A

Thesis Report

On

“REDEVELOPMENT OF SLUM”

(RUABANDHA , BHILAI , CHHATTISGARH )

A dissertation on thesis submitted to

Dignity College of Architecture

Anjora, Durg (C.G.)

For fulfillment of the award of degree

Bachelor of Architecture

Submitted by

Ms.Dilpreet Arora

(Roll no. 3171614007; Enrollment no: AQ6160)

Under the guidance o

AR. Jaspreet Arora

Dignity College of Architecture, Durg

Year: 2018-2019
 DECLARATION

I the undersigned solemnly declare that the report of the project work
e n t i t l e d “ REDEVELOPMENT OF SLUM” i s b a s e d o n m y w o r k c a r r i e d o u t
during the course of my study under the supervision of AR. JASPREET
ARORA, Ast. Professor , Dignity college of Architecture, Durg.

I assert that the statements made, and the conclusions drawn are an
outcome of my project work. I further declare that to the best of my
knowledge and belief the report does not contain any part of any work
which has been submitted for the award of Bachelor of Architecture
(B.Arch.) degree or any other degree/diploma/certificate in this
University or any other University of India or abroad.

Ms. Dilpreet Arora

Roll No.: 3171614007

Enrollment No.: AQ6160

 C E RT I FI CA T E O F T H E S U P E RV I S O R

T h i s i s t o c e r t i f y t h a t t h e w o r k i n c o r p o r a t e d i n t h e d i s s e r t a t i o n on t h e s i s
“ REDEVELOPMENT OF SLUM” i s a r e c o r d o f r e s e a r c h w o r k c a r r i e d o u t b y
Ms.DILPREET ARORA bearing Roll No.:3171614007 and Enrollment
No.:AQ6160 under our guidance and supervisions for the award of
Degree of Bachelor of Architecture (B.Arch.) of Chhattisgarh Swami
Vivekanand Technical University, Bhilai (C.G.), India.

To the best of our knowledge and belief the thesis:

1. Embodies the work of candidate his/herself,

2. Has duly been completed,
3. Fulfils the requirement of the ordinance relating to the
B.Arch. degree of the University and
4. Is up to the desired standard both in respect of contents and
language for being referred to the examiners.

(Signature of the Supervisor)

AR.Jaspreet Arora

Professor, DCA, Durg

Forwarded to Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekananda Technical

U n i v e r s i t y, B h i l a i

AR. Kirti Muley

Principal, DCA, Anjora, Durg

---------------------

(Signature of the Head of the Approved Place of Research)

 CERTIFICATE BY THE EXAM INERS

This is to certify that the project work of the Dissertation on thesis entitled

”REDEVELOPMENT OF SLUM”

Submitted by :-

Ms. Dilpreet Arora

Roll No : 3171614007

Enrollment No. : AQ6160

Has been examined by the undersigned as a part of the examination and is here by
recommended for of Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University , Bhilai .

Internal Examiner External Examiner

Date: Date:
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

It gives me great pleasure to express my gratitude and indebtedness

towards my guide AR.JASPREET ARO RA, AST. Professor, Dignity
College of Architecture, Anjora, Durg for her eminent guidance and
constant encouragement right from the inception to the successful
completion of the Dissertation entitled, “REDEVELOPMENT OF
SLUM”. It is due to her positive guidance and appraisal of my work that
I am able to cover the variou s aspects of this dissertation on time.

I am also thankful to Ar.Kirti Muley, Ar.Preeti gupta, Professor

Dignity College of Architecture, Anjora, Durg for her valuable
suggestions as & when required without any hesitations & delay. Inspite
of her busy schedule she always offered her help to improve my work
whenever it was required.

I sincerely thank my senior Ar.Mohammad Ah tesham for his guidance

throughout the project and my junior Mst. Ankit Singh and Ms.Nisha
Swarnkar for their support and help.

(Signature of student)

Dilpreet Arora
 ABSTRACT

The prime objective of this report is to identify and map the water-logged areas
within Durg city in Chhattisgarh India, and to explore their contemporary
economic significances as well as its serious effects on ecology. In recent
years water logging has become an increasingly prevailing burden for the city
dwellers and is creating adverse social, physical, economic and environmental
consequences by disruption of regular life, traffic paralysis, infrastructure damage,
destruction of flora and fauna. Once long awaited monsoon now has become a
nightmare of facing extensive water logging during the months . Even a little rain
causes a serious problem for certain areas. Increased urban development's not
providing sufficient drainage results in water logging leaving parts of urban area
inundated for several days. This causes naturally large infrastructural problems for
the city .It is also observed that there is a lack of planned and adequate drainage
network system within the city therefore improvement of the drainage system is
one of the highest priority needs of the urban authority for living environment of
its urban population.
TABLE OF CONTENT
Chapter Title Page no.
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Current Scenario 2
2 Water logging 3
2.1Meaning 3
2.2 Causes of water logging 3-4
2.3 Impact of water logging 4-5
3 Project detail 6
3.1 Aim 7
3.2 Objective 7
3.3 Scope 7
3.4 Limitation 7
3.5 Methodology 8
4 Study Area 9
4.1 Area detail 10
4.2 Population 10
4.3 Rainfall 10
4.4 Existing and future demand for water 11
5 Identifying the areas 12
5.1 Survey 13
5.1.1 Survey through newspaper 13-16
5.1.2 Survey through maps 17
5.1.3 Live study 18
5.1.3.1 Self Observation 18-21
5.1.3.2 Physical Questionnaires 21-25
5.2 Analysis 26
5.2.1 Area1 Santra badi 26-29
5.2.2 Area2 Station road 30-31
5.3 Case study 32
5.3.1 Introduction and objectives 32
5.3.2 Description of the location 32-34
5.3.3 Design criteria 34-35
5.3.4 Drainage improvement plan 36-37
 5.3.5 Conclusion 38
5.3.6 Recommendations 38
6 Study of sustainable techniques to control 39
overflow of storm water
6.1 Literature study 40
6.1.1 Porous pavments 40
6.1.1.2 History 41
6.1.1.3 Working of permeable pavements 42
6.1.1.4 Types of permeable pavements 43
6.1.1.4.1 Permeable interlocking pavers 44
6.1.1.4.2 Porous asphalt 45
6.1.1.4.3 Pervious concrete 46
6.1.1.4.4 Grid pavements 47
6.1.1.5 Application 48
6.1.1.6 Advantages and disadvantages 48-50
6.1.1.7 Life span 51
6.1.2 Rain gardens 52
6.1.2.1 What is rain garden? 52
6.1.2.2 History of rain garden 53
6.1.2.3 Working of rain garden 53
6.1.2.4 Benefits of rain garden 54-55
6.1.2.5 Bioswales 55-56
6.1.2.5.1 Different types of bioswales 56-58
6.1.2.5.2 Advantages of bioswale 59
7 Solutions for existing water logged areas 60
7.1 Area 1 : Santra badi, durg 60
7.2 Area 1 : Station road, durg 61-62
8 Conclusion 63
9 Reference 64
FIGURE LIST
Figure 2.2.1 The natural water cycle.
Figure 2.2.2 The Urban water cycle.
Figure 4.1.1 Administrative map of Durg block
Figure 5.1.1.1 Information through Times of India
Figure 5.1.1.2 Information through ND TV News
Figure 5.1.1.3 Information through DAINIK BHSKAR
Figure 5.1.1.4 Information through AB TAK News
Figure5.1.1.5 Information through DAINIK BHASKAR
Figure 5.1.1.6 Information through DAINIK BHASKAR
Figure 5.1.2.1 Map representing areas
Figure.5.1.3.1 Showing water logging in area
Figure 5.1.3.2 Showing blocked roads
Figure 5.1.3.3 Showing waste accumulation
Figure 5.1.3.4 Showing over flow of drains
Figure 5.1.3.5 Showing open drains
Figure5.1.3.6 Showing inconvenience faced by people
Figure 5.1.3.7 lack of drainage resulting in water logging
Figure 5.1.3.8 Clogged drain
Figure 5.1.3.9 lack of slope
Figure 5.1.3.2.1 Questionnaire page 1
Figure 5.1.3.2.2 Questionnaire page 2
Figure5.1.3.2.3 Pie-chart showing Residential growth in the area
Figure 5.1.3.2.4 Pie-chart showing period of facing issue
Figure 5.1.3.2.5 Doughnut-chart showing duration of water logging
Figure5.2.1.3 Contour map of Santra badi showing slope
Figure 5.2.2.1 Showing water logging path in the Station road
Figure 5.2.2.2 Contour map of Station road.
Figure 5.3.2.1 Location of Chalna Pourashava
Figure 5.3.3.1 Drainage Zones and proposed drains with outfall
Figure 5.3.3.2 Lands above & below Flood Level
Figure 5.3.3.3Chunkuri River at Chalna pourashava
Figure 5.3.3.4 Comparison between Avg. Land Level and Outfall Water Levels.
Figure. 6.1.1.1 Non-permeable paving
Figure. 6.1.1.2 Permeable paving
Figure. 6.1.1.2.1 Testing of permeable paving
Figure. 6.1.1.3.1 Diagrammatic representation of working of permeable pavements
Figure. 6.1.1.4.1 Types of permeable pavements
Figure. 6.1.1.4.1.1 Diagrammatic representation of working of permeable pavements
Figure. 6.1.1.4.1.2 Diagrammatic representation of working of permeable pavements
Figure. 6.1.1.4.2.1 Diagrammatic representation of working of porous asphalt pavements
Figure. 6.1.1.4.3.1 Image showing the pervious concrete on roads
Figure. 6.1.1.4.3.2 Diagrammatic representation of working of pervious concrete
pavements
Figure. 6.1.1.4.4.1 Diagrammatic representation of working of grid pavements
Figure. 6.1.1.4.4.2 Image showing the laying of grid pavements
Figure. 6.1.1.7.1 Image showing cross section of road without porous pavements
Figure. 6.1.1.7.2 Image showing cross section of road with porous pavements
Figure. 6.1.2.1.1 Image showing section of rain water garden
Figure. 6.1.2.3.1 Image showing working of rain water garden
Figure. 6.1.2.5.1 Image showing working of rain water garden
Figure. 6.1.2.5.1.1 Image showing working of rain water garden
Figure. 6.1.2.5.2.1 Image showing working of rain water garden
Figure. 6.1.2.5.2.2 Image showing working of rain water garden
Figure. 7.2.1 Magnoliaceae
Figure. 7.2.2 Menispermaceae
Figure. 7.2.3 Capparidaceae
Figure. 7.2.4 Agrostis
Figure. 7.2.5 Cerasiformis
Figure. 7.2.6 Helicoverpa armigera
Figure. 7.2.7 Malvaceae
Figure. 7.2.8 Gardentia
Figure. 7.2.9 Mimosa pudica

