M O R E R E V I E W S … A R C H I T E C T U R A L H I S TO RY 1.

The great mosques,

EXAMPLE OF BUILDINGS/ STRUCTURES 2. Damascus & Cordoba,

Prehistoric Period 3. Kiosk @ Istanbul
1. Beehives, 4 . Ta j m a h a l m a u s o l e u m @ A g r a
2. huts, 5 . To m b o f H u m a y u n , D e l h i
3. caves, Romanesque
4. tents, 1. St, Zeno,
5. Stonehenge, England 2 . M a g g i o r e M o n a s t e r y,
6. igloos 3 . L e a n i n g To w e r,
Egyptian 4. Cathedral & Baptistery of Pisa,
1. Sphinx, 5. Castles, fortifications,
2. Pyramids, 6. chateus, Manor houses
3. Obelisks, Gothic
4 . M a s t a b a To m b s , 1. Notre Dame Cathedral,
5 . G r e a t Te m p l e , 2. Paris Canterbury Cathedral,
6. Abu-Simbel, 3 . K i n g ’s C o l l e g e ,
7 . Te m p l e o f K h o n s , 4 . C a n t e r b u r y To w n H a l l s ,
Ancient Near East (Mesopotamia) 5. Skippers house @ Ghent
1 . Z i g g u r a t o f U r, Renaissance
2. persepolis, 1. Palazzo Ricardi @ Florence,
3. hall of the hundred columns 2 . S t . P e t e r ’s P I A Z Z A ,
Pre-Columbian, Maya, Aztec, Mexico, Peru 3 . C a t h e d r a l Va t i c a n ,
1 . Te m p l e P y r a m i d o f t h e S u n , 4. Palais du louvre,
2 . C i t a d e l Te o t i h u a c a n , 5. Paris Chateu Maisons,
3 . Te m p l e o f t h e G i a n t J a g u a r, 6 . S t P a u l ’s C a t h e d r a l , L o n d o n ,
4 . G r e a t P l a z a o f Te n o c h t i t l a n M a c h u 7. Guild Houses @ Brussels
Picchu, Peru Britain
Greek 1 . We s t m i n s t e r N e w P a l a c e ( H o u s e o f
1. Acropolis, Parliament), London
2. Parthenon-temple, 2. Crystal Palace, London [???]
3. Agora, 3. University Museum, Oxford
4. ODEION theatre, 4. Red House, Kent
5 . s t o a , - a n c i e n t c o v e r e d w a l k w a y, u s u a l l y 5. Cathedral @ Guildford
with a wall on one side and a row of Continental Europe
columns at the other 1 . E i ff e l t o w e r, [ ? ? ? ]
6. Mausoleum Sarcophagus, 2. New louvre,
7. open hillside theatres 3. Paris Opera House,
Roman 4. Paris & cologne.
1. Pantheon, Americas
2. Forums, 1. the White House
3. Basilicas 2 . Wa s h i n g t o n D . C . , U . S . C a p i t o l
4. Thermae, 3. Boston Empire State Building,
5. Amphitheatres, 4. English Country Houses
6. Colosseum Coemeteria, 5. Bungalows
7 . Tr i u m p h a l a r c h , Modern/ International
8. gateways, 1. Salginatobel Bridge,
9. aqueducts 2 . E i n s t e i n To w e r, E i r c h M e n d e l s o h n
Early Christian 3. Chapel of Notre Dame, Le Corbusier
1. Basilican Churches, 4 . J o h n s o n Wa x B u i l d i n g , F r a n k L l o y d Wr i g h t
2. Baptisteries 5 . F a l l i n g Wa t e r, F r a n k L l o y d Wr i g h t
Byzantine 6. Dulles International Airport, Eero saarinen
1. St. Sophia, Constantinople 7. Guggenheim Museum, Frank Lloyd wright
2 . S t . M a r k , Ve n i c e 8. Sydney opera House, Jorn Utzon
Islamic 9. Geodesic dome, Buckminster Fuller

A R C H I T E C T U R A L C H A R A C T E R S O F C O U N T RY
GIEHADCBF
Pre-historic Period
1 . Te m p o r a r y s h e l t e r f r o m p e r i s h a b l e m a t e r i a l s
2. Caves
3. Rocks on top of each other
4. Hard-packed snow blocks
5. animal skins
Egyptian
1. Battered or sloping outside walls
2. Columns & Capitals from vegetable origins
3. Papyrus Buds, Lotus Flower walls of mud brick, thick & 9M high
4. Unbroken massive walls adorned with hieroglyphics
Ancient Near East (Mesopotamia)
1. Abundance of clay-provided bricks
2. Roofs flat outside
3. Architecture was arcuated winged deity and winged human headed lion used as décor
4. Houses of one room, entered by a single door & without windows
Pre-Columbian, America [Maya-Aztec-Mexico-Peru]
1 . Te m p l e p y r a m i d s a r e a p p r o a c h e d b y a s i n g l e s t e e p f l i g h t o f s t e p s .
2. Stone [finely dressed, carved, or laid as roughly dressed rubble] was employed for all important
buildings
Greek
1. Columnar & trabeated (have horizontal beams rather than archs)
2 . Wo o d e n r o o f s w e r e u n t r u s s e d
3. Ceilings sometimes omitted
4 . o p t i c a l i l l u s i o n s w e r e c o r r e c t e d , i n G r e e k Te m p l e s
5. Doric, Ionic, Corinthian [orders of columns]
Roman
1. The arch & the vault was developed
2 . Tw o o r d e r s o f a r c h i t e c t u r e a d d e d [ Tu s c a n & C o m p o s i t e ]
3. Concrete is now used [composition of lime, sand, pozzolana & broken bricks or small stones.
Early Christian
1. Widely Spaced Columns carrying semi-circular arches
2. Basilican Churches have 3 to 5 aisles, covered by a simple timber roof
3. Mosaic decoration added internally
4. separate buildings used for baptism or baptisteries
Byzantine
1. Novel development of the Dome to cover polygonal and square plans of churches
2 . To m b & b a p t i s t e r i e s b y m e a n s o f “ p e n d e n t i v e s ”
3. ‘Fresco” decoration using marble & mosaic
Islamic
1. Bulbous or onion dome
2. Minarets
3. stalactite moulding
4. cresting: decorative roof ridge: an ornamental ridge on a roof
5. painted arch
C F G E B A D
Romanesque
1. Ribbed & panel, cross vaults;
2. plaster strips, arcades, rose windows,
3. Sober (serious/ not fanciful)& dignified style
4 . F o r m a l m a s s i n g d e p e n d s o n t h e g r o u p i n g o f t o w e r s a n d t h e p r o j e c t i o n o f t r a n s e p t s & c h o i r.
Gothic
1. Pointed arch
2. buttress, flying buttress
3. gargoyles, decorated vaulting
4. rose & lancet windows ploughshare twist
5. variety of open roofs (trussed, tie-beam, collar)
Renaissance
1 . R u s t i c a t e d m a s o n r y, ( r o u g h m a s o n r y )
2. Quoins, Balusters
3. domes or raised drums
4. pediments one within the other
5. rococo
6. baroque style
7. mansard roof
8. salon
Britain
 1. Picturesque values
2. Reflected in the predilection (liking) for highly textured, colorful materials, asymmetry &
i n f o r m a l i t y.
