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Lect - I - Cryogenic Fundamentals & Cryocoolers - MDA I
Lect - I - Cryogenic Fundamentals & Cryocoolers - MDA I
Dr M. D. Atrey
Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay
Bombay - 400 076
Outline
• Cryogenics?
• Cryocoolers – Why?
• Types of Cryocoolers
• Conclusion
What is Cryogenics?
• Genics – to produce
The Chronology
Year Event
1877 Cailletet and Pictet liquefied Oxygen.
1879 Linde founded the Linde Eismaschinen AG.
1892 Dewar developed a vacuum insulated vessel for
cryogenic fluid storage.
1895 Onnes established Leiden Laboratory.
1902 Claude established l’Air Liquide and developed air-
liquefaction system.
1908 Onnes liquefied helium.
1911 Onnes discovered superconductivity.
The Chronology
Year Event
1926 Goddard test fired the first cryogenically propelled
rocket.
1934 Kapitza designed the first expansion engine.
1952 National Institute of Standards & Technology (NIST),
USA, Cryogenic Engineering Laboratory established.
1966 Development of Dilution refrigerator.
1975 Record high superconducting transition temperature (23
K) achieved.
1994 Matsubara developed a 4 K cryocooler
Introduction
What is Cryogenics?
• Cryogenics is the science and technology associated with
generation of low temperature below 123 K.
0K 123 K 300 K
Cryogenics Refrigeration
O2 (90.19 K) R134a (246.8 K)
Air (78.6 K) R12 (243.3 K)
N2 (77.36 K) R22 (233 K)
H2 (20.39 K) Propane (231.1 K)
He (4.2 K) Ethane (184 K)
Prof. Milind D. Atrey, Dept. of Mech. Engg.,
Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
CEP’ 2013 – Cryogenic Fundamentals & Cryocoolers Lecture – I
Temperature
Increment
• 1 K = 1°C = 1.8°R = 1.8°F
Temperature
The Kelvin Temperature Scale
• K = C + 273 (Note it is Kelvin, but not degree
Kelvin).
Room Temperature ~ 300 K
Cryogen
Cryogen
• Fluid with normal boiling point less than 123 K.
Cryogen
T – s diagram of a Cryogen
300 K, 1atm A
Absolute Temperature
B Isobar
C Critical Point
Liquid
Normal Boiling F
Point E Vapor
L+V
Entropy
Prof. Milind D. Atrey, Dept. of Mech. Engg.,
Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
CEP’ 2013 – Cryogenic Fundamentals & Cryocoolers Lecture – I
Normal
Boiling K 4.214 20.27 77.36 78.8 90.18
Point
Critical
Mpa 0.229 1.315 3.39 3.92 5.08
Pressure
Density kg/m3 124.8 70.79 807.3 874 1141
T – s diagram of Helium
Critical Pt.
2.29 atm,
5.2 K
T – s chart for He – 4
1 atm, 4.2 K •Pressure (P) – atm
•Density – gm/mol-lit
•Temp (T) – K
•Enthalpy (h) – J/gm-
mol
•Entropy (s) – J/g-
mol-K
Prof. Milind D. Atrey, Dept. of Mech. Engg.,
Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
CEP’ 2013 – Cryogenic Fundamentals & Cryocoolers Lecture – I
T – s diagram of Nitrogen
T – s chart for N2
•Pressure (P) – atm
•Density – gm/mol-lit
•Temp (T) – K
•Enthalpy (h) – J/gm-
mol
•Entropy (s) – J/g-
mol-K
Critical Pt.
33.9 atm,
126 K
1 atm,
77.36 K
Prof. Milind D. Atrey, Dept. of Mech. Engg.,
Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
CEP’ 2013 – Cryogenic Fundamentals & Cryocoolers Lecture – I
Superconductivity
• The electrical resistance
Electrical Resistance, Ohms
of a material decreases
with the decrease in the
temperature.
Superconductivity
• In 1911, Onnes
discovered the
phenomenon of
0.13
Superconductivity.
Resistance, Ohms
Superconductivity
Jc • The state of the SC is governed by
three parameters.
Development of SCs
T(K)
Copper
273
Oxide
160
Conducto
HgBaCaCuO
140
1993 & 1994 rs
120 TlBaCaCuO
1988
100 under pressure BSCCO HTS
YBCO
1987
80
60 Metallic
Conducto
40 LaBaCuo
rs
NbN Nb3Sn Nb3Ge
20 LTS
Pb NbTi
Hg
Meisner Effect
• At room temperature, if a material is
subjected to a magnetic flux, the flux lines
of force penetrate through the material.