TABLE LIST
Table 4.2.1 Population break up
Table 5.1.3.2.1 showing the issue faced by people in percentage
Table 5.3.3.1 Storage Coefficients, Cs
Table 5.3.3.2 Runoff coefficients, Cr
INTRODUCTION

1
 1.INTRODUCTION

1.1CURRENT SCENARIO

Water is vital to the economic and social development of any country. Water scarcity and
ground water pollution are issues being faced by every city in India. Ironically, according
to global standards, India receives abundant rainfall. So, where is this ‘abundant’ water
disappearing? Let us investigate.

The problem lies in rainwater getting polluted and hence, causing groundwater pollution.
Population growth and urban development can create potentially severe problems in urban
water management. One of the most important facilities in preserving and improving the
urban water environment is an adequate and properly functioning storm water drainage
system. Construction of houses, commercial buildings, parking lots, paved roads and
streets increases the impervious cover in a watershed and reduces infiltration. Also, with
urbanization, the spatial pattern of flow in the watershed is altered and there is an increase
in the hydraulic efficiency of flow through artificial channels, curbing, gutters and storm
drainage and collection systems. These factors increase the volume and velocity of runoff
and produce larger peak flood discharges from urbanized watersheds than occurred in the
pre-urbanized condition.

During rainfall, water flows from the rooftops of buildings and paved areas, washing
away dirt, dust and pollutants, thus getting contaminated. This runoff enters storm-water
drains. These storm-water drains often lack maintenance and get choked during the
monsoons because of accumulation of garbage. Rainwater that could have gone through
these drains accumulates on roads, causing water-logs. The problem of water logging
affects the agricultural rural people as well as the urban residents heavily. In the past
years, mainly farmers would experience the hazards; but presently the dwellings of the big
urban areas are badly affected hereby. Water logging causes serious humanitarian crisis
creating challenges in living condition, livelihood, health, food, security, employment,
education and communication.

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 2.WATER LOGGING
2.1 MEANING

Water logging refers to the phenomenon in which there is rainstorm or short time heavy
rain, which surpasses the capacity of the urban drainage system, and then water logging
disaster happens. It is also regarded as the consequence of rising water table within the
subsurface soil.

2.2 CAUSES OF WATER LOGGING

 Urbanization factor: Urban development and construction led to the expansion of

impervious area reduced surface infiltration and reduced recharged groundwater,
increased runoff, and increased peak flow in advance. With urbanization, the
impervious surface area of the city increases continuously, while the storage
facilities such as large paddy fields and fishponds decrease, leading to increased
runoff coefficient. Permeability of the ground is conducive to guide the rainfall
infiltration, and to form underground runoff, thereby resulting in the reduction of
urban rainfall caused by the water accumulation. However, urbanization decreases
the natural vegetation, changes the surface material, and hardens the bedding
surface, and reduces the amount of surface runoff. The rainfall could not be well
drained, leading to an increased runoff and peak discharge

 Lag in Drainage facility: Drainage facilities are unevenly managed. Most urban
villages and old villages have problems such as inadequate drainage facilities,
lack of pipeline clogging and rain water collection facilities. More than half of
the water logging points are caused by this problem.

 Disappearance of Natural Drainage System : In a natural landscape without

development, storm-water is absorbed into the ground or falls into bodies of
water. This gives needed water to plants and animals and replenishes reserves
of surface and groundwater. In contrast, in an urban landscape, storm-water falls
onto impervious surfaces (surfaces that do not absorb water) such as roads,
3
 sidewalks, rooftops, or parking lots and is not soaked up by the ground. As a
result, the falling water is swept across these surfaces as runoff.

Figure: 2.2.1 Figure: 2.2.2

 Topography: Due to the topographic condition, the rainwater cannot discharge

to the lakes, canals, retention areas and surrounding rivers smoothly and remains
stagnant in low lying areas. Moreover, people have a tendency to develop
comparatively in higher ground through raising the ground level. This keeps the
existing road networks in lower level which receive the rainwater from the
surrounding areas.

