TITLE PAGE

THE PREVALENCE OF MALARIA INFECTION AMONG STUDENT

COLLEGE OF HEALTH TECHNOLOGYMAIDUGURI IN BORNO
STATE

BY

ALHAJI LIMAN BULAMA

15/EVMG/1743

DEPARTMENT OF ENVIROMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE, COLLEGE

OF HEALTH TECHNOLOGY, MAIDUGURI,

BORNO STATE
i
 CERTIFICATION

This is to certify that Alhaji Liman Bulama with I.D Number. 15/EVMG/1743 has
had his research work under the supervision of undersigned Supervisor, read and
approved by the supervisor as meeting the partial requirement for environmental
health technician.

Alhaji Abdullahi Umar Sign :_________________

Supervisors Name Date: _________________

Liman Bukar Sign :_________________

HOD’s Name Date: _________________

ii
 DEDICATION

This project is dedicated to my beloved parents, Bulama A Garba and Fatsuma

Musa

iii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I wish to express my sincere gratitude to Almighty Allah for seeing me thrwto

build a successful life, May Allah bless them.

My appreciation goes to my supervisor Abudullahi Umar for his positive

Constructive criticisms and suggestion in the courses of actualizing this research for
taking his time for necessary correction appropriate observation and encouragement
against all odds that made this work a successful.

I shall by all means not to forget to offer profound gratitude to my HOD of

the Department of Environmental Health Science in person of Mallam Liman Bukar
for the contribution toward my academic achievement as well May God continue to
guide them through life and grant him Jannatul Firdaus Ameen.

My sincere gratitude goes to entire lecturers of environmental health

Departnment, May God bless them all.

My appreciation and regards also goes to my family especially the effort of

the humble, skillful and respected Uncle Dr. Audu musa and his friend Buta Ali
Hafsat, my brother Musa (Sidih Bash) Aisha Haruna, Fatsuma Bulama, Salamatu,
Hajara. I am forever grateful to them, May Allah bless them all.

I also owe special gratitude to my friends, they are many so I won’t list them
but I love them all.

Finally, I will like to extremely express my joy and happiness to all deserved
names but failed to be mentioned for their prayers and contribution directly or
indirectly to the success of my studies, May Allah (SWT) reward them all.

iv
 ABSTRACT

This research work is carried out to find out the “prevalence of malaria infection
among student College of Health Technology Maiduguri”

A non – experimental research designed was used to find out the factors
contributing to incidence of malaria, using random, convenient and sampling
proportionate technique and a total of 260 respondents were selected nursinudy.

It was conducted by the use of questionnaire guide, which consist of question

for the student. The data obtained were analyzed manually and presented in tables
and percentage. In conclusion, the discussion and interpretation of findings it was
revealed that, incidence of malaria infection in College of Health Technology
Maiduguri is due to poor drainage system, lack of prophylactic treatment also
contribute. Therefore, it is very important to health educate the student on
prophylactic treatment concerning the control of malaria infection and also to
eradicate it.

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 TABLE OF CONTENT
TITLE PAGE .......................................................................................................... i

CERTIFICATION ................................................................................................. ii

DEDICATION ...................................................................................................... iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .................................................................................... iv

ABSTRACT............................................................................................................v

TABLE OF CONTENT ........................................................................................ vi

CHAPTER ONE .....................................................................................................1

INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................1

1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY .............................................................1

1.2 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROBLEM ...............................................................2

1.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS ...........................................................................2

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY ..............................................................2

1.5 STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS ...................................................................3

1.6 DEFINITION OF TERMS ............................................................................3

CHAPTER TWO ....................................................................................................5

LITERATURE REVIEW .......................................................................................5

2.0 INTRODUCTION .........................................................................................5

2.1 CONCEPTUAL REVIEW ............................................................................5

EPIDEMIOLOGY OF MALARIA ........................................................................6

PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF MALARIA ................................................9

2.2 EMPERIACAL REVIEW ...........................................................................11

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2.3 THEORETICAL REVIEW .........................................................................12

ENVIRONMENTAL MODEL ............................................................................13

2.4 THE SIGN, SYMPTOMS ...........................................................................13

2.5 MODE OF TRANSMISSION OF MALARIA ..........................................13

2.6 CONTROL ..................................................................................................13

2.7 UNDERSTANDING HOW MALARIA TRANSMISSION OCCURS.....11

2.8 SUMMARY OF REVIEW OF LITERATURE..........................................13

CHAPTER THREE ..............................................................................................15

3.1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................15

3.2 POPULATION OF THE STUDY...............................................................15

3.3 SAMPLING PROCEDURE ........................................................................15

3.4.1 TO DETERMINE THE SAMPLING ......................................................15

3.4.3 PROPORTIONATESAMPLING PROCEDURE ...................................16

3.5 INSTRUMENTUSED FOR DATA COLLECTION .................................16

3.6 METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION .......................................................17