3. palazzo style was a triumph of national ecclesiasticism
4. New functions & techniques produced new forms
5 . Ta l l e r b u i l d i n g s w e r e d e s i g n e d d u e t o c o n c r e t e & c a s t i r o n f r a m e s .
6 . N e w m a t e r i a l s w e r e u s e d d u e t o t h e e ff e c t o f c a n a l s
7. Railroad systems, central heating & elevator or lift
Continental Europe
1 . R e p e t i t i o n o f s t a n d a r d b a y s , b o t h p l a n & e l e v a t i o n , a n a ff i n i t y ( s i m i l a r i t y ) w i t h b a y s y s t e m ,
programmatically adopted with the introduction of iron construction
Americas
1. Neo-classic & Greek revival was followed
2. Baloon frame was introduced
3. The skyscraper was contributed related to metal frame construction
4. The non-load-bearing curtain wall & the elevator
Modern/ International
1. Free-standing glass sheath suspended on a framework across the face of the building or curtain
wall.
2. Art Noveau and Bauhaus was developed
3. Enormous Spans unobstructed were at length achieved with concrete.
4. Steel is used in space-frame
D F G A C E B
India/ Pakistan
1. Hindu worship is an individual act
2 . B u d d h i s t r e l i g i o u s b u i l d i n g s o r s h r i n e s t o o k t h e f o r m o f S T U PA S ( B u d d h i s t s h r i n e o r p a g o d a ) , a n d
are designed for congregational use.
3. Mouldings have BULBOUS character
4 . T h e TO R U S m o u l d i n g i s u s e d
5 . Va r i o u s B A S r e l i e f s d e p i c t i n g s c e n e s o f d a i l y l i f e a n d s t o r y o f B u d d h a
6. The female form in its voluptuous (sensual) form is often used
Sri Lanka
1 . R o c k Te m p l e s , w i t h s q u a r e o r o c t a g o n a l p i l l a r s
2. A circular relic house (wata-dage) built in stone & brick is an outstanding architectural creation.
3. Architecture of wood, with high pitched roofs, with wide eaves, slightly curved, finished with small
flat shingles and terra cotta tiles.
4. Windows with lacquered wood bars, carved timber doorways, ornamental metalwork door furniture ,
painted walls.
A f g h a n i s t a n , N e p a l , Ti b e t
1. Cupola Roofs (dome shaped roof or dome on roof), spanning with arched squinches, the square
c h a m b e r a n g l e s , l a n t e r n r o o f a n d c o ff e r e d d o m e , a n e l a b o r a t e s y s t e m o f h e x a g o n , e a c h c o n t a i n i n g
the statue of Buddha
2 . T h e “ S I K H A R A ” & “ PA G O D A ” t e m p l e s s u r v i v e .
3. A monumental pillar generally supporting a metal superstructure adorned with mystic symbols,
groups of divinities and portraits statuary of royalties.
4. Windows have intricate lattice screens and roof have red curved tiles, metal gutters and projecting
cornice and fancifully decorated with carving, embossing, tinkling bells and hanging lamps.
5. The monastery is fortress-like sited on hill tops.
6. Pillars and beams are painted “yellow or red” and “painted silks” hang from the roof.
Burma, Cambodia, Thailand, Indonesia
1. S t e p p e d Te m p l e P y r a m i d , t e r r a c e d o n a h i l l
2. Using stone without mortar fitted perfectly and numerous colossal towers
3. Religious buildings overlaid with ornamentation of Chinese characters, surfaces often finished
with porcelain tile
4. Wa l l s a r e w h i t e s t u c c o , ( w a l l p l a s t e r )
5. multi-leveled overlapping timber roofs
6. Gables and bargeboard decorated with Hindu iconography.
7. Doors and window shutters are of carved wood, lacquered in black and gold .
China
1. Roof ridges are laden with elaborate ornamental cresting and the up-tilted angles are adorned with
fantastic dragons and grotesque ornament.(distorted bizarre)
2. Roofs one on top of the other using S-shape enameled tiles.
3. Roof framing in “rectangle” and not triangle.
4. Use of bright colors
5. Column brackets are decorated with birds, flowers and dragons.
Japan
1. Light and delicate timber construction is refined by a minute carving & decoration
 2.Dominant roofs characterized by their exquisite (beautiful/superb) curvature, supported by a
succession of brackets
3. Upper part of the roof is terminated by a gable placed vertically above the end walls
4 . R o o m s a r e r e g u l a t e d b y a “ K E N ” Ta t a m i m a t s .
5. Love of nature: using stone, lantern & bonsai.
Philippines
1. Use of indigenous (natural) materials for houses like bamboo, palm leaves, sturdy wooden posts,
carved wooden sidings, cogon grass roof.
2. Spanish-style high-pitched roofs,
3. Capiz shell windows, barandillas, balconies,
4. Coconut shell & wood design.
5. Much use of galvanized iron sheet for roofing

DEFINITIONS
D E G F C A H B
1. SPHINX – Mythical monsters each with the body of a lion and a head of a man, hawk, ram or
woman possessed.
2 . M A S TA B A – A n a n c i e n t E g y p t i a n r e c t a n g u l a r, f l a t - t o p p e d f u n e r a r y m o u n d w i t h b a t t e r e d ( s l o p i n g )
sides covering a burial chamber blow ground
3. OBELISK – Huge monoliths, square on plan and tapering to an electrum-capped (alloy of silver &
gold) “pyra-midion” at the summit, which was the sacred part. The four sides are cut with
hieroglyphics.
4. PYRAMID – A massive funerary structure of stone or brick with a square base and four sloping
triangular sides meeting at the apex.
5 . B AT T E R – I n w a r d i n c l i n a t i o n o r s l o p e o f a n o u t w a r d w a l l
6 . S TO N E H E N G E – C o n s i s t s o f a c o m p l e x o f “ s a r s e n ” ( a n y o f t h e m a n y l a r g e s e d i m e n t a r y r o c k s t h a t
have been broken into blocks by frost action and are found scattered across the chalk downs of
southern England )stones and smaller blue stones set in a circle and connected by lintels
7 . Z I G G U R AT – A r t i f i c i a l M o u n t a i n s m a d e u p o f t i e r e d ( l a y e r e d ) , r e c t a n g u l a r s t a g e s w h i c h r o s e i n
number from one to seven
8 . H I E R O G LY P H I C S – P i c t o r i a l r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f r e l i g i o u s r i t u a l , h i s t o r i c e v e n t s a n d d a i l y p u r s u i t s
H J I G K C L E A F D B
1. DOLMEN – An ancient structure usually regarded as a tomb, consisting of two or more large
upright stones set with a space between and capped by a horizontal stone
2. VOUSSOIRS – Any of the pieces, in the shape of a truncated wedge, which form an arch or a
vault. A wedge-shaped stone: a wedge-shaped brick or stone used to form the curved parts of an
arch or vault
3. EXEDRA - In ancient Greece/ Rome, a room or covered area or open on one side used as a
meeting place; architecture history conversation room: a room for relaxation or conversation,
especially a semicircular recess in a larger hall with a continuous bench along the wall; furniture
long curved outdoor bench: a long curved or semicircular outdoor bench, usually with a high back;
architecture recess: any kind of recess or niche (technical)
4. CELLA – The sanctuary of a classical temple, containing the cult statue of the god
5 . S T U PA – D o m i c a l m o u n d s w h i c h g r o u p e d w i t h t h e i r r a i l s , g a t e w a y s , p r o f e s s i o n a l p a t h s a n d
crowning umbrella came to be known as symbols of the universe; a Buddhist shrine, temple, or
pagoda that houses a relic or marks the location of an auspicious event.
