -2.52 -2.44 -2.79 -2.60 -3.64
Urban 8.77 5.27 2.21 -0.29 -0.80 -1.35 -1.43 -0.53
PCTCHANGE2
Combined 4.66 3.43 -4.46 -28.13 -37.95 -43.42 -42.05 -16.25
Rural 2.14 -1.55 -12.09 -26.11 -29.65 -32.71 -30.95 -18.90
Urban 12.49 17.30 18.31 -4.07 -13.82 -23.52 -24.66 -3.39
ABSCHANGE 1
Combined 11.96 4.19 2.47 1.43 1.37 0.85 0.86 -0.69
Rural 9.63 2.20 1.09 0.66 0.81 0.42 0.52 -1.61
Urban 21.02 10.23 5.93 2.98 2.63 1.75 1.63 2.21
2
PCTCHANGE
Combined 24.13 16.50 23.08 21.60 28.31 15.74 15.87 -4.96
Rural 15.58 7.25 7.56 6.67 9.79 4.94 6.13 -9.66
Urban 29.78 28.72 35.66 31.04 35.21 24.48 23.12 13.70
Rural - Urban Gap (R-U Gap)
Rural-Urban 3
1981 11.01 2.87 0.28 -0.15 0.14 -0.08 -0.14 3.31
1991 6.92 0.59 -0.69 -0.24 -0.04 0.03 -0.08 2.60
2001 -0.38 -5.16 -4.56 -2.47 -1.68 -1.41 -1.25 -0.51
A. ASMCRA (for the ith age group)
1
defined as: 1981-1991: ASMCRA (1991) – ASMCRA (1981)
1991-2001: ASMCRA (2001) – ASMCRA (1991)
1981-2001: ASMCRA (2001) – ASMCRA (1981)
2
defined as: 1981-1991: [ASMCRA (1991) – ASMCRA (1981)] / ASMCRA (1981) * 100
1991-2001: [ASMCRA (2001) – ASMCRA (1991)] / ASMCRA (1991) * 100
1981-2001: [ASMCRA (2001) – ASMCRA (1981)] / ASMCRA (1981) * 100
3
defined as: ASMCRA (Rural) - ASMCRA (Urban)
B. GMCRA
1
defined as: 1981-1991: GSMCRA (1991) – GSMCRA (1981)
1991-2001: GSMCRA (2001) – GSMCRA (1991)
1981-2001: GSMCRA (2001) – GSMCRA (1981)
2
defined as: 1981-1991: [GSMCRA (1991) – GSMCR A (1981)] / GSMCRA (1981) * 100
1991-2001: [GSMCRA (2001) – GSMCRA (1991)] / GSMCRA (1991) * 100
1981-2001: [GSMCRA (2001) – GSMCRA (1981)] / GSMCRA (1981) * 100
3
defined as: GSMCRA (Rural) - GSMCRA (Urban)
185
Appendix 1.2: Adjusted General Marital Childlessness Rates-Adjusted (ASMCRA)

and the Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates (GMCRA) by Residence,
India 1981.
ASMCRA GMCRA
India 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-49
Combined
Our estimate 58.3 27.6 10.9 6.4 4.9 5.3 5.3 16.5
Vemuri 77.1 30.3 11.4 6.5 5.0 5.4 5.3 18.5
Difference -18.8 -2.7 -0.5 -0.1 -0.1 -0.1 0.0 -2.00

Rural
Our estimate 60.6 28.3 11.0 6.5 5.0 5.3 5.3 17.2
Vemuri 78.1 30.5 11.3 6.4 4.9 5.3 5.2 19.1
Difference -17.5 -2.2 -0.3 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 -1.9

Urban
Our Estimate 49.6 25.4 10.7 6.3 4.8 5.4 5.4 13.9
Vemuri 72.2 29.8 11.7 6.6 5.2 5.7 5.6 16.6
Difference -22.6 -4.4 -1.0 -0.3 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -2.7
Vemuri (1987) The Difference is equal to our estimate minus Vemuri estimate.
186
Appendix 2
187
Appendix 2.1A
Means and Standard Deviations for the Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates -
Adjusted (ASMCRA) and General Marital Childlessness Rate - Adjusted (GMCRA) for
States and Union Territories of India by Residence, 1981.
ASMCRA GMCRA
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-49
A: All states included (N=26)
Combined – 1981
Mean 54.49 25.72 10.42 6.22 4.95 5.34 5.27 14.49
SD 17.02 5.69 2.99 2.73 2.54 2.75 2.79 3.87
Max 79.83 36.31 19.93 16.61 14.86 15.73 15.63 21.53
Min 14.42 13.64 5.79 2.00 0.86 0.87 0.82 7.10
Rural – 1981
Mean 56.31 26.79 11.14 6.99 5.76 6.15 6.05 15.68
SD 16.60 7.17 6.49 6.50 6.34 6.51 6.46 6.28
Max 81.66 48.25 40.80 37.47 35.55 36.49 36.14 40.03
Min 14.80 15.04 5.65 1.92 0.75 0.72 0.65 7.17
Urban – 1981
Mean 49.21 23.97 9.91 5.66 4.31 4.84 4.89 12.73
SD 17.78 6.26 2.41 1.87 1.69 1.80 1.77 3.82
Max 74.16 34.04 13.72 9.65 7.75 9.18 9.21 19.27
Min 11.33 10.08 5.06 2.73 0.85 1.70 2.13 4.76
B: Karnataka, Meghalaya & Mizoram are excluded (N = 23)
Combined – 1981
Mean 59.07 26.76 10.46 6.16 4.88 5.27 5.16 14.98
SD 11.66 5.06 3.09 2.82 2.61 2.83 2.81 3.73
Max 79.83 36.31 19.93 16.61 14.86 15.73 15.63 21.53
Min 38.67 17.86 5.79 2.00 0.86 0.87 0.82 7.35
Rural – 1981
Mean 60.92 27.82 11.23 6.94 5.72 6.10 5.95 16.22
SD 10.78 6.92 6.87 6.88 6.71 6.89 6.81 6.43
Max 81.66 48.25 40.80 37.47 35.55 36.49 36.14 40.03
Min 42.19 17.46 5.65 1.92 0.75 0.72 0.65 7.17
Urban – 1981
Mean 53.71 25.28 10.08 5.83 4.44 4.96 5.00 13.37
SD 13.22 5.22 2.30 1.88 1.64 1.80 1.75 3.47
Max 74.16 34.04 13.72 9.65 7.75 9.18 9.21 19.27
Min 26.96 14.29 5.06 2.73 1.80 2.42 2.24 6.05
Note:
1. DNH PNS is Zero in the urban areas & hence El-Badry could not be applied for adjusting the rates.
2. Assam and Tripura, data on CEB is not available
3. Delhi is excluded as adjusted values in combined areas turned negative.
4. Nagaland is dropped, as the adjusted values for the rural areas turned negative.
5. Karnataka, Meghalaya & Mizoram are excluded, as unadjusted and adjusted values are different.
188
Appendix 2.1B
Means and Standard Deviations for the Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates - Adjusted
(ASMCRA) and General Marital Childlessness Rate - Adjusted (GMCRA) for States and
Union Territories of India by Residence, 1991.
ASMCRA GMCRA
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-49
Mean 65.58 30.85 15.03 10.85 9.25 9.58 9.38 17.99
SD 7.09 5.54 5.95 6.04 5.85 6.09 6.02 5.30
Max 76.38 42.44 31.31 28.66 27.26 27.52 26.91 32.55
Min 48.06 22.27 7.10 4.18 3.11 2.87 2.76 11.01
Rural – 1991 (N=29)
Mean 66.00 30.67 14.66 10.79 9.21 9.65 9.33 18.31
SD 7.16 6.47 6.80 6.67 6.47 6.68 6.57 5.66
Max 77.50 46.48 35.07 32.26 31.03 31.91 30.60 36.14
Min 50.35 21.46 6.84 3.94 3.24 3.04 1.67 11.44
Urban – 1991 (N=29)
Mean 63.57 30.77 15.42 10.43 8.77 9.07 8.77 16.74
SD 6.86 4.25 4.75 4.96 4.65 4.77 4.64 4.39
Max 73.32 40.56 29.09 24.80 22.53 21.11 21.65 27.21
Min 44.24 24.23 9.70 4.57 3.10 2.86 2.82 10.52
Note: Daman and Diu, PNS is Zero so El=Badry could not be applied; JK data on CEB is not available and
Meghalaya is excluded as adjusted values in urban areas turned negative.
Appendix 2.1C
Means and Standard Deviations for the Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates - Adjusted
(ASMCRA) and General Marital Childlessness Rate - Adjusted (GMCRA) for States and
Union Territories of India by Residence, 2001
ASMCRA GMCRA
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-49
Mean 69.28 31.86 13.80 8.03 6.15 5.90 5.69 14.79
SD 5.35 5.29 3.83 2.87 2.31 2.22 2.14 2.49
Maximum 76.76 44.12 24.47 16.25 12.34 11.20 10.98 19.56
Minimum 58.41 22.38 7.44 3.46 2.52 2.35 2.38 10.57
Rural – 2001 (N=35)
Mean 68.67 30.48 12.59 7.47 5.80 5.61 5.49 14.58
SD 6.07 5.92 4.28 3.03 2.40 2.29 2.18 2.72
Maximum 79.01 45.58 25.13 16.50 12.95 11.43 11.22 20.54
Minimum 57.69 19.90 6.23 3.01 2.24 2.12 2.18 10.51
Urban – 2001 (N=35)
Mean 70.68 35.23 16.34 9.22 6.86 6.45 6.18 15.28
SD 4.18 4.32 3.50 3.01 2.49 2.51 2.45 2.72
Maximum 77.06 47.19 23.85 15.60 12.11 12.33 12.56 22.20
Minimum 61.22 27.37 10.32 4.49 3.09 2.81 2.56 11.13
189
Appendix 2.2
Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates-Adjusted (ASMCRA) and the General Marital
Childlessness Rates (GMCRA) by Residence, India and States, 1981
ASMCRA GMCRA
Combined 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49
Major States
Andhra Pradesh 59.97 27.08 12.74 9.35 7.62 8.85 8.83 20.02 18.88
Bihar 68.72 33.27 13.92 7.45 5.25 5.06 4.76 21.89 20.27
Gujarat 79.83 36.31 12.19 6.44 5.02 5.07 5.19 20.03 18.50
Haryana 73.19 28.35 8.32 3.75 2.71 2.57 2.32 20.05 18.25
Jammu & Kashmir 67.81 31.16 12.05 6.24 4.48 4.76 4.72 17.18 15.86
Karnataka 26.24 20.62 10.24 6.21 4.99 5.67 5.41 13.13 12.45
Kerala 51.08 22.06 8.42 4.47 3.27 3.39 3.23 11.34 10.34
Madhya Pradesh 69.42 25.75 9.82 6.06 4.95 5.45 5.56 20.07 18.62
Maharashtra 44.83 24.83 9.89 5.70 4.47 4.78 4.71 14.76 13.72
Orissa 57.18 23.95 9.76 5.60 4.49 5.08 5.16 14.37 13.36
Punjab 59.55 30.30 10.63 5.22 3.51 3.49 3.25 13.72 12.50
Rajasthan 78.70 31.75 10.70 5.89 4.44 4.49 4.26 23.39 21.53
Tamil Nadu 61.91 28.72 11.88 7.58 5.96 6.73 6.81 15.74 14.64
Uttar Pradesh 59.55 32.06 12.74 7.36 5.68 5.75 5.71 21.23 19.65
West Bengal 40.71 17.86 7.38 4.02 2.99 3.62 4.27 12.08 11.32
Minor States & UTs
A & N Island 43.74 18.73 7.13 4.79 3.98 5.09 4.91 12.13 11.61
Arunachal Pradesh 41.67 18.03 5.79 2.00 0.86 0.87 0.82 8.11 7.35
Himachal Pradesh 51.11 20.35 5.86 3.17 3.50 4.60 5.38 12.95 12.15
Manipur 38.67 27.38 19.93 16.61 14.86 15.73 15.63 19.62 19.14
Meghalaya 17.53 18.82 12.42 9.17 8.02 8.44 9.41 12.82 12.56
Mizoram 14.42 13.64 7.44 4.62 3.28 3.50 3.49 7.44 7.10
Nagaland 17.84 12.55 7.69 4.65 3.38 4.43 3.91 6.56 6.26
Pondicherry 59.03 23.83 9.23 5.69 4.43 5.37 5.12 13.37 12.38
Sikkim 61.03 26.15 9.81 6.24 5.17 4.77 4.21 15.89 14.85
Goa, Daman & Diu 64.26 31.78 13.68 7.63 5.37 6.06 6.02 13.29 12.39
Dadra & Nagar Haveli 69.12 26.41 8.90 5.04 4.33 3.75 3.77 16.48 15.15
Chandigarh 63.45 29.68 10.53 3.99 2.69 2.36 2.20 13.13 12.21
Delhi 48.27 21.98 6.21 0.87 -0.67 -0.77 -0.76 9.67 8.70
Lakshadweep 63.12 26.15 8.29 6.45 6.59 7.34 5.50 16.23 15.05
India 58.32 27.55 10.91 6.41 4.93 5.31 5.28 17.73 16.45
190
Appendix 2.2: contd…
ASMCRA GMCRA
Urban 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49
Major States
Andhra Pradesh 56.74 27.03 13.26 9.65 7.71 9.18 9.21 19.51 18.57
Bihar 62.95 30.10 12.70 7.65 5.90 6.20 6.04 18.74 17.62
Gujarat 74.16 34.04 13.08 7.45 5.91 6.33 6.58 18.63 17.44
Haryana 66.49 30.09 9.27 4.29 2.81 2.92 2.85 16.04 14.72
Jammu & Kashmir 55.08 26.01 10.28 5.08 3.79 4.07 4.54 12.14 11.26
Karnataka 19.50 18.60 11.96 4.89 4.45 4.71 3.88 11.40 10.79
Kerala 45.76 21.87 9.28 4.03 3.08 3.41 3.61 10.35 9.49
Madhya Pradesh 64.47 26.35 10.24 6.54 5.16 5.86 6.08 17.69 16.61
Maharashtra 34.90 22.01 9.75 5.62 4.37 5.00 4.79 12.34 11.64
Orissa 51.08 22.48 9.28 6.54 5.51 6.78 6.86 13.74 13.13
Punjab 58.99 30.68 11.29 5.69 3.90 3.76 3.69 14.08 12.94
Rajasthan 72.35 29.47 10.25 5.96 4.72 4.92 5.00 20.74 19.27
Tamil Nadu 61.51 28.53 12.52 7.72 6.06 6.63 6.61 15.98 14.92
Uttar Pradesh 41.51 28.79 13.72 9.13 7.75 7.94 8.26 18.02 17.12
West Bengal 26.96 16.10 8.54 4.63 3.83 4.28 4.66 9.17 8.70
Minor States & UTs
A & N Island 47.96 22.05 7.76 4.37 2.96 3.83 4.22 12.47 11.94
Manipur 30.71 14.29 6.89 3.72 2.32 3.03 3.62 6.43 6.05
Meghalaya 11.33 13.01 8.65 5.38 4.49 5.26 6.04 8.00 7.85
Mizoram 13.50 10.08 5.12 2.79 0.85 1.70 2.13 5.01 4.76
Nagaland 14.35 12.35 5.93 1.97 0.93 4.15 3.31 6.18 6.04
Pondicherry 56.81 22.76 9.58 5.66 4.25 5.83 5.37 13.15 12.24
Sikkim 53.73 25.23 9.81 6.86 4.12 4.06 4.07 15.82 15.05
Goa, Daman & Diu 60.88 30.03 13.47 7.95 5.77 6.38 6.05 13.71 12.90
Chandigarh 63.42 29.90 10.63 4.07 2.77 2.42 2.24 13.04 12.12
Delhi 46.97 21.84 6.27 0.83 -0.73 -0.83 -0.81 9.22 8.28
Lakshadweep 68.54 26.65 7.46 6.10 5.23 5.64 4.47 16.11 14.88
India 49.57 25.39 10.70 6.26 4.84 5.40 5.42 14.84 13.92
191
Appendix 2.2: contd…
ASMCRA GMCRA
Rural 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49
Major States
Andhra Pradesh 60.84 27.10 12.57 9.27 7.60 8.77 8.73 20.17 18.98
Bihar 69.56 33.68 14.06 7.40 5.13 4.89 4.57 22.28 20.59
Gujarat 81.66 37.32 11.76 5.99 4.62 4.57 4.64 20.67 18.98
Haryana 74.29 27.88 8.01 3.59 2.69 2.49 2.19 21.15 19.23
Jammu & Kashmir 69.57 32.32 12.53 6.54 4.65 4.93 4.75 18.44 17.02
Karnataka 28.55 20.97 9.39 6.32 4.92 5.73 5.63 13.39 12.69
Kerala 52.09 22.08 8.19 4.54 3.28 3.35 3.11 11.53 10.50
Madhya Pradesh 70.25 25.60 9.71 5.94 4.90 5.36 5.44 20.64 19.09
Maharashtra 49.49 26.59 10.23 6.06 4.85 5.03 5.02 16.29 15.07
Orissa 57.03 23.33 9.13 4.67 3.55 4.07 4.16 13.64 12.57
Punjab 59.81 30.14 10.33 5.08 3.39 3.43 3.15 13.61 12.36
Rajasthan 80.01 32.38 10.83 5.87 4.36 4.39 4.08 24.06 22.11
Tamil Nadu 62.09 28.83 11.55 7.51 5.92 6.77 6.89 15.63 14.51
Uttar Pradesh 63.49 32.92 12.63 7.09 5.35 5.41 5.30 22.01 20.28
West Bengal 44.10 18.61 7.11 3.90 2.83 3.57 4.34 13.25 12.39
Minor States & UTs
A & N Island 42.63 17.46 6.88 4.98 4.41 5.54 5.18 12.03 11.51
Manipur 57.92 48.25 40.80 37.47 35.55 36.49 36.14 40.55 40.03
Meghalaya 19.55 20.65 13.67 10.41 9.21 9.56 10.56 14.32 14.02
Mizoram 14.80 15.04 8.38 5.40 4.28 4.29 4.18 8.41 8.04
Nagaland 14.74 8.50 3.51 0.53 -0.84 -0.04 -0.50 2.07 1.73
Pondicherry 61.19 25.04 8.84 5.72 4.61 4.89 4.86 13.59 12.53
Sikkim 62.56 26.35 9.81 6.12 5.35 4.86 4.22 15.91 14.81
Goa, Daman & Diu 66.65 32.66 13.78 7.46 5.17 5.92 5.99 13.06 12.13
Chandigarh 63.63 26.96 8.86 2.49 1.11 1.37 1.44 14.41 13.45
Delhi 59.39 23.98 4.67 0.71 -0.44 -0.55 -0.59 15.09 13.76
Lakshadweep 58.51 25.81 9.10 6.82 7.86 8.88 6.42 16.42 15.29
India 60.58 28.26 10.98 6.47 4.98 5.32 5.28 18.62 17.23
192
Appendix 2.3
Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates-Adjusted (ASMCRA) and the General Marital
Childlessness Rates (GMCRA) by Residence, India and States, 1991
ASMCRA GMCRA
Combined 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49
Major States
Andhra Pradesh 61.59 26.63 12.54 9.32 7.71 8.65 8.49 18.95 17.92
Bihar 73.60 37.33 18.77 12.88 11.00 10.98 10.73 25.58 24.16
Gujarat 76.38 37.30 13.41 7.91 6.41 6.34 6.26 19.09 17.80
Haryana 71.62 27.12 8.29 4.18 3.42 3.16 3.12 15.96 14.87
Karnataka 56.40 25.98 11.92 8.31 6.97 7.54 7.07 15.76 14.88
Kerala 64.53 28.01 12.09 7.76 6.33 6.32 5.79 14.06 13.10
Madhya Pradesh 71.23 28.18 12.16 8.27 7.21 7.79 7.87 20.60 19.36
Maharashtra 48.06 25.57 10.35 6.89 5.62 5.84 5.70 14.29 13.41
Orissa 66.64 33.12 15.11 10.98 9.33 9.90 9.41 19.44 18.32
Punjab 65.64 32.34 11.14 5.69 4.39 4.27 4.01 14.01 12.91
Rajasthan 74.85 32.48 11.45 6.35 4.89 4.94 4.90 21.81 20.20
Tamil Nadu 56.01 31.48 16.72 12.79 10.86 11.62 11.80 18.85 17.99
Uttar Pradesh 76.05 36.76 18.58 13.51 11.90 11.81 11.89 26.03 24.58
West Bengal 57.68 23.23 11.37 8.43 7.12 7.02 6.79 15.93 15.04
Minor States & UTs
A & N Island 61.70 22.68 9.57 5.73 4.62 4.25 5.72 12.33 11.74
Assam 59.96 24.44 11.46 7.81 6.15 6.31 5.62 15.28 14.42
Manipur 61.46 37.14 25.67 21.38 19.36 18.93 19.44 25.08 24.40
Meghalaya 60.48 43.80 35.04 32.09 30.12 30.85 31.19 36.32 35.85
Mizoram 73.70 42.44 31.31 28.66 27.26 27.52 26.91 33.16 32.55
Nagaland 63.50 35.92 23.95 19.58 17.92 18.57 18.24 23.78 23.06
Pondicherry 63.92 28.74 14.05 10.07 7.53 8.61 7.75 16.72 15.73
Sikkim 63.82 31.53 19.14 16.34 14.02 15.21 15.05 22.62 21.94
Tripura 53.22 22.27 9.58 6.05 4.18 4.38 3.82 12.97 12.08
Daman & Diu 69.76 29.09 12.13 9.21 8.39 8.45 8.75 16.34 15.45
Goa 69.98 40.86 22.81 14.67 11.43 11.31 10.56 19.31 18.12
Chandigarh 69.75 29.71 10.15 4.66 3.11 2.87 2.76 11.87 11.01
Delhi 66.37 28.26 10.38 5.27 3.87 3.60 3.53 13.47 12.57
Lakshadweep 68.88 36.42 18.82 16.09 11.04 13.58 13.06 23.41 22.20
India 67.46 30.77 13.87 9.66 8.19 8.47 8.36 19.71 18.56
193
Appendix 2.3: contd….
ASMCRA GMCRA
Urban 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49
Major States
Andhra Pradesh 60.41 27.33 12.92 9.64 7.89 8.73 8.82 18.02 17.19
Bihar 69.60 35.46 18.29 13.03 10.88 11.44 11.48 22.37 21.31
Gujarat 73.32 35.85 13.76 8.35 6.87 6.96 7.09 17.59 16.62
Haryana 68.67 28.99 9.86 4.80 3.90 3.48 3.72 13.52 12.68
Karnataka 56.88 27.85 14.10 9.47 7.75 8.41 7.97 16.47 15.65
Kerala 61.94 28.60 12.81 7.43 6.03 5.78 5.74 13.50 12.58
Madhya Pradesh 69.33 30.62 13.76 9.47 7.76 8.33 8.10 19.28 18.24
Maharashtra 44.24 25.73 11.52 7.23 5.63 5.98 5.70 13.63 12.91
Orissa 60.88 30.40 14.71 11.47 9.46 10.27 10.68 17.35 16.68
Punjab 64.64 32.05 11.79 6.37 5.19 5.16 4.78 13.93 13.01
Rajasthan 70.00 30.36 11.24 6.58 5.05 5.18 5.71 18.39 17.25
Tamil Nadu 51.43 31.15 18.05 13.82 11.78 11.89 11.87 19.07 18.30
Uttar Pradesh 69.30 36.04 19.58 14.84 13.38 13.43 13.47 23.12 22.16
West Bengal 56.25 27.78 15.31 10.72 8.77 8.45 8.58 16.39 15.55
Minor States & UTs
A & N Island 66.49 25.67 10.81 6.25 3.26 2.91 5.10 13.20 12.51
Assam 57.58 28.72 15.16 9.08 6.50 6.51 5.85 15.52 14.65
Manipur 62.21 40.56 29.09 24.80 22.53 21.11 21.65 27.93 27.21
Meghalaya 7.44 -6.90 -12.66 -16.07 -17.86 -17.64 -17.04 -13.01 -13.34
Mizoram 71.41 35.61 24.69 22.09 20.28 19.77 19.68 26.57 25.95
Nagaland 61.60 30.79 19.75 13.36 12.59 13.36 12.50 20.22 19.72
Pondicherry 63.23 29.04 14.97 10.64 8.43 8.98 8.33 17.08 16.14
Sikkim 64.36 33.45 20.00 14.24 10.89 15.14 12.31 21.58 20.88
Tripura 53.76 24.23 12.25 7.83 5.31 5.47 4.45 13.51 12.58
Daman & Diu 70.22 32.31 14.78 10.67 10.14 9.58 10.03 17.79 16.79
Goa 66.25 37.83 21.33 12.74 9.35 8.74 8.13 17.37 16.24
Chandigarh 70.69 30.26 10.39 4.69 3.10 2.86 2.82 11.60 10.74
Delhi 66.54 28.83 10.73 5.35 3.90 3.63 3.54 13.41 12.50
Lakshadweep 67.75 38.36 21.11 17.84 13.67 15.10 14.97 25.63 24.38
India 61.82 30.35 14.42 9.89 8.27 8.50 8.48 17.54 16.66
194
Appendix 2.3: contd….
ASMCRA GMCRA
Rural 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49
Major States
Andhra Pradesh 61.93 26.37 12.40 9.20 7.66 8.64 8.40 19.29 18.18
Bihar 74.00 37.57 18.83 12.86 11.02 10.91 10.62 26.01 24.54
Gujarat 77.50 38.02 13.22 7.66 6.15 6.02 5.87 19.89 18.42
Haryana 72.09 26.60 7.71 3.94 3.24 3.04 2.92 16.78 15.60
Karnataka 56.28 25.15 10.84 7.72 6.56 7.13 6.66 15.41 14.50
Kerala 65.26 27.81 11.82 7.86 6.42 6.50 5.80 14.25 13.27
Madhya Pradesh 71.65 27.53 11.65 7.89 7.03 7.62 7.79 20.98 19.68
Maharashtra 50.35 25.61 9.62 6.75 5.70 5.87 5.81 14.81 13.82
Orissa 67.25 33.48 15.17 10.90 9.30 9.85 9.25 19.75 18.56
Punjab 66.02 32.47 10.83 5.36 4.01 3.92 3.72 14.05 12.88
Rajasthan 76.09 33.09 11.49 6.26 4.82 4.86 4.68 22.80 21.05
Tamil Nadu 58.16 31.94 16.34 12.59 10.73 11.80 12.04 19.05 18.15
Uttar Pradesh 77.13 36.93 18.32 13.16 11.49 11.45 11.58 26.70 25.14
West Bengal 57.99 21.97 9.99 7.49 6.36 6.38 6.06 15.77 14.86
Minor States & UTs
A & N Island 59.89 21.46 9.09 5.53 5.14 4.76 5.95 11.98 11.44
Assam 60.14 23.96 10.99 7.64 6.11 6.29 5.60 15.26 14.39
Manipur 61.14 35.83 24.36 19.98 18.06 18.01 18.59 23.94 23.27
Meghalaya 57.03 40.06 30.66 27.91 25.89 26.69 26.94 32.32 31.82
Mizoram 73.47 46.48 35.07 32.26 31.03 31.91 30.60 36.79 36.14
Nagaland 63.95 37.58 25.09 21.02 18.90 19.23 18.74 24.53 23.70
Pondicherry 64.91 28.17 12.34 8.85 5.92 7.88 6.76 16.00 14.93
Sikkim 63.68 31.21 18.88 16.41 14.20 15.11 15.18 22.58 21.91
Tripura 53.14 21.95 9.08 5.67 3.94 4.16 3.69 12.87 11.98
Daman & Diu 69.39 26.76 9.95 7.94 6.64 7.23 7.36 15.07 14.25
Goa 73.68 43.22 23.97 16.20 13.07 13.10 12.06 20.82 19.53
Chandigarh 65.24 26.64 8.40 4.33 3.24 3.11 1.67 14.23 13.54
Delhi 65.73 24.17 7.41 4.44 3.46 3.17 3.28 13.85 13.11
Lakshadweep 70.97 33.94 15.60 13.60 7.62 11.75 10.48 20.41 19.24
India 68.74 30.94 13.73 9.65 8.23 8.53 8.40 20.51 19.26
195
Appendix 2.4
El-Bardy’s coefficients ‘a’ and ‘b’ for India and States, 1981

a b a b a b
States
Andhra Pradesh 0.0252 0.0008 0.0206 0.0008 0.0392 0.0004
Arunachal Pradesh 0.014 -0.0002 0.002 -0.0003 0.0000 0.0000
Assam -0.0008 0.0002 -0.0009 0.0002 0.0024 -0.0003
Bihar 0.0143 0.0008 0.0147 0.0008 0.0105 0.0009
Goa 0.0043 -0.0005 -0.0004 0.0001 0.0153 0.002
Gujrat 0.0463 0.0099 0.0452 0.0104 0.0487 0.0089
Haryana 0.003 0.0004 0.0026 0.0004 0.0046 0.0005
Himachal Pradesh 0.0168 0.0012 0.0169 0.0009 0.0188 0.0031
Karnataka 0.0509 0.0082 0.0574 0.0087 0.0326 0.008
Kerala 0.0185 0.0039 0.0228 0.0035 0.0026 0.0054
Maharashtra 0.541 0.0068 0.5207 0.0049 0.5832 0.0082
Manipur 0.0817 0.0022 0.0699 0.0052 0.1043 -0.0049
Meghalaya 1.6753 -0.1729 1.1836 -0.1259 -2.7081 0.2864
Mizoram 0.5706 -0.0958 0.5543 -0.1064 0.4128 -0.0584
Madhya Pradesh 0.0217 0.0011 0.0222 0.0014 0.0194 0.0003
Nagaland 0.0377 0.0051 0.041 0.0059 -0.0055 0.0065
Orissa 0.0186 0.0015 0.0187 0.0013 0.0178 0.0022
Punjab 0.0485 0.0043 0.0512 0.0031 0.0431 0.0067
Rajasthan 0.0638 0.0042 0.0697 0.0036 0.0389 0.0067
Sikkim 0.0993 -0.0004 0.1105 -0.0012 -0.0663 0.0219
Tamil Nadu 0.3514 -0.0019 0.2827 -0.0003 0.5492 -0.0116
Tripura 0.0295 0.0051 0.0294 0.0054 0.0306 0.0036
Uttar Pradesh 0.0402 0.0037 0.0419 0.0014 0.032 0.0123
West Bengal 0.0107 0.002 0.0102 0.0016 0.0141 0.0029
UT
A & N Island -0.0006 0.0012 -0.0035 0.0009 0.0041 0.0022
Chandigarh 0.0000 0.0002 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0002
Dadra & Nagar Haveli 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Daman 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Delhi 0.0325 0.00002 0.0451 -0.0007 0.0306 0.0002
Lakshadweep 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Pondichery 0.0098 0.0033 0.0182 0.0012 0.0018 0.0049
INDIA 0.0767 0.0032 0.0671 0.0021 0.1185 0.0039
196
Appendix 2.5
El-Bardy’s coefficients ‘a’ and ‘b’ for India and States, 1991

a b a b a b
States
Andhra Pradesh 0.0782 -0.0002 0.0767 -0.0001 0.0837 -0.0008
Arunachal Pradesh 0.1366 0.0662 0.1354 0.0679 0.1781 0.0439
Bihar 0.2178 0.0034 0.2288 0.0041 0.1185 0.0010
Gujrat 0.0102 0.0015 0.0087 0.0008 0.0151 0.0024
Haryana 0.0358 0.0039 0.0368 0.0028 0.0315 0.0074
Himachal Pradesh 0.5933 0.0223 0.6008 0.0230 0.4749 0.0199
Jammu & Kashmir 0.0131 0.0036 0.0150 0.0034 -0.0022 0.0050
Karnataka 4.5188 0.0255 4.5475 0.0209 4.1050 0.0484
Kerala 0.2357 0.0146 0.2477 0.0129 0.1659 0.0234
Maharashtra 0.9780 0.0182 0.8756 0.0130 1.2998 0.0221
Manipur 1.7372 -0.0519 4.5726 -0.2564 -0.0217 0.0668
Meghalaya 12.5168 -0.0081 14.7398 -0.0204 6.4712 0.0292
Mizoram 3.7837 0.0204 4.5320 0.0092 2.0111 0.0489
Madhya Pradesh -0.0020 0.0128 -0.0048 0.0132 0.0110 0.0109
Nagaland 1.2081 0.0379 -0.3593 0.0811 2.2680 0.0548
Orissa 0.0109 0.0153 -0.0337 0.0249 0.0856 0.0035
Punjab 0.1223 0.0126 0.1253 0.0099 0.1162 0.0186
Rajasthan 0.0041 -0.0001 0.0031 -0.0001 0.0080 -0.0001
Sikkim 0.0176 0.0062 0.0171 0.0064 0.0202 0.0056
Tamil Nadu 0.0029 0.0005 0.0022 0.0007 0.0049 0.0001
Uttar Pradesh 1.2259 0.0170 1.1910 0.0180 1.4715 0.0080
West Bengal 0.6051 0.0342 0.5859 0.0256 0.7463 0.0518
UT
A & N Island 0.3229 0.0013 0.3486 -0.0005 0.2762 0.0052
Chandigarh 0.0531 0.0029 0.0512 0.0154 0.0531 0.0022
Dadra Nagar Haveli 0.0046 0.0003 0.0048 0.0004 0.0000 0.0000
Goa, Daman & Diu 0.0048 0.0010 0.0086 0.0010 -0.0059 0.0015
Delhi 0.3003 0.0515 0.4782 0.0395 0.2819 0.0528
Lakshadweep 0.0295 0.0000 0.0604 -0.0029 0.0002 0.0024
Pondicherry -0.0282 0.0070 -0.0259 0.0069 -0.0310 0.0072
INDIA 0.3342 0.0127 0.3334 0.0106 0.3350 0.0190
197
Appendix 3
198
Detail Tables for Age Specific and General
Marital Childlessness Rates By Religion and
Place of Residence, 1981-2001