2.3 IMPACT OF WATER LOGGING

Impacts of water logging range from interruption of day-to-day life to the extent of severe
damage to resources. The associated impacts of water logging on urban life are discussed
below:

 Disruption of Traffic flow : Rapid urbanization causes unbearable traffic

congestion in even in the dry season, the situation becomes worst when it rains.
The victims of this phenomenon are not only the pedestrian users but also
people with cars. The sufferings include risk of falling down in open drain and
manhole, malfunctioning of the motorized vehicles, raised fare of the transports
etc. People try to avoid movement without emergency situation.
4
 Impairment of structures and infrastructure : Prolonged water logging and
water infiltration decreases the longevity of the floor and walls, brick
foundations and substructures of the buildings in low lying areas. It also causes
the problem of subsidence, dampness and other damage of infrastructure and
impairs underground utility services such as water, gas, sewerage pipelines etc.
Moreover, roads are damaged which lead to movement problem even after the
water has subsided.

 Contamination of water bodies and transmission of water borne diseases :

Strom water is often contaminated by mixing with the wastes from hospitals,
industries and overflowing latrines as well as garbage in the streets and drains.
This polluted storm water runoff contaminates ground water and the receiving
water bodies like the canals, rivers and detention areas. This stagnant polluted
water results in inconvenience, odor, breeding sites for disease vectors, water
borne diseases, skin diseases and sometimes disruption of blood transmission
and therefore triggers health hazards and miseries.

 Damage to Flora and Fauna: Prolonged stagnant water and continuous release
of wastewater causes harm to the habitat of flora and faunas. Contaminated
storm water imbalances the ecology of the habitat by polluting the soil and water
bodies. This causes depletion in the quantities of trees, aquatic plants and
animals.

 Rise of construction and maintenance cost : Water logging not only exerts the
physical, social and environmental problem, but also become a massive
economic burden. Damage of infrastructure such as road, service utilities not
only hamper the regular life of citizen, but also demand an enormous or the
replacement and maintenance of the damaged amenities.

5
PROJECT DETAIL

6
 3.PROJECT DETAIL

3.1 AIM

 To examine and evolve a solution for water logged areas which will contribute
towards healthier and pleasant environment.

3.2 OBJECTIVE

 To identify the areas of Storm-water logging in Durg.

 To study Sustainable technique to control overflow of storm water in water
logged areas.
 To implement storm water management techniques in upcoming construction as
well as on existing.

3.3SCOPE

1. To study the areas of Durg:

 Area 1 - Santra badi.

 Area 2 - Station road.

2. To study the Sustainable technique:

 Rain gardens and construction techniques and area of use .

 Porous pavement and construction techniques area of use .

3.4 LIMITATIONS

 Study of other areas of water logging in the city.

 Study of other sustainable techniques to control water logging.

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3.5 METHODOLOGY

8
STUDY AREA

9
 4.ABOUT
 4.1 Area detail : Durg Block is situated in the western part of Durg district of
Chhattisgarh and is bounded on the north by Dhamdha block, east by Patan block,
in the west by Rajnandgaon district of Chhattisgarh, in the south and south-east by
Balod district. The area lies between 21.04 and 21.37 N latitudes and 81.16 and
81.40 E longitudes. The geographical extension of the study area is 578 sq.km.
Administrative map of the block is shown in Fig. 4.1.1 Shivnath, flowing
northwards cuts through the block from south to north. Tandula river lies south of
the block.

 4.2 Population: The total population of Durg block as per 2011 Census is
1126731out of which rural population is 200696 while the urban population is
926035.The population break up i.e. male-female, rural & urban is given below

Table – 4.2.1 Population break up

Block Total Male Female Rural Urban

population population population

Durg 1126731 576597 550134 200696 926035

Source: CG Census, 2015

 4.3 Rainfall: The study area receives rainfall mainly from south-west monsoon. It
sets in third/fourth week of June and continues till mid August/September with
heaviest showers in the months of July and August. The months of July and
August are the heaviest rainfall months and nearly 95% of the annual rainfall is
received during June to September months.Average annual rainfall in the study
area is 1213 mm with 50 to 60 rainy days.

10
 4.4 Existing and Future Water Demand (2025):The existing demand for
irrigation in the area is 3918.23 Ham while the same for domestic and industrial
field is 2579.25 Ham. To meet the future demand for ground water, a total
quantity of 3253.37 ham of ground water is available for future.

Figure. 4.1.1 Administrative map of Durg block

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IDENTIFYING
THE
AREA

12
 5.IDENTIFYING THE AREAS

5.1 SURVEY
A Survey is defined as a research method used for collecting data from a pre-
defined group of respondents to gain information and insights on various topics of
interest. Surveys have a variety of purposes and can be carried out in many ways
depending on the methodology chosen and the objectives to be achieved. A
survey involves asking people for information through a questionnaire, which can
be distributed on paper, although with the arrival of new technologies it is more
common to distribute them using digital media such as social networks, email, QR
codes or URLs. Type of survey used in this study are :
 Through newspaper
 Through map
 Live study : - Observation
-Questionnaire

5.1.1 SURVEY THROUGH NEWSPAPER

Newspaper is an important part of our life. It is a periodical publication containing

written information about current events. They are published at regular intervals,
typically daily or weekly. It ensures that newspapers can provide information on
newly-emerging news stories or events. It helps us to understand how people,
societies, countries are doing in today’s time. The newspaper sometime works as
an evidence and proof of incidents. And most important it is the source of data and
information that help to increase awareness, knowledge of the citizens in a
country. Therefore in this study newspaper is used as a medium to collect
information about incidents of water logging in Durg city. Newspaper companies
such as Times of India, Dianik bhaskar , ND TV news and AB TAK helped in
collecting data. Information collected are shown below in form of images.

13
Figure. 5.1.1.1 Information through Times of India.

Figure. 5.1.1.2 Information through ND TV News

14
Figure. 5.1.1.3 Information through DAINIK BHSKAR

Figure. 5.1.1.3 Information through AB TAK News

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Figure. 5.1.1.5 Information through DAINIK BHASKAR

Figure. 5.1.1.6 Information through DAINIK BHASKAR

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 5.1.2 SURVEY THROUGH MAP

A map is a symbolic depiction emphasizing relationships between elements of some

space, such as objects, regions, or themes. It is diagrammatic representation of an area of
land or sea showing physical features, cities, roads, etc. This map marks the areas of water
logging of Durg city.

Figure. 5.1.2.1 Map representing areas.

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 5.1.3 LIVE STUDY
A live study is a methodology for enquiring and investigating a phenomenon within its
real life context. It is a descriptive and exploratory analysis of a person , group or issue. A
live study includes quantitative evidence , relies on multiple sources of evidence and
benefits from the prior development. This live study is an analysis of an issue that is
studied holistically by one or more methods. Therefore , the methods used for analyzing
the issue was through :
 Self observation.
 Physical Questionnaire .