3.7 VALIDITY OF THE INSTRUMENT ........................................................17

3.8 METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS .............................................................17

3.9 ETHICAL CONSIDERATION ..................................................................17

CHAPTER FOUR.................................................................................................18

DADA ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION OF RESULT ...............................18

4.1 RESULT .........................................................................................................18

4.2 DICUSSION OF FINDINGS .........................................................................25

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CHAPTER FIVE ..................................................................................................28

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ..........................28

5.1 SUMMARY ....................................................................................................28

5.2 CONCLUSION ...............................................................................................29

5.3 RECOMMENDATION ..................................................................................30

5.4 SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER STUDIES ...............................................30

REFERENCE........................................................................................................32

viii
 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

Malaria is an illness cause by bits of infective female anopheles’ mosquitoes

which transfer parasite called Plasmodium.

Four species exist plasmodiufalciporum p.malaria p. vivaxp. Oval is of

importance in malaria transmission in Nigeria. The vector of the malaria is female
anopheles’ mosquito in Nigeria, the vector includes:

Malaria being a vector become infection disease is widely spread in tropical

and sub-tropical Africa, America and Asia. each year there are approximately five
to fifteen million (5 – 15,000,000) cases of malaria killing between one to three
people majority of whom were young children and pregnant women in sub-Sahara
Africa (WHO1948) 11th Dec. 2017. The WHO in a recent report the number of
malaria cases rose in many countries in 2016.

Malaria is a mosquito borne disease caused by a parasite. People with malaria

often experience fever, chills and flulike illness left untreated, they may develop
severe complication however in 2015 malaria caused 214 million clinical ofesody
and 438,000 decides mostly children in the Africa region 3.2 billion people live in
area of risk of malaria transmission 106 countries and territories (john 1988).

Statistics from National Malaria Elimination Programme (NNEP 2001) shows

that Nigeria accounts for 29% of the global burden of malaria and has the need to
focus and treatment as well as prevention the future of your country and that of
mankind depends on the children, malaria therefore, focuses on the world of the
expected mothers, father, infant, preschool children and adults. Malaria influence

1
the maternal families and youth, therefore consider important preventive measure in
the health care of the entire family per people to grow as able fingered adulted. They
need condition that will accord them to avoid the decrease in order to achieve the
important way to control of malaria in College of Health Technology, Maiduguri.

1.2 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROBLEM

1. to find out the extent of malaria infection among student of College of Health
Technology, Maiduguri.
2. To identify way of reducing the effect of malaria attack among student
College of Health Technology, Maiduguri
3. To investigate the predisposing factors contributing to the incidence of
malaria attack among student College of Health Technology, Maiduguri

1.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. what are the factors contributing to incidence of malaria among student

College of Health Technology, Maiduguri?
2. Do students in the college have adequate knowledge on preventing measures
of malaria?
3. Does lack of proper drainage system play as role in the factors contributing to
the incidence of malaria?

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

 It would help government and non-governmental organizations to have insight

and appreciate the ways to update on prevention and control of malaria
infection.

2
  It would serve as a guide to the environment health technician to be aware of
the factors contributing to the incidence of the malaria infection and
preventive ways.
 It also adds to the existing body of knowledge to researchers.

1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The study was delimited to investigate the prevalence of malaria infection

among student collage of health technology Maiduguri,

1.6 STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS

Malaria infection is of alarming due to poor environmental sanitations, stagnant,

water, poor waste management and lack of protective measures. The issues raised
above motivated the researcher to conduct. The study on the prevalence of malaria
among student of College of Health Technology Maiduguri. So far there is no single
study that investigate the prevalence of malaria among student of College of Health
Technology, Maiduguri.

1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS

the following terms were operational definition:

1. Attitude: is a physiological constituent, a mental and emotional entity that

inhere in, or characterizes a person.
2. Attitude Toward Malaria Prevention: belief and susceptibility seriousness
and treatment of malaria.
3. Health: the world health organization physical, mental, and social wellbeing
and not merely the absence of diseases or infirmity.

3
4. Knowledge of Malaria: the ability of a person to have correct understanding
of malaria in terms of causative agent, mode of transmission signs and
symptoms, treatment and prevention.
5. . Malaria: is an illness caused by the bite of an infective anopheles’ female
mosquito which transfer parasite called plasmodium
6. Malaria control: is a process that require in eradicating the carrier mosquito
or reducing man-vector control so as to eat in the feticide of the parasite.
7. Practice of malaria prevention: routine activities and criteria of individual
or group for prevention of malaria. These include the use of insecticide to
spray and control idea mosquito breeding place.