6 . E C C L E C T I C – A n a d j e c t i v e u s e d t o d e s c r i b e a n a r t i s t w h o s e l e c t s f o r m s a n d i d e a s f r o m d i ff e r e n t
periods or countries and combines them to produce a harmonious whole.
7. SOFFIT (???)– The exposed undersurface of any overhead component of a building such as an
a r c h , b a l c o n y, b e a m , c o r n i c e , l i n t e l o r v a u l t . b o t t o m s u r f a c e : t h e u n d e r s i d e o f a s t r u c t u r a l
component of a building, for example the underside of a roof overhang or the inner curve of an
arch
8 . F O RT R E S S – a l a r g e f o r t i f i e d ( a r m e d ) p l a c e ; a f o r t o f t e n i n c l u d i n g a t o w n ; a n y p l a c e o f s e c u r i t y.
9. PENDENTIVE– the term applied to the triangular curved overhanging surface by means of which a
circular dome is supported over a square or polygonal compartment. a sloping triangular piece of
vaulting between the arches that support a dome and its rim
1 0 . M AYA N T E M P L E P Y R A M I D – P r e - C o l u m b i a n e d i f i c e d e d i c a t e d t o t h e s e r v i c e o r w o r s h i p o f t h e i r
god which is made of stones entered by a single door to a very steep single flight of steps, above
it rises a high stone roof.
11 . P I C T U R E S Q U E N E S S – Te r m i n a s p e c i a l i z e d s e n s e t o d e s c r i b e o n e o f t h e a t t i t u d e s o f t a s t e
towards architecture and landscape gardening in the late 18th and early 19th century; very
attractive: visually pleasing enough to be the subject of a painting or photograph
12. FRESCO – A term originally applied painting on a wall while the plaster is wet and is not in oil
colors. painting done on fresh plaster: a painting on a wall or ceiling made by brushing
w a t e r c o l o r s o n t o f r e s h d a m p p l a s t e r, o r o n t o p a r t l y d r y p l a s t e r
L J I H C K F B D A E G
 1. S TO A – A l o n g c o l o n n a d e d b u i l d i n g , s e r v e d m a n y p u r p o s e s , u s e d a r o u n d p u b l i c p l a c e s a n d a s
s h e l t e r a t r e l i g i o u s s h r i n e s ; a n a n c i e n t c o v e r e d w a l k w a y : i n a n c i e n t G r e e c e , a c o v e r e d w a l k w a y,
usually with a row of columns on one side and a wall on the other
2 . AT L A N T E S – C a r v e d m a l e f i g u r e s s e r v i n g a s p i l l a r s a l s o c a l l e d T E L A M O N E S ; a r c h i t e c t u r e f i g u r e
of man used as support: a figure of a man, either standing or kneeling, used as a support for the
upper part of a classical building
3. ABACUS - A slab forming the crowning member of a column;
4 . E N TA S I S – A s w e l l i n g o r c u r v i n g o u t w a r d s a l o n g t h e o u t l i n e o f a c o l u m n s h a f t , d e s i g n e d t o
counteract the optical illusion which gives a shaft bounded by straight lines the appearance of
curving inwards; a bulge in architectural column: a slight bulge in the shaft of a column, designed
to counter the visual impression of concavity that a perfectly straight column would give
5. FLUTES – The vertical channeling on the shaft of a column; architecture: groove in column: a
groove running down an architectural column
6 . C A RYAT I D S – S c u l p t u r e s f e m a l e f i g u r e s u s e d a s c o l u m n s o r s u p p o r t s
7. DAADO – the portion of a pedestal between its base and cornice. A term also applied to the lower
p o r t i o n s o f w a l l s w h e n d e c o r a t e d s e p a r a t e l y.
8. ARRIS –The sharp edge formed by the meeting of two surface usually in DORIC columns
9 . F I L L E T S – a s m a l l f l a t b a n d b e t w e e n m o u l d i n g s t o s e p a r a t e t h e m f r o m e a c h o t h e r. a r c h i t e c t u r e f l a t
narrow moulding: a raised or sunken ornamental surface set between larger surfaces
10. PEDIMENT – A triangular piece of wall above the entablature enclosed by raking cornices;
architecture gable on colonnade: a broad triangular or segmental gable surmounting a colonnade
as the major part of a facade
11 . P L I N T H – T h e l o w e s t s q u a r e m e m b e r o f t h e b a s e o f a c o l u m n
1 2 . A G O R A – To w n s q u a r e , w a s t h e c e n t e r o f s o c i a l a n d b u s i n e s s l i f e , a r o u n d w h i c h w e r e s t o a s , o r
colonnaded porticoes, temples, markets, public buildings, monuments, shrines.
J G H K F D L I B E A C
1. TRIUMPHAL ARCH – These are arches erected to emperors and generals commemorating
victorious campaigns; has one or three openings. Such arches were adorned with appropriate
bas-reliefs (flat sculpture; slightly projecting) and usually carried grit-bronze statuary (statues
considered collectively) on an attic storey and having a dedicatory inscription in its face.
2. THERMAE – Palatial public baths of Imperial Rome raised on a high platform; hot springs: hot
springs or baths, especially the public baths of ancient Rome.
3. COLOSSEUM – Elliptical Amphitheatres are characteristically Roman buildings found in every
important settlement, used to display of mortal combats (gladiatorial)
4. AQUEDUCTS – A roman structure where immense quantities of water were required for the great
thermae and for public fountains, and for domestic supply for the large population; a channel for
water: a pipe or channel for moving water to a lower level, often across a great distance
5. FORUM – Corresponds (links) to the Agora in a Greek city was a central open space, used a
public meeting space, market or rendezvous for political demonstrations.
6. PINNACLE – A turret (small rounded tower) or part of a building elevated above the main building.
architecture pointed ornament: a pointed ornament on top of a buttress or parapet
7 . S A R C O P H A G U S – Ta k e n f r o m a t o m b c h a m b e r, o r t h e o r n a m e n t a l t r e a t m e n t g i v e n t o a s t o n e c o ff i n
hewn out of one block of marble and with sculptures, figures and festoons (garland) of a late
p e r i o d , s u r m o u n t e d b y l i d s l i k e r o o f s t e r m i n a t i n g i n s c r o l l s . s t o n e c o ff i n : a n a n c i e n t s t o n e o r
m a r b l e c o ff i n , o f t e n d e c o r a t e d w i t h s c u l p t u r e a n d i n s c r i p t i o n s
8. MAUSOLEUM – A term applied to monumental tombs. They consisted of large cylindrical blocks,
often on a quadrangular podium, topped with a conical crown of earth or stone.