199
Appendix – 3A
Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates-Unadjusted (ASMCRU) and the General Marital
Childlessness Rates (GMCRU) by Religion, COMBINED Areas, India and States, 1981
ASMCRU GMCRU
Hindu 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49
Andhra Pradesh 58.18 25.37 11.87 8.67 7.10 8.13 8.15 18.92 17.81
Karnataka 10.42 4.35 1.80 1.24 0.95 1.09 1.07 2.87 2.69
Kerala 51.67 20.56 7.63 4.22 3.10 3.09 2.97 9.83 8.92
Tamil Nadu 62.17 28.91 11.97 7.62 5.96 6.58 6.65 15.85 14.72
Bihar 61.08 27.58 11.28 5.90 4.07 3.73 3.40 18.42 16.99
Madhya Pradesh 70.00 25.83 9.87 6.18 5.22 5.60 5.71 20.42 18.94
Rajasthan 79.20 31.97 10.76 5.91 4.41 4.46 4.22 23.58 21.71
Uttar Pradesh 36.36 15.12 5.75 3.39 2.73 2.74 2.72 10.61 9.77
Gujarat 80.38 36.19 11.97 6.23 4.85 4.90 5.03 20.16 18.61
Maharashtra 33.94 13.76 5.16 3.15 2.57 2.72 2.67 8.54 7.90
Haryana 72.22 27.43 7.93 3.59 2.73 2.56 2.36 19.70 17.95
Punjab 58.73 27.78 9.30 4.80 3.32 3.12 2.96 13.26 12.09
Orissa 57.97 23.79 9.57 6.29 5.22 5.75 5.73 14.77 13.77
West Bengal 35.69 11.94 4.74 2.69 2.19 2.28 2.42 8.43 7.81
India 52.62 21.76 8.33 4.99 3.95 4.16 4.13 14.39 13.31
Muslim
Andhra Pradesh 53.88 24.60 11.40 8.46 6.42 4.84 7.57 17.12 16.20
Karnataka 9.81 3.82 1.52 1.00 0.79 0.90 1.11 2.64 2.50
Kerala 49.23 15.02 5.34 3.71 2.87 3.17 2.80 12.39 11.45
Tamil Nadu 58.12 24.45 10.05 6.77 4.85 5.88 5.51 15.22 14.15
Bihar 59.31 27.87 12.41 6.52 4.33 3.83 3.42 18.03 16.68
Madhya Pradesh 60.93 23.74 9.40 6.11 4.77 5.24 5.45 17.43 16.29
Rajasthan 73.08 28.88 10.05 5.42 4.30 4.60 4.03 22.93 21.27
Uttar Pradesh 31.78 13.47 5.78 3.61 2.81 2.86 2.72 9.27 8.60
Gujarat 70.37 33.29 12.31 7.76 6.40 6.61 6.38 17.94 16.72
Maharashtra 30.10 11.72 4.65 2.89 2.28 2.45 2.41 7.67 7.16
Haryana 66.15 26.63 9.07 5.24 2.92 2.76 2.34 21.76 19.98
Punjab 53.97 24.08 10.09 4.51 5.41 5.24 3.41 13.96 12.86
Orissa 49.23 16.71 6.99 4.77 3.74 5.37 4.34 12.51 11.74
West Bengal 35.24 11.84 4.42 2.68 1.94 1.95 2.06 9.58 8.92
India 44.31 18.39 7.56 4.60 3.40 3.45 3.39 12.59 11.71
200
Appendix – 3A Contd…1981 Combined
ASMCRU GMCRU
Christian 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49
Andhra Pradesh 50.52 22.80 11.90 8.08 5.91 7.73 7.51 16.73 15.78
Karnataka 10.51 5.11 2.31 1.16 0.73 0.81 1.08 2.50 2.32
Kerala 51.93 22.54 7.35 2.74 1.90 1.82 1.78 8.08 7.19
Tamil Nadu 62.91 29.08 11.74 6.25 4.26 4.32 4.48 12.73 11.65
Bihar 56.09 27.30 11.33 6.21 3.63 3.04 2.94 11.83 10.65
Madhya Pradesh 63.00 28.07 11.42 4.36 3.87 4.68 4.77 13.39 12.41
Rajasthan 70.45 32.09 16.57 9.06 4.53 4.65 3.05 16.60 15.35
Uttar Pradesh 27.44 13.26 8.62 5.68 3.76 4.16 4.01 8.43 7.94
Gujarat 75.20 33.73 13.38 6.78 5.05 5.32 5.26 14.87 13.79
Maharashtra 19.28 11.24 5.05 2.25 1.88 1.54 1.74 4.59 4.23
Haryana 52.08 21.18 7.19 3.97 6.45 2.60 5.21 11.73 11.05
Punjab 56.16 22.98 8.18 4.06 3.57 2.88 0.63 11.64 10.33
Orissa 55.22 23.44 9.64 5.99 5.10 5.59 4.95 13.11 12.22
West Bengal 42.09 16.66 6.13 4.62 3.84 2.28 2.72 9.70 8.91
India 45.22 21.16 8.35 4.44 3.20 3.37 3.22 3.27 8.96
Other Religions
Andhra Pradesh 54.60 29.40 13.76 7.89 9.18 178.51 6.98 39.82 36.66
Karnataka 12.53 4.70 2.27 1.43 0.93 1.00 1.32 3.15 2.96
Kerala 0.00 23.88 -194.80 6.58 2.07 0.37 3.26 -42.38 -36.00
Tamil Nadu 62.24 27.33 8.07 6.37 6.37 5.80 5.23 14.41 13.40
Bihar 51.87 25.13 12.14 7.70 6.27 5.84 5.38 14.57 13.46
Madhya Pradesh 67.41 29.30 8.56 5.96 4.79 6.71 6.68 16.29 15.22
Rajasthan 69.77 28.66 8.89 4.65 3.84 3.31 3.99 15.65 14.31
Uttar Pradesh 31.03 15.53 5.86 3.08 2.09 2.33 1.91 7.51 6.85
Gujarat 73.88 41.20 16.55 6.77 5.33 5.92 6.98 16.11 14.86
Maharashtra 33.61 12.90 4.81 2.90 2.35 2.61 2.19 8.02 7.35
Haryana 65.29 28.80 8.96 3.97 2.71 2.54 1.76 13.71 12.27
Punjab 60.21 28.22 9.67 4.64 3.32 3.35 3.10 12.65 11.49
Orissa 55.07 27.99 13.91 11.74 10.79 10.46 11.49 19.25 18.45
West Bengal 37.52 15.80 7.56 5.00 3.88 3.88 3.87 10.26 9.53
India 47.48 23.10 8.29 4.40 3.34 3.76 3.23 11.61 10.61
201
Appendix – 3A Contd…
Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates-Unadjusted and the General Marital

Childlessness Rates by Religion, COMBINED Areas, India and States, 1991
ASMCRU GMCRU
Hindu 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49
Andhra Pradesh 61.43 26.24 12.24 9.04 7.51 8.39 8.29 18.71 17.67
Karnataka 56.08 25.24 11.45 7.97 6.72 7.06 6.46 15.28 14.39
Kerala 67.65 29.21 12.31 8.16 6.70 6.71 6.40 13.59 12.72
Tamil Nadu 53.56 25.45 12.73 9.90 8.41 9.02 9.04 15.28 14.49
Bihar 73.58 37.11 18.53 12.57 10.87 10.80 10.51 25.59 24.15
Madhya Pradesh 70.66 27.60 11.85 8.03 7.01 7.62 7.73 20.36 19.13
Rajasthan 72.05 30.78 10.81 5.87 4.55 4.54 4.49 20.62 19.07
Uttar Pradesh 75.57 35.68 17.76 12.84 11.34 11.23 11.32 25.46 24.00
Gujarat 76.76 36.16 12.77 7.52 6.02 5.95 5.90 18.71 17.42
Maharashtra 42.20 18.00 6.83 4.44 3.76 3.86 3.74 9.98 9.31
Haryana 71.84 26.80 8.12 4.11 3.34 3.14 3.07 15.90 14.82
Punjab 64.97 30.69 10.51 5.56 4.62 4.27 4.15 13.54 12.56
Orissa 66.77 32.94 14.89 10.85 9.14 9.69 9.21 19.26 18.13
West Bengal 58.28 23.63 11.59 8.41 7.09 6.83 6.58 15.65 14.74
India 66.96 29.27 12.98 9.00 7.65 7.89 7.77 18.91 17.76
Muslim
Andhra Pradesh 56.56 24.53 12.11 9.44 7.42 8.49 7.87 17.31 16.43
Karnataka 53.40 22.31 10.18 7.57 6.02 6.38 6.18 14.46 13.67
Kerala 62.63 22.35 9.66 7.94 6.60 7.09 5.64 16.38 15.34
Tamil Nadu 48.70 23.03 12.10 9.48 7.72 8.20 8.27 15.28 14.52
Bihar 69.18 35.74 18.70 13.27 10.57 10.93 11.12 23.98 22.81
Madhya Pradesh 64.55 26.58 12.76 9.06 8.01 7.98 7.73 18.59 17.61
Rajasthan 67.02 28.79 10.75 6.71 4.88 5.35 4.50 20.88 19.50
Uttar Pradesh 70.37 34.32 18.54 13.82 12.25 12.21 12.14 23.99 22.80
Gujarat 68.23 32.97 12.76 8.30 7.35 7.64 6.80 17.21 16.16
Maharashtra 36.74 14.98 6.17 4.72 3.80 3.78 3.38 9.40 8.84
Haryana 67.01 24.87 8.33 4.49 3.54 3.50 3.26 18.45 17.30
Punjab 62.07 25.45 9.36 5.48 4.30 3.45 4.87 13.31 12.50
Orissa 55.69 23.43 10.52 7.39 6.41 7.78 6.66 14.78 13.96
West Bengal 55.64 20.91 9.91 7.85 6.61 6.94 6.42 16.09 15.27
India 61.62 26.65 12.79 9.75 8.17 8.47 8.13 18.61 17.64
202
ASMCRU GMCRU
Christian 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49
Andhra Pradesh 55.78 22.92 13.13 8.44 7.71 8.43 8.78 16.74 15.96
Karnataka 52.75 30.52 14.83 8.68 6.60 6.71 5.23 14.08 13.03
Kerala 72.79 35.32 13.44 5.97 4.74 4.53 3.89 11.86 10.87
Tamil Nadu 49.02 21.97 10.63 7.23 6.03 5.97 5.60 10.89 10.19
Bihar 65.81 37.23 18.20 12.85 9.57 8.74 8.02 18.65 17.30
Madhya Pradesh 49.61 26.63 11.77 6.25 5.05 4.77 4.96 12.18 11.34
Rajasthan 55.83 40.06 18.88 10.05 7.58 8.91 8.07 18.40 17.38
Uttar Pradesh 48.82 36.19 18.68 14.50 12.21 15.54 12.51 22.04 20.97
Gujarat 64.76 31.74 17.28 8.48 7.89 4.67 8.62 14.99 14.25
Maharashtra 37.31 22.51 11.97 6.88 5.11 3.34 3.15 10.01 9.19
Haryana 70.00 34.62 14.32 2.26 10.00 3.00 15.08 15.75 15.69
Punjab 62.57 29.47 12.43 6.13 5.58 4.96 6.47 15.30 14.35
Orissa 59.41 30.48 15.14 11.15 10.22 11.31 10.32 17.97 17.08
West Bengal 62.23 26.72 14.64 12.05 9.64 7.25 8.29 17.09 16.14
India 56.05 29.22 14.61 9.29 7.77 7.81 7.41 14.68 13.81
Other Religions
Andhra Pradesh 55.31 28.21 8.66 12.51 6.24 15.75 2.73 17.20 15.87
Karnataka 63.51 28.98 10.88 7.78 6.26 6.18 5.65 15.45 14.44
Kerala 81.48 28.57 18.78 11.97 15.20 6.69 4.42 16.80 15.56
Tamil Nadu 60.43 27.65 14.31 8.03 7.35 7.63 3.39 15.52 14.26
Bihar 62.09 31.36 16.09 12.91 10.62 10.68 9.89 19.75 18.59
Madhya Pradesh 64.63 33.61 12.57 8.44 5.39 7.70 6.50 17.29 16.15
Rajasthan 68.19 31.34 9.15 5.28 3.98 3.77 3.55 14.15 13.02
Uttar Pradesh 53.04 32.97 16.13 10.79 9.41 7.83 8.32 19.18 18.12
Gujarat 66.65 42.55 16.52 8.91 5.73 5.98 4.69 16.05 14.62
Maharashtra 39.67 17.20 6.61 4.49 3.43 3.47 3.52 9.36 8.69
Haryana 69.61 33.48 10.24 4.56 4.25 3.22 3.12 13.74 12.73
Punjab 65.37 31.73 10.71 5.34 4.09 3.98 3.69 13.47 12.36
Orissa 61.78 26.80 16.44 10.92 12.81 13.38 10.72 19.86 18.88
West Bengal 62.42 29.13 14.79 12.10 9.34 10.53 11.11 19.46 18.52
India 56.78 28.27 10.89 6.64 5.30 5.35 5.03 13.89 12.90
203
Appendix – 3A Contd…
Childlessness Rates by Religion, COMBINED Areas, India and States, 2001
ASMCRU GMCRU
Hindu 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49
Andhra Pradesh 61.90 28.89 14.22 9.99 8.44 9.05 9.29 18.25 17.27
Karnataka 64.99 30.75 14.40 8.87 6.72 7.01 6.69 16.18 15.06
Kerala 75.88 37.37 16.60 8.80 6.55 6.06 5.95 14.88 13.57
Tamil Nadu 70.05 36.14 18.46 12.91 10.92 11.27 11.07 19.68 18.56
Bihar 73.68 36.01 14.56 7.87 5.87 5.45 5.53 20.19 18.65
Madhya Pradesh 73.13 28.12 9.56 5.14 4.15 4.06 4.14 16.13 14.96
Rajasthan 74.91 29.38 9.35 4.73 3.57 3.41 3.40 17.66 16.26
Uttar Pradesh 76.80 35.90 14.77 8.39 6.52 6.00 5.91 19.74 18.28
Gujarat 76.99 36.81 12.93 6.74 5.15 4.81 4.88 16.68 15.39
Maharashtra 71.18 29.94 11.41 6.40 5.18 5.43 5.37 14.27 13.28
Haryana 68.40 25.36 7.41 3.41 2.49 2.33 2.37 12.62 11.63
Punjab 74.64 37.33 14.11 6.94 5.24 4.66 4.48 14.93 13.74
Orissa 66.67 32.14 13.60 7.54 5.89 5.74 5.81 14.59 13.57
West Bengal 59.62 23.34 11.17 7.15 6.04 6.09 5.72 13.90 13.00
India 70.81 31.78 13.24 7.73 6.23 6.12 6.17 16.98 15.79
Muslim
Andhra Pradesh 67.35 34.55 18.23 13.30 11.16 11.43 11.36 22.01 20.91
Karnataka 65.58 29.56 13.17 8.24 6.41 6.59 6.35 16.43 15.36
Kerala 66.94 27.06 11.06 7.17 5.95 5.82 5.39 16.55 15.36
Tamil Nadu 69.97 36.32 18.28 12.98 10.67 10.69 10.38 21.18 19.97
Bihar 72.68 36.46 15.23 8.60 6.32 5.97 5.98 19.05 17.66
Madhya Pradesh 68.27 28.36 10.80 6.16 4.99 4.79 4.45 15.20 14.16
Rajasthan 71.53 28.40 9.70 5.27 4.08 3.79 3.75 18.33 17.02
Uttar Pradesh 72.51 34.88 15.46 9.31 7.11 6.57 6.27 18.56 17.25
Gujarat 74.13 34.94 13.96 8.42 6.68 6.45 6.47 16.88 15.76
Maharashtra 68.56 29.30 11.68 7.10 5.65 5.89 5.65 15.37 14.45
Haryana 65.41 20.51 5.54 3.10 2.36 2.46 2.49 14.07 13.18
Punjab 71.36 30.31 11.25 6.34 4.92 4.58 4.72 14.89 13.95
Orissa 63.45 28.48 11.77 6.75 5.15 5.58 5.24 13.76 12.86
West Bengal 55.63 19.15 7.94 5.47 4.75 5.20 5.08 13.49 12.73
India 66.77 30.00 13.05 8.18 6.53 6.40 6.20 17.19 16.07
204
ASMCRU GMCRU
Christian 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49
Andhra Pradesh 63.41 32.86 18.92 13.24 10.64 10.94 10.97 20.58 19.48
Karnataka 73.56 42.70 23.19 12.34 8.80 7.82 7.64 18.93 17.40
Kerala 85.23 45.10 19.25 7.67 5.18 4.47 4.17 13.74 12.23
Tamil Nadu 78.93 43.56 22.60 13.51 10.84 10.34 9.85 20.32 18.85
Bihar 73.72 36.69 20.90 11.17 8.01 7.19 7.73 17.69 16.47
Madhya Pradesh 67.12 35.75 18.80 9.37 5.99 5.99 4.81 15.47 14.12
Rajasthan 64.48 32.87 18.75 7.22 6.22 5.32 5.61 14.89 13.65
Uttar Pradesh 75.02 40.12 22.38 13.52 10.75 9.34 9.48 20.60 19.18
Gujarat 70.39 33.21 16.93 8.73 6.08 5.57 5.14 14.53 13.33
Maharashtra 74.70 42.17 24.52 11.99 8.12 7.01 6.65 17.40 15.83
Haryana 76.27 41.80 19.10 9.02 4.27 3.96 4.87 15.23 14.03
Punjab 73.88 35.01 13.11 6.58 5.29 4.80 4.24 15.53 14.35
Orissa 65.80 30.91 13.44 8.04 6.84 6.97 7.27 14.84 13.98
West Bengal 62.19 28.51 14.94 9.68 7.54 7.17 7.63 15.94 15.01
India 71.63 38.86 19.73 10.77 8.13 7.45 7.16 17.27 15.89
Other Religions
Andhra Pradesh 70.51 42.24 24.52 18.25 15.50 15.64 16.34 26.80 25.71
Karnataka 68.24 33.89 14.87 9.13 6.84 7.50 7.54 17.08 15.94
Kerala 75.49 39.54 22.37 14.58 10.81 11.47 10.79 20.59 19.21
Tamil Nadu 81.83 55.02 31.73 22.59 19.66 18.03 19.12 31.40 29.95
Bihar 73.77 38.71 17.59 10.21 8.08 8.61 8.05 20.85 19.45
Madhya Pradesh 73.10 33.68 12.92 6.47 5.08 4.80 4.94 13.70 12.64
Rajasthan 71.49 28.44 9.85 5.30 4.12 3.83 3.80 18.27 16.97
Uttar Pradesh 76.70 38.29 17.14 9.86 7.82 7.15 6.75 18.52 17.12
Gujarat 77.61 49.82 20.55 10.04 7.47 6.38 6.56 17.45 15.87
Maharashtra 72.10 32.35 12.90 6.91 5.17 5.08 4.99 14.50 13.39
Haryana 70.44 30.62 9.40 4.25 2.97 2.45 2.38 11.72 10.69
Punjab 75.52 35.36 12.65 6.30 4.74 4.15 3.96 14.02 12.79
Orissa 66.05 30.62 14.53 10.19 8.74 9.32 9.86 17.36 16.49
West Bengal 64.07 30.15 15.54 10.88 9.28 9.51 8.87 18.47 17.35
India 71.74 34.35 13.75 7.43 5.73 5.35 5.29 15.13 13.95
205
Appendix – 3B
Childlessness Rates (GMCRU) by Religion, RURAL Areas, India and States, 1981
ASMCRU GMCRU
Hindu 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49
Andhra Pradesh 58.80 25.47 11.79 8.62 7.09 8.06 8.08 19.05 17.89
Karnataka 10.52 4.28 1.72 1.21 0.94 1.03 1.03 2.88 2.69
Kerala 52.02 20.15 7.32 4.18 3.02 2.99 2.88 9.84 8.92
Tamil Nadu 62.14 28.92 11.64 7.55 5.89 6.61 6.72 15.74 14.59
Bihar 61.07 27.59 11.29 5.79 3.92 3.54 3.19 18.57 17.09
Madhya Pradesh 70.60 25.75 9.79 6.12 5.20 5.53 5.64 20.90 19.35
Rajasthan 80.23 32.58 10.89 5.89 4.38 4.39 4.09 24.23 22.27
Uttar Pradesh 37.12 15.35 5.76 3.37 2.69 2.68 2.63 10.94 10.05
Gujarat 81.83 37.15 11.68 5.91 4.57 4.52 4.56 20.75 19.05
Maharashtra 35.39 14.63 5.47 3.34 2.72 2.82 2.78 9.33 8.59
Haryana 73.03 26.86 7.59 3.37 2.67 2.39 2.19 20.73 18.86
Punjab 58.41 26.88 8.30 4.25 2.86 2.80 2.71 12.84 11.65
Orissa 58.75 24.11 9.70 6.31 5.24 5.69 5.69 14.98 13.93
West Bengal 37.95 12.21 4.52 2.60 2.06 2.25 2.43 9.24 8.55
India 53.43 21.99 8.35 5.00 3.95 4.12 4.09 14.92 13.76
Muslim
Andhra Pradesh 54.72 23.03 10.30 7.97 6.15 7.41 7.26 17.15 16.17
Karnataka 11.07 4.41 1.68 0.99 0.87 0.87 1.42 2.97 2.83
Kerala 50.28 15.34 5.36 3.84 2.83 3.04 2.71 12.72 11.74
Tamil Nadu 59.94 24.76 9.16 6.54 4.69 6.00 5.44 14.83 13.72
Bihar 59.99 28.06 12.48 6.43 4.15 3.53 3.19 18.23 16.84
Madhya Pradesh 64.50 23.43 7.98 4.95 3.93 5.01 5.02 18.33 17.06
Rajasthan 76.18 29.54 9.94 5.42 3.54 3.90 3.38 23.22 21.41
Uttar Pradesh 34.16 14.28 5.89 3.54 2.64 2.72 2.59 9.94 9.19
Gujarat 73.78 35.16 11.09 6.52 5.36 5.32 5.38 17.71 16.37
Maharashtra 33.69 14.54 5.84 3.39 2.67 2.59 2.89 9.31 8.63
Haryana 66.66 26.68 9.23 5.02 2.95 2.78 2.27 22.05 20.19
Punjab 57.13 26.21 11.84 5.41 6.43 4.86 4.34 15.49 14.25
Orissa 50.42 17.04 7.42 4.87 3.54 5.33 4.17 13.06 12.17
West Bengal 36.73 12.20 4.41 2.62 1.86 1.81 1.95 10.05 9.33
India 46.06 18.99 7.66 4.50 3.19 3.23 3.09 13.26 12.28
206
Appendix – 3B Contd…1981 RURAL
ASMCRU GMCRU
Christian 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49
Andhra Pradesh 50.71 21.65 10.60 7.73 5.70 7.79 7.14 16.54 15.55
Karnataka 13.69 6.73 2.69 1.07 0.62 0.87 0.90 3.08 2.79
Kerala 52.38 22.25 6.37 2.48 1.77 1.65 1.58 7.79 6.90
Tamil Nadu 64.23 28.67 10.86 5.74 3.92 4.09 4.10 12.22 11.11
Bihar 55.34 27.04 10.72 6.10 3.38 3.02 2.47 11.73 10.47
Madhya Pradesh 65.87 26.78 11.20 4.54 3.82 4.57 4.19 14.18 12.95
Rajasthan 64.29 20.18 8.60 8.99 4.16 0.00 0.00 13.65 12.25
Uttar Pradesh 30.59 13.13 5.66 2.59 3.07 2.00 4.55 8.14 7.73
Gujarat 71.39 30.60 11.80 5.47 2.40 3.58 4.81 13.65 12.61
Maharashtra 21.68 12.90 3.46 2.97 1.76 1.23 1.14 5.19 4.71
Haryana 45.65 10.20 0.00 6.94 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.59 6.36
Punjab 56.58 24.14 7.64 4.15 3.53 2.95 0.59 11.81 10.44
Orissa 56.11 23.64 9.13 6.42 5.21 5.51 5.14 13.23 12.31
West Bengal 44.18 16.81 6.18 4.73 3.63 1.97 2.46 10.45 9.57
India 46.41 21.16 7.78 4.28 3.04 3.27 2.98 9.76 8.96
Other Religions
Andhra Pradesh 52.37 25.55 11.55 11.43 11.18 10.04 10.92 19.33 18.39
Karnataka 12.84 4.39 2.37 1.70 1.10 0.96 1.32 3.38 3.16
Kerala 9.09 17.90 5.63 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.58 5.74
Tamil Nadu 60.94 22.46 6.92 7.70 9.05 5.19 7.98 15.05 14.17
Bihar 51.13 24.66 12.09 7.79 6.39 5.57 5.41 14.46 13.34
Madhya Pradesh 68.01 27.94 9.43 7.39 6.79 8.91 8.23 18.88 17.69
Rajasthan 69.24 26.79 8.90 4.30 3.71 3.39 3.65 15.73 14.32
Uttar Pradesh 30.53 14.77 5.52 2.70 1.72 2.06 1.86 7.40 6.75
Gujarat 81.21 37.37 13.90 3.90 4.93 5.91 6.40 15.29 13.89
Maharashtra 37.19 14.69 5.50 3.34 2.61 2.79 2.29 9.30 8.46
Haryana 65.05 28.64 8.54 3.88 2.65 2.69 1.73 14.09 12.59
Punjab 60.06 28.15 9.57 4.55 3.22 3.27 3.02 12.60 11.42
Orissa 54.94 27.44 14.21 12.12 11.32 10.74 11.85 19.55 18.75
West Bengal 37.65 15.74 7.93 5.53 4.50 4.49 3.99 11.16 10.35
India 49.12 23.61 8.57 4.60 3.52 3.54 3.29 11.98 10.93
207
Appendix – 3B Contd…

Childlessness Rates by Religion, RURAL Areas, India and States, 1991
ASMCRU GMCRU
Hindu 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49
Andhra Pradesh 61.59 26.09 12.22 9.06 7.57 8.47 8.30 19.06 17.96
Karnataka 55.64 24.21 10.33 7.34 6.26 6.69 6.08 14.82 13.92
Kerala 67.70 28.45 11.80 8.21 6.84 6.87 6.36 13.64 12.76
Tamil Nadu 55.71 26.56 13.02 10.15 8.68 9.48 9.53 15.99 15.14
Bihar 73.83 37.32 18.64 12.58 10.93 10.75 10.45 26.03 24.55
Madhya Pradesh 70.83 26.98 11.42 7.73 6.87 7.50 7.67 20.66 19.38
Rajasthan 72.48 31.09 10.78 5.79 4.49 4.49 4.34 21.41 19.75
Uttar Pradesh 75.99 35.66 17.50 12.54 10.97 10.91 10.97 25.92 24.37
Gujarat 77.39 36.64 12.62 7.33 5.90 5.75 5.63 19.45 17.99
Maharashtra 42.49 17.53 6.39 4.33 3.78 3.84 3.76 10.18 9.45
Haryana 72.33 26.20 7.45 3.86 3.14 3.01 2.93 16.74 15.56
Punjab 65.33 30.13 10.04 4.87 3.78 3.66 3.28 13.46 12.32
Orissa 67.28 33.25 14.93 10.77 9.12 9.62 9.07 19.54 18.35
West Bengal 58.60 22.08 9.97 7.29 6.29 6.10 5.77 15.42 14.47
India 67.84 29.50 12.95 9.04 7.74 7.98 7.82 19.72 18.48
Muslim
Andhra Pradesh 56.78 23.38 11.24 8.54 6.22 7.66 6.45 17.19 16.14
Karnataka 52.63 21.00 9.24 7.29 6.15 5.72 5.89 14.02 13.21
Kerala 63.73 22.84 10.05 8.32 6.85 7.54 5.87 17.08 16.00
Tamil Nadu 52.55 24.76 12.97 9.35 7.88 8.66 8.04 16.39 15.40
Bihar 69.79 36.01 18.46 12.96 10.30 10.63 10.71 24.14 22.93
Madhya Pradesh 63.60 25.44 11.14 7.10 6.68 5.98 5.92 18.24 17.16
Rajasthan 66.02 29.49 10.70 6.26 4.52 4.44 3.60 20.88 19.37
Uttar Pradesh 71.63 34.52 18.25 13.08 11.44 11.32 11.57 24.57 23.27
Gujarat 70.27 35.55 13.00 7.71 6.58 7.17 6.24 17.29 16.11
Maharashtra 38.98 15.65 6.04 5.01 3.95 3.67 3.81 9.96 9.32
Haryana 67.43 25.21 8.49 4.30 3.54 3.81 3.19 18.85 17.63
Punjab 65.94 28.46 10.68 5.12 4.80 2.99 5.32 14.86 13.90
Orissa 58.50 23.97 10.81 6.79 5.34 7.90 5.75 15.37 14.34
West Bengal 55.97 20.59 9.38 7.42 6.09 6.47 5.89 16.02 15.18
India 63.26 27.13 12.77 9.61 7.97 8.22 7.91 19.35 18.30
208
ASMCRU GMCRU
Christian 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49
Andhra Pradesh 54.81 21.06 11.39 8.06 6.92 7.62 8.79 16.52 15.74
Karnataka 56.68 30.19 11.42 6.49 5.77 5.85 3.45 12.63 11.45
Kerala 71.64 34.56 12.83 5.81 4.49 4.40 3.76 11.58 10.61
Tamil Nadu 52.67 22.16 10.18 7.11 6.31 6.03 5.86 11.05 10.33
Bihar 66.18 37.36 17.68 12.99 9.71 8.18 7.99 18.85 17.46
Madhya Pradesh 46.03 21.33 7.38 5.28 4.23 4.77 5.13 10.28 9.71
Rajasthan 41.72 32.08 12.86 10.91 11.58 11.14 0.00 17.44 16.18
Uttar Pradesh 51.11 35.37 14.03 11.65 13.41 17.60 11.02 23.70 22.46
Gujarat 60.92 28.25 14.56 8.73 8.01 6.56 8.18 15.05 14.25
Maharashtra 29.20 19.67 10.54 6.17 5.41 1.81 2.54 9.38 8.52
Haryana 73.91 33.33 9.47 0.00 14.29 0.00 14.38 18.36 17.82
Punjab 62.18 28.89 11.01 6.62 5.33 5.47 6.86 14.98 14.09
Orissa 61.37 30.18 14.86 11.03 9.57 10.96 10.15 18.02 17.09
West Bengal 62.65 25.98 13.45 11.84 7.96 7.57 8.74 16.95 16.09
India 57.08 29.27 14.26 9.58 8.08 8.34 7.95 15.06 14.19
Other Religions
Andhra Pradesh 61.79 28.64 11.64 6.79 3.90 15.87 0.00 21.29 19.18
Karnataka 63.89 25.78 10.64 8.21 6.63 7.40 5.98 15.95 14.81
Kerala 81.48 33.82 19.43 18.09 15.98 7.48 0.00 20.91 18.32
Tamil Nadu 66.23 18.31 11.05 7.37 2.89 9.12 2.51 13.71 12.11
Bihar 62.51 30.81 16.27 13.35 10.70 10.99 9.68 19.97 18.74
Madhya Pradesh 65.21 30.37 12.11 8.79 6.56 9.27 7.74 18.65 17.46
Rajasthan 66.87 30.16 9.53 4.81 3.29 3.36 3.58 14.47 13.31
Uttar Pradesh 56.10 33.58 16.06 10.74 10.60 8.70 9.06 20.98 19.79
Gujarat 72.69 45.15 16.40 11.64 4.98 5.40 4.31 18.56 16.60
Maharashtra 40.45 16.97 6.08 4.52 3.52 3.67 3.67 9.62 8.88
Haryana 69.78 33.78 10.26 4.51 4.44 3.03 2.68 14.42 13.35
Punjab 65.52 31.79 10.39 5.07 3.86 3.75 3.54 13.47 12.32
Orissa 61.14 26.49 16.50 11.24 13.31 13.74 10.70 20.08 19.07
West Bengal 62.89 28.80 14.67 13.28 10.08 11.64 12.50 20.56 19.67
India 58.56 28.71 10.98 6.82 5.57 5.64 5.32 14.56 13.50
209
Appendix – 3B Contd…