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 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 INTRODUCTION

The chapter is reviewed under the following sub-topic:

2.1 Concept Malaria

2.2 Empirical review

2.3 Theoretical review

2.4 Summary

2.1 CONCEPT MALARIA

The incidence of malaria is now an alarming health problem worldwide

especially in West African region. Malaria is now regarded as one of the major cause
of death in Africa. especially in Nigeria due to one factor or the o.

Jelliff (2004): Documented that malaria is common in many part of the

tropics, it is usually due to infection of red blood cell (RBC) with plasmodium
falciparum and this is the main form of infection considered here”. Also malaria is
spread from man by biting of an infected female anopheles’ mosquito. The parasite
lives in the red blood cell (RBC) and destroys them so that anaemia result.

Gupta (2017) described “malaria as a mosquito-borne disease that lead to

more than five hundred million deaths annually, national and worldwide”. It is
common in tropical and sub-tropical climate and it is found in ninety countries
including Nigeria.

World health organization (2006) define “malaria as a tropical disease caused

by parasite called plasmodium which can be acute or chronic.

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2.1.1 EPIDEMIOLOGY OF MALARIA

Epidemiologically, the incidence of malaria globally is nearly 120 million clinical

cases each year with nearly three hundred people carrying the parasite, 9% of the
total number of new cases reported annually to WHO are from ninety countries only.
The majority of malaria death occur in Africa estimate vary greatly in figure of
800,000 people per year in African children has been quoted in 2006 by the WHO.
African region, about 3.4m cases annually for the past 5-6 years.

According to roll back malaria (2008) there are estimate 300 million acute
cases of malaria death. Approximately 90% of the deaths occur in Africa, mostly
young children.

Malaria in Nigeria. According to Ministry of Health, is responsible for sixty

percent (60%) of out-patient visit to health facilities, 25% of death in children under
five years and 11% maternal death. Furthermore, federal ministry of health estimate
a financial loss from malaria (in form of treatment cost, prevention and loss of man
power etc.) to the roughly 132 million naira per year. With the staggering statistics,
it is clear that health is a pre-requisite for economic prosperity. The disease is directly
contributing to poverty, low productivity and reduced school attendance in Nigeria.

 Anaemia
 Celebral Malaria
 Hypoglycemia
 Metabolic Acidosis

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2.1.2 THE SIGN, SYMPTOMS

The sign of malaria disease can be detected through the following:

i. Loss of appetite
ii. Headache
iii. Fever
iv. Irritation of the joint
v. Shivering because of the atmospheric pressure
vi. Sometimes tears and in the eye and turn red
vii. The month and general body dryness because of heart germination.
viii. Weak in movement

2.1.3 MODE OF TRANSMISSION OF MALARIA

Although malaria transmission usually occurs through the bite of an

infected female anopheles’ mosquito, it can also occur through contact with
infected blood. This disease may also be transmitted from a mother to her
fetus before or during delivering. Malaria is not transmitted from person to
person like common cold or the flu you cannot get the disease from casual
contact with infected people.

2.1.3,1 UNDERSTANDING HOW MALARIA TRANSMISSION OCCURS

When an anopheles’ mosquito bites an infected person a small amount of

blood infected with microscopic malaria parasite is take. The parasite grows and
mature in the mosquitos’ salivary gland. When the mosquito next takes a blood meal
the parasite mixed with the saliva, injected with the bite, and the transmission of
malaria is complete.

7
 Once in the blood the parasite travel to the liver and enter liver cells, to grow
and multiply, after as few seven days or as long as several years, the parasite leaves
the liver cells and enter blood cells, which normally carry oxygen in the blood to
tissue that need it. Once in the red blood cell rapture. Freeing this parasite to attack
and enter other red blood cells. Toxin released when the red cells buts are what cause
the typical symptoms of malaria such as:

 Fever
 Chills
 Flur like symptoms

If a mosquito bites this infected person and ingests certain type of malaria parasite,
the malaria transmission cycle continues.

Moreover, since malaria parasite is found in red blood cell transmission may
also occur through:

 Blood transmission
 Organ transparent

The following measures are used in malaria controls; these are:

SCREENING: screening of dwellings to prevent malaria mosquitoes from entering

and biting the people inside is a positive development measures. Screening of
building also improves people’s livers in other ways, i.e. by keeping flies out of
homes where possible i.e. building that have four wall) to path screen on windows
and screen door on doors. It should be encouraging. Screening is a useful adjunct to
use of a treated bed net or residual treatment of walls because its reduces. The
members of malaria mosquitoes entering and leaving the building.