9. GROINS – Line of intersection of cross-vaults.
10. COFFER – Sunk panels, caissons or lacunaria formed in ceilings, vaults or domes; sunken panel
in a ceiling: a decorative sunken panel in a ceiling
11 . B U T T R E S S – A m a s s o f m a s o n r y b u i l t a g a i n s t a w a l l t o r e s i s t t h e p r e s s u r e o f a n a r c h & v a u l t .
1 2 . VA U LT – a n a r c h c o v e r i n g i n s t o n e o r b r i c k o v e r a n y b u i l d i n g ; a r c h i t e c t u r e a r c h e d c e i l i n g : a n
arched structure of stone, brick, wood, or plaster that forms a ceiling or roof; a room with arched
ceiling: a room, especially an underground room, with an arched ceiling
F J K L H D I C A G E B
1 . N A RT H E X – A l o n g a r c a d e d e n t r a n c e p o r c h t o a C h r i s t i a n B a s i l i c a n C h u r c h .
2. BAPTISTERIES – A building or a part of a church in which baptism is administered
3. FONT – a basin usually of stone which holds the water for baptism.
4. DOME – A vault having a circular plan, and usually in the form of a sphere portion, so constructed
as to exert an equal thrust in all directions.
5 . B E M A – A r a i s e d s t a g e i n a B a s i l i c a n c h u r c h r e s e r v e d f o r t h e c l e r g y.
6. ARCADE – A range of arches supported on piers or columns attached to or detached from the wall.
7. AMBO – A raised pulpit on either side of a Basilican church from which the epistle of a gospel
were read.
8. MOSAIC - Decorative surfaces formed by small cubes of stones, glass & marble.
9. BALDACHINO – A canopy supported by columns generally placed over an altar or tomb. Also
known as “CIBORIUM”.
 10. AISLE – A longitudinal division of an interior area, as in a church, separated from the main area by
arcades or the like.
11 . N AV E – T h e p r i n c i p a l o r c e n t r a l l o n g i t u d i n a l a r e a o f a c h u r c h , e x t e n d i n g f r o m t h e m a i n e n t r a n c e o r
narthex to the CHANCEL (area of church near altar: an area of a church near the altar for the use
o f c l e r g y a n d c h o i r, o f t e n s e p a r a t e d f r o m t h e n a v e b y a s c r e e n o r s t e p s ) u s u a l l y f l a n k e d b y a i s l e s
of less height.
1 2 . A P S E – T h e c i r c u l a r o r m u l t i - a n g u l a r t e r m i n a t i o n o f a c h u r c h s a n c t u a r y. A r o u n d e d p r o j e c t i o n o f a
building.
H F J G K I N E P M B D O A L C
1. KIOSK – A small pavilion, usually open – built in gardens & parks.
2 . M O S Q U E – A n i n w a r d - l o o k i n g b u i l d i n g w h o s e p r i m e p u r p o s e i s f o r c o n t e m p l a t i o n & p r a y e r. A
space without object of adoration. (Muslim)
3. CORBEL – A block of stone, often elaborately carved or moulded, projected from a wall, supporting
the beams of a roof, floor or vault.
4. MINARET - a tall tower in, or continuous to a mosque arch stairs leading up to one or more
b a l c o n i e s f r o m w h i c h t h e f a i t h f u l a r e c a l l e d t o p r a y e r.
5. CHAMFER – A diagonal cutting of an arris formed by two surfaces at an angle
6 . AT R I U M – A n a p p r o a c h o r a n o p e n f o r e c o u r t s u r r o u n d e d b y a r c a d e s i n a B a s i l i c a n c h u r c h .
7. SQUINCH – A small arch or bracket built across each angle of a square or polygonal structure to
form an octagon or other appropriate base for a dome or a spire. An interior supporting part of a
tower: an arch, corbelling, or lintel built across the upper inside corner of a square tower to
support the weight of a spire or other structure above
8 . H A R E M – Wo m e n ’s o r p r i v a t e q u a r t e r s o f a h o u s e o r p l a c e i n I s l a m i c a r c h i t e c t u r e .
9 . C E N O TA P H – A n e m p t y t o m b . A m o n u m e n t e r e c t e d i n m e m o r y o f o n e n o t i n t e r r e d i n o r u n d e r i t .
10. OGEE – A double curve, resembling the letter “S”, formed by the union of a curve and a convex
line.
11 . K E Y S TO N E – T h e c e n t r a l s t o n e o f a s e m i - c i r c u l a r a r c h , s o m e t i m e s s c u l p t u r e d .
1 2 . I C O N O S TA S I S – a s c r e e n i n a G r e e k o r t h o d o x c h u r c h o n w h i c h i c o n s o r ( s a c r e d i m a g e s ) , p i c t u r e s ,
a r e p l a c e d s e p a r a t i n g t h e c h a n c e l f r o m t h e s p a c e , o p e n t o t h e l a i t y. A n a l t a r s c r e e n d e c o r a t e d
with icons: a screen on which icons are mounted, used in Eastern Orthodox churches to separate
the area around the altar from the main part of the church
13. VERANDAH – A covered porch (porch-roofed exterior of a room) or balcony (balcony- a platform
projecting from an interior or exterior wall of a building) extending along the outside of a building,
planned for summer leisure.
14. PIAZZA – A public open space in Byzantine architecture, surrounded by buildings.
15. ARABESQUE – Geometrical ornaments due to absence of human and animal statues; an ornate
design.
1 6 . S PA N D R E L – T h e t r i a n g u l a r s p a c e e n c l o s e d b y t h e c u r v e o f a n a r c h , a v e r t i c a l l i n e f r o m i t s
s p r i n g i n g , a h o r i z o n t a l l i n e t h r o u g h i t s a p e x . A s p a c e b e t w e e n o n e a r c h o r a n o t h e r. S p a c e b e t w e e n
two arches and a cornice.
M E D I E VA L ( F R E N C H ) / R O M A N E S Q U E : I J K H G L D B E A F C
1. TURRET – small towers, often containing stairs, and forming special features in medieval
buildings.
2 . M U L L I O N S – Ve r t i c a l t r a c e r y m e m b e r s d i v i d i n g w i n d o w s i n t o d i ff e r e n t n u m b e r s o f l i g h t . A v e r t i c a l
window divider: a vertical piece of stone, metal, or wood that divides the panes of a window or the
panels of a screen
3 . C H AT E A U – A c a s t l e i n a F r e n c h - s p e a k i n g c o u n t r y o r a s t a t e l y r e s i d e n c e . A F r e n c h c a s t l e : a c a s t l e
or large house in France, often one that has a vineyard attached and gives its name to wine
produced there
4. FLECHE – A slender wooden spire rising from a roof. A slender church spire: a slender spire,
especially one that emerges from the roof of a church at the point where the ridges intersect.
5. NICHE – a (shell) or a recess in a wall, hallowed like a shell for a statue or ornament.
6. BOSS – (Lump or knob) or projecting ornament at the intersection of the ribs of ceilings, whether
vaulted or flat.