Childlessness Rates by Religion, RURAL Areas, India and States, 2001
ASMCRU GMCRU
Hindu 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49
Andhra Pradesh 60.74 26.82 12.45 8.79 7.46 8.16 8.42 17.21 16.24
Karnataka 63.51 28.60 12.69 8.09 6.25 6.66 6.32 15.32 14.25
Kerala 74.79 36.17 15.68 8.36 6.25 5.86 5.73 14.57 13.28
Tamil Nadu 68.52 33.89 16.46 11.63 9.99 10.55 10.51 18.58 17.49
Bihar 73.92 36.03 14.36 7.78 5.85 5.46 5.57 20.46 18.92
Madhya Pradesh 73.34 27.06 8.50 4.73 3.96 3.92 4.04 16.43 15.25
Rajasthan 75.60 28.64 8.59 4.48 3.41 3.31 3.32 18.33 16.87
Uttar Pradesh 77.04 35.25 13.89 7.82 6.01 5.54 5.50 19.87 18.38
Gujarat 76.76 35.19 11.45 6.00 4.61 4.27 4.36 16.43 15.11
Maharashtra 70.85 28.05 9.50 5.81 5.04 5.47 5.54 13.90 12.98
Haryana 67.97 23.38 6.15 2.94 2.21 2.10 2.16 12.66 11.69
Punjab 73.70 35.64 12.07 5.53 4.10 3.51 3.37 13.85 12.68
Orissa 66.74 31.86 13.29 7.45 5.87 5.73 5.81 14.62 13.59
West Bengal 58.87 20.46 8.34 5.27 4.58 4.81 4.64 12.59 11.77
India 70.81 30.58 11.99 7.07 5.76 5.73 5.83 16.92 15.72
Muslim
Andhra Pradesh 62.77 27.75 12.57 8.64 7.21 7.82 8.02 17.42 16.42
Karnataka 64.24 27.42 11.37 7.25 5.73 5.91 5.67 15.22 14.18
Kerala 66.36 26.17 10.77 7.06 5.96 5.88 5.46 16.55 15.37
Tamil Nadu 69.59 35.13 16.80 12.21 10.06 9.58 9.62 20.58 19.31
Bihar 73.05 36.43 14.84 8.25 6.11 5.84 5.88 19.05 17.66
Madhya Pradesh 69.62 26.33 8.78 4.73 4.01 3.87 3.87 15.18 14.14
Rajasthan 71.76 26.86 8.41 4.36 3.33 3.05 3.01 18.43 17.07
Uttar Pradesh 72.54 33.88 14.10 8.30 6.29 5.83 5.61 18.44 17.13
Gujarat 75.08 34.49 12.33 6.91 5.52 5.31 5.33 15.79 14.65
Maharashtra 69.60 27.92 10.20 6.47 5.49 5.86 5.77 14.98 14.10
Haryana 65.73 20.26 5.35 2.95 2.26 2.28 2.47 14.26 13.34
Punjab 73.22 30.61 9.45 5.48 4.03 3.96 3.97 14.72 13.72
Orissa 63.46 27.47 10.44 5.94 4.57 5.22 4.69 13.02 12.14
West Bengal 55.22 17.92 6.98 4.72 4.16 4.70 4.58 12.95 12.21
India 66.03 28.39 11.66 7.19 5.75 5.72 5.55 16.67 15.57
210
ASMCRU GMCRU
Christian 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49
Andhra Pradesh 60.09 26.69 13.61 9.48 7.87 8.42 8.90 17.21 16.27
Karnataka 69.34 36.65 18.22 9.15 6.32 5.81 5.50 14.97 13.65
Kerala 84.77 44.15 18.69 7.21 4.93 4.19 3.91 13.31 11.84
Tamil Nadu 78.12 40.38 19.83 11.82 9.52 9.39 9.23 18.76 17.39
Bihar 72.03 34.53 16.60 8.26 7.93 6.38 7.62 17.48 16.37
Madhya Pradesh 66.21 24.70 11.61 7.17 4.05 5.36 4.57 14.13 13.11
Rajasthan 60.06 22.08 9.18 5.27 4.52 4.34 5.39 12.21 11.54
Uttar Pradesh 73.82 34.89 16.84 9.80 8.35 6.87 7.85 19.33 18.08
Gujarat 66.57 24.98 10.08 5.90 4.96 4.56 4.58 11.73 10.89
Maharashtra 72.53 34.30 16.80 8.37 6.26 5.84 5.93 14.96 13.79
Haryana 78.33 35.15 15.19 8.62 5.39 3.66 7.64 16.08 15.33
Punjab 74.08 34.75 11.78 5.88 4.36 3.90 3.86 15.05 13.93
Orissa 65.60 30.19 12.67 7.73 6.76 6.85 7.37 14.63 13.82
West Bengal 60.72 26.35 12.45 7.96 6.41 6.20 6.61 14.77 13.90
India 69.89 36.48 17.66 9.66 7.47 6.91 6.70 16.27 14.97
Other Religions
Andhra Pradesh 65.11 32.16 18.14 14.03 10.63 12.46 12.99 22.07 21.11
Karnataka 66.13 29.60 13.10 8.62 6.28 7.37 7.31 16.06 15.00
Kerala 75.00 36.86 19.67 13.11 9.53 9.93 7.93 19.42 17.82
Tamil Nadu 77.86 45.82 26.52 22.38 20.04 19.10 19.11 29.47 28.09
Bihar 73.25 37.75 16.78 10.19 8.03 8.50 8.67 21.56 5.42
Madhya Pradesh 72.72 29.44 10.56 6.25 5.56 5.34 5.75 14.23 13.28
Rajasthan 69.62 29.42 8.96 4.37 3.11 2.84 2.71 12.68 11.58
Uttar Pradesh 76.06 34.78 14.19 8.42 6.85 6.20 5.91 18.05 16.73
Gujarat 71.16 38.03 15.40 8.71 7.15 5.67 5.80 16.08 14.68
Maharashtra 72.72 29.75 10.42 5.96 4.89 5.02 5.08 13.90 12.89
Haryana 69.32 28.69 8.16 3.97 2.67 2.31 2.13 11.42 10.45
Punjab 74.81 34.31 11.72 5.89 4.44 3.88 3.68 13.64 12.45
Orissa 65.66 29.71 14.09 10.22 8.86 9.68 10.08 17.33 16.49
West Bengal 63.64 28.37 14.23 9.98 8.61 8.95 8.48 17.91 16.84
India 70.95 32.31 12.30 6.98 5.54 5.28 5.24 14.86 13.74
211
Appendix – 3C
Childlessness Rates (GMCRU) by Religion, URBAN Areas, India and States, 1981
ASMCRU GMCRU
Hindu 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49
Andhra Pradesh 55.37 25.04 12.14 8.87 7.16 8.45 8.50 18.38 17.47
Karnataka 10.03 4.59 2.04 1.31 0.99 1.28 1.19 2.86 2.69
Kerala 49.45 22.63 8.99 4.40 3.45 3.50 3.37 9.80 8.93
Tamil Nadu 62.27 28.88 12.66 7.80 6.12 6.50 6.45 16.11 15.02
Bihar 61.23 27.44 11.20 6.71 5.20 5.30 5.27 17.19 16.13
Madhya Pradesh 65.78 26.22 10.19 6.46 5.33 5.98 6.07 18.02 16.92
Rajasthan 73.01 29.31 10.21 6.00 4.55 4.82 4.89 20.52 19.05
Uttar Pradesh 29.14 13.75 5.70 3.51 2.95 3.16 3.27 8.51 7.98
Gujarat 75.20 33.71 12.63 7.04 5.58 5.97 6.35 18.62 17.43
Maharashtra 28.23 11.61 4.52 2.70 2.2 2.47 2.36 6.58 6.14
Haryana 66.47 29.45 8.92 4.32 2.90 3.15 2.98 16.01 14.71
Punjab 59.17 28.66 10.23 5.36 3.79 3.46 3.24 13.67 12.54
Orissa 50.57 21.19 8.59 6.14 5.09 6.26 6.15 13.04 12.43
West Bengal 25.64 11.13 5.25 2.88 2.48 2.35 2.42 6.37 5.94
India 48.03 20.89 8.28 4.94 3.98 4.30 4.29 12.40 11.58
Muslim
Andhra Pradesh 52.96 25.98 12.36 8.93 6.67 2.11 7.89 17.09 16.24
Karnataka 8.61 3.34 1.39 1.01 0.71 0.92 0.83 2.35 2.21
Kerala 44.13 13.67 5.25 3.19 3.07 3.72 3.18 10.95 10.18
Tamil Nadu 57.06 24.28 10.55 6.92 4.95 5.79 5.55 15.46 14.42
Bihar 54.00 26.70 11.98 7.08 5.45 5.82 4.97 16.71 15.67
Madhya Pradesh 57.83 23.95 10.33 6.89 5.28 5.40 5.74 16.81 15.76
Rajasthan 69.62 28.16 10.16 5.42 5.14 5.50 4.82 22.61 21.11
Uttar Pradesh 25.00 11.70 5.54 3.78 3.18 3.15 3.00 7.77 7.30
Gujarat 67.91 31.79 13.24 8.74 7.14 7.66 7.20 18.12 17.00
Maharashtra 27.40 10.10 3.99 2.59 2.03 2.35 2.08 6.66 6.24
Haryana 56.52 25.98 7.09 8.00 2.53 2.54 4.04 17.67 16.85
Punjab 47.83 21.13 7.86 3.16 3.71 5.86 1.73 11.67 10.74
Orissa 46.95 16.13 6.34 4.61 4.05 5.45 4.68 11.59 11.01
West Bengal 22.05 9.21 4.53 3.05 2.41 2.74 2.77 6.54 6.20
India 39.72 17.15 7.36 4.81 3.82 3.88 4.03 11.22 10.55
212
Appendix – 3C Contd…1981 URBAN
ASMCRU GMCRU
Christian 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49
Andhra Pradesh 49.87 25.82 14.82 8.92 6.45 7.56 8.56 17.23 16.39
Karnataka 7.60 3.89 2.04 1.22 0.82 0.76 1.23 2.06 1.96
Kerala 49.62 24.06 11.91 3.80 2.46 2.55 2.76 9.47 8.56
Tamil Nadu 60.72 29.74 13.05 7.04 4.85 4.74 5.20 13.57 12..55
Bihar 62.45 28.84 14.29 6.70 4.84 3.16 6.04 12.34 11.63
Madhya Pradesh 53.39 30.50 11.75 4.11 3.95 4.91 6.05 12.08 11.50
Rajasthan 90.38 41.45 21.15 9.10 4.73 7.13 5.32 18.40 17.28
Uttar Pradesh 24.52 13.31 9.51 6.7 4.00 4.85 3.80 8.54 8.01
Gujarat 81.43 37.71 14.64 7.91 7.68 7.23 5.75 16.07 14.97
Maharashtra 18.10 10.77 5.41 2.09 1.90 1.62 1.88 4.45 4.12
Haryana 58.00 25.09 9.79 2.78 9.04 3.70 10.00 13.41 13.14
Punjab 54.48 18.93 9.95 3.75 3.73 2.58 0.79 11.00 9.92
Orissa 50.31 22.36 12.00 3.90 4.53 6.06 3.59 12.49 11.74
West Bengal 23.70 16.02 5.95 4.31 4.42 3.24 3.51 7.17 6.73
India 41.70 21.18 9.66 4.79 3.58 3.63 3.86 9.87 9.16
Other Religions
Andhra Pradesh 57.85 32.23 15.23 5.40 7.70 303.48 2.80 55.42 51.04
Karnataka 11.60 5.11 2.13 1.01 0.69 1.10 1.32 2.80 2.65
Kerala -4.00 33.13 -483.76 12.61 3.31 0.61 6.02 -92.60 -77.71
Tamil Nadu 63.75 29.99 8.52 5.61 4.73 6.26 3.23 14.04 12.95
Bihar 58.91 28.07 12.43 6.98 5.41 8.03 5.11 15.33 14.29
Madhya Pradesh 66.18 30.52 7.86 4.72 3.05 4.79 5.26 13.92 12.96
Rajasthan 71.03 31.79 8.86 5.22 4.05 3.18 4.59 15.52 14.30
Uttar Pradesh 32.23 16.51 6.25 3.56 2.59 2.67 1.98 7.66 6.98
Gujarat 70.54 42.65 17.23 7.56 5.46 5.92 7.21 16.37 15.18
Maharashtra 26.66 10.53 4.04 2.31 1.99 2.30 2.03 6.22 5.78
Haryana 66.84 29.39 10.33 4.28 2.88 2.08 1.86 12.44 11.18
Punjab 61.10 28.58 10.14 5.09 3.85 3.84 3.58 12.92 11.84
Orissa 58.58 36.19 8.79 7.01 4.20 6.85 6.50 14.92 14.01
West Bengal 36.13 16.06 6.38 3.45 1.91 2.05 3.44 7.13 6.69
India 42.01 21.89 7.69 3.89 2.89 4.63 3.08 10.66 9.77
213
Appendix – 3C Contd…

Childlessness Rates by Religion, URBAN Areas, India and States, 1991
ASMCRU GMCRU
Hindu 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49
Andhra Pradesh 60.73 26.73 12.30 8.97 7.33 8.09 8.23 17.54 16.70
Karnataka 57.75 28.08 14.25 9.57 7.91 8.19 7.58 16.53 15.67
Kerala 67.47 31.61 13.73 8.04 6.36 6.30 6.52 13.47 12.60
Tamil Nadu 47.72 23.10 12.14 9.41 7.85 8.00 7.82 13.78 13.10
Bihar 70.64 35.39 17.73 12.51 10.49 11.12 10.98 22.18 21.08
Madhya Pradesh 69.59 30.30 13.46 9.16 7.49 8.13 8.00 19.15 18.11
Rajasthan 69.25 29.43 10.92 6.17 4.79 4.72 5.17 17.38 16.27
Uttar Pradesh 71.38 35.77 19.01 14.26 13.05 12.98 13.32 22.93 21.97
Gujarat 74.67 35.01 13.07 7.89 6.27 6.42 6.56 17.13 16.17
Maharashtra 41.28 19.00 7.62 4.66 3.72 3.90 3.69 9.59 9.02
Haryana 68.83 28.85 9.82 4.74 3.84 3.50 3.50 13.52 12.68
Punjab 64.55 31.20 10.89 6.11 5.30 4.85 5.01 13.61 12.76
Orissa 61.71 30.41 14.63 11.34 9.25 10.15 10.40 17.28 16.58
West Bengal 56.97 28.18 15.36 10.63 8.54 8.17 8.24 16.20 15.34
India 62.05 28.48 13.06 8.89 7.41 7.59 7.59 16.29 15.43
Muslim
Andhra Pradesh 56.32 25.43 12.75 10.08 8.30 9.23 9.10 17.41 16.66
Karnataka 54.13 23.37 10.92 7.80 5.92 6.97 6.45 14.83 14.06
Kerala 58.88 20.99 8.60 6.92 5.92 5.90 5.02 14.44 13.51
Tamil Nadu 46.04 22.04 11.61 9.55 7.62 7.91 8.42 14.62 13.98
Bihar 63.97 34.00 20.16 15.23 12.13 12.65 13.62 22.96 22.09
Madhya Pradesh 65.33 27.27 13.68 10.19 8.70 9.10 8.76 18.79 17.88
Rajasthan 68.10 28.09 10.80 7.19 5.24 6.31 5.50 20.88 19.64
Uttar Pradesh 66.31 33.88 19.10 15.22 13.69 13.96 13.30 22.80 21.84
Gujarat 67.04 31.22 12.60 8.72 7.87 7.97 7.24 17.15 16.19
Maharashtra 35.41 14.63 6.24 4.58 3.73 3.84 3.12 9.12 8.59
Haryana 61.87 21.72 6.85 6.06 3.60 0.72 4.09 14.82 14.20
Punjab 52.66 20.32 7.25 6.03 3.52 4.35 4.01 10.70 10.11
Orissa 49.70 22.50 10.04 8.24 8.01 7.59 8.38 13.83 13.33
West Bengal 52.72 23.20 13.27 10.32 9.23 9.42 9.25 16.54 15.85
India 57.17 25.67 12.85 10.01 8.53 8.95 8.55 17.16 16.35
214
ASMCRU GMCRU
Christian 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49
Andhra Pradesh 58.38 26.51 15.64 8.92 8.87 9.75 8.76 17.10 16.31
Karnataka 50.06 30.70 16.85 9.86 7.10 7.22 6.42 14.93 13.97
Kerala 76.73 37.96 15.43 6.44 5.53 4.93 4.31 12.73 11.67
Tamil Nadu 42.85 21.66 11.28 7.39 5.59 5.88 5.14 10.64 9.99
Bihar 62.39 36.39 20.70 12.19 8.92 11.59 8.23 17.59 16.45
Madhya Pradesh 61.00 36.25 19.08 7.78 6.28 4.78 4.71 15.24 13.93
Rajasthan 69.94 46.95 21.77 9.49 5.47 7.63 11.04 18.99 18.08
Uttar Pradesh 43.77 36.93 21.91 16.13 11.74 14.32 13.31 20.90 19.97
Gujarat 69.97 36.59 19.22 8.28 7.81 2.98 9.00 14.94 14.25
Maharashtra 38.60 23.18 12.22 7.00 5.07 3.59 3.26 10.12 9.31
Haryana 63.41 35.96 16.38 3.26 9.12 4.49 15.79 14.43 14.53
Punjab 63.74 31.79 17.74 4.55 6.39 3.08 4.93 16.41 15.29
Orissa 45.45 32.66 16.52 11.69 13.15 13.06 11.31 17.70 17.00
West Bengal 59.80 30.06 18.72 12.65 14.00 6.33 7.07 17.55 16.28
India 53.21 29.12 15.35 8.72 7.14 6.74 6.19 13.87 12.99
Other Religions
Andhra Pradesh 42.12 27.99 7.52 14.95 7.15 15.70 4.18 15.27 14.29
Karnataka 62.26 33.76 11.26 7.20 5.69 4.26 4.96 14.68 13.83
Kerala 0.00 24.05 18.18 8.43 14.52 6.17 10.10 13.56 13.29
Tamil Nadu 54.39 31.11 15.40 8.21 9.23 6.97 3.97 16.20 15.12
Bihar 58.43 35.07 14.93 10.07 10.13 8.30 11.51 18.27 17.55
Madhya Pradesh 63.71 36.26 12.87 8.20 4.62 6.51 5.51 16.28 15.17
Rajasthan 72.12 33.45 8.56 6.02 4.98 4.37 3.51 13.62 12.55
Uttar Pradesh 44.35 31.98 16.22 10.87 7.94 6.64 7.19 16.59 15.70
Gujarat 63.11 41.64 16.55 8.14 5.93 6.16 4.82 15.33 14.04
Maharashtra 38.46 17.48 7.14 4.46 3.33 3.22 3.31 9.06 8.48
Haryana 68.35 32.32 10.18 4.70 3.71 3.72 4.28 11.59 10.79
Punjab 64.60 31.41 12.06 6.44 5.05 5.03 4.39 13.49 12.51
Orissa 80.30 30.93 15.62 6.87 6.57 8.04 10.94 16.78 16.13
West Bengal 57.18 31.35 15.35 7.69 6.55 6.37 5.15 14.27 13.18
India 51.09 27.22 10.69 6.26 4.75 4.69 4.31 12.40 11.55
215
Appendix – 3C Contd…

Childlessness Rates by Religion, URBAN Areas, India and States, 2001
ASMCRU GMCRU
Hindu 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49
Andhra Pradesh 67.30 35.89 19.53 13.65 11.37 11.85 12.17 21.56 20.56
Karnataka 69.63 35.85 18.10 10.62 7.79 7.82 7.56 18.18 16.94
Kerala 79.96 41.23 19.22 9.96 7.35 6.55 6.52 15.76 14.36
Tamil Nadu 72.85 39.50 21.17 14.55 12.23 12.26 11.91 21.23 20.05
Bihar 69.91 35.71 16.42 8.74 6.07 5.39 5.17 17.53 16.07
Madhya Pradesh 71.87 32.42 12.88 6.43 4.66 4.47 4.47 15.10 13.98
Rajasthan 72.93 32.59 11.58 5.41 3.89 3.62 3.62 15.43 14.20
Uttar Pradesh 74.49 39.99 19.00 11.04 8.56 7.87 7.71 19.14 17.80
Gujarat 77.66 40.13 15.49 8.09 6.05 5.78 5.83 17.12 15.89
Maharashtra 71.95 33.52 14.29 7.33 5.40 5.37 5.12 14.87 13.77
Haryana 70.24 30.99 10.25 4.46 3.06 2.80 2.80 12.51 11.49
Punjab 75.47 38.76 15.74 8.08 6.09 5.47 5.32 15.78 14.56
Orissa 66.18 34.08 15.37 8.05 5.95 5.78 5.84 14.41 13.42
West Bengal 62.46 32.01 17.90 11.06 8.78 8.34 7.63 16.87 15.68
India 70.83 35.77 16.59 9.48 7.41 7.12 7.06 17.17 15.99
Muslim
Andhra Pradesh 71.70 39.90 22.57 16.87 14.12 14.25 14.12 25.60 24.44
Karnataka 66.62 30.97 14.34 8.94 6.87 7.08 6.85 17.25 16.18
Kerala 69.23 29.64 11.85 7.46 5.90 5.66 5.20 16.54 15.31
Tamil Nadu 70.14 36.78 18.82 13.26 10.91 11.11 10.68 21.41 20.23
Bihar 68.79 36.67 18.26 11.27 7.83 6.99 6.68 19.05 17.66
Madhya Pradesh 67.07 29.67 11.95 6.98 5.51 5.30 4.76 15.21 14.17
Rajasthan 71.20 30.01 11.00 6.20 4.79 4.55 4.51 18.22 16.97
Uttar Pradesh 72.42 37.19 18.10 11.21 8.49 7.84 7.41 18.78 17.50
Gujarat 73.50 35.26 15.07 9.47 7.45 7.25 7.26 17.63 16.52
Maharashtra 68.04 29.90 12.29 7.37 5.72 5.91 5.60 15.54 14.61
Haryana 62.69 21.97 6.53 3.93 2.92 3.58 2.60 12.98 12.24
Punjab 67.94 29.83 13.76 7.53 6.15 5.50 5.85 15.13 14.29
Orissa 63.43 29.95 13.68 7.92 5.96 6.11 6.02 14.83 13.90
West Bengal 58.92 26.84 13.41 9.62 7.66 7.65 7.50 16.57 15.64
India 68.76 33.19 15.56 9.97 7.85 7.61 7.34 18.14 17.02
216
ASMCRU GMCRU
Christian 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49
Andhra Pradesh 69.83 41.80 25.22 17.55 13.88 13.95 13.54 24.81 23.51
Karnataka 75.34 45.31 25.38 13.80 9.96 8.80 8.67 20.73 19.12
Kerala 86.61 48.20 21.12 9.14 5.99 5.32 5.00 15.11 13.52
Tamil Nadu 79.60 46.23 24.62 14.68 11.82 11.03 10.33 21.48 19.94
Bihar 82.35 42.61 27.71 15.14 8.11 8.09 7.86 18.01 16.62
Madhya Pradesh 68.97 45.11 22.47 10.35 6.81 6.24 4.91 16.16 14.62
Rajasthan 74.00 47.36 25.51 8.80 7.24 5.81 5.71 16.91 15.15
Uttar Pradesh 77.15 46.30 26.63 16.17 12.11 10.70 10.38 21.55 19.97
Gujarat 83.50 52.51 27.28 12.53 7.49 6.75 5.78 18.63 16.79
Maharashtra 75.34 44.17 26.00 12.62 8.43 7.20 6.76 17.84 16.19
Haryana 74.14 46.65 21.17 9.21 3.80 4.05 3.99 14.82 13.43
Punjab 73.35 35.76 16.51 8.33 7.36 6.74 5.05 16.71 15.37
Orissa 67.29 36.24 18.06 9.81 7.27 7.58 6.75 16.09 14.96
West Bengal 70.19 39.21 23.89 14.97 10.85 9.70 10.28 19.91 18.63
India 75.78 43.74 23.47 12.70 9.31 8.41 7.99 19.10 17.57
Other Religions
Andhra Pradesh 77.37 50.56 29.29 21.26 18.89 17.92 18.97 30.43 29.24
Karnataka 74.80 41.98 17.98 10.05 7.91 7.77 7.98 19.00 17.72
Kerala 77.78 46.70 28.57 18.04 13.35 14.20 16.88 23.20 22.28
Tamil Nadu 84.26 58.59 33.52 22.65 19.51 17.61 19.13 32.12 30.66
Bihar 77.96 42.84 20.00 10.24 8.21 8.88 6.57 18.60 17.04
Madhya Pradesh 74.53 41.54 15.77 6.73 4.59 4.27 4.11 13.04 11.87
Rajasthan 75.45 42.55 14.32 5.45 4.00 3.66 3.56 13.23 11.98
Uttar Pradesh 79.38 46.92 22.23 12.29 9.19 8.44 7.87 19.33 17.78
Gujarat 80.44 53.09 21.60 10.31 7.52 6.51 6.71 17.73 16.12
Maharashtra 71.37 35.00 15.02 7.73 5.42 5.13 4.92 15.04 13.83
Haryana 74.73 36.97 12.75 5.00 3.66 2.74 2.90 12.51 11.31
Punjab 78.44 39.76 16.16 7.83 5.74 5.03 4.86 15.40 14.01
Orissa 77.61 43.03 19.71 9.85 7.35 5.02 7.31 17.73 16.45
West Bengal 69.13 44.34 23.28 15.53 12.52 11.99 10.69 21.70 20.23
India 74.27 39.42 16.69 8.35 6.08 5.48 5.37 15.70 14.39
217
Marital Childlessness Rates By Education and
Place of Residence, 1981-2001