5.1.3.1 SELF OBSERVATION

A self observation is a type of survey in which information or data is collected through the
process of closely observing or monitoring the conditions prevailing in the surrounding.
It is especially in order to learn more about the same. Observation is a ability to pay a lot
of attention to things and to notice more about them than most people do. The facts that
were collected from observing were done by :
 Clicking pictures
 Making videos
 Measuring the drains
 Observing the activities

Facts and figures collected from self observation in AREA1 : SANTRA BADI
Santra badi is a residential area situated in Durg district. People have been residing there
since 25years or more. It lies in latitude 21.195374 and longitude 81.287453. The issue of
water logging is observed in spots of area.
Details of the patch studied and surveyed is give below:
TOTAL AREA – 514.8 SQ.M
LENGTH OF THE PATH – 171.66M
WIDTH- 3M
POPULATION – 90 PERSONS APPROX
NO OF HOUSES – 22 ALONG THE PATH.
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Pictures collected from the area are shown below : SENARIO ON – 27/08/2018
After 74mm of rainfall. recorded
Water level – 0.3m above the ground level.

Figure. 5.1.3.1 Showing water logging in area Figure. 5.1.3.2 Showing blocked roads

Figure. 5.1.3.3 Showing waste accumulation

Figure. 5.1.3.4 Showing over flow of drains Figure. 5.1.3.5 Showing open drains

19
Facts and figures collected from self observation in AREA2 : Station road

The area located is the main road connecting the area with the main market hub. It also
connects the Durg junction to the main city. It’s a all time running road consisting all
kinds of shops , restaurants , hotels and other recreational spaces. Taking a small part of
the road.:
• LENGTH OF THE PATH – 428.61 m
• WIDTH- 4.5m both the ways , total width
Pictures collected from the area are shown below : SENARIO ON – 27/08/2018
After 74mm of rainfall. recorded
Water level – 0.25m above the ground level.

Figure. 5.1.3.6 Showing inconvenience faced by people

Figure. 5.1.3.7 Lack of drainage resulting in water logging

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 Figure. 5.1.3.8 Clogged drain Figure. 5.1.3.9 Lack of slope

5.1.3.2 PHYSICAL QUESTIONNAIRE

Questionnaires are a type of self-report method which consist of a set of questions usually
in a highly structured written form. It can contain both open questions and closed
questions and participants record their own answers. The main strength of this methods is
that it allows participants to describe their own experiences rather than inferring this from
observing participants. They are often able to study large samples of people fairly easy
and quickly. It also able to examine a large number of variables and can ask people to
reveal behaviour and feelings which have been experienced in real situations. However
participants may not respond truthfully, either because they cannot remember or because
they wish to present themselves in a socially acceptable manner.

The Questionnaire which was used to record the facts for the study is given below and the
information’s collected are represented through charts, graphs and table.

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Figure. 5.1.3.2.1 Questionnaire page 1

22
Figure. 5.1.3.2.2 Questionnaire page 2

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Figure. 5.1.3.2.3 Pie-chart showing Residential growth in the area.

Figure. 5.1.3.2.4 Pie-chart showing period of facing issue

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Figure. 5.1.3.2.5 Doughnut-chart showing duration of Water logging

Table 5.1.3.2.1 Showing the issue faced by people in percentage.

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 5.2ANALYSIS

5.2.1 AREA 1 SANTRA BADI

Figure 5.2.1.1 Showing water logging path in the area

Reason for water logging in the area :

• Unplanned settlement
• Insufficient management of drainage system.
• Accumulation of waste.
• No space for rainwater percolation.
• No natural vegetation.

Following are the datas collected and analyzed during the survey :

• Unplanned settlement: During the survey it was observed that due to increase of
population in the area the settlement was not planned . Houses built in the area
were not build according to the laws i.e no setbacks , no boundaries were provided
also no FAR was set.

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 Figure 5.2.1.2 Unplanned settlement

• Insufficient management of drainage system : Any drainage installation is

sized according to the probability of occurrence of an expected peak discharge
during the design life of the installation. It is related to the intensity and duration
of rainfall events occurring not only in the direct vicinity of the structure, but also
upstream of the structure. The drain provided in the area lacks in capacity to carry
water.
Capacity calculation of drain
Details available
No of houses along the path- 22 + 1 holy place.
No of persons – 5 persons each house.
Holy place provides shelter to 5 families of 4 people each
Drain size – length – 171.66m
width - 30cm
depth – 50cm
** As per the Bureau of Indian Standards, IS:1172-1993, a minimum water supply
of 200 litres per capita per day should be provided for domestic consumption in
cities.**
So, quantity of water obtained from one house= 25x1000l
= 25,000 litres.
Capacity of drain –
length = 171.m / 17160.00

27
depth = 50cm

width = 30cm

volume = 25.74m3 / 25740000 cm3

Capacity of drain= 25740 litres

Water collected from houses into drain = 25,000 litres in normal days

Water to be collected during rainy season =

The equation is: Q = C x I x A

where:

Q = Storm Water Runoff (in cubic feet per second)

C = Coefficient of Runoff

I = Rainfall Intensity (in inches per hour)

A = Area of Drainage Zone (in acres)

The equation is: Q = C x I x A

C = 1.00

I = 74mm / 2.91339 inch

A = 514.8 SQ.M / 0.12720985 acres

Q = 0.36 cubic feet per second

=10.1941 liters per second

For instance if there is a continues rain for about 2hours , total water that will be collected
= 10.19 x120

= 1222.8 liters (continues)

Total water in rainy days = 26,222.8 liters

28
As we can see that the water collecting capacity of Drain is less then the water
collected this results in water logging.

25,740 liters < 26,222.8 liters

Uncovered drain line: As per NBC India Road drains are required to be covered/semi-
covered to avoid :

Foul smell of drain.

• Accidental mishappening.
• Dumping of household or road side waste .
• Lack of proper slope : Proper slope of gravity drainage and sewer pipes is
important so that liquids flow smoothly, which helps transport solids away without
clogging. According to plumbing code, drain pipe has to be sloped a minimum of
1/4-inch per foot and a maximum of three inches per foot or vertical. A slope of
less than 1/4-inch per foot will cause constant drain clogs and a slope of more than
three inches will allow the water to drain without the solids.
• No space for rainwater percolation: As it is an unplanned settlement and excess
of urbanization, there is no space for the percolation of water into the ground
which leads to water logging.
• No natural vegetation : For the construction of houses the land is cleared and
there is no natural vegetation left in the area which results in water loggingAs
nature also act as a natural drainage system.

Figure 5.2.1.3 Contour map of Santra badi showing slope.

29
 5.2.2 AREA 2 STATION ROAD

Figure 5.2.2.1 Showing water logging path in the Station road

Reason for water logging in the area :

• Insufficient management of drainage system.

• Accumulation of waste.
• No space for rainwater percolation.
• No slope.

Following are the datas collected and analyzed during the survey :

• Absence of drain lead to water logging: The drainage and sanitation system in
this area is poor because of which water runs over the ground during rain stroms,

30
 picks up faeces and contaminates water sources. This contributes significantly to
the spread of diseases.
• Accumulation of waste : One issue amongst them observed was accumulation
of solid waste in drainage channels around the area. As a result when the heavy
rains arrived in the city , waste blocked the drains and drainage system which led
to overflow of drains.
• Absence of slope: Although the areas was provided with drains , there was
insufficient slop to let the water flow. As the gradient was too low it led to water
pooling on the road surface, thereby increasing the risk for wet pavement vehical
crashes.

Figure 5.2.2.2 Contour map of Station road.