7 . P I L A S T E R S T R I P – I s a r e c t a n g u l a r f e a t u r e i n t h e s h a p e o f a p i l l a r, b u t p r o j e c t i n g o n l y a b o u t o n e
sixth of its breadth (distance from side to side) from the wall.
8 . C H AT T R I S – A n u m b r e l l a s h a p e d c o p u l a .
9 . T R A C E RY – T h e o r n a m e n t a l p a t t e r n w o r k i n s t o n e , f i l l i n g t h e u p p e r p a r t o f a g o t h i c w i n d o w.
10. PODIUM – The high platform on which temples were generally placed (in general, any elevate
platform). A foundation wall: a low wall forming a foundation or base, for example for a colonnade
11 . T R A N S E P T – T h e p a r t o f a c r u c i f o r m c h u r c h , p r o j e c t i n g a t r i g h t a n g l e s t o t h e m a i n b u i l d i n g . W i n g s
of church: the part of a cross-shaped church that runs at right angles to the long central part
(nave)
1 2 . R I B & PA N E L – Va u l t i n g i n R o m a n e s q u e i n w h i c h a f r a m e w o r k o f r i b s s u p p o r t e d t h i n s t o n e p a n e l s .
The new method consisted in designing the profile of the transverse (crosswise or at right angle
with something), longitudinal and diagonal ribs to which the form of the panels was adopted.
GOTHIC: J H K L I A D G B F C E
 1. CIMBORIO – Special term for a lantern or raised structure above a roof admitting light into the
i n t e r i o r.
2. LARDER – A room where food is stored; a pantry ( a walk-in cupboard); a cupboard
3. SPIRE – The tapering termination of a tower in Gothic churches.
4. STEEPLE – The term applied to a tower crowned by a spire
5 . WA R D R O B E – A r o o m f o r s t o r a g e o f g a r m e n t s .
6. CAMBER – A slight convex curvature built into a truss or beam to compensate for an anticipated
deflection so that it will gave no sag when under load.
7. COISTERS – Covered passages around an open space or “Garth”, connecting the church to the
chapter house; a small courtyard or enclosed space.
8 . PA N T RY – A s e r v i n g r o o m b e t w e e n k i t c h e n a n d d i n i n g r o o m , o r a r o o m f o r s t o r a g e o f f o o d
supplies.
9 . S T E L L A R VA U LT – A v a u l t i n w h i c h t h e r i b s c o m p o s e a “ s t a r - s h a p e d ” p a t t e r n .
1 0 . M O N A S T E RY – A b u i l d i n g c o m p l e x o f a c e r t a i n E n g l i s h o r d e r o r a s e l f - c o n t a i n e d c o m m u n i t y u s e d
by monks.
11 . O R I E L W I N D O W – A b a y w i n d o w e s p e c i a l l y c a n t i l e v e r e d o r c o r b e l l e d o u t f r o m t h e f a c e o f t h e w a l l
by means of projecting stones.
1 2 . R E F E C TO RY – T h e d i n i n g h a l l o f a m o n a s t e r y, c o n v e n t o r c o l l e g e .
RENAISSANCE: J F H I K B P E N D G O C L A M
1. SCROLL – An ornament consisting of a spirally wound band, either as a running ornament or as a
terminal, like the volutes of the ionic capital.
2 . PA L A Z Z O – A n I t a l i a n i m p r e s s i v e b u i l d i n g o r p r i v a t e b u i l d i n g
3. BALUSTER – One of a number of short vertical members often circular in section used to support
a s t a i r h a n d r a i l o r a c o p i n g ( w a l l ’s c a p p i n g s u r f a c e ) .
4. ROCOCO - “ROCK”; a term applied to a type of Renaissance ornament in which rock-like forms
fantastic scrolls, and ‘crimped’ folded or pressed together) shells (are worked up together in a
profusion and confusion of detail often without organic coherence but presenting a lavish display
of decoration; Any excessively ornate or fancy style; A style of architecture and the decorative arts
characterized by intricate ornamentation that was popular throughout Europe in the early 18th
century.
5. BAROQUE – In France, anything extravagantly ornamented, so ornate as to be in bad taste, a
style of art and architecture in Italy in the 17th to 18th century.
6 . B E L F RY – A t o w e r n o t c o n n e c t e d w i t h “ B e l l ” . A t e r m a p p l i e d t o t h e u p p e r r o o m i n a t o w e r i n w h i c h
the bells are hung.
7 . E N TA B L AT U R E – T h e e n t i r e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f a c l a s s i c a l t e m p l e o r t h e l i k e , b e t w e e n t h e c o l u m n s
and the eaves usually composed of an architrave, frieze, and a cornice.
8. DOGE’S HALL – (BRITISH) The hall built or used by medieval association as of merchants and
t r a d e s m e n , o r g a n i z e d t o m a i n t a i n s t a n d a r d s t h a t c o n s t i t u t e d a g o v e r n i n g b o d y. ( D o g e = I t a l i a n
renaissance chief magistrate)
9 . PAV I L I O N – ( l i t t l e h o u s e f o r p l e a s u r e & r e c r e a t i o n ) . A p r o m i n e n t s t r u c t u r e , g e n e r a l l y d i s t i n c t i v e i n
c h a r a c t e r.
10. CHANCEL – The space about the altar of a church, usually separated by a screen for the clergy
a n d o t h e r o ff i c i a l s , u s u a l l y r e f e r r e d t o a s t h e “ c h o i r ” .
11 . Q U O I N S – A n e t e r n a l s o l i d a n g l e o f a w a l l o r t h e l i k e . O n e o f t h e s t o n e s f o r m i n g i t , c o r n e r s t o n e
(Renaissance) A block forming a corner: a stone block used to form a quoin, especially when it is
d i ff e r e n t , f o r e x a m p l e i n s i z e o r m a t e r i a l , f r o m t h e o t h e r b l o c k s o r b r i c k s i n t h e w a l l
12. CONSOLE – A “BRACKET”: is a projecting member to support a weight generally formed with
scrolls or volute when carrying the upper member of the cornice.
1 3 . C RY P T – A s p a c e e n t i r e l y o r p a r t l y u n d e r a b u i l d i n g ; i n c h u r c h e s , g e n e r a l l y b e n e a t h t h e c h a n c e l
and used for burial in earlier times. An underground chamber: an underground room or vault, often
below a church, used as a burial chamber or chapel, or for storing religious artifacts
14. NEWEL – The central shaft of a circular staircase. Also applied to the post in which the handrail
is framed.
1 5 . D O G E ’ S PA L A C E – T h e c h i e f m a g i s t r a t e ’s b u i l d i n g s , i n t h e f o r m e r r e p u b l i c o f Ve n i c e & G e n o a .
16. CUPOLA – A spherical roof, (a dome-shaped roof) placed like an inverted cup over a circular
square or multi-angular apartment. A dome on roof: a small dome on a roof, sometimes made of
glass and providing natural light inside
K J I L G H O B D M E P A F C N
1. VESTIBULE – An ante-room to a larger apartment of a building; An entrance hall: a small room or
hall between an outer door and the main part of a building
2 . L A N T E R N – A c o n s t r u c t i o n s u c h a s a t o w e r, a t t h e c r o s s i n g o f a c h u r c h r i s i n g a b o v e t h e
neighboring roofs and glazed at the sides.