218
Appendix – 3D
Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates-Unadjusted and the General Marital Childlessness
Rates by Education of the Woman, Combined Areas, India and States, 1981
ASMCRU GMCRU
Illiterate 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49
Andhra Pradesh 58.80 26.33 12.47 9.14 7.37 8.36 8.30 58.80 26.33
Karnataka 10.15 4.12 1.73 1.23 0.95 1.09 1.11 10.15 4.12
Kerala 45.80 16.64 6.86 4.68 3.45 3.53 2.97 45.80 16.64
Tamil Nadu 61.57 29.00 12.07 8.06 6.18 6.85 6.79 61.57 29.00
Bihar 60.99 28.01 11.84 6.21 4.22 3.80 3.42 60.99 28.01
Madhya Pradesh 69.82 25.91 9.99 6.27 5.27 5.63 5.71 69.82 25.91
Rajasthan 78.94 31.78 10.73 5.79 4.33 4.37 4.09 78.94 31.78
Uttar Pradesh 35.62 14.67 5.71 3.39 2.70 2.71 2.65 35.62 14.67
Gujarat 78.14 35.26 12.00 6.51 5.07 5.08 3.22 78.14 35.26
Maharashtra 34.39 14.22 5.59 3.41 2.69 2.82 2.68 34.39 14.22
Haryana 71.15 26.01 7.66 3.63 2.71 2.51 2.29 71.15 26.01
Punjab 56.75 25.34 8.85 4.60 3.29 3.26 3.03 56.75 25.34
Orissa 58.22 24.96 10.75 6.99 5.74 6.07 5.92 58.22 24.96
West Bengal 35.78 12.18 4.87 2.87 2.23 2.32 2.44 35.78 12.18
India 52.17 21.76 8.59 5.18 4.03 4.19 4.08 52.17 21.76
Literate < Middle
Andhra Pradesh 51.68 19.38 8.39 5.99 5.16 6.19 6.45 51.68 19.38
Karnataka 11.15 4.47 1.73 1.12 0.83 0.97 0.87 11.15 4.47
Kerala 48.67 16.17 5.68 3.40 2.44 2.33 2.34 48.67 16.17
Tamil Nadu 61.44 27.14 10.29 6.08 4.56 4.97 4.97 61.44 27.14
Bihar 58.53 24.41 9.13 4.71 3.37 3.44 3.35 58.53 24.41
Madhya Pradesh 68.38 22.63 8.09 5.40 4.65 5.46 5.79 68.38 22.63
Rajasthan 75.15 27.79 8.41 5.46 4.49 4.95 5.39 75.15 27.79
Uttar Pradesh 36.07 14.46 5.18 3.22 2.74 2.93 3.24 36.07 14.46
Gujarat 82.25 35.31 10.36 5.42 4.47 4.70 5.22 82.25 35.31
Maharashtra 32.89 12.54 4.23 2.60 2.18 2.22 2.34 32.89 12.54
Haryana 74.94 27.30 6.89 3.34 2.57 2.81 2.46 74.94 27.30
Punjab 62.95 28.01 8.33 4.23 3.07 2.68 2.63 62.95 28.01
Orissa 56.27 21.17 6.28 4.25 3.01 4.02 4.64 56.27 21.17
West Bengal 34.77 9.60 3.08 1.90 1.66 1.74 1.92 34.77 9.60
India 49.30 18.99 6.46 3.88 3.08 3.34 3.45 49.30 18.99
219
Appendix – 3D Contd…..Combined 1981
ASMCRU GMCRU
Middle < Matric 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49
Andhra Pradesh 54.95 21.33 8.71 6.13 4.83 5.96 6.00 54.95 21.33
Karnataka 10.76 4.33 1.56 1.07 0.79 0.88 0.75 10.76 4.33
Kerala 54.19 16.28 6.26 3.19 2.27 2.49 2.41 54.19 16.28
Tamil Nadu 62.09 25.59 10.00 5.57 4.41 4.69 5.06 62.09 25.59
Bihar 59.05 23.48 8.13 4.00 3.38 3.23 3.64 59.05 23.48
Madhya Pradesh 68.28 25.33 8.00 4.96 3.88 3.96 4.80 68.28 25.33
Rajasthan 74.80 30.12 8.93 6.30 4.05 4.12 5.24 74.80 30.12
Uttar Pradesh 35.06 14.81 5.25 3.50 2.93 3.30 3.03 35.06 14.81
Gujarat 83.43 36.32 10.08 5.26 3.49 4.19 6.66 83.43 36.32
Maharashtra 31.28 11.89 3.71 2.13 1.71 1.49 0.65 31.28 11.89
Haryana 73.27 30.69 8.73 3.87 2.35 3.10 2.84 73.27 30.69
Punjab 67.29 29.87 9.48 4.53 3.14 3.16 2.66 67.29 29.87
Orissa 54.79 19.09 5.48 3.11 2.26 2.77 3.75 54.79 19.09
West Bengal 35.60 11.74 3.83 2.42 1.83 1.97 2.18 35.60 11.74
India 47.32 18.66 6.14 3.50 2.74 3.00 3.09 47.32 18.66
Matric <
Graduate 62.00 28.39 12.55 8.33 6.86 7.78 8.65 62.00 28.39
Andhra Pradesh 10.88 5.33 2.34 1.32 1.02 1.11 1.24 10.88 5.33
Karnataka 56.61 28.87 10.26 4.20 2.94 2.90 3.59 56.61 28.87
Kerala 66.90 31.37 13.19 7.30 5.93 5.13 6.11 66.90 31.37
Tamil Nadu 63.97 30.22 10.92 5.70 4.08 4.57 4.91 63.97 30.22
Bihar 72.64 31.37 10.97 5.79 4.75 4.62 5.07 72.64 31.37
Madhya Pradesh 79.12 35.28 12.55 6.82 6.24 6.42 7.44 79.12 35.28
Rajasthan 38.91 17.64 6.85 4.01 3.71 3.56 4.21 38.91 17.64
Uttar Pradesh 85.43 39.75 13.97 7.35 6.15 6.56 9.26 85.43 39.75
Gujarat 29.99 12.99 4.71 2.49 2.21 1.98 2.22 29.99 12.99
Maharashtra 72.72 35.47 10.52 4.71 3.57 3.00 3.30 72.72 35.47
Haryana 69.46 35.95 12.34 5.74 3.84 4.18 4.83 69.46 35.95
Punjab 50.14 19.55 5.20 2.07 2.00 1.78 2.56 50.14 19.55
Orissa 38.59 17.04 6.65 3.32 3.07 2.28 2.68 38.59 17.04
West Bengal 52.85 24.82 9.10 4.71 3.77 3.58 4.06 52.85 24.82
India 62.00 28.39 12.55 8.33 6.86 7.78 8.65 62.00 28.39
220
Appendix – 3D Contd…..Combined 1981
ASMCRU GMCRU
Graduate &
Above 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49
Andhra Pradesh 68.45 47.40 23.32 12.43 10.47 9.73 13.05 68.45 47.40
Karnataka 12.45 7.72 3.07 1.39 1.20 0.85 1.26 12.45 7.72
Kerala 17.86 44.71 17.66 5.92 3.52 2.66 5.00 17.86 44.71
Tamil Nadu 85.00 50.90 25.23 11.19 8.09 8.13 11.92 85.00 50.90
Bihar 57.39 39.80 17.18 7.78 6.08 6.10 6.49 57.39 39.80
Madhya Pradesh 74.57 43.24 16.70 8.40 5.86 7.57 7.61 74.57 43.24
Rajasthan 86.27 48.10 19.08 10.44 8.33 8.31 9.24 86.27 48.10
Uttar Pradesh 38.23 22.89 9.72 5.74 4.87 5.80 8.11 38.23 22.89
Gujarat 74.86 56.30 23.87 9.85 7.51 8.22 9.44 74.86 56.30
Maharashtra 33.95 19.07 8.18 3.49 2.33 2.59 3.24 33.95 19.07
Haryana 66.27 46.34 14.95 5.02 4.06 4.73 4.82 66.27 46.34
Punjab 87.55 43.52 16.54 6.51 6.68 9.56 5.59 87.55 43.52
Orissa 64.29 36.13 14.42 5.47 4.78 5.01 10.51 64.29 36.13
West Bengal 38.97 26.89 11.65 4.79 4.26 3.93 4.83 38.97 26.89
India 52.56 34.81 14.40 6.11 4.62 4.70 5.75 52.56 34.81
221
Appendix – 3D
Rates by Education of the Woman, Rural Areas, India and States, 1981
ASMCRU GMCRU
Illiterate 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49
Andhra Pradesh 59.55 26.45 12.30 8.95 7.25 8.18 8.11 59.55 26.45
Karnataka 10.38 4.16 1.69 1.21 0.95 1.05 1.08 10.38 4.16
Kerala 46.50 16.86 6.89 4.69 3.40 3.46 2.87 46.50 16.86
Tamil Nadu 61.89 29.14 11.87 7.86 6.05 6.71 6.73 61.89 29.14
Bihar 61.11 28.06 11.81 6.06 4.05 3.60 3.23 61.11 28.06
Madhya Pradesh 70.51 26.07 9.93 6.12 5.18 5.51 5.61 70.51 26.07
Rajasthan 80.05 32.46 10.83 5.78 4.26 4.28 3.96 80.05 32.46
Uttar Pradesh 36.53 15.06 5.77 3.38 2.65 2.64 2.58 36.53 15.06
Gujarat 79.76 36.21 11.93 6.20 4.73 4.64 2.67 79.76 36.21
Maharashtra 35.83 15.10 5.89 3.51 2.74 2.82 2.72 35.83 15.10
Haryana 71.81 26.10 7.64 3.48 2.62 2.35 2.14 71.81 26.10
Punjab 57.45 25.63 8.73 4.46 3.15 3.16 2.92 57.45 25.63
Orissa 58.86 25.19 10.75 6.91 5.66 5.97 5.85 58.86 25.19
West Bengal 37.42 12.59 4.91 2.83 2.15 2.22 2.38 37.42 12.59
India 53.10 22.19 8.66 5.13 3.97 4.08 3.98 53.10 22.19
Literate < Middle
Andhra Pradesh 51.46 18.69 8.03 5.71 5.20 6.30 6.76 51.46 18.69
Karnataka 11.53 4.69 1.77 1.20 0.81 0.83 0.75 11.53 4.69
Kerala 49.41 16.32 5.53 3.37 2.34 2.18 2.24 49.41 16.32
Tamil Nadu 62.07 27.91 10.21 5.83 4.34 4.78 5.04 62.07 27.91
Bihar 58.56 24.62 8.91 4.57 3.19 3.14 3.05 58.56 24.62
Madhya Pradesh 70.03 22.60 8.06 5.66 5.00 6.16 6.76 70.03 22.60
Rajasthan 77.78 28.83 9.12 6.14 5.23 5.73 7.05 77.78 28.83
Uttar Pradesh 37.92 15.24 5.23 3.16 2.64 3.05 3.37 37.92 15.24
Gujarat 85.49 38.29 10.28 4.76 3.97 3.95 4.49 85.49 38.29
Maharashtra 34.83 13.85 4.71 2.85 2.51 2.53 3.03 34.83 13.85
Haryana 76.17 28.40 6.93 2.96 3.02 3.51 2.38 76.17 28.40
Punjab 63.33 29.04 8.53 4.00 2.83 2.59 2.47 63.33 29.04
Orissa 57.11 21.51 6.76 4.26 3.07 3.96 4.73 57.11 21.51
West Bengal 37.51 10.15 2.89 1.79 1.39 1.71 1.90 37.51 10.15
India 50.27 19.32 6.35 3.76 2.98 3.25 3.45 50.27 19.32
222
Appendix – 3D Contd…..Rural 1981
ASMCRU GMCRU
Middle < Matric 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49
Andhra Pradesh 54.55 20.15 8.26 6.04 4.69 6.71 6.86 54.55 20.15
Karnataka 11.10 4.48 1.75 1.04 0.76 0.69 0.89 11.10 4.48
Kerala 55.38 15.17 5.99 3.08 2.06 2.29 2.11 55.38 15.17
Tamil Nadu 61.83 25.82 9.71 5.15 4.25 5.20 5.56 61.83 25.82
Bihar 58.93 23.18 7.84 3.90 3.17 3.08 3.68 58.93 23.18
Madhya Pradesh 69.42 23.63 7.88 5.56 6.73 5.32 8.00 69.42 23.63
Rajasthan 76.89 32.57 11.62 6.99 7.42 8.65 12.13 76.89 32.57
Uttar Pradesh 37.88 16.08 5.57 3.74 3.61 4.92 4.73 37.88 16.08
Gujarat 87.24 38.05 9.95 4.39 2.59 2.85 6.26 87.24 38.05
Maharashtra 34.12 13.61 4.19 2.55 2.32 2.65 0.25 34.12 13.61
Haryana 75.35 31.41 9.34 3.83 3.32 4.75 4.47 75.35 31.41
Punjab 65.39 32.37 10.44 4.23 2.84 3.00 3.26 65.39 32.37
Orissa 56.30 19.64 5.54 3.30 3.05 3.02 4.15 56.30 19.64
West Bengal 39.79 12.48 3.43 2.31 1.67 1.82 2.12 39.79 12.48
India 48.78 19.11 6.14 3.47 2.86 3.33 3.56 48.78 19.11
Matric < Graduat
Andhra Pradesh 60.94 25.32 10.95 8.37 7.69 8.94 14.55 60.94 25.32
Karnataka 11.90 6.04 2.39 1.27 0.74 0.51 2.80 11.90 6.04
Kerala 57.66 29.19 10.06 3.91 2.79 2.41 3.35 57.66 29.19
Tamil Nadu 67.51 30.26 12.33 6.92 5.07 6.04 6.23 67.51 30.26
Bihar 61.08 28.97 10.87 5.94 4.60 4.09 6.04 61.08 28.97
Madhya Pradesh 73.01 30.62 11.35 8.37 4.85 8.63 6.46 73.01 30.62
Rajasthan 79.79 34.93 15.59 11.21 12.50 16.45 10.93 79.79 34.93
Uttar Pradesh 42.62 19.99 8.64 5.22 6.69 6.56 7.48 42.62 19.99
Gujarat 88.41 41.75 13.01 5.87 5.47 8.94 13.08 88.41 41.75
Maharashtra 32.55 13.64 4.71 2.74 3.35 3.83 3.00 32.55 13.64
Haryana 75.19 35.77 10.90 5.32 5.82 7.38 9.07 75.19 35.77
Punjab 71.14 38.93 14.48 6.05 4.38 5.08 7.59 71.14 38.93
Orissa 58.60 24.22 7.42 4.37 5.25 7.58 4.39 58.60 24.22
West Bengal 44.16 18.79 6.58 3.64 4.51 3.90 3.50 44.16 18.79
India 53.73 25.71 9.46 5.01 4.34 4.68 5.45 53.73 25.71
223
Appendix – 3D Contd…..Rural 1981
ASMCRU GMCRU
Graduate &
Above 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49
Andhra Pradesh 65.50 44.98 22.25 17.01 10.73 10.34 19.19 65.50 44.98
Karnataka 31.11 10.98 3.88 1.18 3.77 2.55 0.00 31.11 10.98
Kerala 13.89 45.82 18.76 6.55 3.50 2.06 5.12 13.89 45.82
Tamil Nadu 76.92 48.34 25.95 10.90 6.02 7.52 9.83 76.92 48.34
Bihar 45.71 32.87 15.91 9.46 2.80 6.35 2.76 45.71 32.87
Madhya Pradesh 77.52 41.81 15.18 11.26 7.67 18.36 3.60 77.52 41.81
Rajasthan 90.74 42.58 16.13 14.54 8.75 15.72 25.58 90.74 42.58
Uttar Pradesh 41.37 25.47 12.06 7.28 8.84 7.07 13.84 41.37 25.47
Gujarat 66.67 57.55 21.83 10.93 7.69 1.89 18.52 66.67 57.55
Maharashtra 50.43 17.87 8.18 3.08 3.23 2.37 1.42 50.43 17.87
Haryana 71.26 48.35 13.77 8.37 3.50 0.00 0.00 71.26 48.35
Punjab 100.00 48.96 22.54 10.61 10.02 12.79 5.26 100.00 48.96
Orissa 100.00 37.40 12.57 5.55 10.70 0.00 29.41 100.00 37.40
West Bengal 46.02 30.36 12.33 4.82 5.21 7.78 17.22 46.02 30.36
India 51.26 35.94 16.06 7.49 5.56 5.76 8.79 51.26 35.94
224
Appendix – 3D
Rates by Education of the Woman, Urban Areas, India and States, 1981
ASMCRU GMCRU
Illiterate 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49
Andhra Pradesh 54.61 25.73 13.25 10.15 8.01 9.35 9.31 54.61 25.73
Karnataka 9.13 3.97 1.90 1.35 0.95 1.26 1.25 9.13 3.97
Kerala 39.81 14.89 6.57 4.62 3.78 3.97 3.60 39.81 14.89
Tamil Nadu 60.33 28.41 12.87 8.90 6.69 7.39 7.02 60.33 28.41
Bihar 59.08 27.26 12.11 7.92 6.02 6.03 5.74 59.08 27.26
Madhya Pradesh 63.66 24.70 10.33 7.26 5.84 6.41 6.37 63.66 24.70
Rajasthan 71.79 27.78 10.14 5.85 4.72 4.91 4.82 71.79 27.78
Uttar Pradesh 26.85 11.79 5.29 3.51 3.01 3.22 3.12 26.85 11.79
Gujarat 70.98 31.39 12.28 7.72 6.31 6.72 6.65 70.98 31.39
Maharashtra 27.85 10.94 4.58 3.06 2.53 2.83 2.52 27.85 10.94
Haryana 64.61 25.36 7.81 4.53 3.19 3.36 3.05 64.61 25.36
Punjab 54.18 24.20 9.32 5.24 3.86 3.65 3.44 54.18 24.20
Orissa 50.82 22.24 10.77 7.89 6.70 7.37 6.92 50.82 22.24
West Bengal 23.42 9.56 4.68 3.08 2.62 2.78 2.75 23.42 9.56
India 45.42 19.19 8.20 5.49 4.41 4.80 4.61 45.42 19.19
Literate < Middle
Andhra Pradesh 52.17 20.68 9.03 6.46 5.11 6.00 6.00 52.17 20.68
Karnataka 10.35 4.05 1.66 1.00 0.85 1.14 1.01 10.35 4.05
Kerala 44.29 15.34 6.46 3.54 2.88 2.96 2.75 44.29 15.34
Tamil Nadu 60.54 26.06 10.39 6.38 4.80 5.17 4.89 60.54 26.06
Bihar 58.37 23.57 9.83 5.12 3.76 4.18 4.04 58.37 23.57
Madhya Pradesh 64.23 22.70 8.15 5.06 4.31 4.87 5.13 64.23 22.70
Rajasthan 71.45 26.60 7.74 4.90 3.99 4.49 4.58 71.45 26.60
Uttar Pradesh 28.32 12.15 5.07 3.34 2.88 2.77 3.08 28.32 12.15
Gujarat 74.80 30.49 10.48 6.24 5.01 5.45 5.87 74.80 30.49
Maharashtra 27.82 9.94 3.46 2.22 1.78 1.89 1.80 27.82 9.94
Haryana 68.93 24.69 6.83 3.83 2.19 2.34 2.51 68.93 24.69
Punjab 61.91 25.12 7.86 4.76 3.43 2.78 2.75 61.91 25.12
Orissa 49.77 18.72 4.29 4.19 2.75 4.24 4.26 49.77 18.72
West Bengal 24.74 8.11 3.49 2.10 2.04 1.78 1.94 24.74 8.11
India 46.52 18.24 6.66 4.09 3.25 3.48 3.46 46.52 18.24
225
Appendix – 3D Contd…..Urban 1981
ASMCRU GMCRU
Middle < Matric 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49
Andhra Pradesh 55.39 22.32 9.02 6.19 4.91 5.54 5.60 55.39 22.32
Karnataka 10.36 4.20 1.40 1.08 0.80 0.96 0.69 10.36 4.20
Kerala 48.96 20.96 7.27 3.53 2.98 3.02 3.12 48.96 20.96
Tamil Nadu 62.32 25.41 10.21 5.81 4.49 4.48 4.89 62.32 25.41
Bihar 59.46 24.25 8.71 4.17 3.65 3.41 3.59 59.46 24.25
Madhya Pradesh 67.26 26.39 8.07 4.71 3.06 3.64 4.21 67.26 26.39
Rajasthan 73.49 29.02 7.98 6.08 3.29 3.29 4.06 73.49 29.02
Uttar Pradesh 28.72 12.90 4.93 3.31 2.58 2.56 2.41 28.72 12.90
Gujarat 78.77 34.79 10.18 5.78 3.83 4.58 6.75 78.77 34.79
Maharashtra 27.44 10.18 3.33 1.87 1.42 1.22 1.78 27.44 10.18
Haryana 68.83 29.89 8.29 3.89 2.07 2.63 2.46 68.83 29.89
Punjab 69.87 26.90 8.56 4.76 3.30 3.22 2.45 69.87 26.90
Orissa 49.61 17.46 5.34 2.85 1.48 2.58 3.48 49.61 17.46
West Bengal 28.32 10.74 4.19 2.49 1.89 2.01 2.20 28.32 10.74
India 44.94 18.09 6.14 3.53 2.66 2.82 2.89 44.94 18.09
Matric <
Graduate
Andhra Pradesh 62.70 29.80 13.17 8.31 6.62 7.47 7.45 62.70 29.80
Karnataka 10.25 5.03 2.33 1.33 1.08 1.21 1.03 10.25 5.03
Kerala 53.01 27.90 10.78 4.86 3.25 3.79 4.00 53.01 27.90
Tamil Nadu 66.56 31.92 13.57 7.44 6.21 4.91 6.09 66.56 31.92
Bihar 67.86 31.40 10.96 5.55 3.82 4.76 4.51 67.86 31.40
Madhya Pradesh 72.50 31.58 10.88 5.27 4.73 4.17 4.95 72.50 31.58
Rajasthan 78.89 35.36 11.92 6.02 5.34 5.28 7.13 78.89 35.36
Uttar Pradesh 34.41 16.22 6.12 3.65 3.03 2.96 3.67 34.41 16.22
Gujarat 83.09 38.64 14.37 7.87 6.32 6.12 8.69 83.09 38.64
Maharashtra 28.30 12.72 4.71 2.43 2.04 1.81 2.17 28.30 12.72
Haryana 69.86 35.29 10.38 4.53 3.09 2.27 2.43 69.86 35.29
Punjab 68.27 34.21 11.32 5.60 3.67 3.93 4.27 68.27 34.21
Orissa 50.24 23.27 6.95 3.93 2.89 5.41 2.12 50.24 23.27
West Bengal 33.62 15.89 6.69 3.24 2.85 2.13 2.62 33.62 15.89
India 52.10 24.31 8.93 4.59 3.60 3.32 3.77 52.10 24.31
226
Appendix – 3D Contd…..Urban 1981
ASMCRU GMCRU
Graduate &
Above 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49
Andhra Pradesh 69.53 47.87 23.47 11.79 10.44 9.66 12.55 69.53 47.87
Karnataka 8.77 7.24 2.98 1.41 1.04 0.76 1.32 8.77 7.24
Kerala 25.00 43.28 16.20 5.23 3.54 3.11 4.92 25.00 43.28
Tamil Nadu 87.23 51.36 25.10 11.24 8.46 8.23 12.24 87.23 51.36
Bihar 60.89 41.49 17.41 7.52 6.55 6.06 6.97 60.89 41.49
Madhya Pradesh 74.09 43.40 16.86 8.13 5.71 6.92 7.78 74.09 43.40
Rajasthan 85.68 48.69 19.42 10.03 8.29 7.75 7.89 85.68 48.69
Uttar Pradesh 36.98 22.35 9.38 5.56 4.47 5.69 7.59 36.98 22.35
Gujarat 78.03 56.05 24.13 9.74 7.49 8.58 9.08 78.03 56.05
Maharashtra 29.41 19.22 8.18 3.52 2.28 2.60 3.31 29.41 19.22
Haryana 63.69 45.99 15.10 4.75 4.09 5.00 4.93 63.69 45.99
Punjab 85.59 42.50 15.51 5.80 6.29 9.25 5.62 85.59 42.50
Orissa 54.55 35.68 14.98 5.45 3.78 5.75 6.52 54.55 35.68
West Bengal 35.43 26.12 11.52 4.78 4.16 3.69 4.06 35.43 26.12
India 52.96 34.60 14.13 5.90 4.51 4.60 5.47 52.96 34.60
227
Appendix – 3E
ASMCRU GMCRU
Illiterate 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49
Andhra Pradesh 60.05 25.60 12.53 9.43 7.85 8.81 8.55 18.26 17.20
Karnataka 53.46 23.07 10.59 7.99 6.67 7.17 6.55 14.36 13.44
Kerala 55.17 24.89 12.44 11.26 8.35 8.71 7.11 12.01 10.75
Tamil Nadu 51.90 25.42 13.24 10.83 9.16 9.70 9.53 15.26 14.34
Bihar 72.26 36.47 18.57 12.83 10.96 10.96 10.62 24.73 23.29
Madhya Pradesh 68.81 26.23 11.59 8.05 7.08 7.73 7.74 19.39 18.12
Rajasthan 71.19 30.10 10.75 5.88 4.59 4.57 4.42 20.32 18.69
Uttar Pradesh 73.72 34.70 17.86 13.05 11.51 11.34 11.37 24.57 23.08
Gujarat 73.52 33.77 12.59 7.84 6.31 6.24 5.95 17.25 15.87
Maharashtra 37.13 14.98 6.16 4.64 3.98 4.01 3.80 8.65 7.97
Haryana 68.38 24.23 7.55 4.18 3.36 3.09 2.97 14.27 13.13
Punjab 60.83 27.80 10.10 5.49 4.43 4.14 3.85 11.87 10.68
Orissa 64.55 31.82 15.57 11.59 9.95 10.33 9.58 19.15 17.90
West Bengal 55.67 21.50 10.64 8.61 7.30 7.19 6.82 15.28 14.33
India 65.79 28.58 13.26 9.58 8.17 8.34 8.06 18.87 17.60
Literate < Middle
Andhra Pradesh 60.46 22.38 9.48 7.29 6.03 6.57 6.52 17.27 16.41
Karnataka 57.63 23.90 10.08 7.13 6.49 6.07 5.74 14.64 13.84
Kerala 57.85 21.46 10.26 7.86 6.64 6.47 5.47 10.91 10.08
Tamil Nadu 52.67 23.80 11.23 8.51 6.98 7.28 6.98 14.47 13.78
Bihar 74.31 35.22 16.98 12.07 10.27 9.85 10.24 26.18 24.96
Madhya Pradesh 74.13 27.25 11.06 7.67 6.60 6.97 7.55 22.57 21.60
Rajasthan 73.14 29.65 9.14 5.23 4.11 4.06 4.59 21.64 20.47
Uttar Pradesh 77.14 34.74 16.41 11.90 10.72 10.92 11.42 26.13 25.06
Gujarat 77.44 35.28 11.43 6.69 5.44 5.50 5.62 18.94 17.74
Maharashtra 43.80 17.19 6.20 4.17 3.49 3.39 3.38 10.01 9.44
Haryana 75.96 27.28 7.47 3.48 2.99 2.91 3.18 19.31 18.41
Punjab 67.38 29.82 9.14 4.86 3.43 3.32 2.99 13.06 12.29
Orissa 68.86 32.69 12.58 8.98 7.22 7.63 7.28 17.81 16.90
West Bengal 58.04 19.96 8.94 6.52 5.71 5.46 5.27 14.95 14.10
India 64.71 25.76 10.50 7.44 6.29 6.36 6.20 16.75 15.82
228
Appendix – 3E Contd…..Combined 1991
ASMCRU GMCRU
Middle < Matric 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49
Andhra Pradesh 64.72 25.41 9.22 7.41 5.90 5.55 5.93 20.54 19.73
Karnataka 60.22 24.76 10.68 7.33 5.88 5.84 5.39 16.65 15.89
Kerala 65.18 25.49 9.83 6.40 5.28 4.88 4.99 15.23 14.62
Tamil Nadu 54.40 23.68 11.00 7.98 6.53 6.25 6.49 15.00 14.39
Bihar 75.53 35.53 15.95 10.34 8.72 8.35 8.28 25.83 24.66
Madhya Pradesh 76.88 31.84 11.14 7.26 6.02 6.30 6.64 25.29 24.35
Rajasthan 73.77 31.90 9.87 5.90 3.69 4.20 3.90 21.71 20.82
Uttar Pradesh 78.52 35.76 16.29 11.86 10.18 10.34 10.95 28.87 27.94
Gujarat 81.09 36.70 11.29 6.40 5.58 5.03 5.99 21.79 21.05
Maharashtra 46.95 19.00 6.31 3.86 2.96 3.11 3.08 12.08 11.61
Haryana 78.35 30.98 8.47 3.52 2.97 3.91 3.56 20.62 19.83
Punjab 71.27 32.38 10.38 4.89 4.81 4.29 4.03 16.32 15.55
Orissa 71.21 33.64 11.95 8.26 6.78 7.17 7.24 20.29 19.74
West Bengal 62.54 24.86 10.58 7.13 5.81 6.13 6.39 16.79 16.15
India 66.32 27.40 10.68 7.17 5.84 5.91 6.02 18.49 17.77
Matric <
Graduate
Andhra Pradesh 70.78 32.22 13.08 8.78 6.88 7.32 8.24 22.94 22.34
Karnataka 65.96 32.91 14.36 8.32 6.85 7.54 6.74 18.88 18.29
Kerala 74.98 34.71 13.93 7.09 5.37 5.32 5.27 17.45 16.73
Tamil Nadu 58.63 26.35 12.54 8.58 6.85 6.97 7.12 14.88 14.42
Bihar 76.68 41.65 20.20 12.60 10.51 10.81 11.90 31.07 30.20
Madhya Pradesh 79.55 37.62 14.08 8.83 6.94 6.92 7.32 22.36 21.58
Rajasthan 77.82 36.30 11.23 6.63 4.81 5.72 5.68 20.57 19.83
Uttar Pradesh 80.26 41.65 19.04 13.82 12.30 12.83 13.01 29.70 28.87
Gujarat 84.23 42.42 14.05 8.00 6.72 6.45 6.81 22.29 21.53
Maharashtra 48.64 23.20 8.34 4.59 3.80 3.67 3.37 11.75 11.25
Haryana 80.36 35.75 10.22 4.81 4.07 3.49 4.44 19.63 19.03
Punjab 73.54 37.78 11.95 5.95 4.38 4.77 5.21 17.73 17.11
Orissa 77.97 37.88 15.83 10.23 7.03 8.44 8.94 22.44 21.99
West Bengal 71.88 38.19 17.15 10.18 8.39 8.19 8.16 19.19 18.48
India 72.24 34.80 13.97 8.43 6.85 6.90 7.03 20.08 19.38
229
Appendix – 3E Contd…..Combined 1991
ASMCRU GMCRU
Graduate &
Above 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49
Andhra Pradesh 79.61 50.30 23.17 12.09 10.25 8.73 10.43 24.15 23.59
Karnataka 72.00 51.83 25.81 11.38 8.55 8.70 8.87 21.44 20.91
Kerala 75.00 55.82 23.72 9.59 5.56 5.39 4.04 19.39 18.53
Tamil Nadu 69.84 37.34 18.44 10.37 8.67 8.63 7.17 17.36 16.82
Bihar 77.10 50.33 25.92 16.33 12.99 13.42 15.40 29.12 28.52
Madhya Pradesh 78.38 48.58 20.70 10.41 8.43 8.98 8.13 21.31 20.64
Rajasthan 75.79 46.51 17.49 8.95 6.58 6.75 8.48 19.30 18.81
Uttar Pradesh 78.55 48.04 23.44 15.15 13.87 13.98 14.67 24.69 24.21
Gujarat 77.42 55.51 23.54 10.00 7.19 7.61 8.96 21.51 20.89
Maharashtra 43.24 33.80 14.33 6.05 4.31 4.34 4.74 12.50 12.03
Haryana 75.00 45.72 17.33 5.10 5.14 4.18 4.96 16.64 16.15
Punjab 75.56 44.43 16.45 6.18 4.81 4.24 6.28 15.90 15.47
Orissa 73.68 50.33 23.63 12.35 10.10 11.18 15.33 23.06 22.75
West Bengal 74.23 56.84 29.53 14.86 11.58 10.25 10.83 22.42 21.51
India 74.07 47.24 21.48 10.63 8.37 8.06 8.50 19.93 19.31
230
Appendix – 3E
ASMCRU GMCRU
Illiterate 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49
Andhra Pradesh 60.73 25.94 12.57 9.34 7.77 8.65 8.38 18.58 17.46
Karnataka 53.68 22.94 10.03 7.49 6.26 6.79 6.18 14.06 13.14
Kerala 56.92 25.19 12.49 11.40 8.53 8.72 7.00 12.21 10.91
Tamil Nadu 54.00 26.25 13.34 10.76 9.16 9.82 9.74 15.55 14.62
Bihar 72.58 36.71 18.61 12.75 10.88 10.81 10.48 24.95 23.49
Madhya Pradesh 69.33 26.36 11.45 7.77 6.88 7.51 7.58 19.64 18.34
Rajasthan 71.77 30.77 10.85 5.80 4.47 4.44 4.24 20.76 19.07
Uttar Pradesh 74.34 34.90 17.69 12.72 11.09 10.96 10.98 24.83 23.27
Gujarat 74.78 34.68 12.65 7.62 6.09 5.95 5.70 17.61 16.14
Maharashtra 37.56 15.13 6.15 4.56 3.91 3.90 3.76 8.74 8.03
Haryana 68.79 24.28 7.36 3.99 3.20 2.94 2.83 14.52 13.35
Punjab 61.68 28.14 9.67 5.01 3.93 3.77 3.57 11.50 10.31
Orissa 65.15 32.17 15.58 11.47 9.82 10.17 9.39 19.26 17.97
West Bengal 56.15 21.31 10.25 8.15 6.78 6.73 6.23 15.25 14.26
India 66.74 29.11 13.36 9.51 8.08 8.23 7.97 19.32 17.99
Literate < Middle
Andhra Pradesh 60.84 22.25 9.31 6.98 5.72 6.73 6.60 18.29 17.42
Karnataka 57.69 23.89 9.68 6.61 6.08 5.64 5.19 14.76 13.99
Kerala 58.84 21.71 10.28 7.92 6.73 6.62 5.44 11.14 10.30
Tamil Nadu 56.02 25.49 11.68 8.36 6.90 7.56 7.17 15.46 14.76
Bihar 75.37 35.83 17.05 11.73 10.22 9.90 9.81 27.67 26.45
Madhya Pradesh 75.21 27.50 10.35 7.23 6.39 6.71 7.88 24.75 23.91
Rajasthan 73.99 30.87 8.90 5.15 4.14 4.15 5.04 25.57 24.53
Uttar Pradesh 78.51 35.26 15.76 11.01 9.62 10.17 10.41 27.68 26.62
Gujarat 79.45 37.25 11.68 6.26 5.14 5.13 5.20 21.17 19.89
Maharashtra 45.67 18.24 6.32 4.09 3.57 3.38 3.60 10.92 10.36
Haryana 77.00 27.97 7.60 3.15 3.03 3.46 3.30 22.15 21.48
Punjab 68.48 30.32 9.26 4.47 3.15 2.92 2.57 13.43 12.73
Orissa 69.63 33.28 12.54 8.80 7.04 7.37 6.87 18.20 17.26
West Bengal 58.95 19.65 7.97 5.60 4.96 4.65 4.45 15.18 14.35
India 66.31 26.47 10.40 7.17 6.12 6.27 6.04 17.79 16.85
231
Appendix – 3E Contd…..Rural 1991
ASMCRU GMCRU
Middle < Matric 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49
Andhra Pradesh 65.48 25.36 8.28 7.08 5.54 5.05 7.16 23.48 22.79
Karnataka 61.67 25.48 10.12 6.89 5.99 5.30 4.46 18.32 17.66
Kerala 66.16 25.45 9.62 6.40 5.17 4.72 4.76 15.52 14.90