8
2.1.4 PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF MALARIA

1. Eliminating existing source of infection requires aggressive treatment of

people who have malaria to cure these infection, as well as continuous
surveillance to diagnose and treat new cases promptly.
2. Eliminating peoples’ exposure to mosquitoes, this can be accomplished by
several means, the means include destroying bodies of stagnant water where
mosquitoes lay their eggs, treating such as habitat with insecticides to kill
adult mosquitoes’ ort using mosquitoes netting or protecting or preventing or
prevent contact with mosquitoes.
3. The tools to roll back malaria in an essential measure in preventing and
controlling malaria include:
I. The use of Long Lasting Insecticide Treated Nets (LLIN’s) to protect
against mosquito bites.
II. The use of Intermittent Preventive Therapy (IPT) among pregnant
women. Despite the rigorous efforts, the Ministry ofHealth is still
encountering challenges among its citizen to employ the sustained use
of malaria control intervention.
4. The use of prophylactic treatment which include use of personal protective
device e.g. shock, long sleeve shirt, use of long trouser and environmental
hygiene also prevent malaria.

2.1.4.1 CONTROL

The following measures should control malaria. These people should always
be enlightened of the following factors of control.

9
 i. They should be enlightened of the use of mosquito nets and should close
their doors and windows when it is time for mosquitoes or night times.
ii. If the symptoms persisted, they should take the patients to doctor for
diagnosis.
iii. Sweeping and clearing of dirty compound to avoid mosquitoes’ settlement.
iv. Proper control of sewage disposal in the community
v. Elimination of foci in malaria free areas
vi. Killing malaria parasites in the blood refer they can cause malaria. This is
referred to as chemo-prophylaxis.
vii. Early diagnosis, timely and adequate treatment of all malaria cases.
viii. Control of transmission is high risk situation (non-immune immigrants).
ix. Reduce in transmission in areas of high drug resistant.
x. Prevention of seasonal peaks of malaria transmission.

Furthermore, progress made in malaria control during the past decade has
prompted increasing global dialogue on malaria elimination and eradication. The
product development pipeline for malaria has never been stranger, with promising
new tools to detect, treat and prevent malaria, including innovative diagnosis as
medicine, vaccine, vector control product and improved mechanism for surveillance
and response. There are at least 25 project in the global malaria vaccine pipeline as
well 47 medicine and 13 vectors control products. In addition, there are several rest
generation diagnostic tools and reference methods currently in development. With
many expected to be introduced in next decades. The development and adoption of
these tools, bolstered by strategies that ensure rapid uptake in target population,
intensified mechanism for information management, surveillance and responses and
continued financial/political commitment are all essential to achieving global
eradication.

10
 Malaria transmission most often occurs through the bite of an anopheles’
mosquito. No other type of mosquito becomes infected with one of the four
plasmodium parasite that cause malaria in human, through a previous blood meal
from an infected person.

2.1.4.2 BIOLOGICAL CONTROL:

mosquito fish reduce larval mosquito populations, and some countries have
established programmes for distributing these small fish to residents, mosquito fish
are often particularly effective in small ponds, water tanks, etc

2.1.4.3 SOURCE REDUCTION:

This is possible in some condition but very difficult in other conditions. Source
reduction is particularly useful for vector specie, such as anopheles steps that often
breed in man-made condition water tanks and at construction sites. There are several
species of malaria vectors, wise to attempt to drain the swamp, thus, other strategies
for breeding transmission may need to be used.

2.2 EMPERIACAL REVIEW

Davey (2006) said that “lack of proper drainage is the first and the most factor
controlling to incidence of malaria”. The fact is that; drainage systems are the central
area of breeding place for mosquito. If drainages are not constructed well all sewage
are said to be stagnant and causing increase in the population of the mosquito.

Large drainage scheme is for the specialist engineer and should not be planned
in consultation with authorities to have effectiveness, unless malaria risk will be due
to improper drainage system.

Adeyemo (2014) state that records from June, (2015) to May (2017) shows
information on frequency of attendance in the university accounts for 75% of clinic

11
attendance among students despite the fact that hostel are fumigated during holidays
and environmental sanitation is carried out often.

Maina (2016) state that: “the incidents of malaria among students’ of College
of Health Technology, Maiduguri (C. H. T. M). Is high in line with the study he
conducted in assessment of factors contributing to incidence of malaria among
students’ The study shows 76% of the student nurses had malaria attack”.

Abba (2015) state that): lack of proper drainage system encourages the
breeding of mosquitoes which is a major carrier of the plasmodium parasite in her
research on factors contributing to incidence of malaria among the students’ C.H. T.
M. revealed that 60% of the respondents said that improper drainage and lack of
drainage system is a major factor that increase high rate of malaria among C. H. T.
M’ student. It also shows that 7-% of the respondents and that stagnant dirty water
also increase the incidence of malaria among student C.H.T in which the mosquitoes
lay their eggs and multiply causing more infection to the students.