3 . W R E AT H – A t w i s t e d b a n d , g a r l a n d o r c h a p l e t , r e p r e s e n t i n g f l o w e r s , f r u i t s l e a v e s , o f t e n u s e d i n
decoration; A circular arrangement of flowers: a circular arrangement of flowers and greenery
p l a c e d a s a m e m o r i a l o n a g r a v e , h u n g u p a s a d e c o r a t i o n , o r p u t o n s o m e b o d y ’s h e a d a s a s i g n o f
honor; a representation of wreath: a representation of a circular arrangement of flowers, vines, or
other things, for example in a carving or on a coat of arms; [headdress; garland; laurel]
 4. SALON – In Renaissance, a room used primarily for exhibition of art objects, or a drawing room;
[grand sitting room; social gathering of intellectuals; art exhibition or gallery]
5. MANSARD – A roof having a double slope on four sides; the lower slope being much steeper and
the flatter upper portion. Also known as the gambrel roof.
6. NYMPHAEUM – A room decorated with plants, sculpture and fountains (often decorated with
beautiful Maiden living in Rivers, trees) and intended for relaxation. [ nymph: a spirit or a minor
goddess of nature; or a beautiful young woman]
7. FINIAL – An ornate iron grille, or screen, a characteristic feature of Spanish Church interiors; An
architectural decoration: a carved decoration at the top of a gable, spire, or arched structure
8 . P E D E S TA L – A s u p p o r t f o r a c o l u m n s t a t u e o r a v a s e , i t u s u a l l y c o n s i s t s o f a b a s e . “ D i e ” o r D a d o ,
and a cornice or cap mould.
9. DORMER – A window in a sloping roof usually that of a sleeping apartment. A window projecting
from roof: a window for a room within the roof space that is built out at right angles to the main
roof and has its own gable
1 0 . H E R M E S – A b u s t ( s c u l p t u r e o f h e a d & s h o u l d e r s ) o n a s q u a r e p e d e s t a l i n s t e a d o f a h u m a n b o d y,
used in classic times to mark boundaries on highways, and used decoratively in Renaissance
times.
11 . M U L L I O N – Ve r t i c a l m e m b e r s d i v i d i n g w i n d o w s i n t o d i ff e r e n t n u m b e r o f l i g h t s .
1 2 . PAT I O – A S p a n i s h a r c a d e d o r c o l o n n a d e d y a r d ; a p a v e d a r e a o u t s i d e a h o u s e : a p a v e d a r e a
adjoining a house, used for outdoor dining, growing plants in containers, and recreation. A
roofless courtyard: a roofless inner courtyard typical of a Spanish-style house.
13. MODILLIONS – Also called ‘brackets” or “consoles” or “ancones” . It is a projecting member to
support a weight. generally formed with scrolls or volutes which carry the upper member of a
cornice (a projecting moulding at the top of a wall or at where the wall & ceiling meets); also a
bracket in Corinthian order: a small curved ornamental bracket under the corona of a Corinthian or
Composite column
14. TRANSOM – The horizontal divisions or crossbars of windows.
1 5 . TA B E R N A C L E – A d e c o r a t i v e n i c h e o f t e n t o p p e d w i t h a c a n o p y a n d h o u s i n g a s t a t u e o r a n i c o n .
1 6 . A M B U L ATO RY – ( t o w a l k ) t h e c l o i s t e r ( c o v e r e d w a l k w a y a r o u n d a c o u r t y a r d ) o r c o v e r e d p a s s a g e
a r o u n d t h e e a s t e n d o f t h e c h u r c h , b e h i n d t h e a l t a r.
S PA N I S H : O H G L J K M E D F A P I B C N
1. FINIAL – Also called “key pattern” the upper portion of the pinnacle [pinnacle: pointed ornament: a
pointed ornament on top of a buttress or parapet]; an architectural decoration: a carved decoration
at the top of a gable, spire, or arched structure
2. DAIS – a raised platform reserved for the seating of speakers and dignitaries; a raised platform: a
raised platform at the end of a hall or large room. [podium, platform, pulpit, stage]
3 . B AY W I N D O W – T h e w i n d o w o f a p r o t r u d e d b a y o r t h e w i n d o w e d b a y i t s e l f . A p r o t r u d i n g w i n d o w : a
rounded or three-sided window that sticks out from an outside wall and forms a recess on the
inside.
4 . H E L M R O O F – B u l b o u s t e r m i n a t i o n t o t h e t o p o f a t o w e r, f o u n d p r i n c i p a l l y i n C e n t r a l & E a s t e r n
Europe.
5 . G A L L E RY – A c o m m u n i c a t i n g p a s s a g e o r w i d e c o r r i d o r f o r p i c t u r e s a n d s t a t u e s . A n u p p e r s t o r e y
for seats in a church.
6. STRAPWORK – A type of relief ornament or cresting [cresting: a decorative roof ridge: an
ornamental ridge on a roof ] resembling the studded leather straps arranged in geometrical and
sometimes interlaced patterns much used in the early renaissance architecture of England . A
decorative work on building: decorative work in the form of crossing or interlaced bands on the
o u t s i d e o f a b u i l d i n g , e s p e c i a l l y i n Tu d o r a r c h i t e c t u r e ( 1 4 8 5 - 1 6 0 3 ) . [ Tu d o r : r e l a t i n g t o Tu d o r
a r c h i t e c t u r a l s t y l e : r e l a t i n g t o o r b e i n g a s t y l e o f a r c h i t e c t u r e p o p u l a r t h r o u g h o u t t h e Tu d o r p e r i o d .
Its buildings typically have a timber framework, visible from the outside, filled in with plaster or
brick]
7 . I N T E R C O L U M N AT I O N – T h e s p a c e b e t w e e n t w o c o l u m n s
8. CHERUBS – One of the winged heavenly beings that support the throne of God or act as guardian
s p i r i t s , o r C h u b b y, a r o s y - f a c e d c h i l d w i t h w i n g s . A n a n g e l o f s e c o n d o r d e r : a n a n g e l , s p e c i f i c a l l y
one belonging to the second order of angels in the celestial hierarchy whose distinctive attribute is
knowledge. Arts depiction of angel: an angel depicted as a chubby-faced child with wings,
s o m e t i m e s s i m p l y a s a c h i l d ’s h e a d a b o v e a p a i r o f w i n g s
9 . T E R R A - C O TA – E a r t h - b a k e d ( u n g l a z e d ) o r b u r n t i n m o u l d s . F o r u s e i n c o n s t r u c t i o n , h a r d e r i n
quality than brick. [brownish red color]
10. HERALDIC – A coat of arms; connected with heraldry or heralds: belonging or relating to heraldry
or heralds
11 . P L AT E R E S Q U E – P h a s e o f t h e e a r l y p e r i o d o f S p a n i s h a r c h i t e c t u r e o f t h e l a t e r 1 5 t h a n d e a r l y 1 6 t h
century, an intricate style named after its likeness to silverwork; elaborately decorated: relating to
a heavily decorated architectural style fashionable in 16th-century Spain, reminiscent of elaborate