Tamil Nadu 59.04 25.82 11.38 7.98 6.96 6.34 7.08 17.06 16.49
Bihar 76.50 37.04 16.27 10.44 9.14 8.24 8.17 28.38 27.27
Madhya Pradesh 77.79 32.47 10.44 6.57 5.91 6.71 9.03 30.73 30.18
Rajasthan 74.95 33.99 9.57 5.54 4.41 6.17 6.96 28.92 28.35
Uttar Pradesh 80.03 36.98 16.02 11.77 10.32 10.07 12.77 32.72 32.05
Gujarat 81.93 39.38 12.11 6.29 5.52 4.51 5.79 25.96 25.34
Maharashtra 50.02 20.66 6.39 3.76 2.93 3.35 3.90 14.19 13.82
Haryana 79.61 32.32 8.76 3.33 2.69 4.96 4.74 26.41 25.95
Punjab 71.01 34.00 10.51 4.43 4.26 3.42 3.54 18.26 17.63
Orissa 72.52 34.62 12.11 8.06 6.76 7.44 7.43 22.10 21.65
West Bengal 62.95 23.60 8.57 5.60 4.78 4.50 5.47 17.51 17.08
India 68.70 28.67 10.69 7.09 5.94 5.92 6.45 20.88 20.27
Matric <
Graduate
Andhra Pradesh 69.93 33.04 13.20 8.50 7.42 7.05 8.95 27.49 27.04
Karnataka 66.06 33.56 14.24 7.84 6.70 8.29 7.66 21.88 21.49
Kerala 75.21 34.79 13.71 7.01 4.94 5.30 5.24 17.93 17.28
Tamil Nadu 61.94 28.98 13.53 8.97 7.25 7.65 8.14 17.54 17.14
Bihar 76.72 43.01 21.90 13.72 12.32 12.11 14.50 35.98 35.30
Madhya Pradesh 78.92 35.83 14.15 8.20 8.59 8.78 14.01 27.14 26.81
Rajasthan 79.14 37.98 11.64 8.36 6.04 8.33 10.07 29.00 28.50
Uttar Pradesh 81.62 44.20 20.34 13.92 13.53 15.29 18.70 37.19 36.71
Gujarat 85.50 46.01 14.86 8.50 7.04 7.05 8.27 28.67 28.13
Maharashtra 52.47 24.37 7.78 4.24 3.88 4.50 4.26 15.18 14.91
Haryana 82.09 38.03 10.14 4.87 5.68 4.29 8.82 28.19 27.87
Punjab 74.39 40.13 13.34 6.38 4.96 6.42 6.87 21.82 21.41
Orissa 80.21 40.43 17.55 9.86 6.98 10.52 14.36 26.82 26.60
West Bengal 71.40 36.90 15.31 8.03 7.29 8.84 10.36 21.19 20.93
India 74.27 37.00 14.92 8.72 7.35 7.98 9.18 24.79 24.30
232
Appendix – 3E Contd…..Rural 1991
ASMCRU GMCRU
Graduate &
Above 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49
Andhra Pradesh 81.25 51.45 24.76 14.28 13.22 12.90 14.41 30.07 29.63
Karnataka 62.86 51.69 24.75 10.55 11.85 6.61 11.11 24.92 24.59
Kerala 75.00 56.31 23.64 9.77 5.95 6.28 4.75 21.07 20.36
Tamil Nadu 70.73 39.23 19.10 13.61 9.89 9.24 8.55 20.30 19.64
Bihar 74.82 49.86 28.10 19.77 17.31 16.29 20.96 34.19 33.80
Madhya Pradesh 76.47 46.00 20.92 11.07 8.91 17.33 18.27 24.99 24.75
Rajasthan 68.00 44.22 18.12 10.75 9.72 10.84 13.16 23.29 23.02
Uttar Pradesh 79.39 48.29 23.79 16.18 18.87 17.25 18.32 30.04 29.70
Gujarat 90.32 56.38 23.51 12.06 10.09 11.19 10.34 29.34 28.77
Maharashtra 51.79 32.21 12.98 6.34 6.28 6.07 5.37 14.84 14.50
Haryana 60.00 50.31 18.84 6.70 5.88 7.69 5.88 23.88 23.34
Punjab 71.43 50.83 21.53 9.44 4.38 4.76 5.26 21.81 21.36
Orissa 80.77 51.04 26.66 13.89 10.96 14.39 20.78 27.82 27.58
West Bengal 71.43 52.15 30.56 15.02 11.54 12.07 11.40 25.81 25.21
India 74.75 48.46 23.29 12.75 10.63 10.44 11.19 24.95 24.45
233
Appendix – 3E
ASMCRU GMCRU
Illiterate 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49
Andhra Pradesh 56.10 23.96 12.37 9.81 8.18 9.54 9.31 16.81 15.99
Karnataka 52.42 23.65 12.80 10.19 8.29 8.82 8.02 15.59 14.67
Kerala 46.56 23.28 12.17 10.61 7.54 8.66 7.53 11.09 10.08
Tamil Nadu 43.31 22.18 12.82 11.09 9.15 9.24 8.73 14.12 13.23
Bihar 66.77 33.10 18.06 13.76 11.90 12.58 12.13 21.96 20.84
Madhya Pradesh 64.36 25.36 12.50 9.76 8.14 8.99 8.67 17.78 16.73
Rajasthan 67.15 26.09 10.24 6.36 5.25 5.24 5.43 17.83 16.52
Uttar Pradesh 67.12 33.21 18.94 15.14 14.01 13.87 13.89 22.80 21.76
Gujarat 68.18 30.33 12.40 8.59 7.05 7.28 6.88 15.98 14.92
Maharashtra 35.56 14.50 6.20 4.90 4.17 4.38 3.97 8.38 7.80
Haryana 64.97 23.94 8.57 5.19 4.19 3.94 3.71 12.83 11.86
Punjab 57.87 26.58 11.69 7.31 6.39 5.71 5.01 13.30 12.13
Orissa 56.59 27.37 15.43 12.85 11.35 12.12 11.78 17.92 17.13
West Bengal 52.22 22.70 12.75 10.86 9.51 9.12 9.50 15.42 14.68
India 58.57 25.45 12.73 9.96 8.62 8.88 8.57 16.42 15.45
Literate < Middle
Andhra Pradesh 59.58 22.61 9.72 7.73 6.46 6.35 6.42 15.70 14.88
Karnataka 57.46 23.93 11.00 8.30 7.32 6.86 6.61 14.37 13.52
Kerala 53.61 20.54 10.17 7.64 6.35 6.01 5.58 10.11 9.37
Tamil Nadu 46.41 21.17 10.54 8.72 7.10 6.93 6.74 13.00 12.36
Bihar 67.50 32.46 16.74 13.13 10.40 9.75 11.19 20.90 19.90
Madhya Pradesh 70.67 26.69 12.23 8.35 6.88 7.29 7.24 18.73 17.69
Rajasthan 71.30 27.92 9.40 5.31 4.08 3.99 4.31 17.17 16.02
Uttar Pradesh 70.00 32.95 18.04 13.85 12.77 12.28 12.94 22.08 21.15
Gujarat 72.36 31.82 11.08 7.23 5.78 5.94 6.08 15.78 14.77
Maharashtra 39.41 15.14 6.01 4.30 3.38 3.41 3.12 8.50 7.94
Haryana 69.73 24.89 7.16 4.15 2.93 2.26 3.09 12.44 11.49
Punjab 63.82 28.03 8.74 6.01 4.14 4.22 3.68 12.00 11.09
Orissa 62.58 28.30 12.82 10.03 8.11 8.81 9.08 15.56 14.85
West Bengal 53.78 21.06 11.82 8.85 7.34 7.08 6.78 14.29 13.43
India 59.49 24.03 10.71 7.98 6.60 6.51 6.44 14.54 13.68
234
Appendix – 3E Contd…..Urban 1991
ASMCRU GMCRU
Middle < Matric 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49
Andhra Pradesh 63.48 25.47 10.03 7.63 6.14 5.85 5.24 17.86 17.01
Karnataka 58.70 24.12 11.10 7.63 5.82 6.11 5.78 15.43 14.65
Kerala 61.85 25.62 10.41 6.41 5.58 5.26 5.54 14.44 13.84
Tamil Nadu 48.35 21.60 10.67 7.98 6.19 6.20 6.17 13.24 12.63
Bihar 71.24 30.85 15.18 10.12 8.03 8.51 8.44 19.74 18.69
Madhya Pradesh 75.35 31.18 11.63 7.67 6.07 6.14 5.97 20.90 19.87
Rajasthan 72.25 30.35 10.03 6.05 3.47 3.70 3.22 17.70 16.79
Uttar Pradesh 71.96 32.71 16.76 11.98 10.04 10.58 9.65 21.80 20.79
Gujarat 79.85 33.85 10.61 6.48 5.62 5.29 6.07 18.34 17.62
Maharashtra 42.32 17.04 6.23 3.95 2.98 2.96 2.67 10.04 9.55
Haryana 73.51 28.45 8.14 3.68 3.16 3.47 3.17 13.54 12.77
Punjab 71.87 28.92 10.17 5.47 5.36 4.98 4.36 13.50 12.68
Orissa 64.61 29.62 11.54 8.74 6.83 6.82 7.03 15.41 14.80
West Bengal 61.53 27.21 13.38 8.86 6.68 7.10 6.80 15.87 15.02
India 60.93 25.31 10.67 7.25 5.74 5.90 5.71 15.33 14.59
Matric <
Graduate
Andhra Pradesh 71.64 31.68 13.03 8.88 6.69 7.39 8.06 20.59 19.98
Karnataka 65.88 32.54 14.41 8.51 6.90 7.37 6.55 17.54 16.92
Kerala 74.32 34.51 14.47 7.26 6.16 5.34 5.32 16.40 15.57
Tamil Nadu 55.58 24.64 12.01 8.40 6.66 6.71 6.79 13.47 13.02
Bihar 76.58 39.04 18.03 11.51 9.07 9.88 10.18 24.34 23.44
Madhya Pradesh 79.98 38.42 14.06 9.00 6.61 6.64 6.47 20.80 19.93
Rajasthan 76.87 35.64 11.12 6.28 4.62 5.40 5.11 18.24 17.52
Uttar Pradesh 76.95 38.43 18.04 13.76 11.79 11.98 11.31 23.45 22.61
Gujarat 82.90 39.75 13.66 7.79 6.62 6.28 6.49 19.11 18.36
Maharashtra 45.62 22.60 8.54 4.70 3.78 3.53 3.27 10.55 10.04
Haryana 75.45 33.35 10.26 4.78 3.52 3.29 3.62 14.16 13.59
Punjab 72.39 34.77 10.64 5.65 4.08 4.05 4.66 14.29 13.65
Orissa 72.95 33.66 13.78 10.52 7.07 7.48 6.94 17.67 17.14
West Bengal 72.39 39.15 18.16 11.10 8.72 8.06 7.87 18.23 17.39
India 69.40 32.85 13.34 8.28 6.63 6.52 6.39 17.05 16.34
235
Appendix – 3E Contd…..Urban 1991
ASMCRU GMCRU
Graduate &
Above 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49
Andhra Pradesh 78.86 49.93 22.79 11.71 9.84 8.22 9.89 22.87 22.30
Karnataka 80.00 51.86 25.97 11.48 8.25 8.87 8.71 20.96 20.42
Kerala 75.00 55.15 23.81 9.40 5.23 4.78 3.59 17.62 16.64
Tamil Nadu 69.16 36.71 18.26 9.61 8.37 8.47 6.77 16.56 16.05
Bihar 79.53 50.64 24.94 15.06 11.45 12.54 13.93 26.75 26.09
Madhya Pradesh 79.10 49.03 20.66 10.34 8.39 8.39 7.28 20.84 20.12
Rajasthan 78.57 46.90 17.41 8.75 6.33 6.43 8.18 18.81 18.31
Uttar Pradesh 77.96 47.96 23.36 14.96 13.16 13.56 14.23 23.51 23.03
Gujarat 70.97 55.27 23.54 9.76 6.92 7.35 8.84 20.34 19.74
Maharashtra 40.36 34.10 14.52 6.02 4.12 4.19 4.70 12.21 11.73
Haryana 80.77 44.61 17.09 4.93 5.07 3.81 4.87 15.60 15.13
Punjab 76.32 42.58 15.21 5.51 4.88 4.16 6.40 14.62 14.22
Orissa 58.33 49.74 21.82 11.72 9.71 9.94 13.04 20.45 20.13
West Bengal 75.81 58.28 29.29 14.83 11.59 10.05 10.78 21.78 20.85
India 73.62 46.87 21.04 10.24 8.01 7.73 8.15 18.85 18.23
236
Appendix – 3F
ASMCRU GMCRU
Illiterate 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49
Andhra Pradesh 58.58 26.85 13.34 9.82 8.41 9.21 9.46 58.58 26.85
Karnataka 58.98 26.47 12.06 8.21 6.48 7.16 6.84 58.98 26.47
Kerala 59.55 29.23 14.82 10.90 8.79 8.59 7.40 59.55 29.23
Tamil Nadu 61.09 30.80 15.83 12.19 10.54 11.47 11.21 61.09 30.80
Bihar 72.84 35.21 13.90 7.55 5.68 5.41 5.60 72.84 35.21
Madhya Pradesh 69.19 24.71 8.11 4.75 3.99 4.01 4.14 69.19 24.71
Rajasthan 72.64 26.74 8.41 4.51 3.43 3.32 3.31 72.64 26.74
Uttar Pradesh 73.15 32.77 13.30 7.73 5.97 5.59 5.61 73.15 32.77
Gujarat 70.44 30.35 10.56 6.17 4.90 4.65 4.76 70.44 30.35
Maharashtra 61.96 24.43 9.37 6.26 5.41 5.99 5.92 61.96 24.43
Haryana 60.81 19.84 5.45 2.84 2.16 2.08 2.15 60.81 19.84
Punjab 62.52 28.01 10.22 5.64 4.34 3.89 3.70 62.52 28.01
Orissa 63.23 30.01 13.14 8.15 6.64 6.80 6.90 63.23 30.01
West Bengal 53.52 19.01 8.39 5.93 5.36 5.87 5.63 53.52 19.01
India 67.33 28.81 11.72 7.27 6.02 6.10 6.20 67.33 28.81
Literate < Middle
Andhra Pradesh 61.08 25.41 11.67 8.31 7.11 7.44 7.58 61.08 25.41
Karnataka 65.22 27.80 12.33 7.80 5.97 5.90 5.53 65.22 27.80
Kerala 60.88 24.84 11.79 7.99 6.22 5.73 5.34 60.88 24.84
Tamil Nadu 68.59 33.40 16.35 11.59 10.03 10.10 9.74 68.59 33.40
Bihar 75.87 36.54 14.26 7.78 5.76 5.07 4.80 75.87 36.54
Madhya Pradesh 76.55 28.39 8.94 4.99 4.13 4.02 3.97 76.55 28.39
Rajasthan 77.99 29.53 8.65 4.48 3.38 3.25 3.21 77.99 29.53
Uttar Pradesh 79.65 35.92 14.17 8.17 6.52 5.93 5.64 79.65 35.92
Gujarat 79.52 35.96 12.17 6.56 5.02 4.67 4.72 79.52 35.96
Maharashtra 69.45 26.53 9.29 5.72 4.71 4.80 4.63 69.45 26.53
Haryana 69.65 23.11 6.17 3.13 2.45 2.34 2.37 69.65 23.11
Punjab 76.22 31.47 10.36 5.57 4.29 3.78 3.62 76.22 31.47
Orissa 66.28 30.04 11.73 6.12 4.52 3.95 3.65 66.28 30.04
West Bengal 57.68 18.35 7.62 5.20 4.50 4.61 4.27 57.68 18.35
India 69.79 28.30 11.10 6.84 5.62 5.42 5.26 69.79 28.30
237
Appendix – 3F Contd…..Combined 2001
ASMCRU GMCRU
Middle < Matric 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49
Andhra Pradesh 67.27 27.33 12.96 9.54 8.11 8.14 8.56 67.27 27.33
Karnataka 70.64 28.98 13.05 8.19 6.23 6.13 6.09 70.64 28.98
Kerala 67.72 27.74 11.91 6.95 5.35 4.58 4.45 67.72 27.74
Tamil Nadu 72.28 35.00 17.66 12.26 10.33 9.96 9.65 72.28 35.00
Bihar 75.68 38.12 15.58 8.50 6.24 5.32 5.08 75.68 38.12
Madhya Pradesh 77.73 31.18 10.55 5.73 4.41 3.88 3.77 77.73 31.18
Rajasthan 77.91 32.52 10.41 5.37 3.96 3.42 3.51 77.91 32.52
Uttar Pradesh 81.03 37.52 15.20 8.96 7.14 6.44 6.21 81.03 37.52
Gujarat 81.87 38.89 13.36 7.15 5.59 5.21 5.44 81.87 38.89
Maharashtra 75.42 29.04 10.21 6.19 4.82 4.74 4.50 75.42 29.04
Haryana 72.15 25.09 7.16 3.84 2.82 2.71 2.70 72.15 25.09
Punjab 83.30 34.79 11.73 6.27 5.23 4.53 4.54 83.30 34.79
Orissa 71.32 32.07 12.29 6.30 4.64 3.92 3.85 71.32 32.07
West Bengal 66.59 24.20 10.51 6.95 5.64 5.26 5.00 66.59 24.20
India 74.34 31.49 12.57 7.58 6.08 5.59 5.49 74.34 31.49
Matric <
Graduate
Andhra Pradesh 75.15 37.27 17.44 12.44 11.37 11.14 11.56 75.15 37.27
Karnataka 76.19 37.53 16.90 10.12 7.71 7.05 7.05 76.19 37.53
Kerala 78.36 38.26 16.43 8.05 5.64 4.95 4.89 78.36 38.26
Tamil Nadu 80.28 41.93 21.34 14.28 11.99 11.09 10.96 80.28 41.93
Bihar 74.02 38.49 16.46 9.37 7.04 6.20 5.67 74.02 38.49
Madhya Pradesh 81.39 39.22 13.38 7.12 5.32 4.80 4.60 81.39 39.22
Rajasthan 82.10 41.47 12.67 6.21 4.58 4.15 4.27 82.10 41.47
Uttar Pradesh 83.31 45.05 18.43 11.26 9.04 8.13 8.01 83.31 45.05
Gujarat 84.77 44.09 15.02 7.87 6.04 5.65 5.86 84.77 44.09
Maharashtra 80.50 35.83 12.86 7.13 5.43 5.05 4.90 80.50 35.83
Haryana 78.20 32.39 8.87 4.52 3.29 2.97 3.06 78.20 32.39
Punjab 86.05 43.00 15.10 7.59 5.70 5.17 5.01 86.05 43.00
Orissa 77.30 38.59 15.06 6.96 4.97 4.52 4.50 77.30 38.59
West Bengal 76.46 39.47 17.06 10.24 8.52 7.59 7.45 76.46 39.47
India 79.34 39.65 16.09 9.27 7.30 6.65 6.59 79.34 39.65
238
Appendix – 3F Contd…..Combined 2001
ASMCRU GMCRU
Graduate &
Above 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49
Andhra Pradesh NA 58.21 31.99 18.28 14.66 14.81 15.77 NA 58.21
Karnataka NA 59.58 31.72 14.93 10.14 8.81 8.93 NA 59.58
Kerala NA 60.03 27.34 11.01 6.38 5.19 4.89 NA 60.03
Tamil Nadu NA 62.41 35.11 19.77 15.82 14.75 14.13 NA 62.41
Bihar NA 42.10 23.08 12.15 8.62 7.40 7.17 NA 42.10
Madhya Pradesh NA 51.42 23.91 9.41 6.12 5.68 5.57 NA 51.42
Rajasthan NA 51.43 21.34 7.91 5.47 4.85 5.39 NA 51.43
Uttar Pradesh NA 53.15 28.21 14.76 10.82 9.79 9.45 NA 53.15
Gujarat NA 58.61 25.78 11.69 8.15 7.54 7.57 NA 58.61
Maharashtra NA 54.70 25.92 10.48 6.75 5.78 5.75 NA 54.70
Haryana NA 48.74 19.51 6.69 4.17 3.29 3.36 NA 48.74
Punjab NA 55.15 24.74 9.74 6.48 5.32 5.53 NA 55.15
Himachal Pradesh NA 57.67 26.20 8.20 5.39 4.65 4.06 NA 57.67
Orissa NA 54.30 26.59 11.36 7.07 6.37 6.36 NA 54.30
West Bengal NA 59.89 33.81 16.18 12.19 10.76 10.39 NA 59.89
India NA 55.63 27.87 12.89 9.00 7.83 7.76 NA 55.63
239
Appendix – 3F
ASMCRU GMCRU
Illiterate 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49
Andhra Pradesh 58.33 26.12 12.51 9.06 7.69 8.47 8.72 58.33 26.12
Karnataka 58.85 26.16 11.64 7.85 6.18 6.79 6.45 58.85 26.16
Kerala 59.66 28.97 14.43 10.69 8.60 8.37 7.23 59.66 28.97
Tamil Nadu 61.13 30.29 15.10 11.46 9.89 10.79 10.70 61.13 30.29
Bihar 73.12 35.37 13.88 7.50 5.65 5.38 5.58 73.12 35.37
Madhya Pradesh 69.81 24.73 7.89 4.57 3.87 3.90 4.03 69.81 24.73
Rajasthan 73.36 26.93 8.33 4.43 3.36 3.24 3.23 73.36 26.93
Uttar Pradesh 73.64 32.76 13.02 7.42 5.65 5.29 5.32 73.64 32.76
Gujarat 71.01 30.19 10.05 5.74 4.53 4.28 4.37 71.01 30.19
Maharashtra 62.67 24.18 8.98 6.01 5.32 5.87 5.89 62.67 24.18
Haryana 61.20 19.41 5.16 2.65 2.02 1.94 1.98 61.20 19.41
Punjab 62.67 27.87 9.61 5.20 3.91 3.47 3.28 62.67 27.87
Orissa 63.80 30.25 13.14 8.10 6.58 6.68 6.78 63.80 30.25
West Bengal 53.53 18.34 7.68 5.28 4.79 5.29 5.13 53.53 18.34
India 67.94 28.90 11.48 7.00 5.75 5.81 5.92 67.94 28.90
Literate < Middle
Andhra Pradesh 60.45 24.34 10.36 7.05 5.92 6.24 6.39 60.45 24.34
Karnataka 65.17 27.73 11.94 7.38 5.58 5.50 5.13 65.17 27.73
Kerala 60.83 24.67 11.57 7.74 6.04 5.55 5.15 60.83 24.67
Tamil Nadu 68.26 32.79 15.39 10.68 9.35 9.36 9.10 68.26 32.79
Bihar 76.40 36.97 14.30 7.73 5.75 5.12 4.86 76.40 36.97
Madhya Pradesh 77.49 28.62 8.66 4.78 4.01 3.91 3.90 77.49 28.62
Rajasthan 78.53 29.58 8.31 4.24 3.22 3.17 3.21 78.53 29.58
Uttar Pradesh 80.28 35.94 13.65 7.68 6.08 5.44 5.13 80.28 35.94
Gujarat 80.69 36.94 11.83 5.95 4.51 4.05 4.08 80.69 36.94
Maharashtra 70.58 26.77 8.80 5.38 4.54 4.69 4.63 70.58 26.77
Haryana 69.64 22.87 5.90 2.89 2.27 2.18 2.30 69.64 22.87
Punjab 76.83 31.52 9.84 5.12 3.88 3.28 3.13 76.83 31.52
Orissa 66.82 30.36 11.75 6.03 4.43 3.84 3.52 66.82 30.36
West Bengal 57.61 17.35 6.49 4.16 3.54 3.71 3.42 57.61 17.35
India 70.27 28.12 10.49 6.29 5.16 4.95 4.82 70.27 28.12
240
Appendix – 3F Contd…..Rural 2001
ASMCRU GMCRU
Middle < Matric 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49
Andhra Pradesh 65.62 25.44 10.97 7.38 6.05 5.96 6.30 65.62 25.44
Karnataka 69.60 28.38 12.27 7.46 5.59 5.55 5.38 69.60 28.38
Kerala 67.14 27.20 11.52 6.61 5.04 4.27 4.06 67.14 27.20
Tamil Nadu 71.42 34.09 16.44 11.02 9.01 8.56 8.69 71.42 34.09
Bihar 76.02 38.60 15.64 8.48 6.38 5.48 5.26 76.02 38.60
Madhya Pradesh 78.62 31.31 10.16 5.51 4.39 3.95 3.99 78.62 31.31
Rajasthan 78.32 32.77 10.03 5.31 4.08 3.56 3.86 78.32 32.77
Uttar Pradesh 81.51 37.56 14.65 8.34 6.61 5.99 5.74 81.51 37.56
Gujarat 81.84 38.73 12.61 6.30 4.92 4.05 4.77 81.84 38.73
Maharashtra 76.04 28.88 9.35 5.56 4.46 4.53 4.58 76.04 28.88
Haryana 71.41 24.44 6.77 3.57 2.75 2.63 3.06 71.41 24.44
Punjab 83.67 34.80 11.17 5.72 4.62 3.93 4.05 83.67 34.80
Orissa 71.38 32.35 12.40 6.16 4.51 3.76 3.84 71.38 32.35
West Bengal 65.75 22.15 8.37 5.02 4.02 3.75 3.61 65.75 22.15
India 74.34 31.17 11.87 6.88 5.45 4.94 4.93 74.34 31.17
Matric <
Graduate
Andhra Pradesh 72.05 33.06 14.10 9.35 8.02 7.99 8.28 72.05 33.06
Karnataka 73.83 35.06 15.65 9.57 7.36 6.87 6.73 73.83 35.06
Kerala 77.52 37.64 16.07 7.62 5.27 4.59 4.52 77.52 37.64
Tamil Nadu 78.57 39.58 19.59 12.92 10.60 9.67 9.20 78.57 39.58
Bihar 73.73 37.91 16.18 9.29 7.41 6.62 6.34 73.73 37.91
Madhya Pradesh 81.60 38.08 12.81 7.11 6.26 5.64 5.74 81.60 38.08
Rajasthan 81.84 41.49 12.75 6.63 5.52 5.84 6.00 81.84 41.49
Uttar Pradesh 83.83 44.62 17.65 10.72 8.90 8.22 8.34 83.83 44.62
Gujarat 84.13 42.91 13.92 7.02 5.27 4.78 5.20 84.13 42.91
Maharashtra 80.14 33.80 11.00 6.29 5.25 5.27 5.45 80.14 33.80
Haryana 76.96 30.19 8.01 4.46 3.61 3.41 4.32 76.96 30.19
Punjab 85.52 42.50 14.65 7.08 5.46 5.15 5.47 85.52 42.50
Orissa 76.71 38.36 15.08 6.79 4.92 4.67 4.68 76.71 38.36
West Bengal 75.40 35.05 13.56 7.58 6.28 5.59 5.79 75.40 35.05
India 78.44 38.19 15.13 8.57 6.76 6.21 6.22 78.44 38.19
241
Appendix – 3F Contd…..Rural 2001
ASMCRU GMCRU
Graduate &
Above 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49
Karnataka NA 52.63 28.05 14.75 11.05 10.62 11.61 NA 52.63
Kerala NA 59.68 26.85 10.71 6.02 5.07 4.63 NA 59.68
Tamil Nadu NA 59.06 32.37 17.01 13.51 12.61 12.44 NA 59.06
Bihar NA 37.69 20.57 11.80 9.56 8.42 8.28 NA 37.69
Rajasthan NA 47.65 19.81 8.87 7.22 8.32 8.74 NA 47.65
Gujarat NA 54.42 23.50 11.20 8.16 8.30 8.19 NA 54.42
Haryana NA 45.15 19.18 7.97 5.29 5.42 4.86 NA 45.15
Punjab NA 58.38 27.50 10.36 7.76 6.99 7.32 NA 58.38
Orissa NA 51.66 25.72 11.55 7.72 8.03 8.02 NA 51.66
West Bengal NA 55.61 29.08 13.80 11.10 10.13 9.61 NA 55.61
India NA 51.82 25.72 12.54 9.30 8.62 8.41 NA 51.82
242
Appendix – 3F
ASMCRU GMCRU
Illiterate 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49
Andhra Pradesh 60.22 30.88 17.46 13.55 11.57 12.68 12.98 60.22 30.88
Karnataka 59.57 27.70 13.72 9.71 7.66 8.69 8.27 59.57 27.70
Kerala 59.03 30.42 16.79 11.91 9.78 9.63 8.17 59.03 30.42
Tamil Nadu 60.96 32.16 17.76 14.14 12.24 13.23 12.52 60.96 32.16
Bihar 66.65 31.90 14.21 8.30 6.20 5.85 5.83 66.65 31.90
Madhya Pradesh 64.07 24.58 9.30 5.69 4.49 4.55 4.62 64.07 24.58
Rajasthan 67.22 25.60 8.82 4.94 3.77 3.78 3.72 67.22 25.60
Uttar Pradesh 67.63 32.84 15.24 9.74 7.75 7.35 7.33 67.63 32.84
Gujarat 68.00 30.97 12.35 7.68 6.07 5.89 6.10 68.00 30.97
Maharashtra 60.12 25.08 10.30 6.91 5.65 6.36 6.03 60.12 25.08
Haryana 58.76 21.74 6.68 3.68 2.75 2.68 2.87 58.76 21.74
Punjab 62.15 28.45 12.09 7.07 5.73 5.33 5.20 62.15 28.45
Orissa 56.48 27.05 13.18 8.78 7.36 8.06 8.19 56.48 27.05
West Bengal 53.41 23.49 12.65 9.47 8.07 8.51 7.83 53.41 23.49
India 62.53 28.26 12.97 8.70 7.27 7.51 7.55 62.53 28.26
Literate < Middle
Andhra Pradesh 63.79 28.89 15.16 11.34 9.53 9.78 9.79 63.79 28.89
Karnataka 65.37 27.95 13.11 8.59 6.61 6.55 6.13 65.37 27.95
Kerala 61.08 25.51 12.59 8.88 6.88 6.35 5.94 61.08 25.51
Tamil Nadu 69.18 34.31 17.60 12.66 10.82 10.90 10.40 69.18 34.31
Bihar 69.63 32.57 13.95 8.08 5.77 4.86 4.55 69.63 32.57
Madhya Pradesh 71.27 27.44 9.77 5.53 4.36 4.23 4.09 71.27 27.44
Rajasthan 74.88 29.35 9.66 5.07 3.68 3.38 3.21 74.88 29.35
Uttar Pradesh 74.89 35.81 16.19 9.85 7.72 7.20 6.82 74.89 35.81
Gujarat 76.22 34.01 12.69 7.42 5.64 5.41 5.41 76.22 34.01
Maharashtra 67.05 26.05 10.17 6.30 4.97 4.97 4.62 67.05 26.05
Haryana 69.65 24.22 7.13 3.84 2.84 2.63 2.48 69.65 24.22
Punjab 74.47 31.28 12.03 6.95 5.42 5.08 4.78 74.47 31.28
Orissa 62.17 27.66 11.54 6.66 4.97 4.51 4.25 62.17 27.66
West Bengal 58.10 22.66 11.69 8.40 6.99 6.80 6.12 58.10 22.66
India 67.69 28.87 12.67 8.16 6.58 6.35 6.06 67.69 28.87
243
Appendix – 3F Contd…..Urban 2001
ASMCRU GMCRU
Middle < Matric 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49
Andhra Pradesh 71.13 31.28 16.27 12.29 10.12 10.03 10.36 71.13 31.28
Karnataka 72.51 29.93 14.08 8.96 6.80 6.57 6.56 72.51 29.93
Kerala 70.30 29.67 13.21 7.98 6.23 5.42 5.48 70.30 29.67
Tamil Nadu 73.61 36.16 18.82 13.15 11.25 10.83 10.24 73.61 36.16
Bihar 72.97 34.86 15.26 8.59 5.78 4.86 4.63 72.97 34.86
Madhya Pradesh 75.56 30.96 11.08 5.94 4.42 3.84 3.65 75.56 30.96
Rajasthan 76.77 32.10 10.86 5.43 3.89 3.36 3.37 76.77 32.10
Uttar Pradesh 78.17 37.37 16.89 10.45 8.07 7.15 6.83 78.17 37.37
Gujarat 81.92 39.10 14.12 7.91 6.05 5.96 5.81 81.92 39.10
Maharashtra 74.46 29.26 11.15 6.71 5.06 4.86 4.46 74.46 29.26
Haryana 75.36 27.33 8.07 4.26 2.90 2.77 2.48 75.36 27.33
Punjab 82.54 34.76 13.05 7.40 6.14 5.27 5.02 82.54 34.76
Orissa 71.01 30.62 11.84 6.76 4.92 4.22 3.86 71.01 30.62
West Bengal 69.06 29.30 14.65 9.97 7.74 7.03 6.30 69.06 29.30
India 74.34 32.21 13.84 8.63 6.83 6.30 6.04 74.34 32.21
Matric <
Graduate
Andhra Pradesh 79.01 41.77 20.41 14.58 13.11 12.46 12.80 79.01 41.77
Karnataka 78.51 39.68 17.82 10.43 7.87 7.11 7.15 78.51 39.68
Kerala 81.00 40.02 17.39 9.15 6.49 5.67 5.58 81.00 40.02
Tamil Nadu 81.76 43.81 22.42 14.89 12.53 11.58 11.54 81.76 43.81
Bihar 75.30 40.63 17.37 9.58 6.37 5.56 4.81 75.30 40.63
Madhya Pradesh 81.17 40.07 13.70 7.13 5.04 4.59 4.37 81.17 40.07
Rajasthan 82.46 41.45 12.63 6.04 4.34 3.83 4.00 82.46 41.45
Uttar Pradesh 81.90 45.89 19.52 11.83 9.13 8.08 7.86 81.90 45.89
Gujarat 85.45 45.16 15.82 8.37 6.38 5.97 6.06 85.45 45.16
Maharashtra 80.91 37.72 14.10 7.53 5.49 4.98 4.76 80.91 37.72
Haryana 81.43 36.31 9.91 4.56 3.14 2.82 2.68 81.43 36.31
Punjab 86.75 43.83 15.73 8.16 5.88 5.19 4.80 86.75 43.83
Orissa 78.86 39.21 15.02 7.22 5.03 4.40 4.37 78.86 39.21
West Bengal 77.97 44.63 20.09 11.95 9.60 8.46 8.00 77.97 44.63
India 80.71 41.50 17.07 9.84 7.64 6.86 6.75 80.71 41.50
244
Appendix – 3F Contd…..Urban 2001
ASMCRU GMCRU
Graduate &
Above 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49
Karnataka NA 61.52 32.62 14.97 10.00 8.62 8.69 NA 61.52
Kerala NA 60.66 28.16 11.44 6.79 5.30 5.10 NA 60.66
Tamil Nadu NA 63.41 35.81 20.37 16.20 15.02 14.35 NA 63.41
Bihar NA 48.22 25.77 12.49 7.93 6.77 6.51 NA 48.22
Rajasthan NA 52.61 21.67 7.76 5.29 4.59 5.19 NA 52.61
Gujarat NA 59.99 26.35 11.78 8.15 7.47 7.52 NA 59.99
Haryana NA 50.18 19.60 6.45 4.02 3.08 3.22 NA 50.18
Punjab NA 54.09 23.94 9.60 6.26 5.08 5.31 NA 54.09
Orissa NA 57.05 27.36 11.25 6.80 5.89 5.96 NA 57.05
West Bengal NA 61.75 35.34 16.76 12.38 10.84 10.49 NA 61.75
India NA 57.36 28.63 12.99 8.94 7.71 7.66 NA 57.36
245
Marital Childlessness Rates By Caste and Place
of Residence, 1981-2001
246
Appendix – 3G
Rates by Caste of the Woman, Combined Areas, India and States, 1981
ASMCRU GMCRU
Schedule Caste 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49
Andhra Pradesh 60.26 28.90 13.83 10.26 8.03 8.90 8.70 20.95 19.70