World health organization WHO (2016) reports that, lack of the effective
malaria control is one of the most common and major factor that contribute to
incidence of malaria. The major tools include mosquito nets, spread of mosquitoes
and anti-malarial drugs to fight against affected once.

2.3 THEORETICAL FRAME WORK

Knowledge attitude and practical (KAP). The theoretical framework for study
contain these; knowledge, attitude and practical (KAP) with regard to incidence of
malaria among students’ nurses.

Knowledge Attitude Practical

Communication Cultural Belief Good or Poor

12
 I. Education Availability
II. Information Benefit
III. Training Compliance

The KAP model has a frame work which is a guide in determining “the way
in which knowledge plays a role in changing beliefs of students of C.H. T. with
reference to malaria”. The student should have knowledge of it through information,
education and communication. Incidence of malaria among student of C.H.T.M can
be reduce to bearest minimum depending on public enlightenment, availability of
health facilities.

2.3.1 ENVIRONMENTAL MODEL

Nightingales environmental model focuses on the patient and their environment. The
health of both the sick and the well where the emphasized that should be aware of
their environmental factors such as cleanliness, fresh air, adequate drainage,
adequate nutrition etc. which contribute or spoil the health”.

The model in relation to factors contributing to incidence of malaria fever pin

points that environmental factors such as stagnant water, poor drainage
constructions. Which serve as a breeding place for mosquitoes contribute or effect
the health of the individual resulting in malaria fever.

2.4 SUMMARY OF REVIEW OF LITERATURE

The chapter deals with the literature reviews which are categorized in
conceptual, theoretical and empirical reviews. The conceptual review talked on issue
associated with the research topic in the theoretical review, two theories were

13
discussed in relation to the work and the empirical review comprising of previous
studies by other researchers on the same topic of study.

14
 CHAPTER THREE

3.1 INTRODUCTION

The study investigates the prevalence of malaria among students’ College of

Health Technology {CTHM}, Maiduguri. This chapter described the research design,
population, sample and sampling procedure, instrument for data collection, validity
of instrument.

3.2 POPULATION OF THE STUDY

The population of the study were 813 students leaving in the hostel of School of
Health Technology for the year 2017/2018 academic year{CHTM,2018}.

3.3 SAMPLING PROCEDURE

The sampling size consist of 260 student of the College of Health Technology,
Maiduguri. This size is adequate in line with the suggestion of Krejaje and Morgan
(1996).

3.3.1 TO DETERMINE THE SAMPLING

Random sample technique was used to sample the respondent. According to

Ibrahim and David simple random sampling is the simplest probability sampling to
select a sample and decide on the size.

3.3.2 CONVENIENCE SAMPLING PROCEDURE Convenience sampling

procedure was used in distributing the questionnaires to the respondent. The
Researcher and his reach assistant purposively administered the questionnaires in
male hostel A, B and female hostels A, B, and C respectively.

15
3.3.3 PROPORTIONATESAMPLING PROCEDURE

The proportionate sampling procedure was used to sample the respondent as

follows;

𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑒𝑟 ℎ𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑙

x sample = sample size
𝐶𝑢𝑚𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡

Male
381
H–A x 260 = 121.8
813

84
H–B x 260 = 26.9
813

Female
234
H–A x 260 = 74.8
813

66
H–B x 260 = 21.1
813

48
H–C x 260 = 15.3
813

Total = 260

3.4 INSTRUMENTUSED FOR DATA COLLECTION

The instrument used was a close ended question which comprises of section
A and B. Section A is for demographic data and section B consist of factors
contributing to incidence of malaria among students of College of Health
Technology, Maiduguri,

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3.5 METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION

Data was obtained through self-administered questionnaire to the respondents

by hand after seeking permission from the students of College of Health Technology,
Maiduguri.

3.6 VALIDITY OF THE INSTRUMENT

The questionnaire was shown to the supervisor of the research work and
various corrections were made and finally approved.

3.7 METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS

Data obtained was analyzed manually and presented using tables and
percentages.

3.8 ETHICAL CONSIDERATION

The respondents were made to understand the aims and objectives of this
research, and they also have the right to refuse to participate, confidentially and
privacy of the respondents was maintained and were assured will be used for
academic purposes only.

17
 CHAPTER FOUR

DADA ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION OF RESULT

4.1 RESULT

Analysis of demographic data in a table

GROUP FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE (%)

Age 16 – 20 years 62 23.8%
21 – 25 years 102 39.2%
26 – 30 years 52 20%
31 and above 44 16.9%

Total 260 100

Gender Male 109 41.9%
Female 151 58.0%

Total 260 100%

Marital Status Single 162 62.3%
Married 84 32.3%
Divorced 14 5.38%

Total 260 100%

Class level First year 62 23.8%
Second year 120 46.1%
Third year 78 30.0%

260 100%

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Table one above shows the demographic data of 84 respondents, it shows that
14(16.7%) of the respondents were between the ages of 16 – 21 years. However, 28
with (33.3%) of the respondents were between the ages of 21 – 25 years, and 30
(35.7%) of the respondents been the majority were between 26 – 30 years of age and
the last were respondent between the age of 31 and above respondent to the
questionnaire.