31
 5.3 CASE STUDY

WATER LOGGING AREA PROBLEM IN URBAN AREA

OF BANGLADESH
5.3.1 INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES

Improvement of the water supply and drainage facilities of the Pourashava has been
identified as highest priority needs by the Pourashava authorities. Present drainage system
is insufficient or not enough to handle the situa-tion of draining the runoff resulting from
heavy rainfall. There are a number of places in the Pourashava where water
logging/drainage congestion occurs after heavy rainfall. The improvement of drainage
system of the Pou-rashava has the following specific objectives:

• On the basis of outfall, dividing the total water shed into number of drainage
zones to check the discharging capacity of the outfalls.
• Analyzing the existing conditions related to drainage facility in urban area.
• Improvement of drainage network by Construction of new primary and secondary
Drains.
• Improvement of outfalls to accommodate runoff from present and future urbanized
area.
• Cleaning and removal of blockage from existing drains and repair and
rehabilitation of existing primary, secondary and tertiary drains.

5.3.2 DESCRIPTION OF THE LOCATION

• Location and Topography: Chalna Pourashava is located in Dacope Upazila,

Khulna District under Khulna Division. The change in elevation of most of the
Pourashava area is gradual. The land ele-vation of the Pourashava effectively
ranges between 0.64 mPWD and 3.64 mPWD. It is assessed that only 20% land of
the Pourashava is below 0.94 mPWD.The use of present Pourashava’s area can be
broadly divided into lands for agricultural (76%) and non-agricultural (24%).

32
 Figure 5.3.2.1 Location of Chalna Pourashava

• Rainfall: Design rainfall storm intensity for the Pourashava is as-sessed from that
of known design storm intensity of Dhaka applying a conversion factor which
relates the rainfall events between Dhaka and reference station for the Pourashava.
Chalna (R503) is a rainfall gauging sta-tion with reasonable length of records and
is located nearest to the Pourashava.The average observed records of short
duration (1986-09) of yearly 1-day maximum rainfall at Chalna is lower than the
base station Dhaka.
• Flood : The Pourashava lies in the Rupsha-Pashur River basin. The nearest water
level gauging is available at Chalna (243) on Pashur River which is fairly
calibrated by the regional model. The average year flood level for the Pou-rashava
is estimated to 1.11 mPWD . The major parts of the Pourashava inside the Polder
31 and almost whole the part of it is flood free.
• Existing Drainage System: The lengths of existing lined and unlined drains are
about 1.32 km.There are number cross drainage structures in the Pourashava as
found during the survey. Following the field visits and survey, the main concerns
for drainage issues of the Pourashava can be summarised as:

33
 i) undersized drains, ii) obstructions in the drainage system to outfall, iii) damages
of drains, iv) inappropriate / tem-porary location of outfalls, and v) absence of
planned and systematic drainage network system.

5.3.3 DESIGN CRITERIA

The drains are designed to collect excess rainfall that is generated as surface runoff from
urban area, convey the runoff and finally discharge them to outfalls. Computa-tion of
runoff involves size and nature of the catchment area, computation of rainfall intensity, its
frequency of occurrence, duration etc. Modified Rational Method is one of the simplest
methods of calculation of runoff.In designing primary and secondary drains of Chalna
Pou-rashava the Modified Rational Method is practiced.The runoff by Modified Rational
Method is:

Peak runoff, QP = CsCrIA/360

Where; Q = Peak runoff flow rate (m3/s)
I = rainfall intensity (mm/hr)
Cs = storage coefficient Cr = runoff coefficient
A = catchment area (hectares)
• Storage Coefficient: The rainfall after evaporation and infiltration
accumu-lates first in the depressions, until these have been reached their
capacity and then runoff. To take these effects a storage coefficient is used.
The value of the storage coefficient is based on average ground slope and
the nature of the ground surface. For estimating the Sto-rage Coefficient of
Chalna Pourashava Table 5.3.3.1 is used.

• Runoff Coefficient :The runoff coefficient represents the ratio between

the volume of runoff and the volume of rainfall. The runoff coefficient for
the Pourashava is selected from list of Cr values given in Table 5.3.3.2

34
Table 5.3.3.1 Storage Coefficients, Cs

Table 5.3.3.2 Runoff coefficients, Cr

35
 5.3.4 DRAINAGE IMPROVEMENT PLAN

 Identification of Outfalls: The eventual outfalls for the present and expanding
core area of the Pourashava are mostly in the relatively low lying land and the
topography of the Pourashava is such that the storm water runs through existing
khals to Jhapj-hapia River on North-West and Chunkuri on South-East. Titapara
khal, Baraikali to satghoria Khal, Chalna Khal, Choto Chalna Khal, kholisha gate
khal, Kadom tola khal, Achavua khal, Garkhati Khal, Katakhali Khal, Barow khal,
Boro kalsha khal, Garkhati Khal, Zairbuner khal, Annandanagor Khal and Captain
Road side khal are nat-ural drains which can serve as outfalls for drainage of most
areas of the pourashava.
• Proposed Drainage System :The area of the Pourashava has been
planned for im-provement under gravity drainage system. The whole
Pourashava has been divided into 14 zones for drainage improvement plan
shown in Figure 5.3.3.1

Figure 5.3.3.1 Drainage Zones and proposed drains with outfall

Zones 6, 7 and 8 are planned with proposed storm drains as they are in the
core area of Pourashava or will be cha-racterized as core area in near
future. Zones 1, 2, 3, 4 & 5 will drain in West direction through existing
khals and finally drain to Jhapjhapia River. Zones 9 & 10 will drain in
South-West direction and finally drain to Chunkuri River.

36
  Functional Assessment of Proposed Drainage Sys-tem: Functions of the
proposed drainage system are assessed in respect of monsoon flood period.
Average year water level in the vicinity of the Pourashava has been deter-mined
using the nearest water level gauging at Chalna (243) which is found as 1.10
mPWD in the Pashur River. Lands above and below the flood level as well as pro-
posed drainage system is shown in Figure 1.2. More than 57% land of the Chalna
Pourashava is above the average flood level Figure 5.3.3.2 An assessment is made
by correlating the land elevation of the core area of Chalna Pourashava to the
water level at outfalls which is given in Figure 5.3.3.4

Figure 5.3.3.2 Lands above & below Flood Level Figure 5.3.3.3Chunkuri River at Chalna pourashava

Figure 5.3.3.4 :Comparison between Avg. Land Level and Outfall Water Levels.

37
 5.3.5 CONCLUSION
The highlight features of the Pourashava system in con-nection with the issues of its storm
drainage are: Pro-posed drainage network is adequate in view of removing drainage
congestion and water logging for the land above the flood level, proposed drainage
network is sensitive to flow obstruction / constriction. The impact of obstruction
propagates much up reaches and reduces drainage effi-ciency. The study is adequate
enough depending upon the precision of present collected information. The anal-ysis
results indicate that if the design parameters are im-plemented the storm drainage
congestion will be relieved shortly with the proposed drainage improvement plan
provided that there will be no encroachment, mainten-ance of regular slope is ensured etc.

5.3.6 RECOMMENDATIONS

Following management / interventions are proposed for drainage improvement: P1, P1S1,
P1S2, S2, S3, S4 and S5 drainage systems have priority needs while S1_1, S2_1 and S3_1
drainage systems are proposed in view of near future needs for the Pourashava. It is
estimated that about 12 nos. of cross drainage works (e.g.; box culverts/ pipe culverts)
will be required in connection with the whole proposed drainage network. Zones 5, 9, &
10 of the Pourashava drain and will drain overland across the Pourashava boundary to the
low lying area and finally route and drain to Khals. The Pourashava authority will have
institutional linkages with all relevant line agencies for the continuation of drainage
provision of Zones 5, 9 & 10 in view of long term consideration.