Karnataka 8.91 3.60 1.53 1.16 0.82 1.06 1.02 2.55 2.41
Kerala 50.02 18.90 7.61 4.73 3.63 3.58 3.05 10.51 9.59
Tamil Nadu 60.27 28.62 12.45 8.14 6.19 6.58 6.42 16.57 15.39
Bihar 58.10 27.27 11.79 6.29 4.22 3.60 3.21 18.58 17.17
Madhya Pradesh 69.76 24.99 9.56 6.21 4.95 5.46 5.65 21.16 19.62
Rajasthan 76.69 29.82 9.88 5.40 4.00 4.15 3.71 22.89 21.04
Uttar Pradesh 35.34 14.03 5.55 3.35 2.67 2.73 2.67 10.46 9.64
Gujarat 82.28 36.57 10.83 5.59 4.23 4.34 4.62 21.27 19.62
Maharashtra 33.44 12.99 4.92 3.28 2.66 2.61 2.17 9.23 8.50
Haryana 69.52 25.27 7.16 3.35 2.48 2.27 2.18 19.66 17.94
Punjab 56.57 25.43 8.24 4.07 3.02 2.84 2.68 12.70 11.58
Orissa 55.47 23.89 10.30 6.96 5.71 6.02 5.62 15.81 14.73
West Bengal 34.79 11.22 4.19 2.52 1.94 2.13 2.18 8.93 8.29
India 49.39 20.30 8.06 4.99 3.88 4.01 3.87 14.29 13.22
Schedule Tribe
Andhra Pradesh 58.63 28.30 13.92 9.49 7.53 7.82 7.66 19.31 18.20
Karnataka 10.91 4.59 2.06 1.35 1.11 1.12 1.12 3.25 3.04
Kerala 47.65 20.41 7.33 4.27 2.80 1.99 2.20 11.07 10.12
Tamil Nadu 59.26 28.25 12.01 8.98 7.15 6.75 8.07 17.94 16.85
Bihar 54.93 25.03 11.67 7.33 4.94 4.46 3.86 15.49 14.19
Madhya Pradesh 67.64 27.56 11.66 7.45 6.55 6.80 6.79 19.84 18.48
Rajasthan 78.00 32.46 12.02 6.62 4.82 4.46 4.27 22.81 21.08
Uttar Pradesh 55.19 22.35 10.23 8.29 8.42 9.57 8.69 17.88 16.94
Gujarat 66.06 28.49 10.51 6.11 4.85 4.69 4.86 15.37 14.23
Maharashtra 29.76 11.62 4.73 3.16 2.61 2.77 2.60 7.96 7.38
Haryana NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Punjab NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Orissa 60.56 27.54 12.63 8.75 7.52 7.97 7.55 17.25 16.19
West Bengal 39.82 17.98 8.37 5.01 3.98 3.40 3.54 12.24 11.38
India 56.29 23.62 10.01 6.41 5.18 5.18 5.02 15.57 14.47
247
Appendix – 3G contd……Combined 1981
ASMCRU GMCRU
Other Castes 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49
Andhra Pradesh 57.08 24.31 11.27 8.23 6.78 7.95 8.00 18.26 17.21
Karnataka 10.66 4.43 1.82 1.22 0.94 1.06 1.08 2.87 2.69
Kerala 50.45 19.37 6.91 3.73 2.72 2.78 2.66 10.05 9.11
Tamil Nadu 62.48 28.68 11.70 7.32 5.69 6.38 6.46 15.39 14.28
Bihar 61.82 27.89 11.37 5.82 4.03 3.73 3.43 18.47 17.05
Madhya Pradesh 70.22 25.37 9.20 5.62 4.70 5.14 5.28 20.09 18.63
Rajasthan 79.20 31.93 10.60 5.81 4.40 4.51 4.31 23.50 21.63
Uttar Pradesh 35.80 15.10 5.80 3.43 2.74 2.74 2.71 10.35 9.54
Gujarat 81.31 37.31 12.48 6.49 5.10 5.20 5.29 20.61 19.03
Maharashtra 34.06 13.77 5.14 3.07 2.50 2.67 2.64 8.36 7.73
Haryana 72.37 28.00 8.25 3.76 2.79 2.63 2.36 19.37 17.63
Punjab 61.11 28.93 9.96 4.91 3.46 3.43 3.15 12.95 11.76
Orissa 57.28 22.31 8.23 5.17 4.24 4.89 5.13 13.52 12.58
West Bengal 35.52 11.72 4.56 2.59 2.08 2.15 2.33 8.33 7.72
India 51.56 21.42 8.10 4.73 3.71 3.94 3.92 13.78 12.74
248
Appendix – 3G
Rates by Caste of the Woman, Rural Areas, India and States, 1981
ASMCRU GMCRU
Schedule Caste 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49
Andhra Pradesh 61.00 29.40 13.94 10.24 7.98 8.72 8.57 21.12 19.81
Karnataka 9.28 3.71 1.50 1.13 0.86 1.08 0.94 2.61 2.44
Kerala 50.56 18.96 7.49 4.71 3.56 3.55 3.05 10.60 9.67
Tamil Nadu 61.28 29.56 12.73 8.23 6.26 6.55 6.52 16.74 15.52
Bihar 57.99 27.32 11.75 6.15 4.03 3.44 2.99 18.52 17.09
Madhya Pradesh 70.68 25.10 9.45 6.04 4.86 5.32 5.60 21.33 19.73
Rajasthan 77.74 30.34 9.95 5.33 3.95 4.08 3.72 22.86 20.97
Uttar Pradesh 36.06 14.28 5.59 3.36 2.66 2.67 2.63 10.63 9.78
Gujarat 86.03 39.15 11.37 5.91 4.06 4.13 4.06 22.09 20.20
Maharashtra 36.65 14.78 5.65 3.56 2.71 2.77 2.26 10.17 9.30
Haryana 70.34 25.32 7.18 3.29 2.48 2.06 1.95 19.89 18.08
Punjab 56.70 25.64 8.15 4.04 2.88 2.66 2.57 12.42 11.31
Orissa 56.11 24.13 10.29 6.80 5.57 5.87 5.46 15.79 14.68
West Bengal 36.04 11.44 4.21 2.50 1.87 2.09 2.12 9.23 8.55
India 49.98 20.64 8.17 5.00 3.85 3.95 3.82 14.46 13.36
Schedule Tribe
Andhra Pradesh 59.15 28.53 13.89 9.33 7.52 7.74 7.63 19.22 18.10
Karnataka 10.96 4.50 1.95 1.33 1.07 1.07 1.15 3.19 3.00
Kerala 47.40 20.05 7.45 4.19 2.86 1.91 2.23 10.99 10.05
Tamil Nadu 59.11 28.17 12.02 8.96 6.94 6.98 8.29 17.83 16.75
Bihar 54.99 24.83 11.49 7.09 4.79 4.29 3.70 15.34 14.03
Madhya Pradesh 67.75 27.58 11.62 7.36 6.47 6.71 6.75 19.82 18.44
Rajasthan 78.20 32.58 12.01 6.50 4.73 4.37 4.20 22.75 21.02
Uttar Pradesh 55.65 22.53 10.21 8.11 8.34 9.84 8.59 18.08 17.09
Gujarat 66.34 28.52 10.47 6.02 4.74 4.64 4.71 15.31 14.15
Maharashtra 29.86 11.72 4.74 3.14 2.57 2.72 2.54 8.03 7.44
Orissa 60.82 27.57 12.58 8.67 7.46 7.91 7.52 17.23 16.16
West Bengal 40.28 18.17 8.44 5.06 4.05 3.46 3.54 12.41 11.53
India 56.85 23.86 10.06 6.38 5.16 5.15 5.01 15.69 14.56
249
Appendix – 3G contd……Rural 1981
ASMCRU GMCRU
Other Castes 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49
Andhra Pradesh 57.75 24.00 10.94 8.09 6.74 7.89 7.93 18.35 17.25
Karnataka 10.88 4.43 1.77 1.21 0.93 1.00 1.07 2.93 2.74
Kerala 51.25 19.19 6.60 3.66 2.62 2.64 2.52 10.08 9.12
Tamil Nadu 62.51 28.53 11.14 7.15 5.58 6.43 6.53 15.11 14.00
Bihar 61.96 27.96 11.41 5.72 3.88 3.51 3.22 18.72 17.25
Madhya Pradesh 71.41 25.03 8.87 5.43 4.57 4.99 5.09 21.14 19.53
Rajasthan 80.81 32.72 10.73 5.81 4.34 4.41 4.09 24.58 22.57
Uttar Pradesh 36.97 15.49 5.82 3.38 2.67 2.66 2.61 10.84 9.96
Gujarat 83.66 38.98 12.02 5.91 4.62 4.59 4.65 21.78 19.99
Maharashtra 36.21 15.10 5.59 3.35 2.72 2.81 2.82 9.44 8.68
Haryana 73.05 27.37 7.88 3.53 2.73 2.52 2.22 20.56 18.69
Punjab 61.09 28.68 9.68 4.66 3.26 3.34 3.05 12.79 11.57
Orissa 58.31 22.65 8.34 5.19 4.25 4.79 5.09 13.80 12.79
West Bengal 38.00 11.94 4.20 2.41 1.87 2.03 2.27 9.23 8.53
India 52.76 21.72 8.06 4.70 3.66 3.87 3.84 14.46 13.31
250
Appendix – 3G
Rates by Caste of the Woman, Urban Areas, India and States, 1981
ASMCRU GMCRU
Schedule Caste 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49
Andhra Pradesh 55.84 26.23 13.26 10.38 8.33 10.10 9.59 19.95 19.04
Karnataka 7.55 3.21 1.62 1.25 0.65 0.94 1.34 2.36 2.27
Kerala 45.05 18.34 8.50 4.84 4.10 3.78 3.04 9.89 9.01
Tamil Nadu 56.55 25.01 11.37 7.75 5.87 6.75 5.96 15.86 14.83
Bihar 59.48 26.71 12.24 7.81 6.28 5.54 5.86 19.20 18.05
Madhya Pradesh 65.35 24.56 9.99 6.99 5.37 6.17 5.96 20.37 19.11
Rajasthan 72.36 27.76 9.57 5.70 4.27 4.52 3.65 23.02 21.35
Uttar Pradesh 28.54 12.03 5.27 3.26 2.75 3.32 3.01 8.96 8.39
Gujarat 74.48 31.98 9.82 4.92 4.59 4.85 6.00 19.62 18.43
Maharashtra 26.18 9.61 3.54 2.64 2.53 2.19 1.94 7.21 6.73
Haryana 64.85 25.05 7.09 3.66 2.51 3.35 3.54 18.49 17.16
Punjab 56.17 24.71 8.61 4.22 3.55 3.59 3.16 13.76 12.66
Orissa 49.94 21.69 10.39 8.49 7.10 7.53 7.53 16.01 15.25
West Bengal 24.57 9.51 4.04 2.61 2.39 2.44 2.54 6.84 6.41
India 46.06 18.66 7.48 4.90 4.01 4.40 4.15 13.35 12.50
Schedule Tribe
Andhra Pradesh 52.54 25.53 14.42 12.13 7.72 9.26 8.30 20.58 19.70
Karnataka 10.50 5.15 2.82 1.51 1.39 1.48 0.90 3.63 3.37
Kerala 63.04 35.65 2.05 8.46 0.00 6.52 0.00 14.88 13.87
Tamil Nadu 60.42 28.87 11.98 9.18 8.97 4.60 5.71 18.94 17.72
Bihar 53.94 27.97 14.07 10.96 7.14 7.58 6.71 17.76 16.70
Madhya Pradesh 64.44 26.93 12.64 9.95 8.50 9.43 8.13 20.45 19.44
Rajasthan 73.09 29.68 12.32 9.79 7.81 7.11 6.32 24.19 22.78
Uttar Pradesh 31.96 17.54 10.51 12.78 10.04 0.00 12.40 12.71 12.69
Gujarat 62.48 28.17 10.96 7.15 6.39 5.44 7.12 16.06 15.23
Maharashtra 28.59 10.76 4.65 3.31 3.04 3.27 3.17 7.27 6.84
Orissa 55.20 26.97 13.61 10.32 8.58 9.08 8.40 17.54 16.74
West Bengal 26.81 13.24 6.81 3.99 2.22 1.85 3.45 8.25 7.85
India 46.67 20.26 9.29 6.95 5.59 5.69 5.30 13.76 12.99
251
Appendix – 3G contd…… Urban 1981
ASMCRU GMCRU
Other Castes 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49
Andhra Pradesh 54.74 25.14 12.13 8.63 6.89 8.13 8.25 17.99 17.09
Karnataka 10.03 4.43 1.93 1.24 0.95 1.21 1.10 2.75 2.59
Kerala 46.37 20.19 8.15 4.01 3.12 3.33 3.24 9.89 9.05
Tamil Nadu 62.43 28.92 12.61 7.64 5.92 6.27 6.32 15.87 14.78
Bihar 60.42 27.40 11.14 6.42 5.00 5.27 5.07 16.68 15.65
Madhya Pradesh 64.44 26.35 10.02 6.13 5.02 5.60 5.89 17.01 15.95
Rajasthan 72.14 29.55 10.23 5.80 4.60 4.83 5.04 20.04 18.61
Uttar Pradesh 27.77 13.43 5.74 3.65 3.05 3.13 3.20 8.17 7.67
Gujarat 74.48 34.06 13.23 7.52 5.92 6.38 6.54 18.44 17.25
Maharashtra 28.01 11.39 4.47 2.60 2.09 2.39 2.27 6.42 5.99
Haryana 66.79 30.21 9.27 4.47 2.98 3.01 2.82 15.32 14.04
Punjab 61.17 29.45 10.49 5.45 3.87 3.62 3.36 13.29 12.17
Orissa 49.73 20.18 7.64 5.06 4.17 5.57 5.43 11.81 11.25
West Bengal 25.11 11.13 5.31 2.94 2.50 2.39 2.46 6.32 5.90
India 46.21 20.57 8.21 4.82 3.84 4.16 4.16 11.86 11.07
252
Appendix – 3H
ASMCRU GMCRU
Schedule Caste 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49
Andhra Pradesh 61.42 27.70 13.76 10.58 8.68 9.59 9.33 20.36 19.27
Karnataka 46.90 20.17 9.22 7.07 5.89 6.58 5.98 13.29 12.58
Kerala 64.22 28.26 15.14 11.32 9.85 10.07 9.15 16.67 15.76
Tamil Nadu 56.95 29.03 15.58 12.58 10.97 11.88 11.98 18.77 17.95
Bihar 71.87 35.12 18.12 12.54 10.99 11.15 11.36 26.05 24.76
Madhya Pradesh 69.94 27.37 12.56 9.52 8.63 9.32 9.58 22.18 20.96
Rajasthan 75.69 30.91 11.57 7.09 5.92 5.82 6.17 22.39 20.82
Uttar Pradesh 72.86 34.51 18.77 14.46 13.04 13.21 13.11 26.47 25.09
Gujarat 81.77 38.55 12.70 7.59 6.26 6.41 6.30 20.30 18.85
Maharashtra 49.47 21.61 10.64 8.94 7.91 8.49 8.07 15.00 14.26
Haryana 66.30 24.83 7.88 4.12 3.36 3.14 3.08 15.70 14.66
Punjab 64.41 30.20 10.78 6.29 4.88 4.72 4.61 14.84 13.74
Orissa 61.95 30.21 13.65 9.89 7.98 9.14 8.42 18.87 17.82
West Bengal 56.83 23.57 12.78 10.02 8.83 8.76 7.95 18.33 17.54
India 65.87 28.91 14.01 10.53 9.20 9.63 9.50 20.66 19.57
Schedule Tribe
Andhra Pradesh 60.39 27.54 13.58 10.09 8.80 9.30 9.37 19.66 18.70
Karnataka 47.47 20.94 9.29 7.10 5.94 6.55 6.21 13.42 12.72
Kerala 66.97 32.15 17.13 12.91 11.00 11.06 8.94 19.83 18.65
Tamil Nadu 59.57 29.38 16.14 14.17 12.26 14.13 15.11 20.86 20.25
Bihar 65.10 33.76 19.09 14.42 12.28 12.12 11.16 23.19 21.93
Madhya Pradesh 67.89 28.74 14.27 11.14 10.22 10.75 10.83 21.48 20.40
Rajasthan 77.58 35.79 14.97 9.39 7.72 7.47 7.23 24.16 22.53
Uttar Pradesh 65.81 29.16 13.43 11.38 10.18 11.23 12.14 21.43 20.46
Gujarat 69.15 30.78 12.99 9.14 8.20 7.92 8.13 17.65 16.67
Maharashtra 51.71 23.12 11.97 10.24 9.52 9.79 9.85 16.44 15.76
Haryana 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Punjab 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Orissa 63.15 31.32 15.30 11.13 10.41 10.91 9.89 19.89 18.81
West Bengal 62.87 31.59 17.78 14.32 12.08 11.56 11.40 22.95 21.92
India 64.37 29.35 14.71 11.24 10.05 10.30 10.09 20.15 19.13
253
Appendix – 3H contd……Combined 1991
ASMCRU GMCRU
Other Castes 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49
Andhra Pradesh 60.94 25.58 11.83 8.67 7.17 8.09 7.95 18.10 17.09
Karnataka 58.66 26.29 11.93 8.16 6.83 7.08 6.49 15.67 14.73
Kerala 64.72 27.59 11.48 7.23 5.82 5.90 5.33 13.61 12.65
Tamil Nadu 51.74 24.04 11.79 9.00 7.53 8.01 7.98 14.04 13.27
Bihar 73.80 37.51 18.53 12.52 10.61 10.58 10.33 25.25 23.81
Madhya Pradesh 71.38 27.27 10.84 6.49 5.36 5.95 5.93 19.20 17.93
Rajasthan 69.44 29.64 9.79 4.99 3.65 3.75 3.53 19.33 17.83
Uttar Pradesh 75.34 35.73 17.64 12.59 11.06 10.85 10.95 24.81 23.39
Gujarat 76.77 36.73 12.82 7.31 5.74 5.69 5.50 18.55 17.23
Maharashtra 38.38 16.39 5.67 3.23 2.56 2.49 2.37 8.37 7.72
Haryana 72.90 27.59 8.36 4.16 3.43 3.16 3.10 15.94 14.85
Punjab 65.59 31.70 10.59 5.12 4.08 3.85 3.62 13.02 11.96
Orissa 70.31 34.16 15.05 10.93 8.99 9.44 9.18 18.96 17.81
West Bengal 57.29 21.86 9.94 7.17 5.97 5.95 5.86 14.07 13.19
India 66.27 28.88 12.47 8.42 7.03 7.20 7.04 17.98 16.84
254
Appendix – 3G
ASMCRU GMCRU
Schedule Caste 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49
Andhra Pradesh 61.96 28.09 14.00 10.73 8.82 9.67 9.32 20.79 19.63
Karnataka 47.32 20.46 9.21 7.02 5.91 6.60 6.08 13.38 12.66
Kerala 64.52 27.98 14.71 11.10 9.71 9.94 8.92 16.58 15.65
Tamil Nadu 58.36 29.87 15.69 12.57 10.97 11.88 12.01 19.00 18.13
Bihar 72.39 35.42 18.22 12.51 10.99 11.00 11.17 26.26 24.93
Madhya Pradesh 70.73 27.66 12.62 9.56 8.75 9.33 9.68 22.74 21.43
Rajasthan 76.62 31.67 11.81 7.18 5.94 5.81 6.08 22.80 21.13
Uttar Pradesh 73.15 34.64 18.65 14.27 12.79 13.00 12.79 26.58 25.15
Gujarat 84.88 40.69 12.91 7.43 6.12 6.17 5.85 21.30 19.55
Maharashtra 50.20 22.47 11.24 9.49 8.61 9.22 8.55 15.73 14.89
Haryana 66.76 24.98 7.84 4.00 3.21 2.99 2.93 15.88 14.80
Punjab 65.24 30.70 10.70 5.98 4.57 4.45 4.32 14.70 13.56
Orissa 63.20 30.75 13.75 9.78 7.90 8.97 8.19 19.02 17.91
West Bengal 57.25 23.08 12.11 9.31 8.13 8.17 7.44 17.91 17.10
India 66.81 29.48 14.23 10.62 9.28 9.69 9.53 21.16 20.00
Schedule Tribe
Andhra Pradesh 60.79 27.78 13.67 10.07 8.84 9.28 9.34 19.70 18.72
Karnataka 47.52 21.04 9.31 7.06 6.04 6.61 6.28 13.42 12.72
Kerala 67.04 32.23 17.02 12.90 11.05 11.16 9.00 19.86 18.68
Tamil Nadu 60.80 29.99 16.33 14.30 12.59 14.51 15.44 21.21 20.59
Bihar 65.30 33.86 19.25 14.50 12.42 12.14 11.19 23.42 22.13
Madhya Pradesh 67.99 28.80 14.30 11.17 10.26 10.77 10.83 21.58 20.48
Rajasthan 77.77 35.96 15.07 9.41 7.72 7.43 7.17 24.24 22.58
Uttar Pradesh 65.78 29.19 13.46 11.08 9.77 10.77 11.59 21.47 20.44
Gujarat 69.21 30.77 12.86 8.96 8.04 7.78 8.01 17.58 16.58
Maharashtra 51.99 23.39 12.21 10.56 9.86 10.14 10.21 16.83 16.14
Orissa 63.50 31.62 15.43 11.10 10.41 10.95 9.83 20.03 18.92
West Bengal 63.12 31.59 17.54 14.08 11.74 11.27 11.27 22.81 21.77
India 64.71 29.57 14.79 11.25 10.09 10.32 10.11 20.31 19.27
255
Appendix – 3H contd……Rural 1991
ASMCRU GMCRU
Other Castes 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49
Andhra Pradesh 61.14 25.12 11.54 8.49 7.04 8.02 7.84 18.40 17.31
Karnataka 58.33 25.12 10.60 7.44 6.34 6.63 6.01 15.19 14.22
Kerala 65.46 27.28 11.12 7.25 5.83 6.01 5.27 13.72 12.75
Tamil Nadu 54.32 25.02 11.91 9.10 7.70 8.40 8.41 14.62 13.79
Bihar 74.10 37.75 18.56 12.47 10.60 10.48 10.20 25.72 24.23
Madhya Pradesh 71.71 25.82 9.50 5.28 4.41 5.15 5.27 19.41 18.05
Rajasthan 69.75 29.67 9.39 4.52 3.26 3.40 3.11 20.12 18.48
Uttar Pradesh 76.15 35.79 17.26 12.09 10.48 10.30 10.47 25.46 23.91
Gujarat 78.18 37.92 12.57 6.88 5.29 5.20 4.96 19.66 18.10
Maharashtra 38.74 15.51 4.55 2.49 2.02 1.92 1.96 8.06 7.36
Haryana 73.29 26.93 7.64 3.90 3.26 3.06 2.94 16.94 15.75
Punjab 65.56 31.62 10.15 4.64 3.55 3.44 3.20 12.96 11.82
Orissa 70.90 34.53 15.06 10.88 8.94 9.33 8.99 19.35 18.11
West Bengal 57.38 19.64 7.59 5.55 4.70 4.88 4.71 13.48 12.58
India 67.52 29.10 12.25 8.29 6.94 7.14 6.96 18.85 17.60
256
Appendix – 3H
ASMCRU GMCRU
Schedule Caste 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49
Andhra Pradesh 58.14 25.75 12.68 9.86 8.03 9.15 9.40 18.24 17.44
Karnataka 45.40 19.26 9.26 7.25 5.81 6.50 5.59 12.98 12.30
Kerala 62.39 29.61 17.09 12.27 10.44 10.62 10.18 17.10 16.24
Tamil Nadu 51.62 25.97 15.18 12.61 10.96 11.90 11.84 17.89 17.24
Bihar 65.68 31.79 17.08 12.86 11.00 12.67 13.44 23.75 22.88
Madhya Pradesh 66.43 26.31 12.35 9.37 8.23 9.27 9.15 20.17 19.21
Rajasthan 71.77 28.01 10.65 6.72 5.81 5.83 6.58 20.75 19.57
Uttar Pradesh 69.84 33.53 19.62 15.97 14.93 14.97 15.93 25.54 24.64
Gujarat 76.17 35.10 12.41 7.83 6.48 6.86 7.22 18.76 17.72
Maharashtra 48.08 20.23 9.70 8.01 6.70 6.91 6.96 13.75 13.14
Haryana 63.92 24.14 8.06 4.63 3.99 3.87 3.80 14.91 14.05
Punjab 61.82 28.42 11.04 7.44 6.01 5.85 5.78 15.36 14.42
Orissa 52.29 25.78 12.83 10.82 8.69 10.71 10.64 17.63 17.02
West Bengal 54.22 26.45 16.54 13.81 12.39 12.01 10.95 20.67 19.97
India 60.66 26.43 13.09 10.15 8.86 9.33 9.40 18.45 17.64
Schedule Tribe
Andhra Pradesh 56.12 24.92 12.52 10.31 8.22 9.45 9.96 19.12 18.45
Karnataka 47.23 20.41 9.20 7.30 5.39 6.14 5.72 13.41 12.75
Kerala 65.12 29.86 20.16 13.27 9.71 8.46 6.97 19.10 18.03
Tamil Nadu 50.52 25.23 14.75 13.23 9.75 11.15 12.35 18.26 17.70
Bihar 61.33 32.24 17.10 13.43 10.67 11.85 10.64 20.06 19.20
Madhya Pradesh 65.66 27.44 13.62 10.52 9.34 10.41 11.03 19.59 18.86
Rajasthan 73.57 32.36 12.85 9.00 7.68 8.29 8.67 22.60 21.47
Uttar Pradesh 66.88 28.46 12.89 15.59 15.86 19.63 21.10 20.71 20.75
Gujarat 68.40 30.83 14.32 11.03 9.92 9.72 9.74 18.37 17.60
Maharashtra 48.98 21.10 10.28 7.92 7.08 7.00 6.86 13.51 12.88
Orissa 55.10 26.31 13.09 11.72 10.57 10.09 11.23 17.34 16.85
West Bengal 58.05 31.52 21.77 18.42 18.00 16.82 14.61 25.33 24.60
India 58.96 26.53 13.83 11.07 9.63 9.94 9.81 18.01 17.30
257
Appendix – 3H contd…… Urban 1991
ASMCRU GMCRU
Other Castes 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49
Andhra Pradesh 60.29 26.63 12.42 9.08 7.46 8.25 8.23 17.38 16.55
Karnataka 59.58 28.71 14.45 9.53 7.77 8.09 7.56 16.65 15.77
Kerala 62.25 28.47 12.45 7.16 5.78 5.64 5.48 13.32 12.40
Tamil Nadu 46.44 22.47 11.61 8.85 7.23 7.32 7.13 13.08 12.41
Bihar 70.63 35.81 18.30 12.86 10.69 11.13 11.15 22.08 20.99
Madhya Pradesh 69.89 31.07 13.70 9.13 7.29 7.81 7.57 18.70 17.64
Rajasthan 67.99 29.57 10.80 6.17 4.62 4.72 4.81 17.10 15.98
Uttar Pradesh 69.42 35.46 18.91 14.27 12.89 12.89 12.82 22.35 21.40
Gujarat 73.18 34.70 13.17 7.90 6.36 6.46 6.44 16.86 15.89
Maharashtra 37.61 17.75 7.10 4.20 3.28 3.37 3.06 8.80 8.24
Haryana 70.22 29.78 10.08 4.77 3.82 3.42 3.56 13.20 12.37
Punjab 65.69 31.85 11.38 5.97 5.01 4.70 4.52 13.12 12.24
Orissa 65.78 31.93 15.01 11.16 9.22 10.02 10.20 16.99 16.26
West Bengal 56.94 27.73 14.73 9.94 7.96 7.72 7.95 15.25 14.42
India 60.77 28.28 12.95 8.71 7.21 7.35 7.25 15.82 14.96
258
Appendix – 3I
ASMCRU GMCRU
Schedule Caste 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49
Andhra Pradesh 61.58 29.63 14.65 10.20 8.52 9.04 9.35 19.15 18.11
Karnataka 61.60 27.52 12.69 8.15 6.39 6.94 6.90 15.69 14.71
Kerala 69.70 32.33 15.74 9.59 7.10 6.63 6.44 15.20 13.93
Tamil Nadu 67.83 33.46 16.85 12.08 10.29 10.90 11.04 19.09 18.07
Bihar 72.70 34.24 13.57 7.37 5.73 5.56 6.06 20.78 19.34
Madhya Pradesh 72.90 27.45 8.79 4.63 3.73 3.63 3.74 16.78 15.55
Rajasthan 73.22 27.78 8.46 4.35 3.24 3.13 3.20 17.70 16.32
Uttar Pradesh 74.69 33.22 13.18 7.45 5.79 5.47 5.58 18.96 17.58
Gujarat 79.09 38.20 13.10 6.44 4.73 4.32 4.26 16.70 15.31
Maharashtra 68.76 28.03 10.48 6.10 4.96 5.25 5.17 14.31 13.34
Haryana 67.90 24.71 6.68 3.00 2.12 2.02 2.13 13.18 12.18
Punjab 72.70 33.17 11.55 5.58 4.02 3.47 3.38 13.85 12.70
Orissa 64.25 30.51 12.86 7.25 5.72 5.75 5.89 14.54 13.58
West Bengal 56.43 19.06 7.97 5.14 4.47 4.83 4.67 12.56 11.78
India 68.49 29.36 11.91 7.03 5.75 5.76 5.97 16.75 15.61
Schedule Tribe
Andhra Pradesh 59.51 27.18 13.35 9.76 8.97 9.73 10.46 18.82 18.00
Karnataka 61.32 27.89 12.82 8.30 6.64 7.24 6.99 16.06 15.07
Kerala 68.88 32.32 16.95 11.88 9.24 8.43 7.62 18.89 17.47
Tamil Nadu 66.37 36.13 19.44 15.64 14.13 15.25 16.38 23.71 22.90
Bihar 71.09 36.27 16.35 9.32 7.87 7.27 7.04 19.89 18.55
Madhya Pradesh 68.47 24.41 8.31 5.04 4.52 4.49 5.00 14.84 13.89
Rajasthan 72.45 27.98 9.13 5.02 3.98 3.88 3.89 17.28 16.01
Uttar Pradesh 65.45 31.07 13.79 9.56 7.72 7.76 7.92 19.30 18.32
Gujarat 66.69 28.52 10.51 6.66 5.54 5.36 5.56 14.15 13.24
Maharashtra 65.07 25.15 9.28 5.89 5.17 5.59 6.02 13.79 12.99
Orissa 66.50 32.57 14.63 9.25 7.91 8.31 8.89 16.94 16.04
West Bengal 61.35 26.54 13.12 8.85 7.69 7.84 7.66 16.99 16.03
India 66.92 28.80 12.36 7.86 6.73 6.78 7.07 16.44 15.45
259
Appendix – 3I contd……Combined 2001
ASMCRU GMCRU
Other Castes 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49
Andhra Pradesh 62.87 29.63 14.77 10.41 8.74 9.30 9.46 18.48 17.49
Karnataka 66.64 31.82 14.92 9.07 6.81 6.98 6.63 16.42 15.26
Kerala 71.29 34.57 15.56 8.02 6.01 5.56 5.35 15.08 13.73
Tamil Nadu 71.25 37.36 19.16 13.14 11.03 11.22 10.90 19.96 18.77
Bihar 73.81 36.45 14.86 8.09 5.97 5.52 5.50 19.87 18.34
Madhya Pradesh 74.40 29.66 10.38 5.45 4.25 4.13 4.04 16.21 15.00
Rajasthan 75.80 30.03 9.59 4.77 3.57 3.40 3.37 17.71 16.28
Uttar Pradesh 76.72 36.48 15.38 8.86 6.86 6.27 6.09 19.70 18.24
Gujarat 78.40 38.23 13.65 7.04 5.34 4.96 5.01 17.17 15.84
Maharashtra 72.24 31.02 12.09 6.71 5.30 5.48 5.35 14.51 13.48
Haryana 68.29 25.53 7.62 3.56 2.61 2.42 2.43 12.52 11.53
Punjab 76.37 37.16 13.83 6.91 5.27 4.65 4.42 14.59 13.35
Orissa 67.49 32.26 13.38 7.03 5.26 4.94 4.82 13.75 12.69
West Bengal 58.96 23.27 11.16 7.26 6.11 6.17 5.82 14.10 13.20
India 71.17 32.62 13.80 8.01 6.37 6.17 6.11 17.05 15.82
260
Appendix – 3I
ASMCRU GMCRU
Schedule Caste 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49
Andhra Pradesh 60.87 28.57 13.73 9.53 7.95 8.53 8.81 18.58 17.53
Karnataka 60.58 26.37 11.76 7.62 6.02 6.69 6.57 15.06 14.10
Kerala 68.94 31.55 15.09 9.29 6.96 6.47 6.38 14.97 13.75
Tamil Nadu 67.31 32.56 15.96 11.39 9.77 10.51 10.79 18.45 17.46
Bihar 73.01 34.41 13.57 7.37 5.74 5.60 6.10 20.97 19.52
Madhya Pradesh 73.48 26.98 8.20 4.27 3.46 3.48 3.55 17.16 15.89
Rajasthan 73.57 27.42 8.11 4.18 3.10 3.05 3.14 17.93 16.51
Uttar Pradesh 75.01 33.03 12.81 7.14 5.50 5.24 5.33 19.03 17.64
Gujarat 80.36 37.65 11.71 5.63 4.13 3.70 3.80 16.31 14.89
Maharashtra 70.09 28.31 10.02 5.97 5.05 5.41 5.40 14.43 13.46
Haryana 68.16 24.54 6.41 2.84 1.94 1.87 1.99 13.27 12.27
Punjab 72.94 32.89 10.91 5.10 3.58 3.08 2.98 13.41 12.26
Orissa 64.81 30.79 12.86 7.19 5.64 5.61 5.76 14.54 13.56
West Bengal 56.18 18.17 7.17 4.60 4.07 4.49 4.38 12.12 11.36
India 68.69 28.96 11.40 6.70 5.50 5.56 5.79 16.76 15.61
Schedule Tribe
Andhra Pradesh 59.38 27.07 13.22 9.62 8.85 9.55 10.37 18.68 17.86
Karnataka 60.93 27.52 12.36 8.10 6.58 7.09 6.92 15.81 14.84
Kerala 68.92 32.30 16.91 11.98 9.33 8.63 7.65 19.01 17.59
Tamil Nadu 66.92 36.69 19.93 16.24 14.83 15.87 17.25 24.39 23.60
Bihar 70.96 36.31 16.29 9.23 7.90 7.30 7.08 19.99 18.65
Madhya Pradesh 68.60 24.28 8.14 4.95 4.47 4.42 4.96 14.83 13.88
Rajasthan 72.56 27.84 9.03 4.99 3.96 3.85 3.85 17.30 16.02
Uttar Pradesh 65.09 30.84 13.55 9.11 7.39 7.54 7.82 19.21 18.24
Gujarat 66.63 28.30 10.32 6.50 5.41 5.25 5.45 14.05 13.12
Maharashtra 64.99 24.77 9.05 5.77 5.19 5.57 6.11 13.78 12.99
Orissa 66.64 32.66 14.65 9.26 7.93 8.30 8.87 16.99 16.08
West Bengal 61.38 26.34 12.92 8.72 7.58 7.74 7.55 16.91 15.94
India 66.98 28.68 12.22 7.78 6.70 6.74 7.05 16.45 15.45
261
Appendix – 3I contd……Rural 2001
ASMCRU GMCRU
Other Castes 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49
Andhra Pradesh 61.03 26.42 12.08 8.53 7.19 7.92 8.13 16.73 15.77
Karnataka 64.97 29.29 12.91 8.15 6.23 6.55 6.16 15.33 14.23