TRoom
• As soon as the material becomes
superconducting, it repels the magnetic flux
lines.
What is a Cryocooler?
• Generation of low temperature due to compression and
expansion of gas – Refrigerator.
• Can replace Cryogens like LN2 (77 K), LH2(20 K) and LHe
(4.2K).
Cryocoolers – Why?
• No Cryogen requirement.
Classification
Joule-Thomson Solid Liquid Supercritical
Cryogenic Refrigeration
Closed Cycle
Dynamic Cryocooler Static
Radiator
Regenerative
Recuperative
Sorption
Joule-Thomson compressor
Valves Valveless Brayton
Claude Solid state
Stirling Magnetic
Gifford-McMahon Vuilleumier Thermoelectric
Pulse tube Pulse tube Laser
Important Parameters
• Mass, Volume, Cool down • Reliability, Shelf life
time
• Split or Integral systems,
• Vibration, Acoustic noise, Costs
Electromagnetic interference
(EMI) • Ambient cooling method
Technical Parameters
• Cooling effect : --- W@---K.
Recuperative Cryocoolers
Regenerative Cryocoolers
Stirling Cryocooler
• Advantages
• High efficiency
• Moderate cost
• Small size and weight
• Over 140,00 made to date
• Disadvantages
• Dry or no lubrication
• Intrinsic vibration from displacer
• Long lifetime expensive (3 – 10 years)
Stirling Cryocooler
• Uses
• IR sensors
• High temperature superconductors
• Space experiments
• Recent Developments
• Flexure bearings
• Gas bearings
• Diaphragm compressor and expander
• Two stage cold heads
Stirling
Carnot
Piston Piston
.
T0
Q. ,T
Q0 ,T0 0 0
Displacer
Regenerator
Regenerator
.
Qc ,Tc
.
Qc ,Tc
• First developed
in 1953
• 700 W @ 80 K
• 500 W @ 65 K
• 12 kW input
• 15% Carnot @ 80 K
Infrared Camcorder
With Stirling Microcooler
• 0.15 W @ 80 K
• 3 W input power
• 14% of Carnot
Prof. Milind D. Atrey, Dept. of Mech. Engg.,
Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
CEP’ 2013 – Cryogenic Fundamentals & Cryocoolers Lecture – I
Back iron
Permanent
magnet Stationary Flexing
rigid element
clamp
Moving
coil
Moving rigid
Position spider
sensor
0 mm 100
mm
267
0 mm 100
Prof. Milind D. Atrey, Dept. of Mech. Engg.,
Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
CEP’ 2013 – Cryogenic Fundamentals & Cryocoolers Lecture – I
1st stage
• Disadvantages
• Large and heavy
• Intrinsic vibration from the displacer
• Low efficiency
• Recent Developments
• 4 K operation
• Rare earth regenerator materials
• Improved valve timing
0
• 0.25 W @ 4.2 K
• 2.5 kW – 1 phase 208/220 V • 0.10 W @ 4.2 K
• Air or water cooled • 1.3 kW – 1 phase 120 V
• $20,000 • Air cooled
2 stg Displacer Unit 1. Electrical Connections and current lead through for
cold head motor
2. Helium high pressure connection
3. Helium low pressure connection
4. Cylic 1st stage
5. Displacement piston 1st stage
6. Regenerator 1st stage
7. Expansion volume 1st stage
8. 1st (refrigerating) stage (copper flange)
9. Cylinder 2nd stage
10. Displacment piston 2nd stage
11. Regenerator 2nd stage
12. Expansion volume 2nd stage
13. 2nd (Refrigerating) stage (copper flange)
14. Vapour pressure measurement chamber
15. Control piston
16. Control volume
17. Control disc
18. Control vlave
19. Gauge for hydrogen vapour pressure thermometer
Prof. Milind D. Atrey, Dept. of Mech. Engg.,
20. Cold head motor
Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
CEP’ 2013 – Cryogenic Fundamentals & Cryocoolers Lecture – I
• Disadvantages
• Gravity induced convective stability
• Lower limit to size for efficient pulse tube
PT Cryocoolers (History)
250 Type Investigator Year
OPTR/Stirling
OPTR/
W
. Stirling PTR comparison
.
0
Wo
Stirling OPTR Reservoir
volume
Piston Piston
Orifice
. T0
Q 0 , T0
. .
Q 0 , T0 Q h ,Th
Regenerator Displacer
Regenerator Pulse
tub e
.
Qc ,Tc .
Q c ,Tc
Double
W
. Inlet PTR
o
Zhu, Wu, and Chen,
Reservoir
volume Xi’an Jiaotong Univ.,
Piston Cryogenics 30, 514 (1990)
Secondary Primary
orifice orifice
. .