silverware
12. PULPIT – An elevated enclosed stand in a CHURCH in which the preacher stands.
1 3 . B E LV E D E R E – A r o o f e d b u t o p e n - s i d e d s t r u c t u r e a ff o r d i n g a n e x t e n s i v e v i e w, u s u a l l y l o c a t e d a t
the rooftop of a dwelling but sometimes an independent building or an eminence (a hill) on a
 f o r m a l g a r d e n ; a b u i l d i n g w i t h f i n e v i e w : a b u i l d i n g o r p a r t o f a b u i l d i n g p o s i t i o n e d t o o ff e r a f i n e
view of the surrounding area
14. CHURRIGUERESQUE – An expression of Spanish baroque architecture and sculpture, a recurrent
feature was the richly garlanded spiral columns. [flamboyant-showy; brightly colored; highly
decorated ornamentation]
15. CANDELABRA – A movable candle lamp-stand with central shaft, and often branches or decorative
representation thereof; a branching light fitting: a large decorative candle holder with several arms
or branches, or a similarly shaped electric light fitting
16. FRETWORK – (grating: metal grille) an ornament in classic or renaissance architecture consisting
of an assembly of straight lines intersecting at right angles, and of various patterns.
M H J O G K L P D E B F I C A N
1 . WATA - D A G E – O u t s t a n d i n g a r c h i t e c t u r a l c r e a t i o n i n S r i L a n k a w h i c h i s a c i r c u l a r r e l i c h o u s e b u i l t
in stone and brick.
2 . T U D O R - R E V I VA L – P i c t u r e s q u e c o m p o s i t i o n b u i l t i n A m e r i c a s i n c e 1 9 8 0 . H a l l t i m b e r i n g a n d
m a s s i v e m e d i e v a l c h i m n e y. I d e n t i f i e d b y p r o m i n e n t g a b l e s a n d l a r g e e x p a n s i v e w i n d o w s w i t h
small panes.
3 . TO R U S – a l a r g e c o n v e x m o u l d i n g u s e d p r i n c i p a l l y i n t h e b a s e s o f c o l u m n s .
4 . PA G O D A – M o s t t y p i c a l C h i n e s e b u i l d i n g , u s u a l l y o c t a g o n a l i n p l a n , o d d n u m b e r o s t o r i e s u s u a l l y
9 o r 1 3 s t o r e y s a n d r e p e a t e d r o o f s , h i g h l y c o l o r e d a n d w i t h u p t u r n e d e a v e s , s l o p e s t o e a c h s t o r e y.
5. BUNGALOW – One storey with low-overhanging roof and broad front porch. Unpretentious style
often rambling spread out floor plan, more expensive to build; lightweight tropical house: a simply-
built one-storey house with a veranda and a wide, gently sloping roof in Southeast Asia and the
South Pacific
6 . FA I E N C E – A g l a z e d e a r t h w a r e o r i g i n a l l y m a d e i n I t a l y ; p o t t e r y w i t h c o l o r e d g l a z e : e a r t h e n w a r e
decorated with colored opaque metallic glazes (often used before a noun)
7 . S TA M B A S / L AT H S – M o n u m e n t a l p i l l a r s s t a n d i n g f r e e w i t h o u t a n y s t r u c t u r a l f u n c t i o n , w i t h c i r c u l a r
or octagonal shafts with inscriptions carved in it. The capital was bell-shaped and crowned with
a n i m a l s u p p o r t e d b e a r i n g t h e B u d d h i s t w i l l o f L a w.
8 . G R E AT WA L L – M o s t f a m o u s o f a n c i e n t C h i n e s e b u i l d i n g u n d e r t a k i n g s . I t s n a k e s , l o o p s , a n d
doubles back on itself. Meandering across valleys, plains, scaling mountains, plunging into deep
gorges and leaping raging rivers of 3,700 miles.
9 . A RT N O V E A U – A n a r t f r e e f r o m a n y h i s t o r i c a l s t y l e c h a r a c t e r i z e d b y f o r m s o f n a t u r e f o r
ornamentation in the façade aptly called for the floral design.
10. BAUHAUS – a school founded by Gropius in 1919, developing a form of training intended to relate
art and architecture to technology and the practical needs of human life.
11 . F E N E S T R AT I O N – T h e a r r a n g e m e n t a n d d e s i g n o f w i n d o w s i n a b u i l d i n g .
1 2 . A R C H I T E C TO N I C – R e l a t i n g o r c o n f o r m i n g t o t e c h n i c a l a r c h i t e c t u r a l p r i n c i p l e s .
13. RARHS – Rock-cut temples in India
1 4 . S PA C E - F R A M E – A s t r u c t u r a l s y s t e m c o n s i s t i n g o f t r u s s e s i n t w o d i r e c t i o n s r i g i d l y c o n n e c t e d a t
their intersections. A rectangular shape is formed where the top and bottom chords of the trusses
a r e d i r e c t l y a b o v e & b e l o w o n e a n o t h e r.
15. BALOON-FRAME – a type of timber framing in America about 1820s wherein it owes its strength to
the walls, roof acting as diaphragms, and not on the post. It is an extension of the roof.
1 6 . PA I L O U – A C h i n e s e c e r e m o n i a l g a t e w a y e r e c t e d i n m e m o r y o f a n e m i n e n t p e r s o n .
F K E G B H J I L D A C O P N M
1. BONSAI – A dwarf tree which is a perfect reflection of Japanese culture.
2 . A N T I L L A N H O U S E – A n e l e g a n t t w o s t o r e y, r e c t a n g u l a r t o w n h o u s e w i t h a m a s s i v e s t o n e f i r s t
f l o o r, a n d a l i g h t a n d a i r y s e c o n d f l o o r, m o t h e r - o f - p e a r l o r “ c a p i z ” w i n d o w s a n d p i c t u r e s q u e w i d e
tile roof. Entrance is of Heavy plank door with wrought iron or brass nails, sturdy balustrades of
w o o d o r i r o n g r i l l e s b e l o w w i n d o w s t o l e t i n c o o l a i r.
3 . B E LV E D E R E – A n o p e n - r o o f e d g a l l e r y i n a n u p p e r s t o r e y b u i l t f o r g i v i n g a v i e w o f t h e s c e n e r y.
4. TEA HOUSE – In Japan, a structure where the appreciation of the arts and flower arrangement,
with drinking ceremony is done.
5. KEN – Intercolumniation is regulated by this standard of Japanese measurement, which is divided
into 20 parts called minutes and each minute being again divided into 20 parts or seconds of
space.
6 . I F U G A O / B O N TO C H O U S E – C o r d i l l e r a o n e r o o m h o u s e o n f o u r w o o d e n p o s t s w i t h a n a n i m a l o r
insect barrier and a pyramidal roof Cogon grass built without nails.