38
 STUDY
OF SUSTAINABLE
TECHNIQUES TO
CONTROL OVERFLOW
OF STORM WATER

39
 6. STUDY OF SUSTAINABLE TECHNIQUES TO
CONTROL OVERFLOW OF STORM WATER
6.1 LITERATURE STUDY
6.1.1 POROUS PAVMENTS

POROUS PAVEMENT is a method of paving vehicle and pedestrian pathways that

allows for infiltration of fluids. In pavement design the base is the top portion of the
roadway that pedestrians or vehicles come into contact with. The media used for the base
of permeable paving may be porous, to allow for fluids to flow through it, or nonporous
media that are spaced so that fluid may flow in between the gaps. In addition to
reducing surface runoff, permeable paving can trap suspended solids therefore filtering
pollutants from storm water. Examples include roads, paths, and parking lots that are
subject to light vehicular traffic, such as cycle-paths, service or emergency access lanes,
road and airport shoulders, and residential sidewalks and driveways.Although some
porous paving materials appear nearly indistinguishable from nonporous materials, their
environmental effects are qualitatively different. Whether it is pervious concrete,
porous asphalt, paving stones or concrete or plastic-based pavers, all these permeable
paving systems allow stormwater to percolate and infiltrate the surface areas, bypassing
the traditionally impervious materials to the soil below. The goal is to control stormwater
at the source, reduce runoff and improve water quality by
filtering pollutants in the substrata layers.

Figure. 6.1.1.1 Non-permeable paving Figure. 6.1.1.2 Permeable paving

40
 6.1.1.2 HISTORY
Pervious concrete was first seen in the 1800s in Europe and was used for various
structural purposes, including load-bearing walls, infill panels, and pavement surfacing. It
became popular again overseas after World War II due to the scarcity of cement.
Although not a new innovation, pervious concrete has only been implemented in the
United States in the past fifty years. The concept was proposed in the 1960s in hopes of
reducing floods, raising water tables, and replenishing aquifers, while a decade later the
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) began testing it to determine its cost and
efficiency. The first official design guide for pervious pavement was co-written in 1977
by Edmund Thelen and L. Fielding Howe in Philadelphia, PA. Titled “Porous
Pavement,” this document provided the groundwork for permeable pavement education
and is still referred to today for

guidelines and information. Permeable concrete is now used in multiple

cities throughout the U.S. and its number of applications has grown drastically
over the past ten years, from driveways and sidewalks to commercial and
multi-acre spaces.

Figure. 6.1.1.2.1 Testing of permeable paving

41
 6.1.1.3 WORKING OF PERMEABLE PAVEMENTS

The term permeable pavement can be synonymous with porous pavement or pervious
pavement. Ultimately, they all do the same thing; allow water to flow through open spaces
into the earth beneath. Permeable pavers are specifically designed and constructed to
ensure that enough space is left between blocks for water to drain through. The paver
material, color, size, and arrangement are completely customizable per job. The aesthetic
decision should be based on budget, purpose, and location. The thickness of the reservoir
layer is determined by both a structural and hydrologic design analysis. The reservoir
layer serves to retain storm water and also supports the design traffic loads for the
pavement. In low-infiltration soils, some or all of the filtered runoff is collected in an
under drain and returned to the storm drain system. If infiltration rates in the native soils
permit, permeable pavement can be designed without an under drain, to enable full
infiltration of runoff. A combination of these methods can be used to infiltrate a portion of
the filtered runoff.

Figure. 6.1.1.3.1 Diagrammatic representation of working of permeable pavements

42
6.1.1.4 TYPES OF PERMEABLE PAVEMENTS
Numerous types of permeable pavement are available. Pervious concrete is most common
today, but porous asphalt, interlocking concrete pavers, concrete grid pavers, and plastic
reinforced grids filled with either gravel or grass are also available.

Figure. 6.1.1.4.1 Types of permeable pavements

6.1.4.1 PERMEABLE INTERLOCKING PAVERS

43
Permeable interlocking concrete pavement consists of manufactured concrete units that
form permeable voids and joints when assembled into a laying pattern. The joints allow
storm water to flow into a crushed stone aggregate bedding layer and base / sub-base
reservoir that support the pavers. The joints typically make up 5% to 15% of the paver
surface area and maintain surface permeability of 400 to 600 inch/h. PICP typically
includes a small sized aggregate bedding layer below the pavement surface and on top of
the choke-stone layer to ensure a level surface for the pavers/grids.

Figure. 6.1.1.4.1.1 Diagramatic representation of working of permeable pavements

Figure. 6.1.1.4.1.2 Diagrammatic representation of working of permeable pavements

44
 6.1.1.4.2 POROUS ASPHALT

Porous asphalt pavements include one or more layers of porous asphalt underlain by a
choke-stone layer and aggregate base/subbase reservoir. layer depth is based on structural
load, stormwater requirements, and frost depth requirements.

Porous asphalt typically consists of conventional hma or wma (warm- mix asphalt) with
significantly reduced fines, resulting in an open-graded mixture that allows water to pass
through an interconnected void space. Additives and higher-grade binders are often used
to improve durability and reduce the potential of draindown of the asphalt. Porous asphalt
is similar in appearance to conventional asphalt pavement, although generally coarser in
texture. The porous asphalt surface void space typically ranges from 18% to 25% and
surface permeability ranges from 170 to 500 in./h.

Figure. 6.1.1.4.2.1 Diagrammatic representation of working of porous asphalt pavements

45
 6.1.1.4.3 PERVIOUS CONCRETE

Pervious concrete consists of a hydraulic cementitious binding system combined with an

open-graded aggregate to produce a rigid, durable pavement. Pervious concrete is
typically placed over a choke-stone layer and aggregate base/subbase reservoir. Pervious
concrete pavement typically has 15% to 25% interconnected void space and a surface
permeability of 300 to 2000 in./h. Overall thickness of the permeable pavement system is
determined based on hydrologic design, vehicle loading, and frost depth considerations. A
maximum thickness of 12 in. In freeze-thaw climates is typical.

Figure. 6.1.1.4.3.1 Image showing the pervious concrete on roads

Figure. 6.1.1.4.3.2 Diagrammatic representation of working of pervious concrete pavements

46
 6.1.1.4.4 GRID PAVEMENTS

Grid pavements are composed of concrete or plastic open-celled paving units. The cells or
openings penetrate the full thickness so they can accommodate aggregate, topsoil, or
grass. Concrete and plastic grid pavements surface on top of the choker course to ensure a
level surface for the pavers/grids. Surface void space ranges from 20% to 75%. Surface
permeability depends on the fill material and ranges from 30 to 40 in./h, 200 to 400 in./h,
and

1 to 2 in./h for sand, aggregate, or glass fill, respectively.

Figure. 6.1.1.4.4.1 Diagrammatic representation of working of grid pavements

Figure. 6.1.1.4.4.2 Image showing the laying of grid pavements

47
 6.1.1.5 APPLICATION

Permeable pavement systems are suitable for wide variety of applications like
commercial, residential, industrial, yet for light duty and less usage, even though this
systems can be used for much wider range of usage .