Kerala 70.47 33.58 14.88 7.60 5.74 5.35 5.12 14.79 13.47
Tamil Nadu 69.44 34.68 16.78 11.65 9.95 10.36 10.20 18.59 17.44
Bihar 74.06 36.44 14.59 7.93 5.90 5.49 5.51 20.11 20.45
Madhya Pradesh 74.99 28.27 8.82 4.81 3.91 3.87 3.81 16.80 15.56
Rajasthan 76.33 29.01 8.61 4.42 3.35 3.23 3.20 18.50 17.01
Uttar Pradesh 77.04 35.70 14.27 8.12 6.22 5.69 5.57 19.86 18.37
Gujarat 78.80 36.96 11.87 5.96 4.50 4.11 4.17 17.09 15.68
Maharashtra 72.38 28.78 9.66 5.86 5.03 5.45 5.44 13.92 12.98
Haryana 67.71 23.18 6.18 3.06 2.32 2.19 2.23 12.54 11.57
Punjab 75.43 35.42 12.19 6.12 4.70 4.10 3.88 13.87 12.67
Orissa 67.37 31.60 12.77 6.77 5.13 4.82 4.68 13.61 12.54
West Bengal 57.96 19.96 7.98 5.11 4.43 4.71 4.54 12.64 11.84
India 71.11 31.10 12.22 7.14 5.73 5.64 5.63 16.87 15.64
262
Appendix – 3I
ASMCRU GMCRU
Schedule Caste 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49
Andhra Pradesh 66.08 35.08 18.95 13.54 11.07 11.57 12.17 22.00 20.98
Karnataka 64.95 30.83 15.28 9.72 7.47 7.76 7.94 17.55 16.51
Kerala 74.43 36.39 18.85 10.87 7.69 7.26 6.67 16.22 14.77
Tamil Nadu 69.10 35.54 18.86 13.65 11.49 11.84 11.66 20.58 19.51
Bihar 67.08 31.45 13.62 7.37 5.55 5.10 5.50 17.96 16.64
Madhya Pradesh 70.25 29.06 10.54 5.73 4.44 4.09 4.31 15.59 14.50
Rajasthan 71.44 29.19 9.73 5.01 3.75 3.43 3.46 16.82 15.56
Uttar Pradesh 71.09 34.88 15.92 9.70 7.62 7.04 7.29 18.36 17.16
Gujarat 76.96 39.04 15.10 7.64 5.54 5.20 4.95 17.26 15.91
Maharashtra 66.67 27.60 11.13 6.29 4.83 5.00 4.82 14.13 13.16
Haryana 66.76 25.35 7.65 3.60 2.70 2.52 2.58 12.83 11.87
Punjab 72.07 34.03 13.50 7.03 5.24 4.57 4.59 15.13 13.98
Orissa 60.30 28.35 12.87 7.72 6.33 6.89 6.90 14.52 13.70
West Bengal 57.98 24.49 12.48 8.01 6.39 6.50 6.13 14.97 14.02
India 67.42 31.08 13.88 8.30 6.65 6.51 6.67 16.70 15.63
Schedule Tribe
Andhra Pradesh 61.09 28.50 14.89 11.52 10.47 12.40 11.70 20.45 19.72
Karnataka 63.56 29.79 15.14 9.40 6.98 8.13 7.43 17.37 16.34
Kerala 67.68 32.88 18.01 9.77 7.28 4.21 7.07 15.63 14.50
Tamil Nadu 62.61 32.99 16.87 12.30 10.26 11.74 11.52 19.89 18.96
Bihar 75.16 35.34 17.73 11.05 7.25 6.66 6.23 17.79 16.51
Madhya Pradesh 66.19 26.53 10.77 6.39 5.10 5.46 5.68 14.91 14.06
Rajasthan 70.10 30.62 10.85 5.47 4.26 4.36 4.56 16.92 15.83
Uttar Pradesh 69.01 33.75 16.08 13.11 9.95 9.36 8.65 20.08 18.96
Gujarat 67.45 31.18 12.57 8.39 6.74 6.54 6.85 15.31 14.47
Maharashtra 65.80 27.97 10.68 6.66 5.07 5.70 5.35 13.88 13.02
Orissa 63.82 30.86 14.29 9.15 7.62 8.54 9.16 15.95 15.23
West Bengal 60.88 30.17 16.41 11.03 9.21 9.33 9.46 18.36 17.42
India 66.06 30.22 13.83 8.76 7.03 7.19 7.24 16.35 15.42
263
Appendix – 3I contd…… Urban 2001
ASMCRU GMCRU
Other Castes 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49
Andhra Pradesh 68.80 37.25 20.50 14.48 12.06 12.41 12.62 22.47 21.42
Karnataka 70.20 36.00 18.04 10.55 7.77 7.71 7.44 18.20 16.95
Kerala 74.23 37.44 17.42 9.14 6.74 6.08 5.94 15.85 14.45
Tamil Nadu 73.72 40.39 21.62 14.61 12.22 12.13 11.72 21.42 20.19
Bihar 70.24 36.52 17.15 9.41 6.49 5.75 5.43 17.78 16.32
Madhya Pradesh 71.91 33.31 13.45 6.69 4.83 4.61 4.46 14.96 13.83
Rajasthan 72.97 33.16 12.02 5.64 4.09 3.80 3.78 15.59 14.34
Uttar Pradesh 74.51 39.99 19.24 11.32 8.70 8.00 7.69 19.15 17.80
Gujarat 77.51 40.10 15.82 8.42 6.33 6.04 6.11 17.28 16.05
Maharashtra 72.02 33.97 14.70 7.65 5.61 5.51 5.24 15.19 14.08
Haryana 71.00 32.12 10.73 4.62 3.15 2.85 2.84 12.48 11.44
Punjab 78.09 40.37 16.45 8.22 6.14 5.47 5.25 15.76 14.45
Orissa 68.18 35.46 15.89 8.04 5.77 5.43 5.42 14.33 13.28
West Bengal 62.89 32.67 18.20 11.39 9.02 8.54 7.84 17.18 15.98
India 71.42 36.49 17.08 9.79 7.59 7.23 7.10 17.42 16.22
264
Marital Childlessness Rates By Economic
Activity Status and Place of Residence, 1981-
2001
265
Appendix – 3J
Rates by economic activity status of the Woman, Combined Areas, India and States, 1981
ASMCRU GMCRU
Main Workers 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49
Andhra Pradesh 61.96 28.65 13.93 10.17 8.33 9.36 9.30 20.69 19.48
Karnataka 11.76 5.24 2.21 1.53 1.12 1.24 1.31 3.18 2.99
Kerala 50.58 21.74 9.48 5.23 3.43 3.44 3.32 9.05 8.24
Tamil Nadu 64.09 31.61 13.72 8.59 6.52 7.12 7.44 15.95 14.81
Bihar 58.73 28.03 12.62 6.97 4.88 4.46 4.04 16.63 15.25
Madhya Pradesh 69.91 27.11 11.20 7.18 6.06 6.46 6.69 19.68 18.23
Rajasthan 83.61 36.75 14.49 8.59 6.70 6.53 6.26 27.61 25.68
Uttar Pradesh 45.40 20.21 8.56 5.85 5.15 5.31 5.40 13.16 12.22
Gujarat 80.45 37.94 13.59 7.33 5.80 5.81 5.98 20.51 19.03
Maharashtra 35.31 15.17 6.02 3.49 2.76 2.75 2.79 8.89 8.18
Haryana 74.24 28.91 11.61 5.33 4.19 3.96 3.77 21.79 20.32
Punjab 59.76 31.81 15.97 9.05 6.96 7.96 7.12 14.14 13.47
Orissa 60.55 29.14 13.41 8.89 7.29 7.90 7.74 16.10 15.07
West Bengal 38.14 16.34 8.87 5.65 4.76 4.85 5.18 10.91 10.31
India 55.05 23.92 10.34 6.51 5.18 5.50 5.57 14.96 13.90
Marginal Workers
Andhra Pradesh 57.12 23.61 10.11 6.99 5.61 6.52 6.40 16.82 15.74
Karnataka 12.76 4.97 1.93 1.37 0.97 1.21 1.27 3.24 3.05
Kerala 50.64 18.94 6.71 3.49 2.92 2.54 2.90 8.04 7.32
Tamil Nadu 61.22 27.12 10.58 6.52 4.98 5.65 5.90 14.69 13.65
Bihar 58.29 23.66 9.76 5.17 3.27 3.09 2.91 15.34 14.10
Madhya Pradesh 68.94 25.18 9.18 5.62 4.68 4.72 4.70 19.01 17.60
Rajasthan 78.33 30.91 9.77 5.00 3.61 3.55 3.34 21.19 19.52
Uttar Pradesh 43.57 15.85 5.04 2.57 2.05 2.18 1.91 10.36 9.39
Gujarat 80.13 35.02 10.42 3.69 4.00 4.23 4.20 18.42 16.99
Maharashtra 41.42 16.35 5.98 3.51 2.94 2.85 2.79 10.37 9.51
Haryana 73.51 25.23 7.04 2.44 1.78 1.96 1.45 19.80 18.16
Punjab 53.56 24.63 6.98 3.66 2.36 2.70 2.40 11.42 10.39
Orissa 58.16 25.30 11.02 6.87 5.98 6.20 6.24 15.15 14.18
West Bengal 34.65 12.42 5.30 2.91 2.22 1.93 1.90 8.94 8.15
India 58.16 23.24 8.29 4.72 3.67 3.82 3.74 14.76 13.60
266
Appendix – 3J contd….Combined 1981
ASMCRU GMCRU
Non Workers 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49
Andhra Pradesh 53.79 22.85 10.37 7.48 6.02 7.08 7.26 17.35 16.37
Karnataka 9.26 3.77 1.54 0.99 0.79 0.91 0.90 2.58 2.41
Kerala 50.33 18.90 6.31 3.35 2.55 2.65 2.45 10.63 9.64
Tamil Nadu 60.94 27.44 11.01 6.93 5.40 6.01 5.87 15.59 14.46
Bihar 61.26 27.85 11.41 5.91 4.07 3.69 3.36 18.84 17.41
Madhya Pradesh 69.62 25.13 9.06 5.49 4.57 4.98 5.09 20.89 19.44
Rajasthan 77.25 30.63 10.01 5.42 4.05 4.19 3.99 22.91 21.03
Uttar Pradesh 34.50 14.38 5.52 3.20 2.48 2.46 2.43 10.10 9.31
Gujarat 79.43 35.74 12.09 6.39 5.03 5.07 5.20 20.05 18.49
Maharashtra 29.91 11.76 4.24 2.64 2.17 2.55 2.37 7.50 6.97
Haryana 71.12 27.63 7.79 3.66 2.70 2.50 2.31 19.12 17.35
Punjab 59.98 28.10 9.39 4.48 3.20 3.09 2.93 12.93 11.73
Orissa 57.10 22.39 8.37 5.47 4.46 5.03 5.08 14.34 13.35
West Bengal 35.41 11.54 4.21 2.34 1.81 1.88 2.05 8.45 7.81
India 40.67 20.41 7.56 4.35 3.35 3.49 3.43 13.23 12.25
267
Appendix – 3J:
Rates by economic activity status of the Woman, Rural Areas, India and States, 1981
ASMCRU GMCRU
Main Workers 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49
Andhra Pradesh 62.10 28.47 13.53 9.90 8.08 9.06 8.99 20.72 19.49
Karnataka 11.79 5.12 2.04 1.45 1.04 1.14 1.21 3.17 2.97
Kerala 50.74 21.33 8.92 5.09 3.35 3.28 10.28 9.10 8.24
Tamil Nadu 63.88 31.08 12.84 8.17 6.29 6.96 7.21 15.86 14.70
Bihar 58.75 27.95 12.39 6.78 4.62 4.15 3.73 16.68 15.26
Madhya Pradesh 70.06 26.96 10.94 6.90 5.86 6.19 6.47 19.85 18.37
Rajasthan 84.06 36.94 14.16 8.24 6.28 6.13 5.74 28.32 26.33
Uttar Pradesh 45.87 20.36 8.21 5.54 4.95 5.04 5.14 13.36 12.38
Gujarat 80.71 37.97 12.64 6.72 5.26 4.95 5.28 20.98 19.44
Maharashtra 35.39 15.19 5.81 3.39 2.69 2.66 2.65 9.13 8.38
Haryana 74.75 28.05 10.29 4.79 3.63 3.85 3.21 23.48 21.86
Punjab 60.43 31.11 14.54 9.15 7.18 7.31 6.38 14.78 13.92
Orissa 60.97 29.11 13.22 8.78 7.16 7.65 7.59 16.11 15.06
West Bengal 38.58 16.26 8.33 5.34 4.39 4.42 4.69 11.25 10.58
India 55.36 23.93 9.96 6.32 5.03 5.31 5.35 15.25 14.14
Marginal Workers
Andhra Pradesh 57.12 23.56 9.93 6.94 5.56 6.41 6.33 16.77 15.67
Karnataka 12.56 4.79 1.88 1.31 0.97 1.21 1.24 3.18 2.99
Kerala 51.12 18.79 6.62 3.43 2.91 2.39 9.16 8.09 7.35
Tamil Nadu 61.13 26.71 10.25 6.50 4.88 5.67 5.88 14.61 13.58
Bihar 58.15 23.66 9.74 5.18 3.24 3.05 2.84 15.33 14.08
Madhya Pradesh 69.09 25.24 9.15 5.60 4.68 4.75 4.71 19.12 17.70
Rajasthan 78.44 30.98 9.80 5.02 3.61 3.55 3.31 21.27 19.59
Uttar Pradesh 43.87 16.03 5.07 2.59 2.07 2.11 1.93 10.47 9.49
Gujarat 80.31 35.17 10.47 3.65 3.96 4.25 4.16 18.55 17.11
Maharashtra 41.51 16.44 5.94 3.49 2.90 2.83 2.74 10.47 9.60
Haryana 73.54 25.33 7.00 2.46 1.80 1.94 1.49 19.90 18.26
Punjab 53.99 24.53 7.09 3.68 2.41 2.73 2.31 11.47 10.43
Orissa 58.22 25.36 11.05 6.87 6.01 6.17 6.21 15.19 14.20
West Bengal 36.03 13.27 5.32 3.00 2.25 2.18 2.41 9.46 8.79
India 58.39 23.36 8.27 4.73 3.66 3.81 3.73 14.89 13.72
268
Appendix – 3J contd….Rural 1981
ASMCRU GMCRU
Non Workers 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49
Andhra Pradesh 53.66 21.66 9.75 7.15 5.95 7.02 7.24 17.04 16.01
Karnataka 9.28 3.63 1.46 0.95 0.82 0.85 0.88 2.59 2.41
Kerala 51.18 18.74 6.04 3.28 2.44 2.53 11.89 10.73 9.72
Tamil Nadu 60.92 27.39 10.68 6.90 5.38 6.10 6.01 15.44 14.29
Bihar 61.41 27.94 11.47 5.81 3.93 3.49 3.15 19.10 17.62
Madhya Pradesh 71.18 24.79 8.79 5.39 4.57 4.96 5.02 22.43 20.81
Rajasthan 79.00 31.36 10.19 5.45 4.04 4.14 3.88 23.84 21.79
Uttar Pradesh 35.51 14.67 5.55 3.17 2.42 2.38 2.34 10.53 9.67
Gujarat 82.35 37.44 11.79 5.89 4.62 4.54 4.56 21.12 19.29
Maharashtra 32.53 12.99 4.76 3.16 2.62 3.07 2.93 9.06 8.38
Haryana 71.94 27.10 7.56 3.51 2.73 2.36 2.17 20.15 18.23
Punjab 60.07 27.99 9.24 4.34 3.06 3.05 2.88 12.73 11.51
Orissa 58.11 22.73 8.51 5.51 4.48 5.01 5.06 14.64 13.59
West Bengal 37.59 11.76 3.99 2.23 1.68 1.83 2.01 9.25 8.53
India 39.54 20.59 7.57 4.32 3.29 3.39 3.32 13.73 12.67
269
Appendix – 3J:
Rates by economic activity status of the Woman, Urban Areas, India and States, 1981
ASMCRU GMCRU
Main Workers 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49
Andhra Pradesh 59.73 30.90 17.85 12.63 10.62 12.05 12.24 20.33 19.40
Karnataka 11.45 6.09 3.17 1.90 1.51 1.73 1.80 3.29 3.12
Kerala 47.18 26.89 13.63 5.95 3.89 4.34 4.66 8.68 8.06
Tamil Nadu 65.95 35.42 18.30 10.58 7.68 7.98 8.77 16.43 15.44
Bihar 58.73 28.03 12.62 6.97 4.88 4.46 4.04 16.63 15.25
Madhya Pradesh 66.59 29.47 14.49 10.37 8.11 9.20 9.26 17.48 16.46
Rajasthan 74.69 34.23 17.41 11.15 9.70 9.46 10.02 20.91 19.69
Uttar Pradesh 33.25 17.94 11.77 8.59 6.86 7.66 7.76 11.06 10.62
Gujarat 77.22 37.71 18.64 10.17 8.11 9.40 9.09 17.88 16.82
Maharashtra 33.94 14.92 7.39 4.08 3.19 3.35 3.74 7.16 6.74
Haryana 60.42 36.63 16.63 6.92 5.77 4.36 6.04 13.91 13.20
Punjab 57.78 32.89 17.43 8.94 6.75 8.63 8.10 13.45 12.99
Orissa 53.86 29.56 15.52 10.07 8.73 10.80 9.51 15.95 15.18
West Bengal 31.08 17.16 11.85 6.78 6.04 6.33 7.09 9.26 8.98
India 49.86 23.81 13.06 7.73 6.16 6.82 7.11 12.72 12.05
Marginal Workers
Andhra Pradesh 57.28 24.69 13.41 8.01 6.57 8.76 8.06 17.95 17.05
Karnataka 17.01 8.21 2.71 2.34 1.01 1.22 1.80 4.23 3.97
Kerala 43.60 20.86 7.55 4.02 3.05 3.74 3.98 7.55 7.01
Tamil Nadu 62.73 32.53 14.66 6.74 6.11 5.39 6.15 15.68 14.49
Bihar 67.95 24.01 10.73 5.08 4.75 5.42 6.90 15.99 15.03
Madhya Pradesh 63.18 23.41 10.01 6.31 4.74 3.86 4.51 15.87 14.68
Rajasthan 73.77 27.74 8.74 4.24 3.56 3.52 4.54 18.18 16.83
Uttar Pradesh 31.09 10.64 4.19 2.08 1.33 4.27 1.20 6.99 6.35
Gujarat 73.18 29.71 8.87 4.88 4.88 3.49 5.39 14.51 13.52
Maharashtra 38.99 14.47 6.73 3.98 3.63 3.20 3.64 8.63 8.07
Haryana 70.90 19.05 9.00 1.78 0.76 2.68 0.00 13.71 12.10
Punjab 43.51 27.26 3.85 3.14 1.12 1.81 4.76 10.12 9.53
Orissa 55.64 22.53 9.62 7.06 4.86 7.66 7.60 13.71 13.08
West Bengal 10.13 3.55 4.75 1.96 1.58 0.67 0.27 2.85 2.14
India 50.74 20.02 8.68 4.63 3.90 3.88 3.84 11.82 10.84
270
Appendix – 3J contd….Urban 1981
ASMCRU GMCRU
Non Workers 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49
Andhra Pradesh 54.01 24.48 11.20 7.96 6.12 7.18 7.30 17.81 16.90
Karnataka 9.22 3.96 1.65 1.04 0.76 1.03 0.93 2.56 2.41
Kerala 46.33 19.59 7.34 3.59 2.98 3.04 2.82 10.23 9.34
Tamil Nadu 60.97 27.50 11.38 6.96 5.44 5.88 5.67 15.78 14.67
Bihar 60.00 27.26 11.04 6.51 4.91 4.98 4.78 17.12 16.06
Madhya Pradesh 64.46 25.82 9.52 5.66 4.58 5.01 5.24 17.72 16.63
Rajasthan 72.04 29.02 9.62 5.35 4.07 4.32 4.32 20.66 19.16
Uttar Pradesh 27.76 13.10 5.40 3.31 2.77 2.80 2.87 8.16 7.63
Gujarat 73.92 33.48 12.46 7.04 5.55 5.85 6.21 18.59 17.40
Maharashtra 26.95 10.80 3.90 2.28 1.85 2.14 1.91 6.34 5.90
Haryana 66.35 29.20 8.39 4.09 2.62 2.95 2.74 15.97 14.63
Punjab 59.75 28.34 9.70 4.84 3.51 3.20 3.05 13.40 12.24
Orissa 49.89 20.27 7.63 5.22 4.35 5.19 5.21 12.49 11.88
West Bengal 25.07 10.85 4.79 2.58 2.12 2.02 2.15 6.24 5.82
India 45.82 19.96 7.54 4.41 3.48 3.73 3.69 11.98 11.17
271
Appendix – 3K
Rates by economic activity status of the Woman, Combined Areas, India and States, 1991
ASMCRU GMCRU
Main Workers 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49
Andhra Pradesh 62.26 27.49 13.65 10.08 8.44 9.29 9.15 19.57 18.51
Karnataka 55.62 25.55 11.87 8.83 7.14 7.59 6.99 14.83 14.00
Kerala 63.40 30.24 15.31 10.05 7.78 7.59 7.10 12.75 11.91
Tamil Nadu 54.84 27.88 14.56 11.37 9.56 10.08 10.02 16.18 15.34
Bihar 72.30 38.63 21.95 15.73 14.43 14.26 13.61 26.07 24.76
Madhya Pradesh 69.06 27.15 12.44 8.78 7.57 8.21 8.29 19.03 17.86
Rajasthan 72.99 32.91 13.17 7.67 6.06 5.93 6.00 22.35 20.78
Uttar Pradesh 74.74 36.61 21.22 16.94 14.91 14.58 14.84 25.60 24.29
Gujarat 75.08 36.74 14.13 8.56 7.08 6.86 7.03 18.72 17.49
Maharashtra 40.98 17.49 7.16 4.79 3.98 3.97 3.90 9.70 9.02
Haryana 69.21 26.32 10.40 5.99 5.03 5.23 5.29 16.13 15.17
Punjab 52.38 33.73 17.26 8.42 8.32 6.46 7.13 13.69 12.87
Orissa 65.65 34.94 19.62 14.20 12.57 13.33 12.76 21.42 20.37
West Bengal 60.53 27.96 16.76 13.73 12.18 11.75 11.75 19.70 18.91
India 62.71 28.13 13.93 10.16 8.68 8.94 8.82 17.90 16.88
Marginal Workers
Andhra Pradesh 60.54 23.82 10.68 7.57 6.15 7.06 7.02 16.84 15.82
Karnataka 55.75 22.81 8.80 5.77 4.95 5.27 4.91 13.32 12.46
Kerala 63.20 25.02 10.13 6.99 5.78 5.80 4.87 10.90 10.10
Tamil Nadu 54.31 24.37 11.04 7.93 7.22 7.29 7.69 14.12 13.31
Bihar 69.61 32.59 15.90 10.18 8.86 8.77 8.36 21.76 20.45
Madhya Pradesh 69.09 25.62 10.41 6.79 6.35 6.74 6.78 18.96 17.80
Rajasthan 71.49 30.26 10.00 4.92 3.91 3.82 3.48 19.25 17.71
Uttar Pradesh 73.38 32.67 15.07 10.41 9.13 8.76 9.01 21.99 20.55
Gujarat 76.73 35.63 11.79 6.71 5.28 5.14 4.91 18.16 16.79
Maharashtra 44.40 17.67 5.96 4.26 3.71 3.57 3.47 10.34 9.57
Haryana 69.72 23.60 6.81 3.02 2.29 2.08 1.98 14.93 13.87
Punjab 58.34 27.58 9.71 4.17 3.26 2.65 1.39 11.90 10.70
Orissa 65.05 31.84 14.87 10.62 9.39 9.33 9.08 19.16 18.04
West Bengal 57.40 20.23 9.03 6.36 5.76 5.07 5.27 14.35 13.50
India 66.17 27.51 11.03 7.19 6.25 6.23 6.12 17.35 16.18
272
Appendix – 3K contd….Combined 1991
ASMCRU GMCRU
Non Workers 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49
Andhra Pradesh 59.60 25.00 11.05 8.13 6.62 7.46 7.40 17.71 16.74
Karnataka 55.94 25.13 11.56 7.69 6.60 6.82 6.25 15.85 14.92
Kerala 64.85 27.51 11.22 6.95 5.74 5.87 5.30 14.54 13.56
Tamil Nadu 51.85 23.65 11.52 8.74 7.30 7.91 7.94 14.38 13.63
Bihar 73.34 36.95 18.02 12.20 10.07 10.07 10.00 25.42 23.99
Madhya Pradesh 71.68 28.73 12.03 7.90 6.70 7.31 7.42 21.69 20.43
Rajasthan 70.96 29.88 10.12 5.62 4.17 4.30 4.28 20.23 18.73
Uttar Pradesh 74.84 35.58 17.66 12.57 11.09 11.00 11.02 25.45 24.03
Gujarat 76.33 35.75 12.71 7.55 6.04 6.11 5.91 18.61 17.35
Maharashtra 41.06 17.85 6.68 4.24 3.50 3.66 3.45 9.96 9.34
Haryana 71.99 27.54 8.14 4.00 3.29 2.95 2.89 15.97 14.87
Punjab 65.81 31.29 10.37 5.28 4.05 3.95 3.76 13.55 12.48
Orissa 66.88 32.24 13.46 9.72 7.93 8.54 8.04 18.48 17.33
West Bengal 57.14 22.55 10.54 7.50 6.11 6.08 5.83 15.25 14.34
India 67.25 29.46 12.83 8.80 7.35 7.58 7.42 19.16 18.01
273
Appendix – 3K
Rates by economic activity status of the Woman, Rural Areas, India and States, 1991
ASMCRU GMCRU
Main Workers 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49
Andhra Pradesh 62.37 27.36 13.29 9.85 8.20 9.08 8.96 19.71 18.62
Karnataka 55.54 24.95 10.81 8.11 6.65 7.21 6.60 14.55 13.71
Kerala 63.94 29.68 14.87 9.90 7.97 7.61 7.11 12.92 12.08
Tamil Nadu 55.54 27.76 14.17 11.10 9.41 10.06 10.04 16.32 15.45
Bihar 72.35 38.54 21.69 15.38 14.20 13.90 13.26 26.09 24.75
Madhya Pradesh 69.14 26.96 11.93 8.31 7.21 7.94 8.05 19.06 17.88
Rajasthan 73.09 33.03 12.77 7.28 5.68 5.51 5.69 22.73 21.12
Uttar Pradesh 74.82 36.39 20.26 16.06 14.03 13.71 14.19 25.38 24.03
Gujarat 75.44 36.50 13.41 8.06 6.64 6.29 6.70 19.03 17.76
Maharashtra 41.04 17.08 6.46 4.41 3.76 3.76 3.70 9.68 8.98
Haryana 69.69 25.57 8.97 4.99 4.48 4.82 4.86 16.83 15.83
Punjab 52.84 30.75 15.35 7.94 7.02 6.16 6.50 14.01 13.13
Orissa 65.78 34.89 19.11 13.86 12.40 13.11 12.36 21.39 20.30
West Bengal 60.68 27.51 15.28 12.34 10.85 10.36 10.01 19.31 18.46
India 62.95 27.93 13.35 9.78 8.43 8.71 8.61 18.09 17.03
Marginal Workers
Andhra Pradesh 60.61 23.67 10.61 7.48 6.08 6.95 6.87 16.82 15.78
Karnataka 55.82 22.76 8.67 5.76 4.92 5.23 4.84 13.32 12.46
Kerala 63.82 24.59 9.69 7.07 5.69 5.80 4.64 10.91 10.09
Tamil Nadu 54.98 24.49 10.95 7.79 7.15 7.31 7.72 14.17 13.35
Bihar 69.69 32.60 15.89 10.16 8.83 8.66 8.30 21.79 20.46
Madhya Pradesh 69.14 25.58 10.33 6.69 6.35 6.67 6.77 19.01 17.84
Rajasthan 71.60 30.34 10.03 4.88 3.90 3.84 3.41 19.32 17.77
Uttar Pradesh 73.58 32.65 14.89 10.15 8.86 8.55 8.87 21.96 20.51
Gujarat 77.02 35.72 11.81 6.72 5.28 5.13 4.87 18.28 16.88
Maharashtra 44.51 17.66 5.90 4.20 3.76 3.55 3.49 10.43 9.65
Haryana 69.62 23.57 6.77 3.04 2.32 2.09 1.98 15.00 13.93
Punjab 60.52 26.70 9.86 4.04 2.54 2.71 1.43 11.75 10.56
Orissa 65.14 31.89 14.91 10.63 9.39 9.31 9.03 19.21 18.08
West Bengal 57.49 20.28 8.96 6.25 5.76 4.98 5.20 14.38 13.52
India 66.37 27.56 10.98 7.12 6.20 6.18 6.07 17.44 16.25
274
Appendix – 3K contd….Rural 1991
ASMCRU GMCRU
Non Workers 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49
Andhra Pradesh 59.45 23.98 10.51 7.77 6.49 7.45 7.21 18.08 16.96
Karnataka 55.31 23.60 10.27 6.97 6.27 6.36 5.80 15.60 14.60
Kerala 65.58 27.26 10.89 7.02 5.72 6.07 5.27 14.76 13.76
Tamil Nadu 55.63 25.24 11.88 9.07 7.65 8.67 8.68 15.52 14.67
Bihar 73.78 37.28 18.12 12.22 10.09 10.03 9.91 26.02 24.53
Madhya Pradesh 72.63 27.74 11.37 7.49 6.58 7.19 7.50 23.58 22.15
Rajasthan 71.75 30.22 10.00 5.53 4.06 4.24 4.08 21.75 20.01
Uttar Pradesh 75.65 35.71 17.45 12.23 10.67 10.64 10.61 26.29 24.74
Gujarat 78.34 37.33 12.75 7.37 5.90 6.04 5.51 20.43 18.79
Maharashtra 43.46 18.03 6.41 4.41 3.86 4.26 4.15 11.32 10.58
Haryana 72.62 27.13 7.62 3.88 3.19 2.90 2.77 16.97 15.76
Punjab 66.13 31.52 10.15 4.96 3.77 3.67 3.50 13.55 12.40
Orissa 67.80 32.71 13.53 9.62 7.81 8.43 7.86 18.88 17.65
West Bengal 57.38 20.94 8.93 6.44 5.27 5.50 5.19 15.04 14.11
India 69.19 30.28 13.13 9.08 7.60 7.87 7.63 20.75 19.44
275
Appendix – 3K
Rates by economic activity status of the Woman, Urban Areas, India and States, 1991
ASMCRU GMCRU
Main Workers 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49
Andhra Pradesh 60.59 29.02 16.91 11.94 10.24 11.01 10.78 18.33 17.52
Karnataka 56.40 30.01 17.67 12.27 9.34 9.52 9.02 16.36 15.57
Kerala 59.46 33.14 17.03 10.53 7.15 7.54 7.07 12.16 11.35
Tamil Nadu 47.56 28.81 16.75 12.68 10.26 10.16 9.86 15.45 14.71
Bihar 70.46 41.26 27.11 21.28 17.52 19.09 18.54 25.67 24.77
Madhya Pradesh 67.51 30.18 17.95 13.14 10.44 10.57 10.49 18.64 17.64
Rajasthan 70.92 31.26 17.10 10.87 8.86 8.97 8.66 18.53 17.48
Uttar Pradesh 72.31 40.14 31.05 24.36 21.41 21.48 20.78 27.79 26.89
Gujarat 69.96 39.05 18.59 11.02 8.93 9.49 8.68 16.94 15.95
Maharashtra 40.13 21.52 11.47 6.74 5.00 5.09 5.15 9.83 9.28
Haryana 57.07 34.34 17.14 9.46 6.57 6.38 6.68 12.97 12.27
Punjab 50.63 39.94 19.71 8.90 9.42 6.72 7.70 13.34 12.58
Orissa 62.45 36.04 26.02 17.75 14.31 15.81 17.90 17.04 21.30
West Bengal 58.13 32.60 26.23 19.81 16.89 16.16 17.52 21.72 21.15
India 58.62 30.36 18.14 12.46 10.08 10.29 10.18 16.55 15.78
Marginal Workers
Andhra Pradesh 59.24 26.28 11.70 8.93 7.23 8.99 10.29 17.11 16.55
Karnataka 53.82 24.06 11.45 6.02 5.57 6.05 6.39 13.30 12.59
Kerala 56.82 28.47 12.98 6.53 6.31 5.80 6.12 10.89 10.18
Tamil Nadu 47.34 23.19 11.84 9.09 7.76 7.10 7.32 13.69 12.98
Bihar 65.27 32.06 16.21 10.69 10.18 13.11 11.00 20.52 19.62
Madhya Pradesh 66.89 26.80 12.74 9.29 6.42 8.38 6.84 17.70 16.69
Rajasthan 67.39 27.55 9.24 6.07 4.03 3.09 5.72 16.85 15.87
Uttar Pradesh 65.23 33.24 18.77 16.38 15.00 13.94 12.23 22.67 21.50
Gujarat 64.74 32.60 11.17 6.39 5.47 5.32 6.44 14.85 14.11
Maharashtra 42.14 17.93 6.72 5.08 3.20 3.82 3.23 9.01 8.44
Haryana 79.32 24.73 8.57 2.31 1.01 1.46 2.07 11.97 11.24
Punjab 0.00 51.67 3.91 7.09 15.90 0.00 0.00 16.03 14.51
Orissa 57.14 28.20 12.60 10.24 9.33 10.22 11.87 11.71 15.69
West Bengal 53.72 18.41 11.18 9.07 5.88 7.74 7.55 13.25 12.76
India 59.07 26.33 12.02 8.57 7.10 7.34 7.33 15.32 14.52
276
Appendix – 3K contd….Urban 1991
ASMCRU GMCRU
Non Workers 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49
Andhra Pradesh 59.82 26.12 11.57 8.48 6.76 7.48 7.66 17.32 16.49
Karnataka 56.90 26.89 12.87 8.41 6.93 7.34 6.80 16.12 15.26
Kerala 62.44 28.19 12.05 6.77 5.79 5.40 5.38 14.01 13.07
Tamil Nadu 47.30 22.16 11.19 8.45 6.96 7.17 7.12 13.30 12.64
Bihar 69.42 34.91 17.49 12.10 9.97 10.32 10.52 21.92 20.83
Madhya Pradesh 69.14 30.24 12.83 8.40 6.84 7.46 7.30 19.05 18.02
Rajasthan 68.93 29.32 10.29 5.76 4.33 4.41 4.66 17.77 16.62
Uttar Pradesh 69.48 35.01 18.31 13.66 12.33 12.24 12.52 22.43 21.47
Gujarat 73.74 34.33 12.69 7.67 6.14 6.17 6.30 17.14 16.16
Maharashtra 39.58 17.76 6.78 4.17 3.37 3.42 3.13 9.41 8.84
Haryana 68.81 28.70 9.27 4.27 3.51 3.07 3.21 13.50 12.65
Punjab 65.00 30.76 10.83 5.97 4.65 4.66 4.43 13.55 12.65
Orissa 60.68 29.62 13.15 10.13 8.44 9.11 9.07 10.31 15.79
West Bengal 56.15 27.36 14.35 9.63 7.63 7.20 7.17 15.75 14.86
India 60.91 27.79 12.32 8.31 6.92 7.04 7.01 16.16 15.30
277
Appendix 4
278
Appendix – 4.1.1
Names of the districts with AMSCRU of 10 per cent or higher, 1981
ASMCRU
Name of the state Name of the districts 35-39 40-44 45-49
Combined
Jammu & Kashmir Ladakh -- -- 11.58
Andhra Pradesh Nizamabad -- 10.28 --