7 . N I PA H O U S E – A h o u s e w i t h a p r o w - l i k e ( f r o n t o f s h i p ) m a j e s t i c r o o f , t h e p o l y c h r o m e , e x t r a v a g a n t
wooden carvings derived from the Malay Mythical bird the “Sari Manok” The silken Muslim
canopies in the Interiors. The protruding ends of floor beams are decorated with intricate
carvings.
8. MARANAO HOUSE – Lowlands area house with pithed roof, made of bamboo poles, thatch roof
with woven slit canes for walls and split bamboo slats flooring.
9 . I VATA N H O U S E – M a d e o f 0 . 7 5 m . t h i c k s t o n e o f l i m e w a l l w i t h t h i c k t h a t c h e d r o o f m a d e o f s e v e r a l
layers of cogon and held together by seasoned sticks or reeds and rattan to withstand fiercest
typhoons in the north.
 10. LOGGIA – An arcade of roofed gallery built into or projecting from the side of a building
particularly one overlooking an open court. A covered balcony and walkway: a covered open-sided
w a l k w a y, o f t e n w i t h a r c h e s , a l o n g o n e s i d e o f a b u i l d i n g
11 . I R I M O YA G A B L E – J a p a n e s e d o m i n a n t r o o f s c h a r a c t e r i z e d b y t h e i r e x q u i s i t e c u r v a t u r e , a n d a r e
supported upon a succession of simple or compound brackets. The upper part of the roof is
terminated by a gable placed vertically above the end walls, while the lower part of the main roof
is carried round the ends of the building in a hipped form.
1 2 . TO R I I – S h i n t o t e m p l e s ( S h i n t o - J a p a n e s e r e l i g i o n ) a r e c h a r a c t e r i z e d b y t h i s g a t e w a y f o r m e d b y
upright posts supporting two or more horizontal beams.
1 3 . T R O M P E L’ O E I L – “ F o o l t h e e y e ” – a r e p a i n t i n g s a d o r n i n g e v e r y t h i n g f r o m c a b i n e t s t o c u p b o a r d s ,
fire screen to dishwashers. This creates an illusion of space. A make-believe doorway for example
extends a hall. A glass cabinet or door is painted with cows and chicken and make-believe or
create an outdoor scene.
1 4 . C O U N T RY H O U S E – A h o u s e c o m p o s e d o f n a t u r a l m a t e r i a l s . I t i s a n e c l e c t i c a n d o r g a n i c l o o k
t h a t g r o w s a n d c h a n g e s w i t h a n t i q u e s a n d a c l u t t e r o f d i ff e r e n t c o l l e c t i o n s , m a d e o f r o u g h p l a s t e r ,
old beams, wood framed windows and slate or brick floors. A house in the country: a large house
i n t h e c o u n t r y, o f t e n w i t h a l a r g e a r e a o f l a n d a t t a c h e d
1 5 . A RT D E C O – 1 9 3 0 s m o d e r n i s t ’s s t y l e o f a r t i n s p i r e d b y m e c h a n i c a l f o r m s a n d c h i e f l y d i s t i n g u i s h e d
by geometrical shapes, bold color schemes and symmetrical designs, suitable for mass production.
1 6 . C O N S E RVATO R I E S , A R B O R S & G A Z E B O S – T h e s e a r e g a r d e n r o o m s .
a. Fanciful, pre-fabricated models attached to the houses, filled with wrought iron or wicker
furniture exotic plants and birds.
b. These are open spaces with seating areas beneath wood rafters or leaf-entwined plants.
( a shady place: a shaded place formed by the leaves and branches of trees and plants that
interweave naturally or are trained to grow around a trellis )
c . A r o o f p l a c e , s h a d e d f r o m t h e s u n , t o r e a d o r t o e n t e r t a i n a n d e n j o y t h e v i e w.

ARCHITECTS & BUILDINGS DESIGNED

E K H P A I C J M O L N B F D G
1. LEVER HOUSE
 Skidmore, Owings & Merril
2 . C H RY S L E R B U I L D I N G , N Y
 W i l l i a n Va n A l e n
3. GEODESIC DOME
 Buckminster Fuller
4. SYDNEY OPERA HOUSE
 Jorn Utzon
5. SOLOMON GUGGENHEIM MUSEUM
 F r a n k L l o y d Wr i g h t
6 . PA R L I A M E N T B U I L D I N G S , B R A Z I L
 Lucio Costa & Oscar Nimeyer
7. BAUHAUS BLDG, GERMANY
 Wa l t e r G r o p i u s
8 . E I N S T E I N TO W E R
 Eirch Mendelsohn
9. CHAPEL OF NOTRE DAME
 Le Corbosier
1 0 . C U LT U R A L C E N T E R O F T H E P H I L I P P I N E S
 Leandro Locsin
11 . TA H A N A N G F I L I P I N O / C O C O N U T PA L A C E
 Francisco “bobby” Mañosa
12. ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK OF THE PHILIPPINES
 CC. De Castro
1 3 . S A N M I G U E L C O R P. B U I L D I N G
 Manuel Mañosa
14. BANK OF CHINA, HK
 I.M. Pei
1 5 . T WA K E N N E D Y A I R P O RT, N Y
 Eero Saarinen
1 6 . AT & T B L D G , N Y
 Philip Johnson

FA M O U S D I C T U M S / P H I L O S O P H I E S / S AY I N G S

1. “FORM FOLLOWS FUNCTION”

--- Louis Sullivan
2. “ F O R M D O E S N O T N E C E S S A R I LY F O L L O W F U N C T I O N ”
 --- Antonio Gaudi
3. “ A RT & A R C H I T E C T U R E , T H E N E W U N I T Y ”
--- Wa l t e r G r o p i u s
4. “A HOUSE IN A HOUSE”
--- Louis Kahn
5. “CUBE WITHIN A CUBE’
--- Le Corbusier
6. “A BRIDGE IS LIKE A HOUSE”
--- Robert Maillart
7. “LESS IS MORE”
--- L u d w i g M i e s Va n D e r o h e
8 . “ F U N C T I O N I N F L U E N C E B U T D O E S N O T D I C TAT E F O R M ”
--- Eero Saarinen
9. “MODERN ARCHITECTURE NEED NOT BE WESTERN”
--- K e n z o Ta n g e
1 0 . “ A R C H I T E C T U R E M U S T M E E T 3 R E Q U I R E M E N T S : S T E N G T H , B E A U T Y, U N I T Y ”
--- M a r c u s Vi t r u v i u s P o c i o
S TO A ; p a t i o ( S p a n i s h o u t d o o r l i v i n g o r d i n i n g ) ; V E R A N D A H ( a p o r c h o r b a l c o n y f o r s u m m e r l e i s u r e ) ;
LOGGIA
PINNACLE;
Tu r r e t ( m e d i e v a l ) ; m i n a r e t ( I s l a m i c ) ; s t e e p l e ( c h u r c h t o w e r & s p i r e ) ( t e r m u s e f o r s p i r e c r o w n e d t o w e r s )
Pinnacle(highest point); fleche (a church spire); spire (tapering termination of a gothic church tower);
finial (a design at the top of a spire)
Boss (vaulted or flat); groin (vaulted only)
Quoins (just a corner stone) vs. squinch (structural arch to support a dome)
Foyer; vestibule; lobby