General applications of permeable pavement systems are as follows

 For residential driveways, roadway shoulders, service and access driveways
 Parking areas
 Bicycle paths, Jogging paths
 Erosion control and slope stabilization
 Land irrigation
 Cart paths and Parking of Golf course
 Tennis Court

6.1.1.6 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

Following are the advantages of permeable pavements

 Managing runoff :Permeable paving surfaces have been demonstrated as

effective in managing runoff from paved surfaces. Large volumes of urban
runoff causes serious erosion and siltation in surface water bodies. Permeable
pavers provide a solid ground surface, strong enough to take heavy loads, like
large vehicles, while at the same time they allow water to filter through the surface
and reach the underlying soils, mimicking natural ground absorption. They can
reduce downstream flooding and stream bank erosion, and maintain base flows in
rivers to keep ecosystems self-sustaining. Permeable pavers also combat erosion
that occurs when grass is dry or dead, by replacing grassed areas in suburban and
residential environments.
 Controlling pollutants :Permeable paving surfaces keep the pollutants in place in
the soil or other material underlying the roadway, and allow water seepage
to groundwater recharge while preventing the stream erosioproblems. They
capture the heavy metals that fall on them, preventing them from washing

48
 downstream and accumulating inadvertently in the environment. In the void
spaces, naturally occurring micro-organisms digest car oils, leaving little
but carbon dioxide and water. Rainwater infiltration is usually less than that of an
impervious pavement with a separate storm water management facility somewhere
downstream.[citation needed].in areas where infiltration is not possible due to
unsuitable soil conditions permeable pavements are used in the attenuation mode
where water is retained in the pavement and slowly released to surface water
systems between storm events.
 Trees : Permeable pavements may give urban trees the rooting space they need to
grow to full size. A "structural-soil" pavement base combines
structural aggregate with soil; a porous surface admits vital air and water to the
rooting zone. This integrates healthy ecology and thriving cities, with the living
tree canopy above, the city's traffic on the ground, and living tree roots below. The
benefits of permeables on urban tree growth have not been conclusively
demonstrated and many researchers have observed tree growth is not increased if
construction practices compact materials before permeable pavements are
installed.

Following are the disadvantages of permeable pavements:

 Runoff Volumes : Permeable pavements are designed to replace Effective

Impervious Areas (EIAs), not to manage storm water from other impervious
surfaces on site. Use of this technique must be part of an overall on site
management system for storm water, and is not a replacement for other
techniques. During large storm event, the water table below the porous pavement
can rise to a higher level, preventing the precipitation from being absorbed into the
ground. Some additional water is stored in the open graded / crushed drain rock
base, and remains until the

49
 sub grade can absorb the water. For clay-based soils, or other low to 'non'-draining
soils, it is important to increase the depth of the crushed drain rock base to allow
additional capacity for the water as it waits to be infiltrated. The best way to
prevent this problem is to understand the soil infiltration rate, and design the
pavement and base depths to meet the volume of water. Or, allow for adequate
rain water runoff at the pavement design stage.
 Pollutant load: Runoff across some land uses may become contaminated, where
pollutant concentrations exceed those typically found in stormwater. These "hot
spots" include commercial plant nurseries, recycling facilities, fuelling stations,
industrial storage, marinas, some outdoor loading facilities, public works yards,
hazardous materials generators (if containers are exposed to rainfall), vehicle
service and maintenance areas, and vehicle and equipment washing and steam
cleaning facilities. Since porous pavement is an infiltration practice, it should not
be applied at stormwater hot spots due to the potential for groundwater
contamination. All contaminated runoff should be prevented from entering
municipal storm drain systems by using best management practices (BMPs) for
the specific industry or activity.
 Weight and traffic volumes : Reference sources differ on whether low or
medium traffic volumes and weights are appropriate for porous pavements. For
example, around truck loading docks and areas of high commercial traffic, porous
pavement is sometimes cited as being inappropriate.
 Sitting : Permeable pavements may not be appropriate when land surrounding or
draining into the pavement exceeds a 20 percent slope, where pavement is down
slope from buildings or where foundations have piped drainage at their footers.
The key is to ensure that drainage from other parts of a site is intercepted and dealt
with separately rather than being directed onto permeable surfaces.

50
 6.1.1.7 LIFE SPAN

In recent years, the use of permeable concrete as paving material in low volume road
applications has gained importance due to its positive environmental aspects. Due to the
increased use of permeable concrete in the pavement industry, there is large scope for
future research to better understand the material, which will make it a promising material
for sustainable future roads.The life span of porous pavement is mainly depends upon the
size of air voids in the media. Due to more voids, there is more possibility of oxidation, so
durability is less. It can be expected that the life span of permeable pavement is shorter
than the impermeable pavements due to oxidation, subsequent stripping, deterioration by
runoff and air infiltration.

Figure. 6.1.1.7.1 Image showing cross section of road without porous pavements

Figure. 6.1.1.7.2 Image showing cross section of road with porous pavements

51
 6.1.2 RAIN GARDENS

6.1.2.1 WHAT IS RAIN GARDEN?

One of the wide variety of soil-absorption/filter systems, a rain garden, also called a storm
water garden, is a designed depression storage or a planted hole that
allows rainwater runoff from impervious urban areas, like roofs, driveways, walkways,
parking lots, and compacted lawn areas, the opportunity to be absorbed. The primary
purpose of a rain garden is to improve water quality in nearby bodies of water and to
ensure that rainwater becomes available for plants as groundwater rather than being sent
through stormwater drains straight out to sea. In fact, it can actually reduce rain runoff by
allowing stormwater to soak into the ground (as opposed to flowing into storm
drains and surface waters which causes erosion, water pollution, flooding, and diminished
groundwater) and cut down on the amount of pollution reaching creeks and streams by up
to 30%.Rain gardens are shallow, constructed depressions that areplanted with deep-
rooted native plants and grasses. They are strategically located to capture runoff from hard
surfaces such asa driveway, parking area, sidewalk or streets.

Figure. 6.1.2.1.1 Image showing section of rain water garden

52
 6.1.2.2 HISTORY OF RAIN GARDEN

The first rain gardens were created to mimic the natural water retention areas that
occurred before development of an area. The rain gardens for residential use were
developed in 1990 in Prince George's County, Maryland, when Dick Brinker, a developer
building a new housing subdivision had the idea to replace the traditional best
management practices (BMP) pond with a bioretention area. He approached Larry
Coffman, an environmental engineer and the county's Associate Director for Programs
and Planning in the Department of Environmental Resources, with the idea. The result
was the extensive use of rain gardens in Somerset, a residential subdivision which has a
300–400 sq ft (28–37 m2) rain garden on each house's property. This system proved to be
highly cost-effective. Instead of a system of curbs, sidewalks, and gutters.

6.1.2.3 WORKING OF RAIN GARDEN

A Rain Garden receives water from impervious (hard) surfaces such as rooftops,
sidewalks, driveways and patios. The shallow depression of the garden holds the water so
it can slowly infiltrate back into the soil as the plants, mulch and soil naturally remove
pollutants from the runoff. Many pollutants will be filtered out and break down in the soil
over time. By capturing storm water, Rain Gardens reduce the amount of runoff pollutants
collected and flowing into stormdrains and out to our nearby streams, rivers and lakes.