From table above majority of the respondent were male 46 (54.89) and female
respondent were not as much as male 38(45.2%).

The table show that majority of the respondent were single 62 (73.8%) while 12
(14.2%) were married as well as 10 (11.9%) were divorced.

The table indicate the occupation of the respondents, 12(14.2%) of the respondent
were environmental health assigned/officers, 14(16.7%) work as Community Health
Assistant/Officers and 4(0.48%) work as Medical Lab and Health Information
Management respectively. However, the majority of the respondent were student 50
(59.5%).

Table 2: Do you have proper drainage system in your hostel environment?

Variable Frequency Percentage (%)

Yes 111 42.7%
No 146 57.3%
Total 260 100%
Table 2 above shows that 37 (42.7%) of the respondent said they have proper
drainage system in their hostels while 47(57.3%) said they do not proper drainage
system in their hostel.

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Table 3; Is there any stagnant water in your hostel?

Variable Frequency Percentage (%)

Yes 138 53%
No 122 47%
Total 84 100%
Table 3 above shows that 138 (35.7%) of the respondent said there is stagnant water
in their hostel while 122(64.2%) said no stagnant water in the hostel.

Table 4: Have you ever identify any breeding site for mosquitoes on your
hostel?

Variable Frequency Percentage (%)

Yes 126 48.46%
No 100 38.46%
Total 226 100%
Table 4 above shows that, 69(82.1%) shows that 69(82.1%) of the respondent have
noticed the mosquitoes breeding site while 15(17.9%) of the respondents said no.

Table 5

Variable Frequency Percentage (%)

Yes 62 23.8%
No 198 76.1%
Total 260 100%

The table above indicate that62 (70.9%) of the respondent had not undergo
insecticide spreading exercise while,198( 29.1%) had undergo insecticide spreading
exercise.

20
Table 6: Are there any provision of nets in the doors and windows of your
hostel?

Variable Frequency Percentage (%)

Yes 126 48.5%
No 134 51.5%
Total 260 100%
The table above shows that 126(68.4%) do not have nets in their doors and windows
of their hostel while,134 (31.6%) have nets in their doors and windows.

Table 7: Have you ever had an attack of malaria during your stay in the hostel?

Variable Frequency Percentage (%)

Yes 238 91.5%
No 22 8.4%
Total 260 100%
The table above shows that about 70.9% of the respondents had attack of malaria
while, 29.1% do not had an attack of malaria during their stay in the hostel.

Table 8: If yes, how often do you have an attack of malaria during your stay?

Variable Frequency Percentage (%)

Once 88 33.8%
Twice 95 36.5%
Thrice 75 28.8
All of the above 2 0.79
Total 270 100%
The table above show that 61.4% of the respondents had an attack of malaria twice,
21.7% had an attack of malaria thrice while, 16.9% had an attack of malaria once
during their stay.

21
Table 9: Have any of your colleague ever admitted to hospital due to malaria
infection?

Variable Frequency Percentage (%)

Yes 205 78.9%
No 55 21.1%
Total 260 100%
The table above shows that, about 57.3% of the respondents said their colleague
were admitted to hospital due to malaria infection while, 42.7% of the respondents
said their colleagues have never been admitted to the hospital due to malaria
infection.

Table 10: What method do you use in treatment of malaria?

Variable Frequency Percentage (%)

Charms & Herbs 0 0
Rest and Sleep 0 0
Chemist 111 42.7%
Hospital 100 38.3
All of the above 80 27%
Total 281 100%
The table above shows that, 88(33.89%) with the majority respondents who had
attack of malaria once while 95(36.5%) of the respondents had an attack of malaria
twice, 75(28.8%) had an attack of malaria thrice during their stay.

Table 11: Do you use personal protective devices (insecticides treated nets, long
sleeves shirts and socks) in your hostel?

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 Variable Frequency Percentage (%)
Yes 140 53.8
No 120 46.1
Total 260 100%
Table above shows that 69.2% of the respondents use personal protective device
while 30.8% do not use personal protective device in their hostel.

Table 12: Do you have appropriate provision of refuse and sewage disposal in
your hostel?

Variable Frequency Percentage (%)

Yes 88 38.8
No 172 66.2
Total 260 100%
The table above shows that, above 68.4% of the respondents have refuse and sewage
disposal in their hostel while, 31.6% do not have proper refuse and sewage disposal.