Q 0 , T0 Q h ,Th Single Double
173 K 132 K
52 K 43 K
Regenerator Pulse
tub e
.
Q c ,Tc
Pt3c.c dr
Prof. Milind D. Atrey, Dept. of Mech. Engg.,
Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
CEP’ 2013 – Cryogenic Fundamentals & Cryocoolers Lecture – I
Orifices
Th
1st
1st Stage Pulse
Regenerator Tube
2nd
Pulse
Tube
Tc 1
2nd Stage
Regenerator
T c2
Prof. Milind D. Atrey, Dept. of Mech. Engg.,
Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
CEP’ 2013 – Cryogenic Fundamentals & Cryocoolers Lecture – I
• 0.62 W at 80 K
• 20 W input power
• Space applications
•1.3 kg
• 7.3 W at 80 K
• 107 W comp. input power
• 19% Carnot @ 80 K
• Space applications
• 4.3 kg
GM-type
Now 15 W @ 77 K
First Commercial
Pulse Tube
4 K GM type PTR
Cooling Power – 1 W @ 4K
and 40 W@45 K
Power Input – 7 KW
J – T cooler
J – T cooler
• Advantages
• No cold moving parts
• Steady flow (No vibration)
• Transport cold long distance
• Cold end can be miniaturized
• Disadvantages
• Relies on real gas behavior
• Requires high pressures (200:1)
• Small orifice susceptible to clogging
• Low efficiency below 90 K
Prof. Milind D. Atrey, Dept. of Mech. Engg.,
Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
CEP’ 2013 – Cryogenic Fundamentals & Cryocoolers Lecture – I
J – T cooler
• Uses
• Cooling IR sensors on missiles
• Cooling IR sensors for surveillance
• Cooling semiconducting electronics
• Cryogenic catheter (heart arrhythmias)
• Liquefaction of natural gas
• Recent Developments
• Mixed refrigerants
• Sorption compressors
• Electrochemical compressors
Prof. Milind D. Atrey, Dept. of Mech. Engg.,
Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
CEP’ 2013 – Cryogenic Fundamentals & Cryocoolers Lecture – I
Miniature J – T Cryostat
• Open cycle
– Gas vents
– Gas supply from
cylinder
– Fast cooldown
Miniature J – T Cooler
Miniature J – T Cooler
Cryocooler Applications
p. 2
COMMERCIAL (Cont.)
4. Superconductors for high-speed communications
5. Semiconductors for high-speed computors
6. Infrared sensors for NDE and process monitoring
7. Industrial gas liquefaction
MEDICAL
1. Superconducting magnets for MRI
2. SQUID magnetometers for heart and brain studies
3. Liquefaction of oxygen for hosp. and home use
4. Cryogenic catheters and cryosurgery
Cryocooler Applications
p. 3
TRANSPORTATION
1. LNG for fleet vehicles
2. Superconducting magnets in maglev trains
3. Infrared sensors for aircraft night vision
ENERGY
1. LNG for peak shaving
2. Superconducting power applications
3. Infrared sensors for thermal loss measurements
Cryopumps
60 K
15 K
SC Microwave filter
Use in Cellular Phone Base Stations
• High Tc @ 77 K 20
10
• Better filtering 0
Rejection (dB)
• Improved gain -20
-30
-60
SC Microwave filter
• STI rack-mounted system
• HTS microwave filter
• Stirling cryocooler (77 K)
• Military requirements
–Universal receiver
(Software radio)
• Low-Tc superconductors
• High-speed A/D
• 1 W at 4 K
• 5 year lifetime
Cryo Catheter
• Heart arrhythmia
– 2 million cases in US
– Currently treated with
medication or rf catheter
• Advantages of cryogenic
– Sticks to tissue
– Thermal mapping possible
– Clinical trials underway
For atrial fibrillation ablation, the target is the ostia of the pulmonary veins. Femoral vein
access is obtained at the groin by venapuncture and the 11 Fr. transseptal balloon-
sheath with dilator is inserted and advanced to the right atrium. In the right atrium, the tip
of the dilator is extended about 1 cm beyond the end of the balloon-sheath and pressed
against the intra-atrial septum.
MagLev
• Japan Railway
• 500 km/hr
• 10 cm lift
• LTS magnets
• 4 magnets/cryostat
• 2 cryostats/coupling
• 7 W at 4 K
• 18 km test track
SC Motors
Motor-hts-AmSC-5mwmotor.jpg
Motor-hts-siemens_neu.jpg
Summary
• Cryocoolers are fastly emerging technology in Refrigeration
and Cryogenics.
Thank you !