Figure. 6.1.2.3.1 Image showing working of rain water garden

53
 6.1.2.4 BENEFITS OF RAIN GARDEN

The benefits of planting rain gardens are numerous. Rain gardens are a very good option
to help lower the impact of impervious surfaces and polluted runoff because they are low-
tech, inexpensive, sustainable and aesthetically pleasing.Increased imperviousness – the
increased build up of towns and cities with buildings, roads, parking lots and other hard
surfaces – alters the local water cycle and inundates guts and bays with large quantities of
storm water and associated contaminants. By mimicking the natural absorption and
pollutant removal abilities of a forest or meadow, rain gardens can absorb runoff more
efficiently – as much as 30% - 40% more than a standard lawn. By capturing rainwater in
a rain garden, holding it, and then slowly releasing it into the soil, the rush of runoff from
a large storm can be slowed and cleaned – quickly, neatly and naturally.The benefits of
planting rain gardens are numerous. Rain garden benefits include pollution control,
flooding protection, habitat creation and water conservation.

A Rain Garden will:

 Filter runoff pollution
 Recharge local groundwater
 Conserve water
 Improve water quality
 Protect rivers and streams
 Remove standing water in your yard
 Reduce mosquito breeding
 Increase beneficial insects that eliminate pest insects
 Reduce potential of home flooding
 Create habitat for birds & butterflies
 Survive drought seasons
 Reduce garden maintenance
 Enhance sidewalk appeal
 Increase garden enjoyment

54
 6.1.2.5 BIOSWALES

Bioswales work on the same principle as rain gardens. Unlike rain gardens,which are
depressions, bioswales are channels, planted with the same hardy, water-tolerant species
as that for rain gardens. They are more suitable for storm-water control on a larger level.
They can be made along the roadsides so that rainwater from the road flows towards them
and percolates into the ground.Bioswales are landscape elements designed to concentrate
or remove debris and pollution out of surface runoff water. They consist of
a swaled drainage course with gently sloped sides and filled with vegetation,
and compost . It is important to maintain bioswales to ensure best possible efficiency and
effectiveness in removal of pollutants in the stormwater runoff. Depending upon the
topography of the land, a bioswale may have a meandering or almost straight channel
alignment. A bioswale's make-up can be influenced by many different variables, including
climate, rainfall patterns, size of the site, budget, and available vegetation that can be
planted.

Figure. 6.1.2.5.1 Image showing working of rain water garden

55
 6.1.2.5.1 DIFFERENT TYPES OF BIOSWALES

Bioswales experience short, potentially intense, periods of rain, flooding and pollutant
loading followed by dry seasons. It is important to take into account how the vegetation
selected for the bioswales will grow and understanding what types of plants are
considered the best fit. There are four types of bioswales that can be constructed based on
the needs of the location.

 Low grass bioswales utilizes low growing grass that can be landscape, similar to
lawns. These types of bioswales tend to be less effective than vegetated bioswales
in treating stormwater runoff and sustaining an adequate collection time.
 Vegetated bioswales are created with taller growing plants, ornamental
vegetations, shrubs, and even trees. These types can also be lined with rocks to
slow down the velocity of stormwater runoff that is flowing through bioswales to
increase collection time for decontamination. Vegetated bioswales can also
include vegetation that is highly useful in removing certain chemicals in runoffs
very efficiently.
 Low water use bioswales are helpful in areas that tend to be drier with hotter
climate. Xeriscape bioswales are populated with runoff generally only after rain
and storms and stay dry otherwise.
 Wet bioswales are similar to wetlands in which they retain water for a much
longer period of time that allows for infiltration of stormwater instead of simply
emptying the water at the end of the bioswale into storm drain inlets.
 There are two types of bioswale according to the shape i.e. Parabolic and
trapezoidal bioswale. The working of which is given below :

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 Figure. 6.1.2.5.1.1 Image showing working of rain water garden

Bioswales require a certain soil composition that does not contain more than 5%
clay. The soil itself before implementation should not be contaminated. Bioswales
should be constructed with a longitudinal slope to allow sediments to settle.
Maximum slope of bioswales is 3:1. A minimum clearance is required to ensure
that other infrastructure would not be damaged. The overfill drain should be
located at least 6 inches above the ground plain to allow for maximum
concentration time of stormwater runoff in the bioswales. Rocks can also be used
to slow down the runoff velocity. The use of filters is important to prevent inlets
from becoming blocked by sediments or trash.

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 6.1.2.5.2 ADVANTAGES OF BIOSWALE

 Cost saving alternative to underground pipe systems.

 Mitigate runoff from impervious surfaces.
 Remove sediment and pollutants to improve water quality.
 Reduce runoff rate and volume in highly
impervious areas; reduce runoff velocity.
 Provide groundwater recharge if design and soils provide sufficient infiltration.
 Good option for small area retrofits replacing existing drainage ditches and
for residential or institutional areas
 of low to moderate density.
 Linear configuration works well with highway or residential street applications

Figure. 6.1.2.5.2.1 Image showing working of rain water garden

Figure. 6.1.2.5.2.2 Image showing working of rain water garden

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 7.SOLUTIONS FOR EXISTING WATER LOGGED
AREAS
7.1 AREA 1 : SANTRA BADI, DURG

There were various problems observed while surveying the area. One amongst them is
the problem of drainage system, for resolving the issue following are the
recommendations given:

 Increase the capacity of the drains, which will lead to minimizing the issue of
overflow of water.
 Provide proper slopes in the drains, which will lead to even flow of drain water.
 By covering the drains using semi covered steel jalis. By doing so, it will help in
improving the aesthetical appearance, it will not let solid waste get in the drains, in
addition to this cases of accidents will also decrease.
 Other than this, sustainable techniques can be provided on the roads by using
porous pavements.

7.2 AREA 1 : STATION ROAD, DURG

There were various problems observed while surveying the area. One amongst them is
the problem of drainage system, for resolving the issue following are the
recommendations given:

 For minimizing the overflow of water, the capacity and number of drains is to be
increased.
 The roads are to be provided with suitable slope for proper flow of water into the
drain.
 By covering the drains using semi covered steel jalis. By doing so, it will help in
improving the aesthetical appearance, it will not let solid waste get in the drains, in
addition to this cases of accidents will also decrease.
 other than this, a sustainable technique of providing rain garden can be
implemented in the area. The dividers which are used to divide the roads are
generally made of concrete and are raised above the ground level, instead of
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 raising them, BIOSWALE can be used for parting the road. Plants that can be used
here for making bioswales are

Figure. 7.2.1 Magnoliaceae Figure. 7.2.2 Menispermaceae

Figure. 7.2.3 Capparidaceae Figure. 7.2.4 Agrostis

Figure. 7.2.5 Cerasiformis Figure. 7.2.6 Helicoverpa armigera

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Figure. 7.2.7 Malvaceae

Figure. 7.2.8 Gardentia

Figure. 7.2.9 Mimosa pudica

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 8. CONCLUSION
Durg is one of the growing city of the state today. With its rapidly changing urban
infrastructure , it is a city on the rise. However areas of Santra badi and Station roads
Durg which is documented is always facing a problem of water logging over the period of
time in recent history. From the past experiences a case study for solving the same was
done.
Based on surveys and observations, a report is prepared to minimize the environmental
impacts of water logging in the area. The issue of accumulation of water and breeding of
insects due to improper drainage system and pits on roads can be resolved through
providing suitable slopes in the roads and drains for proper flow of water. Since Porous
pavements and Rain gardens are an important part of this project , a careful evaluation of
the alternatives is necessary to make the right choice on the rational basis,which may led
to comparatively beneficial surrounding.

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types.html
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logging?sort=mostpopular&mediatype=photography&phrase=water%20logging

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