Table 13: What factor do you consider contributing to incidence of malaria

among student nurse?

Variable Frequency Percentage (%)

Dirty and filthy environment 66 25.3%
Lack of prophylactic treatment 45 17.3%
All of the above 129 49.6%
Total 260 100%
The table above shows that 25 (29.7%) of the respondents said dirty and filthy
environment, 29.1% said lack of prophylactic treatment, 11.1% said all of the
options listed above are contributing factor of incidence of malaria among student
nurses and 0% went for bushy environment.

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Table 14: What contribute to poor environment sanitation in your hostel?

Variable Frequency Percentage (%)

Lack of main power 55 21.1%
Lack of proper drainage system 33 12.7%
Lack of appropriate sanitation facilities 44 16.7%
All of the above 128 49.2%
Total 260 100%
The table above indicates that 55 (21.1%) of the respondents said lack of main
power, 33(12.7%) said lack of proper drainage system, 44(16.7%) said lack of
appropriate sanitation facilities, 128(49.2%) said all of the option listed contributes
to poor environmental sanitation.

Table 15: Do you understand your role in the prevention and control of
malaria?

Variable Frequency Percentage (%)

Yes 216 83.6%
No 44 16.9%
Total 270 100%
The table above shows that 216(83.6%) of the respondents know their role while,
44(16.9%) don’t know their role in prevention and control of malaria.

Table 16: If yes, give suggestion on how malaria could be eradicated in hostel/
Variable Frequency Percentage (%)
By providing nets to the windows and doors of each 28 10.8%
room in the hostel.

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 By providing proper drainage system in the hostel 30 11.5%
Through appropriate sanitation facilities 14 100%
Through main power 18 6.9%
All of the above 126 48.4%
No 44 16.9%
Total 260 100%
From the table above, it shows that, 28(10.8%) of the respondents said malaria could
be eradicated by providing nets to the doors and windows of each room in the hostel,
30(11.5%) said by providing proper drainage system in the hostel, 14(5.3%) said
through appropriate sanitation facilities, while 18(66.9%) of the respondents said
malaria could be eradicated through main power, and 44(16.9%) respondents agreed
to eradicate by all the methods mentioned above.

4.2 DICUSSION OF FINDINGS

The study was conducted on the prevalence of malaria infection among

students of College of Health Technology, Maiduguri (CHTM) in Borno State. the
data collected were analyzed as presented in the previous chapter.

The result on table 1 in the previous chapter revealed that most of the
respondent were between the ages of 21 – 25 years (39.2%) and gender of male
109(41.9%) were more than female 151(58.0%) while 162(63.3%) of the respondent
are single (not married)

Research Question 1: of the study were appropriately answered and findings of this
discussed here with;

What are the factors contributing to prevalence of malaria among student nurses of
CHTM?

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Reference to table 13, most of the respondents 66(25.3%) suggested that, dirty and
filthy environment contribute to prevalence of malaria, 45(17.3%) said lack of
prophylactic treatment is also a factor and 129(49.6%) of the respondents being the
majority choose all of these factors that can cause high incidence or prevalence f
malaria.

Adeyemo F. (2013) said that: record from June 2010 to May 2013 shows
information on frequency of attendance in the university of Benin accounts for 75%
of the clinic attendance among students despite the fact that hostels have been
fumigated during holidays and environmental sanitation were carried out often.

Research Question 2: Do students in the school have the knowledge and preventive
measures of malaria?

Reference to Table 11: Revealed that most of the respondents said 140(53.8%) they
don’t undergo insecticide spraying exercise in their hostel and 120(46.1%) have
undergo insecticide spraying exercise in their room.

Comfirmity with WHO (2016), report that lack of effective tools for malaria
control is one of the most common and major factor that contribute to the prevalence
of malaria.

These major tools include insecticide treated nets, spread of insecticides and
anti-malaria drugs to fight against the infection.

Research Question 3: Does improper dumping of refuse and poor environment

hygiene contribute to the incidence of malaria infection?

Reference to Table 14: revealed that respondents 55(21.1%) said that lack of main
power 33(12.7%), lack of proper drainage system 44(16.7%) and lack of appropriate

26
sanitation facilities contribute to incidence of malaria while 128(49.2%) being the
majority said all of the factors mentioned greatly contribute to incidence of malaria
infections.

Adeyemo F. (2016) reported that, 75% of clinic attendance is among the

students in the hostels.

Research Question 4: Does lack of proper drainage system play a role in the factors
contributing to incidence of malaria?

Reference to table 2: revealed that 146(56.1%) said they don’t have drainage
system in their hostel. Also table 3 shows that 138(53%) of the respondents have
responded to have stagnant water in their hostel, and Table 4 shows the same result
as in the previous table.