Cuddapah -- 10.50 10.69
Nellore -- 11.56 12.25
Chittoor -- 10.28 10.32
Madhya Pradesh Surguja 10.83 -- --
Uttar Pradesh Uttarkashi 11.58 12.2 15.96

Rural
Jammu & Kashmir Ladakh -- -- 11.24

Cuddapah -- 10.21 10.36
Nellore -- 11.54 12.55
Chittoor -- 10.4 10.59
Madhya Pradesh Surguja 10.94 -- --

Mandla -- 10.13 --
Uttar Pradesh Uttarkashi 12.19 12.81 16.51

Urban
Jammu & Kashmir Ladakh 11.07 11.36 14.47
Madhya Pradesh Surguja -- 10.31 --

Seoni -- 11.84 10.05
Raigarh -- 11.89 14.67
Bastar 10.11 12.46 --
Balaghat -- -- 10.98

Medak -- 11.42 --
Cuddapah -- 11.91 12.26
Nellore -- 11.66 10.87
Rangareddi -- -- 10.21
Manipur Manipur West 14.29 14.49 22.45
Uttar Pradesh Tehri Garhwal -- -- 15.9
Nagaland Mon -- -- 14.29

NOTE: '--' indicates values are less than 10%
279
Appendix – 4.2.1
Districts with AMSCRU of 10 per cent or higher (combined), 1991
ASMCRU
Madhya Pradesh Sehore -- 11.18 10.54
Hoshangabad 12.21 12.98 11.84
Shivpuri -- -- 10.73
Chhatarpur -- -- 10.64
Indore -- -- 10.82
Betul 11.42 11.16 12.35
Narsimhapur 11.74 13.04 11.56
Seoni -- 10.17 --
Balaghat 11.07 12.46 12.87
Surguja 10.62 10.14 10.29
Orissa Sundargarh 11.30 11.40 11.94

Dhenkanal 12.08 13.59 11.80
Mayurbhanj 10.28 -- --
Kalahandi 13.58 13.98 12.74
Koraput 11.95 12.57 11.89
Andhra Pradesh Visakhapatnam -- 10.48 10.10

Hyderabad 10.52 10.69 10.90
Vizianagaram -- -- 11.06
Goa North Goa 15.23 15.38 14.41
Tamil Nadu North Arcot Ambedkar 11.29 11.42 11.59

Dharmapuri 10.35 11.45 11.30
Madurai -- -- 10.13
South Arcot 10.89 12.02 11.47
Salem 10.33 10.84 10.94
Periyar 10.92 11.75 --
Ramanathapuram 11.59 11.64 12.41
Sikkim West District 16.82 17.49 17.44

South District 10.23 10.28 10.73
East District 13.64 14.85 14.16
Assam Kokrajhar 15.07 16.49 15.19

Lakhimpur 15.91 14.91 14.55
Meghalaya East Garo Hills 19.19 22.29 22.15

West Khasi Hills 18.91 21.93 21.91
Jaintia Hills 11.82 11.85 13.71
280
Appendix – 4.2.1: Contd…
ASMCRU
Arunachal P. Tawang 39.50 41.10 39.24
West Kameng 24.69 24.98 22.10
East Kameng 39.30 41.01 42.14
Lower Subansiri 25.15 27.70 27.03
Upper Subansiri 30.73 34.67 35.72
East Siang 27.49 27.58 30.85
Lohit 15.83 17.53 17.65
Changlang 11.39 10.46 12.37
Tirap 14.14 16.31 14.90
Nagaland Mon 20.84 21.48 19.78

Tuensang 14.40 14.45 13.99
Mokokchung 23.92 22.31 22.24
Wokha 25.17 28.42 26.77
Zunheboto 21.92 23.69 24.53
Phek 17.21 17.16 18.14
Kohima 13.46 13.26 12.69
Manipur Senapati 18.07 18.80 18.58

Tamenglong 14.09 15.48 14.16
Imphal 19.62 19.00 19.29
Bishnupur 18.20 17.19 18.03
Thoubal 13.14 12.62 13.00
Ukhrul 27.82 25.85 31.70
Chandel 15.40 14.57 14.62
Churachandpur 16.61 15.38 15.63
Mizoram Aizawl 17.54 18.45 17.05

Lunglei 15.36 13.98 14.83
Chhimtuipui 17.92 16.14 17.75
Uttar Pradesh Uttar Kashi 12.18 16.29 15.24

Chamoli 16.19 18.29 17.95
Meerut 19.33 21.13 21.83
Ghaziabad 23.25 23.79 22.75
Bulandshahr 13.96 13.91 14.98
Moradabad 17.79 17.24 18.86
Rampur 16.15 17.24 15.41
Bareilly 10.65 10.84 --
Pilibhit 11.51 10.67 10.75
281
ASMCRU
Uttar Pradesh Shahjahanpur 14.65 14.57 14.44
Aligarh 16.13 16.26 16.28
Agra 18.10 17.35 18.09
Farrukhabad 14.58 15.21 13.64
Etawah 14.95 16.18 14.80
Allahabad 10.21 10.25 10.06
Hamirpur 12.34 11.03 10.60
Kheri 17.69 16.99 16.89
Sitapur 15.83 15.63 14.67
Bahraich 11.42 11.52 11.72
Bara Banki 20.46 20.50 20.83
Faizabad 12.66 12.54 12.27
Sultanpur 10.10 11.14 10.71
Basti 19.45 17.98 18.91
Gorakhpur 13.04 13.70 12.82
Azamgarh 11.47 11.49 10.98
Jaunpur 19.68 19.04 19.87
Ghazipur 14.61 14.13 14.23
Varanasi 17.28 15.80 16.40
Kanpur Dehat 12.39 12.12 13.15
Jalaun 12.07 12.62 11.02
Siddharth Nagar 12.29 13.29 14.17
Maharajganj 15.75 16.44 17.36
Karnataka Dakshin Kannad 10.35 -- --
Bihar Patna -- -- 10.04

Nalanda 10.57 11.05 11.04
Nawada 14.45 13.49 12.76
Gaya 16.77 16.57 15.77
Aurangabad 13.42 13.15 11.34
Bhojpur 20.11 17.89 18.79
Saran 11.72 11.71 11.07
Siwan 10.62 -- --
Purba Champaran 18.61 19.32 18.28
Begusarai 10.18 10.22 10.72
Samastipur 14.35 13.74 14.66
Madhubani 10.38 10.62 --
Saharsa 10.41 10.49 --
Bhagalpur 11.41 11.85 10.78
Jehanabad 16.85 15.41 15.59
282
ASMCRU
Bihar Madhepura 14.91 13.92 13.95
Khagaria 15.15 15.63 16.65
Godda 13.09 14.49 13.17
Sahibganj 26.39 24.31 25.47
Dumka 13.80 12.54 11.88
Deoghar 11.27 10.71 11.08
Purbi Singhbhum -- -- 10.10
Pashchimi Singhbhum 11.09 10.53 --
Araria -- 10.39 10.07
Gujarat Surat 10.94 11.68 11.40
West Bengal Calcutta 10.20 -- 10.30

283
Appendix – 4.2.2
Districts with AMSCRU of 10 per cent or higher (Rural), 1991
ASMCRU
Himachal Pradesh Sirmaur -- -- 10.66

Shivpuri -- -- 11.06
Chhatarpur -- -- 10.40
Betul 11.94 11.78 13.19
Narsimhapur 10.99 12.96 12.03
Indore -- -- 11.27
Balaghat 11.33 12.66 13.14
Surguja 11.38 10.36 10.60
Orissa Sundargarh 12.40 12.34 13.19

Dhenkanal 12.67 14.20 12.09
Kalahandi 13.93 14.33 12.99
Koraput 12.17 12.75 12.23
Ganjam 11.16 12.29 11.94
Mayurbhanj 10.60 10.15 --
Andhra Pradesh Visakhapatnam 10.33 11.34 10.75

Vizianagaram -- -- 11.29
Nellore -- 10.01 --
Goa North Goa 16.88 17.17 15.71
Tamil Nadu Dakshin Kannad 10.75 -- --

North Arcot Ambedkar 11.10 11.48 11.97
Dharmapuri 10.45 11.75 11.62
Madurai -- -- 10.93
South Arcot 10.30 11.65 11.32
Salem 10.26 11.14 11.34
Periyar 11.30 12.07 10.16
Tiruchchirappalli -- -- 10.38

South District 10.52 10.40 10.95
East District 13.96 14.44 14.25
Assam Kokrajhar 15.55 16.75 15.86

Lakhimpur 15.48 14.46 13.69
284
ASMCRU
Meghalaya East Garo Hills 17.68 18.41 18.57
Jaintia Hills 12.43 12.47 14.23
Arunachal P. Tawang 39.50 41.10 39.24

West Kameng 23.13 23.95 22.28
East Kameng 39.30 41.01 42.14
Lower Subansiri 29.62 30.43 29.64
Upper Subansiri 30.73 34.67 35.72
East Siang 29.77 29.09 31.50
Lohit 18.56 20.22 20.03
Changlang 11.39 10.46 12.37
Tirap 14.48 16.73 14.94
Nagaland Mon 21.73 21.81 19.84

Tuensang 14.99 14.87 14.13
Mokokchung 24.30 23.60 23.66
Wokha 27.45 29.86 27.53
Zunheboto 22.73 24.81 25.03
Phek 18.28 17.36 18.22
Kohima 13.83 12.93 12.72

Tamenglong 14.09 15.48 14.16
Imphal 15.62 15.86 15.88
Bishnupur 19.13 18.72 19.20
Thoubal 13.92 13.36 13.84
Ukhrul 27.82 25.85 31.70
Chandel 13.14 12.76 13.16

Lunglei 13.83 13.15 12.04
Chhimtuipui 19.01 17.44 19.08
Uttar Pradesh Uttar Kashi 12.70 16.24 15.80

Chamoli 16.33 17.92 17.47
Meerut 21.68 23.23 24.64
Ghaziabad 29.22 28.63 27.19
Bulandshahr 16.13 16.08 16.59
Moradabad 20.28 19.73 21.55
285
ASMCRU
Uttar Pradesh Rampur 13.04 15.35 13.56
Shahjahanpur 13.46 13.91 13.69
Aligarh 19.12 18.96 18.59
Agra 20.18 18.93 19.43
Farrukhabad 12.41 12.87 11.19
Etawah 13.25 14.48 13.39
Hamirpur 11.95 10.91 --
Kheri 17.76 16.22 16.43
Sitapur 16.39 16.00 14.92
Bahraich 10.36 10.81 10.96
Bara Banki 20.98 20.99 21.11
Faizabad 10.54 10.65 10.62
Sultanpur -- 11.24 10.59
Basti 18.50 17.26 18.26
Gorakhpur 13.37 13.77 13.12
Azamgarh 10.83 10.96 10.65
Jaunpur 19.65 18.96 19.97
Ghazipur 15.13 14.38 14.72
Kanpur Dehat 12.52 12.08 13.15
Jalaun 10.25 11.22 --
Maharajganj 15.78 16.20 17.55
Bihar Nalanda 10.39 10.71 10.41

Nawada 14.14 13.19 12.47
Gaya 16.14 16.04 15.30
Aurangabad 13.45 13.23 11.25
Bhojpur 19.87 17.68 18.33
Saran 11.80 11.71 11.08
Siwan 10.25 -- --
Samastipur 14.86 14.20 15.10
Madhubani 10.25 10.53 --
Saharsa 10.36 10.33 --
Bhagalpur 11.56 11.59 10.75
Dhanbad 11.22 10.57 --
Jehanabad 16.96 15.41 15.77
Madhepura 14.89 13.84 13.66
Khagaria 14.74 14.99 15.92
Godda 12.62 14.38 12.96
Sahibganj 26.07 23.81 25.35
286
ASMCRU
Bihar Dumka 13.71 12.35 11.57
Deoghar 11.63 11.21 11.65
Purbi Singhbhum 11.02 11.40 11.55
Kishanganj -- 10.04 --
Gujrat Surat 13.05 12.89 12.89

287
Appendix – 4.2.3
Districts with AMSCRU of 10 percent or higher (Urban), 1991
ASMCRU
Hoshangabad 23.82 25.22 25.58
Gwalior -- 10.83 --
Shivpuri -- 10.12 --
Chhatrapur 10.95 -- 11.88
Satna 10.72 -- 10.43
Rewa 11.19 14.25 12.90
Ujjain -- -- 10.87
Jhabua 15.18 10.53 11.75
West Nimar -- 11.53 --
Chhindwara -- 12.66 11.31
Bilaspur -- -- 10.35
Narsimhapur 15.93 13.43 --
Indore -- 10.67 10.61
Seoni 11.15 16.84 --
Balaghat -- 10.48 --
Orissa Koraput 10.24 10.92 --

Ganjam 10.27 10.91 11.63
Mayurbhanj -- -- 12.78
Puri 16.18 15.77 18.36
Kendujhar -- 11.47 --
Andhra Pradesh Nellore -- -- 10.12

Hyderabad 10.52 10.69 10.90
Goa North Goa 12.27 11.78 11.34
Tamil Nadu North Arcot Ambedkar 11.71 11.31 10.69

South Arcot 14.17 14.06 12.38
Salem 10.50 10.03 --
Periyar -- 10.60 --
P. M. Thevar 12.45 12.51 12.75
Dindigul Anna 10.41 -- 12.15
Pudukkottai -- -- 10.90

East District 12.26 16.93 13.68
288
ASMCRU
Assam Kokrajhar -- 13.39 --
Lakhimpur 21.95 23.95 30.36
Karbi Anglong -- 11.34 --
Cachar 10.07 11.23 --
Meghalaya West Garo Hills 11.57 11.19 14.41

Arunachal P. West Kameng 37.58 35.48 20.00

East Siang 15.94 17.09 22.93
Tirap -- -- 13.64
Nagaland Mon -- 14.39 18.27

Tuensang -- -- 10.78
Mokokchung 22.06 13.70 --
Wokha 14.58 17.77 19.42
Zunheboto 14.44 11.92 16.04
Phek -- 13.04 15.87
Kohima 12.63 14.24 12.59
Manipur Imphal 25.15 23.03 24.21

Bishnupur 16.51 14.46 15.84
Thoubal 11.72 11.34 11.60
Chandel 27.88 25.94 24.72

Lunglei 17.80 15.32 19.70
Chhimtuipui 10.65 -- --
Uttar Pradesh Uttar Kashi -- 17.29 --

Chamoli 14.31 23.38 27.66
Tehri Garhwal 10.08 10.55 --
Meerut 15.75 17.51 16.42
Almora 17.45 -- --
Ghaziabad 17.58 18.47 17.17
Moradabad 11.85 10.73 11.77
Rampur 24.17 22.41 20.74
Bareilly 14.36 15.04 14.63
Pilibhit 17.47 18.22 18.53
Shahjahanpur 18.75 17.13 17.40
289
ASMCRU
Uttar Pradesh Agra 15.61 15.09 16.11
Etah 17.49 14.28 17.78
Farrukhabad 23.43 25.53 25.13
Etawah 22.42 25.53 22.48
Allahabad 16.32 15.30 16.33
Lalitpur 12.54 14.50 10.25
Hamirpur 14.06 11.61 13.94
Kheri 17.17 23.63 21.57
Sitapur 12.10 12.77 12.59
Hardoi 12.40 11.53 12.40
Rae Barali 14.22 16.11 11.76
Baharich 23.58 22.00 23.36
Gonda 13.22 12.69 14.32
Bara Banki 15.36 15.27 17.51
Faizabad 28.65 28.25 26.99
Sultanpur 13.56 -- 13.59
Pratapgarh 16.87 16.53 14.21
Basti 34.27 30.16 30.03
Gorakhpur 11.65 13.38 11.44
Azamgarh 20.13 19.89 16.45
Jaunpur 20.08 20.44 18.19
Ghazipur -- 10.84 --
Varanasi 38.23 36.83 38.20
Bijnor 12.66 12.06 10.41
Kanpur Dehat 10.69 12.12 13.15
Jalaun 17.47 17.52 16.55
Maharajganj 15.08 21.59 12.63
Mau -- 10.14 --
Firozabad -- 10.57 12.12
Bihar Patna 11.35 11.73 12.52

Nalanda 11.63 13.26 15.37
Nawada 18.79 17.63 17.94
Gaya 20.90 19.75 19.31
Aurangabad 13.15 11.96 12.68
Rohtas 23.65 24.96 20.20
Bhojpur 21.93 19.55 22.74
Saran 10.90 11.68 10.91
Siwan 17.58 16.48 17.26
290
ASMCRU
Bihar Sitamarhi 15.19 12.39 13.64
Muzaffarrpur 11.69 12.20 10.57
Begusarai 14.41 17.82 21.21
Darbhanga 10.95 -- 12.05
Madhubani 13.78 13.19 10.45
Saharsa 11.04 12.57 --
Munger 10.03 10.26 10.62
Bhagalpur 10.29 13.78 11.01
Palamu 10.24 -- 11.06
Jehanabad 15.18 15.38 12.86
Madhepura 15.20 15.29 18.44
Khagaria 21.69 26.92 28.87
Godda 28.93 21.51 20.00
Sahibganj 30.49 31.62 27.06
Dumka 15.29 16.18 17.57
Gumla 10.31 13.73 10.67
Araria 13.10 18.09 19.59
Gujrat Surat -- 10.13 --

Kheda 10.34 10.65 11.14
Panch Mahals 11.89 11.35 --
Vadodara -- 10.03 10.66
Rajasthan Bhilwara -- 10.12 --
West Bengal Calcutta 10.20 -- 10.30

Birbhum 13.17 -- 10.09
Karnataka Bellary 14.07 10.76 10.69
Pondichery Karaikal 10.40 10.57 --
Daman & Diu Daman 13.23 13.00 12.26

291
Appendix – 4.3.1
Districts with AMSCRU of 10 per cent or higher (C0mbined), 2001
ASMCRU
Jammu & Kashmir Kupwara 13.08 11.85 10.31
Sri Nagar 11.52 -- --
Baramula 11.08 -- --

Varanasi 10.33 -- --
Allahabad 10.89 10.17 10.08
West Bengal Kolkata 12.37 11.65 10.78
Orissa Koraput -- 10.58 11.90

Rayagada -- -- 10.76
Malkangiri -- -- 10.73
Andhra Pradesh Adilabad -- 10.28 10.90

Nizamabad 10.88 11.66 11.07
Hyderabad 19.97 19.31 19.01
Rangareddi 13.76 14.09 14.45
Visakhapatnam 11.19 12.05 12.49
Tamil Nadu Chennai 19.83 19.32 18.69

Thiruvallur 14.03 14.12 14.45
Kancheepuram 13.53 13.59 13.43
Cuddalore -- 10.70 10.66
Salem 11.36 12.13 11.95
Namakkal 11.04 11.81 11.76
Erode 10.76 11.15 10.54
Coimbatore 11.68 11.55 11.22
Dindigul 11.01 11.50 11.11
Madurai 12.34 12.64 12.39
Sivaganga -- 10.09 10.09
Virudhunagar 10.76 10.99 10.98
Toothukudi 10.50 10.31 --
Tirunelveli 11.16 10.80 10.40
Thiruvarur -- -- 10.01
Arunachal Pradesh Lower Subansiri 12.83 15.11 13.58

Papum Pare 11.15 11.96 12.16
Upper Siang -- -- 11.76
292
ASMCRU
East Khasi Hills 10.05 -- --
East Garo Hills 11.89 11.50 14.05
South Garo Hills -- -- 10.62
Ri Bhoi 11.24 12.46 12.12
Nagaland Tuensang 12.30 11.96 11.56

Dimapur 10.30 -- --
Mokokchung 10.63 -- --
Zunheboto 10.47 -- --
Kohima 12.61 11.04 11.06

Ukhrul 13.28 11.45 --
Tamenglong 16.65 13.66 13.39
Bishnupur 13.53 11.51 10.82
Imphal West 12.62 10.56 --
Chandel 20.49 17.20 16.86
293
Appendix – 4.3.2
Districts with AMSCRU of 10 per cent or higher, Rural 2001
ASMCRU
Jammu & Kash'r Srinagar 14.59 14.99 12.47
Baramula 10.65 -- --
Kupwara 13.15 11.90 10.30
Orissa Koraput -- 11.31 12.89

Rayagada -- 10.30 11.35
Malkangiri -- 10.17 10.96
Andhra Pradesh Adilabad 10.49 10.79 11.17

Nizamabad 10.43 11.31 10.69
Visakhapatnam -- 10.38 11.11
Cuddapah -- 10.22 10.23
Chittoor -- -- 10.28
Tamil Nadu Thiruvallur 12.63 13.38 13.83

Cuddalore 10.13 11.21 11.32
Thanjavur -- -- 10.12
Salem 11.40 12.19 12.32
Namakkal 11.05 12.09 12.07
Erode 11.28 11.49 10.71
Coimbatore 11.14 11.27 10.61
Dindigul 12.01 12.35 11.97
Madurai 12.41 12.60 12.78
Tiruchirappalli -- 10.08 10.14
Sivaganga 10.15 10.31 10.33
Virudhunagar 11.58 11.94 11.55
Toothukudi 10.59 10.58 --
Tirunelveli 11.80 11.53 11.31
Thiruvarur -- -- 10.16
The Nilgiris -- 10.36 10.21
Kanniyakumari 10.13 10.07 --
Arunachal P. Lower Subansiri 13.87 15.83 13.78

Upper Siang -- -- 11.76

East Garo Hills 12.72 12.50 14.92
South Garo Hills -- -- 10.85
294
ASMCRU
Meghalaya Ri Bhoi 11.28 12.65 12.62
Nagaland Tuensang 12.80 12.22 11.80

Kohima 10.91 -- --
Mokokchung 10.56 -- --

Ukhrul 13.28 11.45 --
Tamenglong 16.65 13.66 13.39
Bishnupur 14.61 12.02 11.28
Imphal West 13.57 12.29 11.01
Chandel 22.06 18.23 17.77
295
Appendix – 4.3.3
Districts with AMSCRU of 10 percent or higher (Urban), 2001
ASMCRU
Jammu & Kashmir Kupwara 11.32 10.47 10.70
Pulwama 12.27 11.23 --
Sri Nagar 10.78 -- --
Baramula 13.03 10.15 --
Kargil 13.72 10.14 --

Allahabad 17.92 16.13 15.83
Sant Ravidas Nagar 10.73 11.28 10.36
Balrampur 10.61 -- --
Mau 10.34 -- --
Varanasi 13.88 12.70 11.60
Azamgarh 13.37 12.27 11.42
Bihar Gaya 11.38 10.54 --
Jharkhand Palamu 10.90 10.46 --
Gujarat Sabar Kantha 10.87 10.02 11.38
West Bengal Kolkata 12.37 11.65 10.78

Darjiling 11.80 11.02 --
Orissa Sambalpur 10.41 10.42 10.36
Andhra Pradesh Adilabad -- -- 10.02

Nizamabad 12.89 13.49 13.03
Hyderabad 19.97 19.31 19.01
Rangareddi 18.69 19.07 19.58
Visakhapatnam 13.64 14.59 14.73
Warangal 12.67 13.43 13.62
Mahbubnagar -- 10.01 10.06
Kurnool 11.42 11.34 11.18
Krishna 10.64 11.08 11.56
Guntur -- 10.73 11.09
Prakasam 10.14 10.68 11.07
Nellore -- 10.37 11.52
Karnataka Bidar -- 10.46 --

Gulbarga 10.08 10.55 10.30
296

ASMCRU
Tamil Nadu Chennai 19.83 19.32 18.69
Thiruvallur 15.22 14.71 14.98
Salem 11.32 12.06 11.50
Namakkal 11.03 11.32 11.15
Erode 10.15 10.76 10.34
Coimbatore 11.98 11.69 11.57
Madurai 12.28 12.67 12.07
Virudhunagar -- -- 10.28
Tirunelveli 10.50 10.04 --
Dharmapuri -- 10.27 10.58
Karur -- 10.03 10.50
Perambalur 11.50 12.44 12.75
Thoothukkudi 10.39 -- --
Ariyalur 11.80 12.82 12.75
Arunachal Pradesh Lower Subansiri -- -- 10.97

Papum Pare 12.61 15.20 14.55
West Siang 13.79 11.59 14.98

Ri Bhoi 10.70 -- --
Jaintia Hills 10.99 -- 10.88
Assam Kamrup 13.87 12.61 11.68

Tinsukia 11.31 10.57 --
Cachar 11.32 10.50 --
Hailakandi 10.66 11.03 --
Karimganj 15.47 14.40 13.11
North Cachar Hills -- -- 10.31
Nagaland Kohima 17.47 17.49 15.97

Wokha -- 10.01 --
Zunheboto 13.92 13.57 13.57
Dimapur 12.13 11.53 11.90
Mon 11.18 -- 11.50
Mokokchung 11.04 -- 10.22
Manipur Bishnupur 11.62 10.58 10.04

Chandel 10.06 -- --
Imphal West 11.86 -- --
Imphal East 11.79 -- --
Sikkim West NA 12.5

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Childlessness and Its Consequences in

India: Levels, Patterns and

Department of Public Health and Mortality Studies

Telephone: +91-22-2556 3254/5/6 (O)

Mr. Avishek Hazra

Mr. Sandip Chakravorty

2. Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rate (ASMCR):

Findings: Levels and Trends

Religion and Childlessness

Women's Education and Childlessness

Women's Economic Activity Status and Childlessness

Caste and Childlessness

Levels of Childlessness: District Scenario

Factors affecting childlessness in India

C: Childlessness and Total Fertility Rate

1.3 Measurement of childlessness

primary infertility (childlessness) or 'only one child' as an imprecise indicator of secondary

1. Childlessness at the end of the reproductive life, or

1.4 Data Sources

Age Specific Childlessness Rates (ASCRs)

2.2 Marital Childlessness in India: 1981-2001

Figure 2.2: Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rate-Unadjusted (ASMCRU), India

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-49

2.3 Changes in Marital Childlessness in India: 1981-2001

Table 2.4: Trends in Adjusted Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates-Unadjusted

Period 1991-2001: As mentioned before, the change in proportion of childless women in

2.4 Rural-Urban Differentials in Marital Childlessness: 1981-2001

3.1 Levels of General Marital Childlessness Rate Unadjusted (GMCRU)

3.2 Levels of Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rate Unadjusted (ASMCRU)

Age Patterns of Marital Childlessness: 1981

90 Andhra Pradesh 90 Andhra Prades h

Fig. 3.2: ASMCRU, 1981 contd.

Age Patterns of Marital Childlessness: 2001

Fig. 3.3: ASMCRU, 2001 contd…

3.3 Changes in Levels of Age Specific Marital Childlessness: 1981-2001

Fig. 3.4: Change in the levels of ASMCRUs, 1981-2001

West Bengal West Bengal

35 Himachal Pradesh 35 Himachal Pradesh

3.4 Rural-Urban Differentials in Age Specific Marital Childlessness: 1981-2001

Fig. 3.5: Rural-Urban in ASMCRUs

Andhra Pradesh Andhra Pradesh

Fig. 3.5: Rural-Urban in ASMCRUs contd…

West Bengal West Bengal

5 Himachal Pradesh 5 Himachal Pradesh

RURAL-15-44 URBAN - 15-44 2001-1981

Absolute Change = ASMCRU (2001) - ASMCRU (1981)

Table 3.5: Rural-Urban differentials in Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates-Unadjusted

Difference = Rural – Urban

4.1 Religion and Childlessness

Figure 4.1: GMCRU by religion of women, 1981 & 2001

Absolute Change in GMCRU over Time by Religion: 1981-2001

Religious Differentials in GMCRU: 1981 and 2001

Figure 4.2: Ratios of GMCRUs across various religious groups

Figure 4.2: Absolute difference in GMCRUs across various religious groups

Figure 4.3: Absolute difference in GMCRUs across various religious groups

Hindu-Muslim GMCRU, 1981 Hindu-Muslim GMCRU, 2001

Figure 4.3: Absolute difference in GMCRUs contd…

Hindu-Muslim GMCRU, 2001

8.00 Hindu-Christian GMCRU, 2001

Religious Differentials in ASMCRU: 1981 and 2001

1.70 Ratio of Muslim to Hindu ASMCRU, 1981 1.70

Figure 4.5: Ratio of Christian AMCRUs to Hindu

2.60 Ratio of Christian to Hindu 2.60