Meanwhile, 68.4% conducted a research in university of Maiduguri Teaching

Hospital, School of nursing stated that; lack of proper drainage system encourage
breeding site of mosquitoes which is a major carrier of plasmodium parasite. It
shows that 60% of the respondents said dirty stagnant water also increase the
incidence of malaria in which the mosquitoes lay their eggs and multiply causing
more infections.

Table 10 revealed that 111(42.7%) go to chemist for their treatment 100(38.4%) go

to hospital for their treatment while 49(18.8%) and respondents to all of the above
option in the table.

Table 15 shows that 216(83.6%) of the respondents know their role in the prevention
and control of malaria while, 44(16.9%) don’t know their role.

Table 16 revealed 28(10.8%) of the respondents said by providing nets to their doors
and windows of the hostel, then malaria could be eradicated.

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 CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 SUMMARY

This study was designed to investigate the prevalence of malaria infection

among student of College of Health Technology Maiduguri, Borno State.

A background of the study gave a general introduction of the topic, the

statement of the problem was identified, the objectives of the study were itemized
as, to find out the extent of malaria among student of C.H.T, to identify ways of
reducing the effect of malaria and research question were stated as what are the
factors contributing to prevalence of malaria? Do students in hostel have adequate
knowledge on preventive measures of malaria? Does improper dumping of refuse
and poor environmental sanitation or hygiene contribute to prevalence of malaria?
Does lack of proper drainage systems plays a role in the factors contributing to the
prevalence of malaria? Significance of the study was stated and operational
definition of terms was including for proper understanding by the reader.

A conceptual framework was discussed relevant literature review was

highlighted under historical or background of malaria infection.

A question with opened ended and closed ended questions were given
convenient sampling technique to 348 of them are females while 465 were males
respondents, data was gathered and analyzed manually by simple percentage.

From the discussion of finding and interception, it was revealed that 25.3%
suggested that dirty and filthy environment contribute to prevalence of malaria and
17.3% said that, lack of prophylactic treatment is also a factor that contributes
highest percentage of about 7.7% respondents said, bushy environment and 49.6 said

28
all of the above mentioned variable greatly contribute for incidence of malaria in
College of Health Technology Maiduguri

Therefore, it is very important to make an alarm to the students of C.H.T on

the prevention and control of malaria infection and also eradicate it.

5.2 CONCLUSION

From the above discussion and interpretation of findings, it was revealed that
the prevalence of malaria infection among students of C.H.T Maiduguri due to poor
drainage systems, reference to table 14, 12.7% of the respondents suggested that lack
of proper drainage system contribute to prevalence of malaria. And the other factors
that contribute to prevalence of malaria are reference to table 13, respondents 25.3%
suggested that dirty and filthy environment contribute to prevalence of malaria
17.3% said lack of prophylactic treatment is also a factor and 49.6% of the
respondents choose all of these factors that can cause high incidences or prevalence
of malaria, with the least 7.7% respondent for bushy environment.

And table 16 revealed that most of the respondents 57.3% said lack of main
power of proper drainage system and lack of appropriate sanitation facilities
contribute to prevalence of malaria. 21.1% said lack of main power, 16.7% said lack
of appropriate sanitation facilities and 12.7% said lack of proper drainage system.

Meanwhile, 68.4% have refuse and sewage disposal while 34.4% don’t have
proper refuse and sewage disposal in their hostels.

It was revealed that in table 11, 70.9% of the respondent’s students have an
attack of malaria 29.1% don’t have an attack of malaria during their stay in the
hostels.

29
 And in table 13 it was revealed that 72.6% of the respondents use drugs and
27.4% use all of the option in the table.

However, 73.5% of the respondents know their role in prevention and control
of malaria while 26.5% don’t know.

Therefore, it is very important to make an alarm to the students of CHT on the

prevention and control of malaria infection and also eradicate it.

5.3 RECOMMENDATION

In view of this finding so far, the following recommendations were made:

1. The students of CHT should have an insight on contributing factors that causes
malaria and use preventive measure such as taking prophylactic treatment,
proper environmental sanitation etc. in order to eradicate the mosquitoes
vector from the area.
2. The government should provide wire gauge to their windows and doors, free
prophylactic drugs to the students in order to minimize the prevalence of
malaria among the students.
3. The school authority in general should improve their environmental hygiene
or sanitation
4. Government should provide and distribute free insecticide treated mosquito’s
nets (ITN’s) to the students and also provide channel to lead off stagnant water
5. Residual spraying exercise should be carried out more often

5.4 SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER STUDIES

The research suggested that, if this recommendation above is adapted, the

respondents’ awareness to the sources of infection and the methods of control will

30
increase and by so doing, the prevalence of malaria among student’s college of
health technology will greatly improve INSHA ALLAH.

31
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